Perm

This article is about a major city in Russia. For the hairstyle, see Perm (hairstyle). For other uses, see Perm (disambiguation).

Perm (English) Пермь (Russian) Перем (Komi-Permyak)
-  City  -
View of Perm
Location of Perm Krai in Russia
Perm Location of Perm in Perm Krai
Coordinates:
Coat of Arms of Perm	Flag of Perm
City Day	June 12
Administrative status (as of December 2011)
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Perm Krai
Administratively subordinated to	city of krai significance of Perm
Administrative center of	Perm Krai, Permsky District, city of krai significance of Perm
Municipal status (as of August 2012)
Urban okrug	Perm Urban Okrug
Administrative center of	Perm Urban Okrug, Permsky Municipal District
Head	Igor Sapko
Representative body	City Duma
Statistics
Area	799.68 km2 (308.76 sq mi)
Population (2010 Census)	991,162 inhabitants
- Rank in 2010	13th
Density
Time zone	YEKT (UTC+05:00)
Founded	May 15, 1723
City status since	October 29, 1781
Previous names	Yagoshikha (Yegoshikha) (until 1781), Perm (until 1940), Molotov (until October 2, 1957)
Postal code(s)	614xxx
Dialing code(s)	+7 342
Official website
[[:commons:Category:{{#property:Commons category}}|Perm]] on Wikimedia Commons

Perm (Russian: Пермь; IPA: [pʲɛrmʲ];) is a city and the administrative center of Perm Krai, Russia, located on the banks of the Kama River in the European part of Russia near the Ural Mountains.

According to the 2010 Census, Perm's population is 991,162, down from 1,001,653 recorded in the 2002 Census and 1,090,944 recorded in 1989 Census. As of the 2010 Census, the city was the thirteenth most populous in Russia.

From 1940 to 1957 it was named Molotov (Russian: Мо́лотов [ˈmolətəf]).

Etymology

The name Perm is of finno-ugric etymology, likely of Uralic (Komi or Veps) origin. Komi (Komi-Permyak: Перем, Perem; Komi: Перым, Perym) is a member of the Permic group of Fenno-Ugriche Uralic languages, which is also named for Perm. Likewise, the geologic period of the Permian takes its name from the toponym in Finnish or Vepsian language "Perämaa", means "Far away Land".

Geography

The Kama River near Perm

The city is located on the bank of the Kama River upon hilly terrain. The Kama is the main tributary of the Volga River and one of the deepest and most picturesque rivers of Russia. This river is the waterway which grants the Ural Mountains access to the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Sea of Azov, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea. The Kama divides the city into two parts: the central part and the right bank part. The city stretches for 70 kilometers (43 mi) along the Kama and 40 kilometers (25 mi) across it. The city street grid parallels the Kama River, traveling generally east-west, while other main streets run perpendicularly to those following the river. The grid pattern accommodates the hills of the city where it crosses them.

Another distinguishing feature of the city's relief is the large quantity of small rivers and brooks. The largest of them are the Mulyanka, the Yegoshikha, the Motovilikha (all are on the left bank of Kama River), and the Gayva (on the right bank).

Perm has a continental climate with warm summers and long, cold winters.

History

Further information: Great Perm

Perm is located in the old Perman area, which was originally inhabited by Finno-Ugric peoples. Perm was first mentioned as the village of Yagoshikha (Ягошиха) in 1647; however, the history of the modern city of Perm starts with the development of the Ural region by Tsar Peter the Great. Vasily Tatishchev, appointed by the Tsar as a chief manager of Ural factories, founded Perm together with another major center of the Ural region, Yekaterinburg.

Map of Perm and the Yagoshikha River, 1898

In the 19th century, Perm became a major trade and industrial center with a population of more than 20,000 people in the 1860s, with several metallurgy, paper, and steamboat producing factories, including one owned by a British entrepreneur. In 1870, an opera theater was opened in the city, and in 1871 the first phosphoric factory in Russia was built. In 1916, Perm State University—a major educational institution in modern Russia—was opened.

Pokrovskaya Street in central Perm around 1910

After the outbreak of the Russian Civil War, Perm became a prime target for both sides because of its military munitions factories. On December 25, 1918, the Siberian White Army under Anatoly Pepelyayev (who acknowledged the authority of the Omsk Government of Aleksandr Kolchak), took Perm. On July 1, 1919, the city was retaken by the Red Army.

Soviet period

In the 1930s, Perm grew as a major industrial city with aviation, shipbuilding, and chemical factories built during that period. During the Great Patriotic War (World War II), Perm was a vital center of artillery production in the Soviet Union. During the cold war, Perm became a closed city.

