Puerto Maldonado
| Puerto Maldonado | |
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Central Plaza in Puerto Maldonado
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 Puerto Maldonado
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| Coordinates: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
| Country | Peru |
| Region | Madre de Dios Region |
| Province | Tambopata Province |
| Founded | July 10, 1902 |
| Elevation | 183 m (600 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Estimate (2015)[1] | 74,494 |
| Time zone | UTC-5 |
Puerto Maldonado is a city in Southeastern Peru in the Amazon rainforest 55 kilometres (34 mi) west of the Bolivian border; located at the confluence of the Tambopata and Madre de Dios rivers, the latter which joins the Madeira River as a tributary of the Amazon. It is the capital of the Madre de Dios Region.
Nearby are the Manú National Park, Tambopata National Reserve, and Bahuaja-Sonene National Park, which have been established to protect natural resources. These are some of the most pristine primary rain forests in the world. They include several oxbow lakes and clay licks, where hundreds of birds, including macaws, feed on clay.
Contents
History
Because it was less accessible by major rivers, the Madre de Dios region was among later ones to be explored in the late 19th century rubber boom. Rubber barons active in the region included the Peruvian Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald of Iquitos, as well as Brazilian and Bolivian interests.[2] The workers for tapping rubber brought in endemic European diseases, causing diseases and high fatalities among the indigenous peoples along the Manu River from 1889 to 1892, when the first rubber parties arrived, with another epidemic in 1896.[2]
Fitzcarrald in his exploration found a short passage overland between the Mishagua, a tributary of the Urubamba River, and the Manu River, a tributary of the Madre de Dios River. This land was named as the Isthmus of Fitzcarrald after him. Transporting rubber across it enabled the product to be transferred to ships that could go down the Madre de Dios, connect to the Madeira River, a tributary of the Amazon River, and thereby to Atlantic ports and export markets. He also identified present-day Puerto Maldonado as a strategic location. He died in 1897 when his ship Contamana sank at this point in the river, where Puerto Maldonado was later founded.[3]
In 1901, the Peruvian Government created a committee to explore the nation's rainforest. Don Juan Villalta led an expedition along the Tambopata River, departing from Sandia.[4] Villata officially founded Puerto Maldonado on July 10, 1902 as a station at the confluence of the Tambopata and the Madre de Dios River. He named the port after Faustino Maldonado, of Tarapoto, who had explored the Madre de Dios in 1861 and drowned in the rapids of the Mamoré River.
The Madre de Dios region was created by law on Dec. 26, 1912, with Puerto Maldonado as its capital.[5] The city was formally recognized in 1985.
Climate
Puerto Maldonado is in the tropical Amazon Basin. The climate is hot and humid at all times. The average annual temperature is 26 °C (79 °F) with the months of August and September being the hottest. Annual rainfall exceeds 1,000 millimetres (3.3 ft). The wet season is from October to April. The main part of the town is located on a slightly elevated area that does not normally flood in the wet season. Road travel often becomes impossible during this time. A low season occurs between June and August.
A common phenomenon known locally as a surazo or friaje occurs when polar winds blow in from the mountainous south. The temperature drops to as low as 8 °C (46 °F) for several days.
