Shabak people

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Shabak
Shabak Flag.jpg
An unofficial flag used by some Shabaks
Total population
(130,000 to 500,000[1][2][3])
Regions with significant populations
Iraq
Languages
Shabaki, Kurdish, Arabic
Religion
Shia Islam (Shabakism), Yarsani

The Shabak people are an ethno-religious group who live mainly in the villages of Ali Rash, Khazna, Yangidja, and Tallara in the Sinjar District of the Nineveh Province in northern Iraq. They speak Shabaki a Northwestern Iranian language of the Zaza–Gorani group.[4] In addition to the Shabaks, there are three other ta'ifs, or sects, which make up the Bajalan, Dawoody and Zengana groups. About 70 percent of Shabaks are Shi'a (Shabakism) and the rest of the population are Yarsani or Sunni.[5] It has also been suggested that Shabaks are descendants of the Qizilbash army led by Shah Ismail.

Demographics

A 1925 survey estimated Shabak numbers at 10,000.[6] In the 1970s, their population was estimated to be around 15,000.[7] Modern estimates of Shabak population range from 130,000 to 500,000.[8]

Shabak are composed from three tribes: the Hariri, the Gergeri, and the Mawsilî.[6]

History

Origins

The origin of the word Shabak is not clear. One view maintains that Shabak is an Arabic word شبك meaning intertwine, indicating that the Shabak people originated from many different tribes.[6] The name "Shabekan" occurs among tribes in Dersim, North Kurdistan and as "Shabakanlu" in Khorasan, which is located in the northeast region of Iran.

Austin Henry Layard considered Shabak to be descendants of Persian Kurds, and believed they might have affinities with the Ali-Ilahis.[6] Other theories suggested that Shabak originated from Anatolian Turkomans, who were forced to resettle in the Mosul area after the defeat of Ismail I at the battle of Chaldiran.[6]

Forced assimilation

The geographical range of the Shabak people were drastically changed by massive deportations during the Al-Anfal Campaign in 1988 and the refugee crisis of 1991. Many Shabaks along with Zengana and Hawrami were relocated to concentration camps (mujamma'at in Arabic) located in the Harir area of Iraqi Kurdistan. An estimated 1,160 Shabaks were killed during this period. In addition, the Iraqi government's efforts of forced assimilation, Arabization and religious persecution put the Shabaks under increasing threat. As one Shabak told a researcher: "The government said we are Arabs, not Kurds; but if we are, why did they deport us from our homes?"[9][10]

Even though the Sunni Shabak community identifies as Kurds, Shia Shabaks consider themselves a unique ethno-religious group.[5]

According to the US intelligence agency analysts, Shabaks are currently undergoing a process of Kurdification, though Shabak Council of Representatives member Ahmed Yusif al-Shabak says that Shabaks are Kurds.[5]

In the Bashiqa sub district of the Mosul region, where Shabaks comprise 60 percent of the population, half of the city council members are of Kurdish origin.[11][12]

On 15 August 2005, Shabaks organized a demonstration under the slogan "We are the Shabak, NOT Kurds and NOT Arabs", demanding recognition of their unique ethnic identity. The demonstration came under fire from Kurdistan Democratic Party militia.[12]

On 21 August 2006, Shabak Democratic Party leader, Hunain Qaddo proposed the creation of a separate province within the borders of the Nineveh Plain to combat the Kurdification and Arabization of Iraqi minorities.[13]

On 22 June 2006, members of the Assyrian and Shabak communities filed a complaint to the Iraqi prime minister, regarding the under-representation of the two communities in the police force of the Niveneh region. 711 Assyrian and Shabak policemen were sent to Mosul while their positions in their local communities were filled with Kurds.[14]

On 20 December 2006, ten Shabak representatives unanimously voted for the non-inclusion of Shabak inhabited areas of the Mosul region into the Kurdish Regional Government. A number of Shabak village aldermans noted that they were threatened into signing the incorporation petition by Kurdish authorities.[15]

On 13 July 2008, a group of unidentified armed men assassinated Abbas Kadhim. At the time of his murder, Kadhim was a member of the Democratic Shabak Assembly and an outspoken critic of the undergoing Kurdification process of the Shabak people. According to Shabak officials, Kadhim had received numerous death threats from members of the Peshmerga and the Kurdistan Democratic Party.[11]

On 30 June 2011, the Nineveh provincial council distributed 6,000 lots of land to state employees. According to the head of the Shabak Advisory Board Salem Khudr al-Shabaki the majority of those lots were deliberately given to Arabs.[16]