Modern city

TGC-9

The city is a major administrative, industrial, scientific, and cultural center. The leading industries include machinery, defence, oil production (about 3% of Russian output), oil refining, chemical and petrochemical, timber and wood processing and the food industry.

Since 2004, in the city of Perm functioned modern Russia's first Muslim Cossack unit.

The Jewish community

The first Jews who arrived in Perm were demobilized soldiers from the imperial army who were allowed, after completing their service, to settle outside the pale of settlement and, in 1861, there were 194 Jews in Perm. Over the years the community grew larger, and at the beginning of the 20th century, there were 1,000 Jews living in the city with their own synagogue on Kungurskaya Street (now Komsomolsky Avenue) and school for boys. After the Revolution of 1917 the building of the synagogue and community property were confiscated and were not returned until 1922.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, many Jews emigrated from the city. The first rabbi to arrive in the city after the collapse was David Vajs, who arrived in 1996. He was then replaced with Rabbi Eliyagy Habi in 2001.

On March 9, 2013, two unidentified assailants threw a rock and a Molotov cocktail through a window of the Jewish Community Center. A small area was set on fire, but a security guard extinguished it. Jewish community leaders ascribed the incident to incitement in the local media the previous week, related to stories about a new Torah scroll for the community.

Administrative and municipal status

Perm is the administrative center of the krai and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Permsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with two rural localities, incorporated separately as the city of krai significance of Perm—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of krai significance of Perm is incorporated as Perm Urban Okrug.

City divisions

Administrative divisions

Building of the Perm Administration

A view from the new bridge along the Stroiteley Street

For administrative purposes, Perm is divided into seven city districts:

City District	Population (2010 Census)
Dzerzhinsky	155,632
Industrialny	157,575
Kirovsky	127,793
Leninsky	48,520
Motovilikhinsky	179,961
Ordzhonikidzevsky	111,204
Sverdlovsky	210,477

Economy

Perm has the largest industrial output among cities in the Urals, ahead of Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and Ufa, although Perm has a smaller population than these. 35% of Perm Oblast's industry is located in Perm. The largest industries in the city are electric power engineering, oil and gas refining, machine building, chemicals and petrochemicals, forestry processing, printing and food industry.

Several major industrial companies are located in Perm. Engine-makers Perm Motors and Aviadvigatel are among the major players of the Russian aircraft industry. Rocket engine company Proton-PM will mass-produce the RD-191 engine for the upcoming Angara rocket family. In electric engineering, Morion JSC and Perm Scientific and Industrial Group, along with Perm Electrical Engineering Plant are the leading companies. JSC KAMKABEL is Russia's largest exporter of cables and wires. Oil-refining and natural gas processing are also among the city's leading industries. The largest companies in this sector are LUKoil-Perm Ltd., and LUKoilPernefteprodukt Ltd.

Transportation

Perm is an important railway junction on the Trans-Siberian Railway with lines radiating to Central Russia, the north part of the Urals, and the far east of Russia. Perm has two big railway stations - historical Perm-I and modern Perm-II. The Kama River is an important link in the unifying deep-water system of the European part of Russia. The river connects the city with European waterways. It is possible to ship cargo from the Kama river area to the sea ports of the White, Baltic, Azov, Black, and Caspian seas without reloading.

Perm is served by the international airport Bolshoye Savino, 16 km (9.9 mi) southwest.

Perm's public transit network includes tram, bus, trolleybus and city-railway routes.

Proposed metro system

The Perm Metro is a planned construction of a metro system which has been considered. The first plans date back to the 1970s. A feasibility study was compiled in 1990 but economic difficulties during the decade prevented its final planning and construction. The plans were revitalized in the early 2000s, but a lack of funding hampered the project and plans were once again put on hold. Light rail has also been considered.

Culture

The Perm Opera and Ballet House is one of the best in Russia. There are many other theaters in Perm, including the Drama Theater, the Puppet Theater, the Theater for Young Spectators, the Theater "Stage Molot", and the Theater "Near the Bridge".

Perm Opera and Ballet House

Perm Museum of Contemporary Art (PERMM) in the former Perm River Station Hall

Among the cities museums and galleries, the Perm State Art Gallery is recognized for its outstanding collections of art, including paintings from the 15th- to 18th-century art movements, and wooden sculptures from the region. It is housed in a notable early 19th-century structure, once an orthodox cathedral. The spire of the museum towers over the rest of Perm, as it is situated on the Komsomolsky Prospect. Perm is receiving attention from the development of the new Museum of Contemporary Art, Perm Museum of Contemporary Art (PERMM) which officially opened in March 2009.

