World population estimates
This article lists estimates of world population over the course of history and prehistory, as well as projections of future developments. In summary, estimates for the progression of world population since the late medieval period are in the following ranges:
| year | 1400 | 1500 | 1600 | 1700 | 1800 | 1900 | 2000 |
| population (in millions) |
350–400 | 425–500 | 500–580 | 600–680 | 890–980 | 1,560–1,710 | 6,060–6,150 |
Estimates for pre-modern times are necessarily fraught with great uncertainties, and few of the published estimates have confidence intervals; in the absence of a straightforward means to assess the error of such estimates, a rough idea of expert consensus can be gained by comparing the values given in independent publications. Population estimates cannot be considered accurate to more than two decimal digits; for example, world population for the year 2012 was estimated at 7.02, 7.06 and 7.08 billion by the United States Census Bureau, the Population Reference Bureau and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, respectively, corresponding to a spread of estimates of the order of 0.8%.
Contents
Deep prehistory
Most published estimates of historical world population begin at "year zero" of the Common Era, when world population was in the nine digits (estimates range between 150 and 330 million).
Some estimates extend their timeline into deep prehistory, to "10,000 BC", i.e. the last glacial maximum,[1] when world population estimates range roughly between one to ten million.
Estimates for yet deeper prehistory, into the Upper Paleolithic, is of a different nature. At this time human populations consisted entirely of non-sedentary hunter-gatherer populations, which fall into a number of archaic species or sub-species, some but not all of which may be ancestral to the modern human population due to possible archaic human admixture with modern humans taking place during the Upper Paleolithic. Estimates of the size of these populations are a topic of paleoanthropology. A late human population bottleneck is postulated by some scholars at approximately 70,000 years ago, during the Toba catastrophe, when the Homo sapiens population may have dropped to as low as between 1,000 and 10,000 individuals.[2][3][4]
Historical population
The following table uses astronomical year numbering for dates, negative numbers corresponding roughly to the corresponding year BC (i.e. -10000 = 10,001 BC, etc.). The table starts counting around the Late Glacial Maximum period, in which ice retreated and humans started to spread into the northern hemisphere.
Before 1950
| Year | Population Reference Bureau
(1973–2015)[5] |
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
(2015)[6] |
Maddison Group
(2010)[7] |
Maddison
(2008)[8] |
HYDE
(2007)[9] |
Tanton
(1994)[10] |
Biraben
(1980)[11] |
McEvedy &
Jones (1978)[12] |
Thomlinson
(1975)[13] |
Durand
(1974)[14] |
Clark
(1967)[15] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| −10000 | 2M | 4M | 1–10M | ||||||||
| −9000 | 4M | ||||||||||
| −8000 | 5M | 5M | 5–10M | ||||||||
| −7000 | 8M | ||||||||||
| −6000 | 11M | ||||||||||
| −5000 | 18M | 5M | 5–20M | ||||||||
| −4000 | 28M | 7M | |||||||||
| −3000 | 45M | 14M | |||||||||
| −2000 | 72M | 27M | |||||||||
| −1000 | 115M | 50M | |||||||||
| −200 | 150M | ||||||||||
| 0 | 300M | 300M | 231M[16] | 188M | 150M | 255M | 170M | 200M | 270–330M | 256M[17] | |
| 100 | 195M | ||||||||||
| 200 | 202M | 256M | 190M | ||||||||
| 300 | 205M | ||||||||||
| 350 | 254M | ||||||||||