| Climate data for Puerto Maldonado (1961–1990, extremes 1958–1995) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 36.7 (98.1) |
36.0 (96.8) |
36.5 (97.7) |
36.6 (97.9) |
37.0 (98.6) |
38.7 (101.7) |
39.2 (102.6) |
38.1 (100.6) |
40.0 (104) |
39.4 (102.9) |
39.0 (102.2) |
39.5 (103.1) |
40.0 (104) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 30.9 (87.6) |
30.7 (87.3) |
31.0 (87.8) |
30.7 (87.3) |
29.8 (85.6) |
29.0 (84.2) |
29.6 (85.3) |
31.2 (88.2) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.0 (89.6) |
31.6 (88.9) |
31.1 (88) |
30.8 (87.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 21.4 (70.5) |
21.2 (70.2) |
20.9 (69.6) |
20.3 (68.5) |
18.8 (65.8) |
17.4 (63.3) |
16.8 (62.2) |
17.8 (64) |
18.8 (65.8) |
20.4 (68.7) |
21.1 (70) |
21.3 (70.3) |
19.7 (67.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 15.0 (59) |
14.0 (57.2) |
13.0 (55.4) |
11.5 (52.7) |
7.0 (44.6) |
7.0 (44.6) |
4.5 (40.1) |
7.4 (45.3) |
4.7 (40.5) |
13.0 (55.4) |
13.0 (55.4) |
15.5 (59.9) |
4.5 (40.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 342.6 (13.488) |
333.4 (13.126) |
274.9 (10.823) |
154.2 (6.071) |
105.5 (4.154) |
57.6 (2.268) |
56.8 (2.236) |
63.3 (2.492) |
98.1 (3.862) |
164.4 (6.472) |
236.9 (9.327) |
279.3 (10.996) |
2,167 (85.315) |
| Source #1: NOAA[6] | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: CIIFEN (record highs and lows)[7][lower-alpha 1] | |||||||||||||
Industry
The chief industries in Puerto Maldonado are logging, artisanal small-scale gold mining,[8] Brazil nut collecting, boat building and eco-tourism. The area is virtually logged out; only one mill remains. The area was exploited for rubber in the late 19th-century and early 20th-century rubber boom, but South American production was undercut by the industry developed in southeast Asia. Rubber collection has long since ended.
At least 30,000 gold miners are active in the region around Puerto Maldonado.[8] Legislation in the European Union in the 21st century resulted in putting hundreds of Brazil nut collectors out of work, together with the crew of the associated local factory, as it raised tariffs against the product.
Tourism and related boat construction are currently the major sources of income in the economy. There are several tourist eco-lodges around Puerto Maldonado and in the reserves.
Infrastructure
A ferry used to cross the river, linking the main road from Cusco to the towns of San Lorenzo, Iberia and Iñapari. The river ferry has been supplanted by a new bridge (the 750-meter long Continental Bridge, formerly Billinghurst,[9] see below) but it still serves many locals. As the cost of gasoline is very high in this area, the main mode of transportation among locals is by motorcycle. Puerto Maldonado is served by the Padre Aldamiz International Airport.
Interoceanic Highway
The Interoceanic Highway or Rodovia do Pacifico highway was built to link the river ports of Brazil with the Pacific coast ports of Peru. The highway was planned to pass through Puerto Maldonado, crossing the Rio Madre de Dios on a 722 m (2,369 ft) viaduct, the Puente Continental or Continental Bridge (formerly the Billinghurst).[9] The bridge suffered delays in construction, which affected its budget and structural deficiencies were reported.[10] But it was completed and opened by March 2012.[11]
In the greater area around Puerto Maldonado, the highway cuts through primary rain forest. Some groups, including the Peruvian NGO Asociación Civil Labor, are worried that the road may encourage illegal logging, hunting and settlement in areas that had not been easily reached before. There is potential for conflict with indigenous people who had been quite isolated from the modern world.[12]
References
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.. |
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Beatriz Huertas Castillo, Indigenous Peoples in Isolation in the Peruvian Amazon: Their Struggle for Survival and Freedom, IWGIA, 2004, p. 92
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Sir Clements Markham "Exploration of Fluvial Highways in Peru", The Geographical Journal (p. 672). Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain), 1903.
- ↑ El departamento de Madre de Dios. History on website of former Congressman Eduardo Salhuana
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Mercury exposure among artisanal gold miners in Madre de Dios, Peru: a cross-sectional study", Mercury exposure among artisanal gold miners in Madre de Dios, Peru: a cross-sectional study
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Billinghurst: el puente fantasma, Expreso Archived April 11, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iH5VcfYgYg, (1:15) Peru: The Jungle video, 17 March 2012
- ↑ "The Brazil-Peru Inter-Oceanic Highway", Building Informed Civic Engagement for the Conservation of the Andes Amazon (BICECA)
Notes
External links
- President Guillermo Billinghurst Bridge at StructuraeLua error in Module:WikidataCheck at line 28: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
Puerto Maldonado travel guide from Wikivoyage- Puerto Maldonado Travel Info
- Tambopata Reserve Society (TReeS)
- Puerto Maldonado - 4.49 Gigapixels
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