Pelican Bay State Prison

Pelican Bay State Prison

Location	Crescent City, Del Norte County, California
Coordinates
Status	Operational
Security class	Supermax
Capacity	3,319
Population	2,239 (as of March 2016)
Opened	1989
Managed by	California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
Warden	Clark E. Ducart

Pelican Bay State Prison (PBSP) is the only supermax state prison in California. The 275 acre prison is located in Del Norte County, California. The prison takes its name from a shallow bay on the Pacific coast, about 2 miles (3 km) to the west. The prison lies in a detached section of Crescent City, several miles north of the main urban area and just south of the Oregon border. PBSP was designed to keep California's known, "worst of the worst" prisoners in long-term confinement in a Security Housing Unit (SHU).

Facilities

Pelican Bay opened in 1989. Pelican Bay's grounds and operations are physically divided. Half of the prison holds Level IV inmates in a General Population (GP) environment with outside exercise courts and yards. The other half of the prison contains the prisons best-known feature: an X-shaped cluster of white buildings and barren ground known as the Security Housing Unit, or SHU. An electric fence surrounds the entire perimeter.

The 8-by-10-foot (2.4 m × 3.0 m) cells of the SHU are made of smooth, poured concrete with perforated cell fronts and doors. There are no windows located within the cells. Instead, there are fluorescent lights, which the inmates can control. SHU inmates are confined to their assigned cell for up to twenty-two hours a day, looking out through a perforated steel door at a solid concrete wall. Food is delivered by correctional officers twice a day (breakfast, sack lunch, and dinner), through a slot in the cell door.

Each of the twenty-two housing units located in the SHU has an armed correctional officer in a Control Booth. Control booths are located in the center of each housing unit. The control officer can view into all six pods in the housing unit, from their central vantage point. The control officer controls the doors throughout the housing unit, which contains six pods. Each pod contains eight cells. The officer can supervise the release of inmates assigned to the housing unit. The control officer can allow one, or two inmates, if they are cell mates (cellies), out of their assigned cell to shower or exercise. Inmates are allowed to exercise for up to ten hours of court-mandated, outdoor exercise per week. Exercise takes place in a concrete yard, which extends the length of three cells, and has a roof partially open to the sky.

Alleged psychological effect

Inmates, lawyers for the inmates, and prisoner advocate groups have argued that confinement in the SHU is cruel and unusual punishment, due to the severe conditions. Contrary to popular belief, the SHU is not composed of solitary confinement cells. Inmates housed in the same pod can talk with each other and even see each other when released from their assigned cells. The SHU consist of twenty-two housing units, with six pods per housing unit and eight cells per Pod. Some psychiatrists and psychologists who support inmates housed in the SHU, have described a "SHU syndrome", a condition which, they say, affects inmates who spend more than a few months in isolation. The symptoms reportedly resemble those of post-traumatic stress disorder, including hallucinations, depression, anxiety, anger, and suicide. Most of the causation of these symptoms is due to the fact that most of these prisoners who are incarcerated are experiencing isolation for 22 hours of the day with limited access to human connection besides being feed through a small peephole.

Originally the prison housed two inmates per cell, but changed to one inmate per cell after 10 instances of prisoners killing their cellmates.

Hunger strikes

PBSP, SHU prisoners have organized hunger strikes in protest of conditions there, chiefly the punishment of solitary confinement. In 2002, a reported 60 SHU inmates began a hunger strike.

Another hunger strike was reported to have begun on July 1, 2011. The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) reported that "less than two dozen" were refusing food. The Prisoner Hunger Strike Solidarity Coalition reported close to 100% participation in the SHU on the first day, with the strike spreading to the Pelican Bay general population on the second day. The Coalition also reported that the strike had spread to Corcoran and Folsom prisons, with over 100 prisoners participating. The CDCR subsequently stated that 6,600 inmates had refused food in the first days of the strike, and that after five days, more than 2,000 remained on strike. Most inmates reportedly consumed food purchased from the canteen; however, others were refusing all food with the stated intention to strike indefinitely. SHU prisoner Mutop DuGuya stated, "No one wants to die. Yet under this current system of what amounts to intense torture, what choice do we have? If one is to die, it will be on our own terms."

On July 8, 2013, inmates resumed the July 2011 hunger strike, due to alleged broken promises and "cruel" conditions, with upwards of 29,000 prisoners across California joining in the hunger strike. These conditions were to end group punishment and administrative abuse, abolish the debriefing policy, and modify active/inactive gang status criteria, comply with the US Commission on Safety and Abuse in America's Prisons 2006 Recommendations Regarding an End to Long-Term Solitary Confinement, Provide Adequate and Nutritious Food, Expand and Provide Constructive Programing and Privileges for Indefinite SHU Status Inmates. End Group Punishment and Administrative Abuse demand was as a result of indivudal inmates rule violations.

Abolish the Debriefing Policy, and Modify Active/Inactive Gang Status Criteria demand was a result of "gang members" being placed in isolation. Comply with the US Commission on Safety and Abuse in America's Prisons 2006 Recommendations Regarding an End to Long-Term Solitary Confinement demand is in response to prisoners not being able to engage in meaningful self-help treatments or have contact with anyone. Provide Adequate and Nutritious Food demand is in response to prisoners using food as an excuse to punish inmates. The last demand of Expand and Provide Constructive Programming and Privileges for Indefinite SHU Status Inmates is in response to prisoners mistreatment. The examples they stated for this demand were getting photos, weekly phone calls, packages, more tv, and expand visiting time.