| 400 | 209M | 206M | 190M | ||||||||
| 500 | 210M | 206M | 190M | ||||||||
| 600 | 213M | 206M | 200M | 237M | |||||||
| 700 | 226M | 207M | 210M | ||||||||
| 800 | 240M | 224M | 220M | 261M | |||||||
| 900 | 269M | 226M | 240M | ||||||||
| 1000 | 310M | 267M | 295M | 254M | 265M | 275–345M | 280M | ||||
| 1100 | 353M | 301M | 320M | ||||||||
| 1200 | 450M | 393M | 400M | 360M | 384M | ||||||
| 1250 | 400M | 416M | |||||||||
| 1300 | 392M | 300M | 432M | 360M | 400M | ||||||
| 1340 | 443M | 378M | |||||||||
| 1400 | 390M | 374M | 350M | ||||||||
| 1500 | 500M | 438M | 461M | 460M | 425M | 440–540M | 427M | ||||
| 1600 | 556M | 554M | 579M | 545M | 498M | ||||||
| 1650 | 500M | 545M | 500M | 516M | |||||||
| 1700 | 603M | 603M | 600M | 679M | 610M | 600M | 641M | ||||
| 1750 | 795M | 791M | 814M | 770M | 720M | 700M | 735–805M | 731M | |||
| 1800 | 978M | 989M | 900M | 954M | 900M | 900M | 890M | ||||
| 1820 | 712M | 1,042M | |||||||||
| 1850 | 1,265M | 1,262M | 1,263M | 1,241M | 1,200M | 1,200M | |||||
| 1870 | 884M | 1,276M | |||||||||
| 1875 | 1,325M | ||||||||||
| 1900 | 1,656M | 1,650M | 1,563M | 1,654M | 1,600M | 1,633M | 1,625M | 1,600M | 1,650–1,710M | 1,668M | |
| 1910 | 1,750M | 1,777M | |||||||||
| 1913 | 1,543M | 1,793M | |||||||||
| 1920 | 1,860M | 1,863M | 1,912M | 1,968M | |||||||
| 1925 | 2,000M | ||||||||||
| 1930 | 2,070M | 2,092M | 2,145M | ||||||||
| 1940 | 2,300M | 2,181M | 2,299M | 2,307M | 2,340M |
1950 to present
For times after World War II, demographic data of some accuracy becomes available for a significant number of countries, and population estimates are often given as grand totals of numbers (typically given by country) of widely diverging accuracies. Some sources give these numbers rounded to the nearest million or the nearest thousand, while others give them without any rounding. Taking these numbers at face value would be false precision; in spite of being stated to four, seven or even ten digits, they should not be interpreted as accurate to more than three digits at best.
| Year | United States Census Bureau
(2015)[18] |
Population Reference Bureau
(1973–2015)[5] |
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
(2015)[6] |
Maddison Group
(2010)[7] |
Maddison
(2008)[8] |
HYDE
(2007)[9] |
Tanton
(1994)[10] |
Biraben
(1980)[11] |
McEvedy &
Jones (1978)[12] |
Thomlinson
(1975)[13] |
Durand
(1974)[14] |
Clark
(1967)[15] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 2,557,628,654 | 2,516,000,000 | 2,525,149,000 | 2,104,000,000 | 2,544,000,000 | 2,527,960,000 | 2,400,000,000 | 2,527,000,000 | 2,500,000,000 | 2,400,000,000 | 2,486,000,000 | |
| 1951 | 2,594,939,877 | 2,572,850,917 | 2,191,000,000 | 2,571,663,000 | ||||||||
| 1952 | 2,636,772,306 | 2,619,292,068 | 2,250,000,000 | 2,617,949,000 | ||||||||
| 1953 | 2,682,053,389 | 2,665,865,392 | 2,320,000,000 | 2,665,959,000 | ||||||||
| 1954 | 2,730,228,104 | 2,713,172,027 | 2,353,000,000 | 2,716,927,000 | ||||||||
| 1955 | 2,782,098,943 | 2,761,650,981 | 2,457,000,000 | 2,769,074,000 | ||||||||
| 1956 | 2,835,299,673 | 2,811,572,031 | 2,524,000,000 | 2,822,502,000 | ||||||||
| 1957 | 2,891,349,717 | 2,863,042,795 | 2,567,000,000 | 2,879,934,000 | ||||||||
| 1958 | 2,948,137,248 | 2,916,030,167 | 2,596,000,000 | 2,939,254,000 | ||||||||
| 1959 | 3,000,716,593 | 2,970,395,814 | 2,665,000,000 | 2,995,909,000 | ||||||||
| 1960 | 3,043,001,508 | 3,026,002,942 | 2,764,000,000 | 3,041,507,000 | 3,042,000,000 | |||||||
| 1961 | 3,083,966,929 | 3,082,830,266 | 2,821,000,000 | 3,082,161,000 | ||||||||
| 1962 | 3,140,093,217 | 3,141,071,531 | 2,902,000,000 | 3,135,787,000 | 3,036,000,000 | |||||||
