Urgent care

Urgent care is a category of walk-in clinic focused on the delivery of ambulatory care in a dedicated medical facility outside of a traditional emergency room. Urgent care centers primarily treat injuries or illnesses requiring immediate care, but not serious enough to require an ER visit. Urgent care centers are distinguished from similar ambulatory healthcare centers such as emergency departments and convenient care clinics by their scope of conditions treated and available facilities on-site. While urgent care centers are usually not open 24-hours a day, 70% of centers in the United States open by 8:00 am or earlier and 95% close after 7:00 pm.

File:ECG of child presenting to Urgent Care Clinic.pdf

ECG

Urgent care in New Zealand

See Royal New Zealand College of Urgent Care

History of urgent care in the United States

The initial urgent care centers opened in the 1970s. Since then, this healthcare industry sector rapidly expanded to approximately 10,000 centers. Many centers were started by emergency medicine physicians, responding to a public need for convenient access to unscheduled medical care. A significant factor for the increase of these centers is significant monetary savings when compared to ERs. Many managed care organizations (MCOs) now encourage customers to utilize urgent care options. As of 2014, the urgent care industry is worth an estimated $14.5 Billion.

Demographic features of urgent care patients and providers

In 2014, US communities with non-hospital-based urgent care centers (UCCs) were mainly urban, located in areas with higher income levels and higher levels of private insurance. Kaissi et al considered local multi-hospital systems in Florida, Maryland, Nevada, Texas, Virginia and Washington. In 2012 50% of 117 hospital-based "clusters" included either UCCs, retail clinics, or both. 57% of systems in Washington operated an UCC, compared to 36% of systems in Washington, while systems in Florida had the largest share of UCCs (17.6%). Authors noted unexplained state-by-state variation in hospital system partnership with UCC and retail clinic models. Corwin et al considered Medicare beneficiaries presenting to an UCC (n=1,426,354) emergency department (ED) (n=334,841) or physicians office (n=8,359,498) with upper respiratory or urinary tract infections, bronchitis, sprains or contusions, and back or arthritic pain, in 2012. Patients who presented to an ED were more likely to be female (67% of ED presentations) compared to those who presented to a UCC or physicians office (65% and 64% respectively). Patients who presented to an UCC were significantly more likely to be aged over 85 (27%, compared to 15% of physicians office presentations, and 13% of ED presentations) or Black (11%, compared to 6% of physicians office presentations, and 4% of ED presentations). In 2014, 3.1% of Family Physicians in the United States worked primarily in UCCs, with a male:female ratio of workforce is 6:7, and an urban:rural ratio of 2:1. This compares to 3.6% of Family Physicians working primarily in Emergency Care, with a male:female ratio of 5:3 and urban:rural ratio approaching 1:2.

Criteria for urgent care centers

Both the Urgent Care Association of America (UCAOA) and the American Academy of Urgent Care Medicine (AAUCM) have established criteria for urgent care centers and the physicians that operate them. Each share similar qualifying criteria including:

• Must accept walk-in patients during business hours
• Treat a broad spectrum of illnesses and injuries, as well as perform minor medical procedures
• Have a licensed physician operating as the medical director
• Be open 7 days a week
• Have on-site diagnostic equipment, including phlebotomy and x-ray
• Contain multiple exam rooms
• Various ethical and business standards

The UCAOA program is called Urgent Care Certification and the AAUCM is called Urgent Care Center Accreditation.

Organized medicine and urgent care

The Urgent Care Association of America (UCAOA) holds an annual spring convention and an annual fall conference. Many leaders of organized urgent care anticipate the establishment of urgent care as a fully recognized specialty.

Urgent Care Management Monthly hosts a bi-annual conference, teaching doctors, investors, and owners about the business side of an urgent care center. Urgent Care Management Monthly (UCMM) is the official publication for urgent care management, with discussions on topics such as billing, staffing, marketing, accounting, and logistics.

JUCM, The Journal of Urgent Care Medicine is the Official Publication of the Urgent Care Association of America (UCAOA). Each issue contains peer-reviewed clinical and practice management articles.