Lawsuit

In May 2012, California's prison system faced a lawsuit from the Center for Constitutional Rights, Legal Services for inmates with Children, and other California attorneys on behalf of ten men incarcerated in the SHU. The plaintiffs were all housed in the SHU for 11 to 22 years, some having been transferred directly from other SHU'S. The suit claims that the inmates "have been incarcerated California’s Pelican Bay State Prison's Security Housing Unit ("SHU") for an unconscionably long period of time without meaningful review of their placement", that "California's uniquely harsh regime of prolonged solitary confinement at Pelican Bay is inhumane and debilitating", and that "[t]he solitary confinement regime at Pelican Bay violates the United States Constitution's requirement of due process and prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment".

Short Corridor Collective

The result of the prison hunger strike was the creation of the short corridor collective. People in prisons all over the US united to form a mission to end solitary confinement. This collective unites people of all races, ethnicities, religions, and locations to fight for this cause. A huge organization who is focusing on prison reforms is the Critical Resistance Group (CRG) who seek to abolish the Prison Industrial Complex (PIC). The CRG has locations all around the country but one of the headquarters is in Oakland and they work hands-on with that community and the police to reduce the amount of police demand and have the Oakland community solve their own problems without interference.[14] Another person who is working to accomplish fixing prisons is President Obama. Obama was working with Guantanamo Bay and fixing the prisoners conditions.

The main problem that the Short Corridor Collective is having is the fact that mass incarcerations of African Americans drives our country legally, politically, and socially. This is why these organizations are focusing not only on improving prisons but also fixing how the government is working with prisons and police to create hostility. There have been short corridor programs in various places and for different communities. There are two short corridor projects happening, one of which is for sexual offenders and the other is for transgender prisoners. The Transgender Short Corridor provides transgender people with access to medication and treatment to continue their transitioning process. They have succeeding in building a safe transgender prison but they are still trying to fix transgender bullying and hate treatment that they receive.[15] The other short corridor project is for sexual offenders and reducing the repeated offenses jail opportunities. They conducted an experiment where they placed prisoners in rehab instead of prison and the rehabilitative guards who work with them are nice and caring. With this experiment, they realized if you have people who are positive and have a positive interaction with the offenders, they can help reduce the amount of repeated sexual offenders in and out of prison.[16] They have started to slowly implement this program and policy so that we can slowly end mass incarceration. These two programs are still a work in progress and the results of these programs are released as progress and more experiments are being conducted.

Television and film

In the fictional series Life, Detective Charlie Crews spends twelve years in Pelican Bay for a triple homicide he did not commit, part of it spent in the SHU, as the background of the series' plot. In the TV series The Shield, the main character, Vic Mackey regularly threatens recalcitrant suspects with only the name of the prison. In the 2001 film Training Day, Alonzo Harris, the character portrayed by Denzel Washington, tells everyone in one of the last scenes that they are going to "be playing basketball in Pelican Bay" if they mess with him, continuing to say "SHU program, Nigga" referencing the solitary confinement portion of the prison. Pelican Bay is also referenced in two films directed by Michael Mann. In Heat, the psychopathic character Waingro, portrayed by Kevin Gage, admits to having spent time in "the SHU at Pelican Bay" during his most recent stint in prison. In Miami Vice, the characters of Crockett and Tubbs, portrayed by Colin Farrell and Jamie Foxx, are given fictitious criminal identities before they go undercover, which among other things imply that the two met while serving time in Pelican Bay.

Notable inmates

• Hugo Pinell: Spent 43 years in long term confinement (23 of those years were spent in Pelican Bay's SHU) - longer than any other inmate in California. At the age of 71, Pinell was killed at California State Prison, Sacramento.
• Damian Williams – Infamous for beating Reginald Denny during the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Sentenced to life imprisonment in 2003 for the shooting death of a drug dealer. Currently incarcerated at Calipatria State Prison.
• Sanyika Shakur: Former Crips gangster and author of Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member. Completed two separate stints in Pelican Bay and served his time in the SHU. Released in August, 2012.
• Joe "Pegleg" Morgan: Notorious Mexican Mafia member. Morgan was housed in the SHU until his transfer to the hospital ward of Corcoran State Prison, where he died from cancer on November 9, 1993.
• Rene Enriquez: Before "debriefing" and becoming a government informant, Enriquez was a high-ranking Mexican Mafia member. He spent years in Pelican Bay's SHU, but is now doing his time on a protective custody yard at Ironwood State Prison.
• Arturo Castellanos: Leader of Florencia 13 (F13) street gang, and high-ranking member of the Mexican Mafia. Convicted of an LA County murder in 1979 and sentenced to 26-years-to-life in prison. Isolated in Pelican Bay SHU for continuing to run gang activities from his cell. Helped organize hunger strikes in 2011 and 2013 in protest of conditions within California SHU's. Over 30,000 inmates statewide participated.
• Charles Manson: In March, 1997 he was charged with "conspiracy to distribute narcotics" and transferred to Pelican Bay State Prison, where he was housed in the SHU for 14 months.
• Lloyd Avery II, who played Knucklehead No.2 in Boyz N The Hood, was a prisoner here for a double murder. In 2005, he was killed by his satan worshipping cellmate, and his body was discovered two days later.

External links

• Pelican Bay State Prison official website
• Pelican Bay Prison Project
• Christian Parenti article
• NPR: At Pelican Bay Prison, a Life in Solitary
• Prison Gangs, photo essay by John Burgess, The Press Democrat. San Francisco Bay Area Press Photographers Association, 2001.