Pulmonic consonant

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A pulmonic consonant is a consonant produced by air pressure from the lungs, as opposed to ejective, implosive and click consonants.

Most languages have only pulmonic consonants. Ian Maddieson, in his survey of 566 languages,^[1]^[2] found that only 152 had ejectives, implosives, or clicks (or two or three of these types) – that is, 73% of the world's extant languages have only pulmonic consonants. See glottalic consonants and click consonants for more information on the distribution of nonpulmonic consonants.

References

↑ Ian Maddieson (2008) "Glottalic Consonants". In: Martin Haspelmath & Matthew S. Dryer & David Gil & Bernard Comrie (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, chapter 7. Available online at http://wals.info/feature/7. Accessed on 18 January 2011
↑ Ian Maddieson (2008) "Presence of Uncommon Consonants". In: Martin Haspelmath & Matthew S. Dryer & David Gil & Bernard Comrie (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, chapter 19. Available online at http://wals.info/feature/19. Accessed on 18 January 2011

International Phonetic Alphabet

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the IPA Extensions to the IPA Kiel convention (1989) Journal of the IPA (JIPA) Naming conventions
Phonetics	Diacritics Segments Tone letter Place of articulation Manner of articulation
Special topics	Case variants of IPA letters Handwritten IPA Obsolete and nonstandard symbols IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode WorldBet IPA Braille

Consonants

IPA pulmonic consonantschart image •

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Pharyngeal
/ Epiglottal

Glottal

Nasal

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|m̥]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|m]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɱ]]

n̼̊

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|n̼]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|n̥]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|n]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɳ̊]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɳ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɲ̊]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɲ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ŋ̊]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ŋ]]

ɴ̥

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɴ]]

Stop

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|p]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|b]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|p̪]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|b̪]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|t̼]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|d̼]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|t]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|d]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʈ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɖ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|c]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɟ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|k]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɡ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|q]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɢ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʡ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʔ]]

Sibilant affricate

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ts]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|dz]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|tʃ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|dʒ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʈʂ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɖʐ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|tɕ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|dʑ]]

Non-sibilant affricate

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|pɸ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|bβ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|p̪f]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|b̪v]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|tθ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|dð]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|tθ̠]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|dð̠]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|t̠ɹ̠̊˔]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|d̠ɹ̠˔]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|cç]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɟʝ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|kx]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɡɣ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|qχ]]

ɢʁ

ʡħ

ʡʕ

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʔh]]

Sibilant fricative

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|s]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|z]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʃ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʒ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʂ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʐ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɕ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʑ]]

Non-sibilant fricative

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɸ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|β]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|f]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|v]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|θ̼]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ð̼]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|θ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ð]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|θ̱]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ð̠]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɹ̠̊˔]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɹ̠˔]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ç]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʝ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|x]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɣ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|χ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʁ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ħ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʕ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|h]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɦ]] ʔ̞

Approximant

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʋ̥]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʋ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɹ̥]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɹ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɻ̊]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɻ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|j̊]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|j]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɰ̊]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɰ]]

Flap or tap

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ⱱ̟]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ⱱ]]

ɾ̼

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɾ̥]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɾ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɽ̊]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɽ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɢ̆]]

[[Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "ʡ̮" not found in list|ʡ̮]]

Trill

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʙ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|r̼]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|r̥]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|r]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɽr̥]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɽr]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʀ̥]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʀ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʜ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʢ]]

Lateral affricate

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|tɬ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|dɮ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʈɭ̊˔]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|cʎ̥˔]]

[[Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "k" not found in list|kʟ̝̊]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɡʟ̝]]

Lateral fricative

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɬ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɮ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɭ̊˔]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʎ̥˔]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʎ̝]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʟ̝̊]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʟ̝]]

Lateral approximant

l̼

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|l̥]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|l]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɭ̊]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɭ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʎ̥]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʎ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʟ̥]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʟ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʟ̠]]

Lateral flap

ɺ̼

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɺ]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɭ̆]]

[[Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "ʎ̮" not found in list|ʎ̮]]

[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʟ̆]]

Non-pulmonic consonants
Simple clicks	ʘ	ʘ̬	ʘ̃	ǀ	ǀ̬	ǀ̃	ǃ	ǃ̬	ǃ̃
Simple clicks	ǂ	ǂ̬	ǂ̃	ǁ	ǁ̬	ǁ̃	ǃ˞	ǃ̬˞	ǃ̃˞
Other clicks	ʘ̃ˀ	ʘˀ	ˀʘ̃	ʘ͡q	ʘ͡qχ	ʘ͡qʼ	ʘ͡qχʼ	¡	ʞ
Implosives	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|ɓ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|ɗ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|ᶑ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|ʄ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|ɠ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|ʛ]]
Implosives	ɓ̥	ɗ̥	ᶑ̥	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejectives	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|pʼ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|tʼ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|ʈʼ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|cʼ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|kʼ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|qʼ]]	ʡʼ
	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|fʼ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|θʼ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|sʼ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|ɬʼ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|ʃʼ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|ʂʼ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|ɕʼ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|xʼ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|χʼ]]
	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|tsʼ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|tɬʼ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|tʃʼ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|ʈʂʼ]]	tɕʼ	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|cʎ̝̥ʼ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|kxʼ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|kʟ̝̊ʼ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|qχʼ]]

Co-articulated consonants
Continuants	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|ʍ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|w]]	ɥ̊	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|ɥ]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|ɫ]]
Occlusives	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|k͡p]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|ɡ͡b]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|ŋ͡m]]	[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".\|ɧ]]
Occlusives	t͡p	d͡b	n͡m	q͡ʡ

— These tables contain phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]

— Where symbols appear in pairs, left–right represent the voiceless–voiced consonants.

— Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible or not distinctive.

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•[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|i]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|y]]

•[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɨ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʉ]]

•[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɯ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|u]]

•[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɪ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʏ]]

•[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɪ̈]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʊ̈]]

•[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɯ̽]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʊ]]

•[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|e]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ø]]

•[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɘ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɵ]]

•[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɤ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|o]]

•[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|e̞]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ø̞]]

•[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ə]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɵ̞]]

•[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɤ̞]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|o̞]]

•[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɛ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|œ]]

•[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɜ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɞ]]

•[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʌ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɔ]]

•[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|æ]]

•[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɐ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɞ̞]]

•[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|a]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɶ]]

•[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ä]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɒ̈]]

•[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɑ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɒ]]

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