Perm is also home to the At the Bridge Theatre, the first mystical theatre in the world.

Education

Perm is a scientific center; some of the scientific institutes are combined in the Perm Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Perm is a home to several major universities including Perm State University, Perm State Technical University, Perm State Teachers' Training University, Perm State Medical Academy, Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy, Perm State Agricultural Academy, The Institute of Art and Culture, Perm State Choreographic School, Perm branch of state university Higher school of economics and others. There are also three military schools in Perm.

Climate

Perm has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb).

Climate data for Perm
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	4.3 (39.7)	6.0 (42.8)	15.0 (59)	27.3 (81.1)	34.6 (94.3)	35.4 (95.7)	36.6 (97.9)	37.2 (99)	30.7 (87.3)	22.5 (72.5)	11.9 (53.4)	4.5 (40.1)	37.2 (99)
Average high °C (°F)	−9.3 (15.3)	−7.6 (18.3)	0.1 (32.2)	8.7 (47.7)	16.9 (62.4)	22.5 (72.5)	24.2 (75.6)	20.5 (68.9)	13.9 (57)	5.9 (42.6)	−3.1 (26.4)	−8 (18)	7.1 (44.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−12.8 (9)	−11.6 (11.1)	−4.2 (24.4)	3.5 (38.3)	10.8 (51.4)	16.5 (61.7)	18.6 (65.5)	15.3 (59.5)	9.6 (49.3)	3.0 (37.4)	−5.8 (21.6)	−11.1 (12)	2.7 (36.9)
Average low °C (°F)	−16.2 (2.8)	−15.1 (4.8)	−8.1 (17.4)	−0.9 (30.4)	5.4 (41.7)	11.1 (52)	13.3 (55.9)	11.0 (51.8)	6.2 (43.2)	0.5 (32.9)	−8.4 (16.9)	−14.2 (6.4)	−1.3 (29.7)
Record low °C (°F)	−44.9 (−48.8)	−40.8 (−41.4)	−34.8 (−30.6)	−23.5 (−10.3)	−13 (9)	−3.4 (25.9)	1.7 (35.1)	−1.9 (28.6)	−7.8 (18)	−25.2 (−13.4)	−38.5 (−37.3)	−47.1 (−52.8)	−47.1 (−52.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	44 (1.73)	30 (1.18)	28 (1.1)	36 (1.42)	59 (2.32)	81 (3.19)	70 (2.76)	76 (2.99)	72 (2.83)	61 (2.4)	55 (2.17)	45 (1.77)	657 (25.87)
Average rainy days	1	2	4	11	18	18	17	20	21	17	7	3	139
Average snowy days	28	24	19	9	4	0.4	0	0	2	13	24	27	150
Average relative humidity (%)	83	79	72	65	62	68	71	77	80	82	85	85	76
Mean monthly sunshine hours	38	79	152	198	275	290	284	226	132	65	37	23	1,799
Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net
Source #2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)

Sports

Club	Sport	Founded	Current League	League Rank	Stadium
Amkar Perm	Football	1994	Russian Premier League	1st	Zvezda Stadium
Zvezda 2005 Perm	Football	1994	Women's Supreme League	1st	Zvezda Stadium
Oktan Perm	Football	1958	Russian Second Division	3rd	Neftyanik Stadium
Molot-Prikamye Perm	Ice Hockey	1948	Higher Hockey League	2nd	Universal Sports Palace Molot
Prikamye Perm	Volleyball	1983	Volleyball Super League	1st	Sukharev Sports Complex
Permskie Medvedi	Handball	1999	Handball Super League	1st	Permskie Medvedi Sports Complex
Parma Perm Krai	Basketball	2012	Supreme Basketball League	3rd	Sukharev Sports Complex

There's also an amateur bandy team called Kama.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Perm

The following people were either born in Perm or made names for themselves while residing there.