| 1963 | 3,209,827,882 | 3,201,178,277 | 2,965,000,000 | 3,201,354,000 | ||||||||
| 1964 | 3,281,201,306 | 3,263,738,832 | 3,118,000,000 | 3,266,477,000 | ||||||||
| 1965 | 3,350,425,793 | 3,329,122,479 | 3,218,000,000 | 3,333,138,000 | ||||||||
| 1966 | 3,420,677,923 | 3,397,475,247 | 3,326,000,000 | 3,402,224,000 | 3,288,000,000 | |||||||
| 1967 | 3,490,333,715 | 3,468,521,724 | 3,381,000,000 | 3,471,464,000 | ||||||||
| 1968 | 3,562,313,822 | 3,541,674,891 | 3,494,000,000 | 3,543,086,000 | ||||||||
| 1969 | 3,637,159,050 | 3,616,108,749 | 3,613,000,000 | 3,615,743,000 | ||||||||
| 1970 | 3,712,697,742 | 3,691,172,616 | 3,725,000,000 | 3,691,157,000 | 3,710,000,000 | 3,637,000,000 | 3,600,000,000 | 3,600,000,000– 3,700,000,000 | 3,632,000,000 | |||
| 1971 | 3,790,326,948 | 3,766,754,345 | 3,797,000,000 | 3,769,818,000 | ||||||||
| 1972 | 3,866,568,653 | 3,842,873,611 | 3,901,000,000 | 3,846,499,000 | ||||||||
| 1973 | 3,942,096,442 | 3,919,182,332 | 4,081,000,000 | 3,922,793,000 | 3,923,000,000 | 3,860,000,000 | ||||||
| 1974 | 4,016,608,813 | 3,995,304,922 | 4,097,000,000 | 3,997,677,000 | ||||||||
| 1975 | 4,089,083,233 | 4,071,020,434 | 4,086,000,000 | 4,070,671,000 | 3,900,000,000 | 4,000,000,000 | ||||||
| 1976 | 4,160,185,010 | 4,146,135,850 | 4,213,000,000 | 4,141,445,000 | ||||||||
| 1977 | 4,232,084,578 | 4,220,816,737 | 4,308,000,000 | 4,213,539,000 | ||||||||
| 1978 | 4,304,105,753 | 4,295,664,825 | 4,422,000,000 | 4,286,317,000 | ||||||||
| 1979 | 4,379,013,942 | 4,371,527,871 | 4,500,000,000 | 4,363,144,000 | ||||||||
| 1980 | 4,451,362,735 | 4,449,048,798 | 4,511,000,000 | 4,439,529,000 | 4,461,000,000 | |||||||
| 1981 | 4,534,410,125 | 4,528,234,634 | 4,523,000,000 | 4,514,838,000 | ||||||||
| 1982 | 4,614,566,561 | 4,608,962,418 | 4,500,000,000 | 4,587,307,000 | ||||||||
| 1983 | 4,695,736,743 | 4,691,559,840 | 4,539,000,000 | 4,676,388,000 | ||||||||
| 1984 | 4,774,569,391 | 4,776,392,828 | 4,668,000,000 | 4,756,521,000 | ||||||||
| 1985 | 4,856,462,699 | 4,863,601,517 | 4,748,000,000 | 4,837,719,000 | 5,000,000,000 | |||||||
| 1986 | 4,940,571,232 | 4,953,376,710 | 4,832,000,000 | 4,920,968,000 | ||||||||
| 1987 | 5,027,200,492 | 5,045,315,871 | 4,932,000,000 | 5,006,672,000 | ||||||||
| 1988 | 5,114,557,167 | 5,138,214,688 | 5,056,000,000 | 5,093,306,000 | ||||||||
| 1989 | 5,201,440,110 | 5,230,000,000 | 5,133,000,000 | 5,180,540,000 | ||||||||
| 1990 | 5,288,955,934 | 5,320,816,667 | 5,149,000,000 | 5,269,029,000 | 5,308,000,000 | |||||||
| 1991 | 5,371,585,922 | 5,408,908,724 | 5,141,000,000 | 5,351,922,000 | ||||||||
| 1992 | 5,456,136,278 | 5,494,899,570 | 5,163,000,000 | 5,435,722,000 | ||||||||
| 1993 | 5,538,268,316 | 5,578,865,109 | 5,201,000,000 | 5,518,127,000 | ||||||||
| 1994 | 5,618,682,132 | 5,661,086,346 | 5,305,000,000 | 5,599,396,000 | ||||||||
| 1995 | 5,699,202,985 | 5,760,000,000 | 5,741,822,412 | 5,443,000,000 | 5,681,575,000 | |||||||
| 1996 | 5,779,440,593 | 5,821,016,750 | 5,547,000,000 | 5,762,212,000 | ||||||||
| 1997 | 5,857,972,543 | 5,840,000,000 | 5,898,688,337 | 5,688,000,000 | 5,842,122,000 | |||||||
| 1998 | 5,935,213,248 | 5,975,303,657 | 5,718,000,000 | 5,921,366,000 | ||||||||
| 1999 | 6,012,074,922 | 6,051,478,010 | 5,850,000,000 | 5,999,622,000 | ||||||||
| 2000 | 6,088,571,383 | 6,067,000,000 | 6,127,700,428 | 6,057,000,000 | 6,076,558,000 | 6,145,000,000 | 5,750,000,000 | |||||
| 2001 | 6,165,219,247 | 6,137,000,000 | 6,204,147,026 | 6,161,000,000 | 6,154,791,000 | |||||||
