Pular language

Not to be confused with Pulaar language.

Pular
Fuuta Jalon
Native to	Guinea; minor: Guinea Bissau, Sierra Leone, Mali
Region	Fouta Jalon (in Guinea)
Ethnicity	Fula people
Native speakers	unknown (3 million cited 1991–2006)
Language family	Niger–Congo Atlantic–Congo Senegambian Fula–Serer Fula Pular
Writing system	Fula alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3	fuf
Glottolog	pula1262

Pular is a Fula language spoken primarily by Fula people in the Fouta Jalon area in Guinea. It is also spoken in parts of Guinea Bissau, Sierra Leone, and Senegal. There are a small number of speakers in Mali. Pular is spoken by 2.5 million Guineans, about 28% of the national population. This makes Pular the most widely spoken indigenous language in the country. Substantial numbers of Pular speakers have migrated to other countries in West Africa, notably Senegal.

Pular is not to be confused with Pulaar, another Fula language spoken natively in Senegambia, Mauritania, and western Mali (including the Futa Toro region).

Pular is written in Arabic (ajami) and Latin scripts.

Linguistic features

Main article: Fula language

There are some particularities to this version of Fula, including:

• Use of plural form for politeness (such as in German or French, unlike other varieties of Fula)
• A number of separate verbal roots for politeness (these may exist only in Pular)
• There is no initial consonant mutation from singular to plural verb forms as is the case in other varieties of Fula (there is in nominal forms, however)
• In addition to the more standard long-form pronouns of Fula there are alternate forms in Pular (= hi(l) + pronoun). The table below summarizes these (question marks where the info is not complete):

Person / number	Standard long-form pronoun (as in Pulaar)	Corresponding form in Pular
1st / sing	miɗo	miɗo hilan (non-standard alternate form)
2nd / sing	aɗa	hiɗa
3rd / sing	omo	himo
1st /pl (excl)	miɗen, amin	meɗen himen (non-standard alternate form)
1st / pl (incl)	eɗen	hiɗen
2nd / pl	oɗon	hiɗon
3rd / pl	eɓe	hiɓe

Writing

Main article: Fula orthographies

Like other varieties of the Fula language, Pular was written before colonization in an Arabic-based orthography called "Ajami." Today, ajami remains prevalent in rural areas of Fuuta Jalon, but Pular is mainly written in a Latin-based orthography, the so-called UNESCO orthography. Pular Latin orthography is basically the same as that used for Fula languages throughout West Africa.

Up until the mid-1980s, Pular in Guinea was written with an orthography set by the Guinean government that differed from that used in other countries.

Grammar

Main article: Pular grammar

External links

• Miɗo Waawi Pular! Learner's guide to Pular (Fuuta Jallon) by Herb Caudill and Ousmane Diallo