Board of Certification in Urgent Care Medicine (BCUCM) provides board certification for physicians with requisite training and experience. Urgent Care College of Physicians (UCCOP)

Postgraduate training

In 2006, the Urgent Care Association of America sponsored the first fellowship training program in urgent care medicine. A collaboration between the Department of Family Medicine University Hospitals of Cleveland / Case School of Medicine, the Urgent Care Association of America (UCAOA), and University Primary and Specialty Care Practices, Inc. in Cleveland, Ohio made this fellowship possible. The program was partially funded by an unrestricted grant from the Urgent Care Association of America. Fellowship physicians receive training in many disciplines, including: adult emergencies, pediatric emergencies, wound & injury evaluation and treatment, occupational medicine, urgent care procedures, and care center business aspects. In 2007, the Urgent Care Association of America (UCAOA) sponsored a second fellowship opportunity through the University of Illinois. The one-year fellowships are open to graduates of accredited Family Medicine and Med/Peds residencies.

Staffing and services

Unlike other walk-in clinics such as retail clinics, urgent care centers are generally staffed by a physician and supported by nurses, physician assistants and medical assistants. Sixty-five percent of urgent care centers have at least one physician on-site at all times.

Of the physicians that staff urgent care centers, 47.8% are family medicine, 30.1% are emergency medicine and 7.6% are internal medicine.

With these licensed physician on-site, urgent care centers are able to offer a wide range of services including broken bones, moderate cuts and lacerations requiring stitches, and most common injuries and illnesses. These services, of course, are made possible with the diagnostic equipment and x-ray machines typically found at an urgent care.

Of course, the urgent care centers are not an emergency room. They do not offer surgical services, as a rule- particularly invasive surgical procedures (more than cutaneous or subcutaneous procedures- those involving body organs and organ parts, and/or deep penetration of deep fascia, tendons, ligaments, bursae, joints, muscles, or bones), any procedures requiring the use of regional or general anesthesia (more than topical local anesthesia), those procedures requiring a full operating room or suite, having lengthy recovery times, or requiring more than the level of imaging or specialists available at the center.

That said, an estimated 13.7 to 27.1 percent of all emergency department visits could take place at an urgent care center or a retail clinic, generating a potential cost savings of approximately $4.4 billion annually, according to a 2010 study in Health Affairs.

Ownership

The majority of urgent care centers are owned by physicians or physician groups, however, more corporations and investment banks are acquiring urgent care centers and creating regional and national brands in the industry. The following is a breakdown of urgent care ownership following a 2012 study by the UCAOA:

• 35.4 percent of centers owned by physicians or physician groups, down from 50 percent in 2010
• 30.5 percent owned by a corporation, up from 13.5 percent in 2010
• 25.2 percent owned by a hospital
• 4.4 percent owned by a non-physician individual
• 2.2 percent owned by a franchise

Urgent care centers by state

Given the constantly evolving industry and opens and closures of urgent care centers each week – and lack of standardized SIC or NAICS codes – it is impossible to know the exact number in the country, much less by state. However, according to the most accurate, known database of walk-in clinics, the following is a state-by-state breakdown of urgent care centers.

State	Urgent Care Centers
Alabama	82
Alaska	9
Arizona	127
Arkansas	19
California	226
Colorado	83
Connecticut	52
Delaware	13
Florida	328
Georgia	135
Hawaii	5
Idaho	29
Illinois	112
Indiana	80
Iowa	32
Kansas	19
Kentucky	49
Louisiana	56
Maine	11
Maryland	85
Massachusetts	33
Michigan	150
Minnesota	44
Mississippi	25
Missouri	86
Montana	13
Nebraska	39
Nevada	39
New Hampshire	13
New Jersey	64
New Mexico	28
New York	143
North Carolina	175
North Dakota	8
Ohio	150
Oklahoma	57
Oregon	44
Pennsylvania	98
Rhode Island	18
South Carolina	95
South Dakota	9
Tennessee	101
Texas	283
Utah	39
Vermont	3
Virginia	109
Washington	49
West Virginia	17
Wisconsin	57
Wyoming	11

Codes for urgent care

In recent years the American Medical Association approved the code UCM (Urgent Care Medicine). This code allows physicians to self-designate as specializing in urgent care medicine. Services rendered in an urgent care center may be designated, using the place of service code -20 (POS -20) on the CMS-1500 form, as submitted to third-party payers. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) have designated two specific codes to apply to urgent care centers: S9083 (global fee for urgent care centers) and S9088 (services rendered in an urgent care center).

External links

• Urgent Care Association of America
• American Academy of Urgent Care Medicine
• Journal of Urgent Care Medicine (JUCM)