21st century persecution

  • In July 2007, a Shabak MP claimed that since 2003 Sunni militants have killed about 1,000 Shabaks. Another 4,000 Shabaks have fled the Mosul area out of fear of Sunni militants.
  • On 16 January 2012, at least eight Shabaks were killed and four injured in a car bomb blast in Bartilla.[17]
  • Between 4–12 March 2012, four Shabaks were killed and four wounded in separate incidents which occurred within Mosul.[17]
  • On 10 August 2012, more than 50 Shabaks were killed or wounded after a suicide bomber targeted the Al Muafaqiya village.[18]
  • On 27 October 2012, during the Eid al-Adha holiday, several Shabaks were killed in Mosul by gunmen who burst into their homes as part of a series of attacks.[19]
  • On 17 December 2012, five Shabaks were killed and ten wounded after a car bomb exploded in the city of Khazna.[20]
  • In 2012, Shabak deputies attempted to form a 500 men regiment consisting solely of Shabaks with the goal of protecting habitants of the Hamadaniya district.[21]
  • On 13 September 2013, a female suicide bomber killed twenty-one people at a Shabak funeral near Mosul.[22]
  • On 3 October 2013, the President of the Iraqi Kurdistan Masoud Barzani, ordered Peshmerga and Asayish militia to guard thirty Shabak villages in the Mosul region.[23]
  • On 17 October 2013, a vehicle rigged with explosives detonated in a Shabak populated area in the city of Mwafaqiya, where fifteen died and at least fifty-two were wounded.[24]
  • On 12 July 2014, ISIS fighters looted the Bazwaya village in the Mosul region. On the same day sixteen Shabaks were abducted by ISIS from the Jiliocan, Gogjali and Bazwaya villages.[25]
  • Between 29–30 July 2014, ISIS abducted forty-three Shabak families from various neighbourhoods of Mosul.[25]
  • On 13 August 2014, ISIS destroyed the house of an Iraqi parliament member of Shabak origin.[25]
  • During August 2014, ISIS abducted twenty-six Shabaks from the Hamdaniya district region.[25]

The Nineveh Province is contested by ISIS and Iraqi Kurdistan fighters. The Shabak people were caught in a plight during the 2014 Iraq Offensive.[3] A large number of Shabaks fled to Iraqi Kurdistan[26] and about 30,000 Shabak and Turkmen refugees relocated to central and southern Iraq.[27]

Culture

Religious beliefs

Shabakism is similar to Islam and Christianity. Many Shabak people regard themseves as Shia Muslims. It is common for Shabaks to consider themselves Shia Muslim but their actual faith and rituals differ from Islam. Shabaks have characteristics of an independent religion. There is a close affinity between the Shabak and the Yazidis. For example, Shabaks perform pilgrimage to Yazidi shrines.[28] However, the Shabak people also perform pilgrimages to Shia holy cities such as Najaf and Karbala.[4]

The primary Shabak religious text is called Byruk or Kitab al-Managib (Book of Exemplary Acts). Byruk is written in Turkoman.[6][12]

Shabaks combine elements of Sufism with their own interpretation of divine reality. According to Shabaks divine reality is more advanced than the literal interpretation of Qur'an which is known as Sharia. Shabak spiritual guides are known as pir, who are individuals well versed in the prayers and rituals of the sect. Pirs are under the leadership of the Supreme Head or Baba.[6] Pirs act as mediators between divine power and ordinary Shabaks. Their beliefs form a syncretic system that include features like confession and the allowing consumption of alcoholic beverages. Allowing the consumption of alcoholic beverages makes them distinct from the neighboring Muslim populations. The beliefs of the Yarsan closely resemble those of the Shabak people.[29]

Shabaks consider the poetry of Ismail I to be revealed by God and they recite the poetry during religious meetings.

Traditions

The Shabaks have special traditions such as an annual holiday that commemorates the people who died that year. Shabaks have a traditional burial ceremony called Jinanguan.

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ A. Vinogradov, Ethnicity, Cultural Discontinuity and Power Brokers in Northern Iraq: The Case of the Shabak, American Ethnologist, pp.207-218, American Anthropological Association, 1974, p.208
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Michiel Leezenberg, The Shabak and the Kakais: Dynamics of Ethnicity in Iraqi Kurdistan, Publications of Institute for Logic, Language & Computation (ILLC), University of Amsterdam, July 1994, p .6.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ A. Vinogradov, Ethnicity, Cultural Discontinuity and Power Brokers in Northern Iraq: The Case of the Shabak, American Ethnologist, pp.207-218, American Anthropological Association, 1974, pp.214,215

Further reading

External links

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