Sternalis muscle

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Sternalis
Grant 1962 27b.png
Sternalis muscle, in line with Rectus Abdominis and Sternomastoid, was found in 6% of 535 cadavera (R. N. Barlow)
Details
Origin manubrium of sternum or clavicle
Insertion xiphoid process, pectoral fascia, lower ribs, costal cartilages or rectus sheath
Identifiers
Dorlands
/Elsevier		 m_22/12550937
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TH {{#property:P1694}}
TE {{#property:P1693}}
FMA {{#property:P1402}}
Anatomical terms of muscle
[[[d:Lua error in Module:Wikidata at line 863: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).|edit on Wikidata]]]

The sternalis muscle is an anatomical variation that lies in front of the sternal end of the pectoralis major parallel to the margin of the sternum. The sternalis muscle may be a variation of the pectoralis major or of the rectus abdominis. It is insufficiently mentioned in standard anatomy textbooks.

Structure

The sternalis is a muscle that runs along the anterior aspect of the body of the sternum. It lies superficially and parallel to the sternum. Its origin and insertion are variable. The sternalis muscle often originates from the upper part of the sternum and can display varying insertions such as the pectoral fascia, lower ribs, costal cartilages, rectus sheath, aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique muscle.[1][2][3] There is still a great deal of disagreement about its innervation and its embryonic origin.[1]

In a review,[4] it was reported that the muscle was innervated by the external or internal thoracic nerves in 55% of the cases, by the intercostal nerves in 43% of the cases, while the remaining cases were supplied by both nerves.[4] However, innervation by the pectoral nerves has also been reported.[5] This appears to indicate that the sternalis is not always derived from the same embryonic origin.[6]

Prevalence

Cadaveric studies showed that the sternalis muscle has a mean prevalence of around 7.8% in the population[7] with the range from 0.5% to 23.5%.[8] It has a slightly higher incidence in females.[1] Though, It was proposed that a possible reason for the high prevalence may result from the existence of small, ill-defined or tendinous fibres, which could be misidentified for a sternalis muscle.[9]

Variations

A recent study[8] classified the sternalis into three types depending on morphology.

  • Type I (single head and single belly)
  • Type II (double-headed/multi-headed)
  • Type III (double-bellied/multi-bellied)

Type I, the single head and single belly was seen in the majority of reported cases (58.5%), type II in 18.1%, and type III in 23.4%.[8]

Function

The function of the sternalis muscle has remained unknown.[1] There are many theories for the physiological function of the sternalis. It may function as a proprioceptive sensor for the thoracic wall movements.[10] It may also take part in the movement of shoulder joint or have an additional role in elevation of the chest wall.[11]

Clinical significance

The presence of the sternalis in sagittal plane on CT (left) and on volume rendered CT 3D reconstruction (right).

The presence of the sternalis is asymptomatic[1] but aesthetic complaints have been reported as it was reported to cause chest asymmetry or deviation of the nipple-areola complex.[1][12] The presence of the sternalis may cause alterations in the electrocardiogram[13] or confusion in mammography.[14] However, there is a potential benefit of the muscle as it can be used as a flap in a reconstructive surgery of the head and neck and the anterior chest wall.[12]

History

The sternalis was first reported by Carbolius in 1604 and the name was first given by Turner in 1867.[15] Different terminologies have been given to the sternalis due to its highly varied morphology and the disagreement on its embryonic origin. The sternalis was referred to as the rectus sternalis, sternalis brutorum, musculus sternalis, episternalis, parasternalis, presternalis, rectus sternalis, rectus sterni, rectus thoracis, rectus thoracicus superficialis, superficial rectus abdominis, sternalis brutorum, japonicas, and thoracicus depending on studies.[7][15]

Additional images

  • The sternalis muscle as it lies on top the pectoralis major.

  • Sternalis muscle visible in an individual who also has an accessory abdominal pectoralis major, and an axillary arch of the latissimus dorsi.

  • Musculus sternalis seen at axial CT and volume rendering.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Harper WF. The sternalis muscle in the anencephalous foetus. Anat Notes 1936;317-20.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Turner W (1867) On the musculus sternalis. J Anat Physiol 1(2):246–378
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