Social evolution
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Social evolution is a subdiscipline of evolutionary biology that is concerned with social behaviors that have fitness consequences for individuals other than the actor. Social behaviors can be categorized according to the fitness consequences they entail for the actor and recipient.
- Mutually beneficial – a behavior that increases the direct fitness of both the actor and the recipient
- Selfish – a behavior that increases the direct fitness of the actor, but the recipient suffers a loss
- Altruistic – a behavior that increases the direct fitness of the recipient, but the actor suffers a loss
- Spiteful – a behavior that decreases the direct fitness of both the actor and the recipient
This classification was proposed by W. D. Hamilton.[citation needed] He proposes that natural selection favors mutually beneficial or selfish behaviors. Hamilton's insight was to show how kin selection could explain altruism and spite.
Social evolution is also often regarded (especially, in the field of social anthropology) as evolution of social systems and structures.[1]
In 2010, Harvard biologist E. O. Wilson, a founder of modern sociobiology, proposed a new theory of social evolution.[2] He argued that the traditional approach of focusing on eusociality had limitations, which he illustrated primarily with examples from the insect world.[2]
Contents
See also
- Anagenesis
- Evolutionary game theory
- Evolutionary psychology
- Evolutionary psychology of language
- FOXP2 and human evolution
- Origins of society
Notes
- ↑ see, e.g., Evolution and culture. Ed. by Marshall David Sahlins and Elman Service. Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. of Michigan Press, 1960; Andrey Korotayev, Nikolay Kradin, Victor de Munck, and Valeri Lynsha. Alternatives of Social Evolution: An Introduction. Alternatives of Social Evolution. Vladivostok: Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2009. P.12-59.
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References
- Carver, Thomas Nixon (1935). The Essential Factors of Social Evolution. Chapter links, pp. ix-xi.
- Frank, S.A. (1998). Foundations of social evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ.[1]
- Hamilton, W.D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behavior I and II. — Journal of Theoretical Biology 7: 1-16 and 17-52.
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- Bergstrom, Theodore C. "Evolution of Social Behavior: Individual and Group Selection." The Journal of Economic Perspectives 16.2 (2002): 67-88. Web. 14 Sept. 2014.
External links
- Alternatives of Social Evolution: An Introduction
- Carneiro R. Stellar Evolution and Social Evolution: A Study in Parallel Processes. Social Evolution & History 2005. Vol. 4(1), pp. 136–159ar:تطور ثقافي-اجتماعي
de:Soziokulturelle Evolution es:Evolución cultural it:Evoluzione sociale he:אבולוציה חברתית ותרבותית ja:社会文化的進化 no:Kulturell evolusjon pl:Ewolucja społeczna pt:Evolucionismo social fi:Kulttuurievoluutio sv:Kulturell evolution ta:பண்பாட்டு பரிணாமம் zh:社會演化