• Viktor Astafyev, short story writer
• Tatiana Borodina, opera soprano
• Sergei Diaghilev, ballet impresario
• Maria Gutarov, Impressionist painter
• Alexandra Kosteniuk, 2008 Women's World Chess Champion
• Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak, writer
• Nikolay Moiseyev, astronomer
• Andronic Nikolsky (Andronik), the first Bishop of Kyoto, Japan
• Fyodor Petrov, Soviet artillery designer
• Natasha Poly, supermodel
• Alexander Stepanovich Popov, physicist; widely regarded in Russia as the inventor of radio
• Mikhail Shuisky, opera singer
• Arkadiy Shvetsov, aircraft engine designer
• Nikolay Slavyanov, inventor of an early method of arc welding
• Peter Berngardovich Struve, political economist, philosopher, and editor
• Maxim Trankov, pairs figure skater
• Yuri Trutnev, Minister of Natural Resources of Russia
• Andrey Voronikhin, architect and painter
• Konstantin Zyryanov, association football player

The Nobel-prize-winning writer Boris Pasternak lived in Perm for a time, and it figures in his novel Doctor Zhivago under the fictional name "Yuriatin" where Yuri sees Lara again in the public library.

Marketing

Perm city is the most obvious example of a city marketing in Russia, the city has the logo.

Twin towns and sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Perm is twinned with:

• Louisville, Kentucky, United States, 1994
• Oxford, United Kingdom, 1995
• Qingdao, China
• Shenzhen, China
• Duisburg, Germany, since 2007

Gallery

• Some early color photographs by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, taken in 1910
• 

  General view of City of Perm

• 

  General view of the city of Perm from Gorodskiye Gorki

• 

  Razgulyay, outskirts of the city of Perm

• 

  Mary Magdalene Church of the city Perm

• 

  Summertime location of the exchange in the city Perm

• 

  Prokudin-Gorsky — Staro-Sibirskaya Gate in the city of Perm

• 

  Kama River near Perm. The bridge still stands today, but another similar bridge has been built alongside it. Both are painted white.

• 

  Headquarters of the Ural Railway Administration in the city of Perm

See also

• Stephen of Perm

References

Sources

• Законодательное собрание Пермской области. Закон №416-67 от 28 февраля 1996 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Пермского края», в ред. Закона №504-ПК от 9 июля 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Пермской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Пермского края"». Вступил в силу с момента опубликования. Опубликован: "Звезда", №38, 12 марта 1996 г. (Legislative Assembly of Perm Oblast. Law #416-67 of February 28, 1996 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Perm Krai, as amended by the Law #504-PK of July 9, 2015 On Amending the Law of Perm Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Perm Krai". Effective as of the moment of publication.).
• Законодательное собрание Пермской области. Закон №2038-446 от 11 февраля 2005 г. «Об утверждении границ и о наделении статусом муниципального образования "Город Пермь" Пермского края», в ред. Закона №499-ПК от 16 октября 2009 г «О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Пермской области и Коми-Пермяцкого автономного округа». Вступил в силу через десять дней со дня официального опубликования (12 марта 2005 г.), за исключением отдельных положений, вступивших в силу в иные сроки. Опубликован: "Российская газета", №41, 2 марта 2005 г. (Legislative Assembly of Perm Oblast. Law #2038-446 of February 11, 2005 On Establishing the Borders and on Granting the Status to the Municipal Formation of the "City of Perm" of Perm Krai, as amended by the Law #499-PK of October 16, 2009 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. Effective as of the day which is ten days following the day of the official publication (March 12, 2005), with the exception of certain clauses, which took effect on different dates.).
• Законодательное собрание Пермской области. Закон №1868-402 от 1 декабря 2004 г. «Об утверждении границ и о наделении статусом муниципальных образований Пермского района Пермского края», в ред. Закона №273-ПК от 14 декабря 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Пермской области, Коми-Пермяцкого автономного округа, Пермского края». Вступил в силу через десять дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Бюллетень Законодательного Собрания и администрации Пермской области", №1, II часть, 27 января 2005 г. (Legislative Assembly of Perm Oblast. Law #1868-402 of December 1, 2004 On Establishing the Borders and on Granting the Status to the Municipal Formations of Permsky District of Perm Krai, as amended by the Law #273-PK of December 14, 2013 On Amending Various Laws of Perm Oblast, Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, Perm Krai. Effective as of the day which is ten days following the day of the official publication.).

External links

• Official website of Perm (Russian)
• Official website of the Perm City Duma (Russian)
• Street View of Perm
• Perm Chamber of Commerce and Industry
• The Western Ural Photographic Album
• Virtual museum of Romanov in Perm
• History of Perm
• The city of Perm - The poem of the town
• Article about Perm Ballet
• S. Kishkovsky "Modern Dance and Art Bring a Burst of Color to a Gray City"
• Unofficial website of Perm
• Perm City Guide (English Version)

Education

• Perm State University
• Perm State Technical University
• Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy
• Perm State Choreographic School