Symphurus
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
| Symphurus | |
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| 240 px | |
| Northern tonguefish (S. pusillus) | |
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Symphurus
Rafinesque, 1810
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| Species | |
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See text |
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Symphurus is a genus of tonguefishes found in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including S. thermophilus that lives at hydrothermal vents (the only flatfish known from this habitat).[1][2]
Symphurus species are distinguished by merged dorsal, caudal, and anal fins, the absence of a lateral line and pectoral fins, and the presence of only one pelvic fin. They are sinistral flatfishes, meaning that as adults, their crania are asymmetrical, with both eyes on the left side. The largest species grows to about 32 cm (1 ft) long.
Species
The 75 currently recognized species in this genus are:
- Symphurus arawak C. R. Robins & J. E. Randall, 1965 (Caribbean tonguefish)
- Symphurus atramentatus D. S. Jordan & Bollman, 1890 (Inkspot tonguefish)
- Symphurus atricaudus D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1880 (California tonguefish)
- Symphurus australis McCulloch, 1907
- Symphurus bathyspilus Krabbenhoft & Munroe, 2003
- Symphurus billykrietei Munroe, 1998 (Kriete's tonguefish)
- Symphurus callopterus Munroe & Mahadeva, 1989 (Chocolate tonguefish)
- Symphurus caribbeanus Munroe, 1991
- Symphurus chabanaudi Mahadeva & Munroe, 1990 (Chabanaud's tonguefish)
- Symphurus civitatium Ginsburg, 1951 (Offshore tonguefish)
- Symphurus diabolicus Mahadeva & Munroe, 1990 (Devil's tonguefish)
- Symphurus diomedeanus Goode & T. H. Bean, 1885 (Spottedfin tonguefish)
File:Symphurus diomedeanus.jpg
Spottedfin tonguefish, S. diomedeanus
- Symphurus elongatus Günther, 1868 (Elongated tonguefish)
- Symphurus fasciolaris C. H. Gilbert, 1892 (Banded tonguefish)
- Symphurus fuscus A. B. Brauer, 1906
- Symphurus gilesii Alcock, 1889
- Symphurus ginsburgi Menezes & Benvegnú, 1976 (Ginsburg's tonguefish)
- Symphurus gorgonae Chabanaud, 1948 (Gorgonian tonguefish)
- Symphurus hondoensis C. L. Hubbs, 1915
- Symphurus insularis Munroe, Brito & C. Hernández, 2000
- Symphurus jenynsi Evermann & Kendall, 1907 (Jenyn's tonguefish)
- Symphurus kyaropterygium Menezes & Benvegnú, 1976
- Symphurus leei D. S. Jordan & Bollman, 1890 (Lee's tonguefish)
- Symphurus leucochilus M. Y. Lee, Munroe & K. T. Shao, 2014 [3]
- Symphurus ligulatus Cocco, 1844 (Elongated tonguesole)
- Symphurus lubbocki Munroe, 1990
- Symphurus luzonensis Chabanaud, 1955
- Symphurus macrophthalmus Norman, 1939
- Symphurus maculopinnis Munroe, J. Tyler & Tunnicliffe, 2011
- Symphurus maldivensis Chabanaud, 1955
- Symphurus marginatus Goode & T. H. Bean, 1886 (Margined tonguefish)
File:Symphurus marginatus.jpgMargined tonguefish, S. marginatus
- Symphurus marmoratus Fowler, 1934
- Symphurus megasomus M. Y. Lee, Hong Ming Chen & K. T. Shao, 2009 (Giant tonguefish)
- Symphurus melanurus H. W. Clark, 1936 (Drab tonguefish)
- Symphurus melasmatotheca Munroe & Nizinski, 1990 (Blackstripe tonguefish)
- Symphurus microlepis Garman, 1899 (Smallfin tonguefish)
- Symphurus microrhynchus (M. C. W. Weber, 1913)
- Symphurus minor Ginsburg, 1951 (Largescale tonguefish)
- Symphurus monostigmus Munroe, 2006
- Symphurus nebulosus Goode & T. H. Bean, 1883 (Freckled tonguefish)
File:Symphurus nebulosus.jpgFreckled tonguefish, S. nebulosus
- Symphurus nigrescens Rafinesque, 1810 (Tonguesole)
- Symphurus normani Chabanaud, 1950 (Norman's tonguesole)
- Symphurus novemfasciatus S. C. Shen & W. W. Lin, 1984
- Symphurus ocellaris Munroe & D. R. Robertson, 2005 (Ringtail tonguefish)
- Symphurus ocellatus von Bonde, 1922 (Double-spot tonguesole)
- Symphurus oculellus Munroe, 1991
- Symphurus oligomerus Mahadeva & Munroe, 1990 (Spotfin tonguefish)
- Symphurus ommaspilus J. E. Böhlke, 1961 (Ocellated tonguefish)
- Symphurus orientalis Bleeker, 1879
- Symphurus parvus Ginsburg, 1951 (Pygmy tonguefish)
- Symphurus pelicanus Ginsburg, 1951 (Longtail tonguefish)
- Symphurus piger Goode & T. H. Bean, 1886 (Deepwater tonguefish)
File:Symphurus piger.jpgDeepwater tonguefish, S. piger
- Symphurus plagiusa Linnaeus, 1766 (Blackcheek tonguefish)
- Symphurus plagusia Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (Duskycheek tonguefish)
- Symphurus prolatinaris Munroe, Nizinski & Mahadeva, 1991 (Halfstriped tonguefish)
- Symphurus pusillus Goode & T. H. Bean, 1885 (Northern tonguefish)
- Symphurus regani M. C. W. Weber & de Beaufort, 1929
- Symphurus reticulatus Munroe, 1990
- Symphurus rhytisma J. E. Böhlke, 1961 (Patchtail tonguefish)
- Symphurus schultzi Chabanaud, 1955
- Symphurus septemstriatus Alcock, 1891 (Sevenband tonguesole)
- Symphurus stigmosus Munroe, 1998 (Blotchfin tonguefish)
- Symphurus strictus C. H. Gilbert, 1905 (Blackbelly tonguesole)
- Symphurus tessellatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1824
- Symphurus thermophilus Munroe & Hashimoto, 2008
- Symphurus trewavasae Chabanaud, 1948 (Trewavas' tonguefish)
- Symphurus trifasciatus Alcock, 1894 (Threeband tonguesole)
- Symphurus undatus C. H. Gilbert, 1905
- Symphurus undecimplerus Munroe & Nizinski, 1990 (Darkcheek tongue)
- Symphurus urospilus Ginsburg, 1951 (Spottail tonguefish)
- Symphurus vanmelleae Chabanaud, 1952 (Vanmelle’s tonguefish)
- Symphurus variegatus Gilchrist, 1903
- Symphurus varius Garman, 1899 (Mottled tonguefish)
- Symphurus williamsi D. S. Jordan & Culver, 1895 (William's tonguefish)
- Symphurus woodmasoni Alcock, 1889
References
- ↑ Tyler, J. (2005). Distribution, population characteristics and trophic ecology of a sulphophilic hydrothermal vent tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae) M.Sc. Thesis. University of Victoria: Canada.
- ↑ Munroe, T.A. and Hashimoto, J. (2008). A new Western Pacific Tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae): The first Pleuronectiform discovered at active Hydrothermal Vents. Zootaxa 1839: 43–59.
- ↑ Lee, M.-Y., Munroe, T.A. & Shao, K.-T. (2014): Description of a new cryptic, shallow-water tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae: Symphurus) from the western North Pacific Ocean. Journal of Fish Biology, 85 (3): 563–585.