| 2002 | 6,242,016,348 | 6,215,000,000 | 6,280,853,817 | 6,303,000,000 | 6,231,704,000 | |||||||
| 2003 | 6,318,590,956 | 6,314,000,000 | 6,357,991,749 | 6,526,000,000 | 6,308,364,000 | |||||||
| 2004 | 6,395,699,509 | 6,396,000,000 | 6,435,705,595 | 6,782,000,000 | 6,374,056,000 | |||||||
| 2005 | 6,473,044,732 | 6,477,000,000 | 6,514,094,605 | 7,001,000,000 | 6,462,987,000 | |||||||
| 2006 | 6,551,263,534 | 6,555,000,000 | 6,593,227,977 | 7,276,000,000 | 6,540,214,000 | |||||||
| 2007 | 6,629,913,759 | 6,625,000,000 | 6,673,105,937 | 7,507,000,000 | 6,616,689,000 | |||||||
| 2008 | 6,709,049,780 | 6,705,000,000 | 6,753,649,228 | 7,626,000,000 | 6,694,832,000 | |||||||
| 2009 | 6,788,214,394 | 6,809,972,000 | 6,834,721,933 | 7,478,000,000 | 6,764,086,000 | |||||||
| 2010 | 6,866,332,358 | 6,892,319,000 | 6,916,183,482 | 7,814,000,000 | ||||||||
| 2011 | 6,944,055,583 | 6,986,951,000 | 6,997,998,760 | |||||||||
| 2012 | 7,022,349,283 | 7,057,075,000 | 7,080,072,417 | |||||||||
| 2013 | 7,101,027,895 | 7,136,796,000 | 7,162,119,434 | |||||||||
| 2014 | 7,178,722,893 | 7,238,184,000 | 7,243,784,000 | |||||||||
| 2015 | 7,256,490,011 | 7,336,435,000 | 7,349,472,000 |
Projections
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As of 2015[update], the population of the world is projected to reach 8 billion in 2025, and 9 billion by about 2040/42.
Reasonable prediction of population development are possible for the next 30 years or so, representing the period of fertility of the children alive today. Projections of population reaching more than one generation into the future are highly speculative: Thus, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs report of 2004 projected the world population to peak at 9.22 billion in 2075 and then stabilise at a value close to 9 billion;[19] By contrast, a 2014 projection by the United Nations Population Division predicts a population close to 11 billion by 2100 without any declining trend in the foreseeable future.[20] On the other hand, a conservative scenario published in 2012 assumes that a maximum of 8 billion will be reached before 2040.[21]
The following table shows projections of world population for the 21st century.
| Year | United States Census Bureau
(2015)[18] |
Population Reference Bureau
(1973-2015)[5] |
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
(2015)[6] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 7,334,771,614 | 7,432,663.28 | |
| 2017 | 7,412,778,971 | ||
| 2018 | 7,490,427,640 | ||
| 2019 | 7,567,402,977 | ||
| 2020 | 7,643,402,123 | 7,758,157,000 | |
| 2021 | 7,718,256,830 | ||
| 2022 | 7,792,021,317 | ||
| 2023 | 7,864,725,370 | ||
| 2024 | 7,936,271,554 | ||
| 2025 | 8,006,580,553 | 8,000,000,000 | 8,141,661,000 |
| 2026 | 8,075,716,000 | ||
| 2027 | 8,143,729,466 | ||
| 2028 | 8,210,559,895 | ||
| 2029 | 8,276,190,519 | ||
| 2030 | 8,340,606,590 | 8,505,000,000 | 8,500,766,000 |
| 2031 | 8,403,880,343 | ||
| 2032 | 8,466,094,022 | ||
| 2033 | 8,527,246,205 | ||
| 2034 | 8,587,325,154 | ||
| 2035 | 8,646,304,704 | 8,838,908,000 | |
| 2036 | 8,704,239,274 | ||
| 2037 | 8,761,189,197 | ||
| 2038 | 8,817,138,785 | ||
| 2039 | 8,872,066,537 | ||
| 2040 | 8,925,949,679 | 9,157,234,000 | |
| 2041 | 8,978,822,945 | ||
| 2042 | 9,030,723,366 | ||
| 2043 | 9,081,617,002 | ||
| 2044 | 9,131,462,326 | ||
| 2045 | 9,180,225,214 | 9,453,892,000 | |
| 2046 | 9,227,935,007 | ||
| 2047 | 9,274,616,811 | ||
| 2048 | 9,320,232,984 | ||
| 2049 | 9,364,750,182 | ||
| 2050 | 9,408,141,302 | 9,804,000,000 | 9,725,148,000 |
| 2055 | 9,968,809,000 | ||
| 2060 | 10,184,290,000 | ||
| 2065 | 10,375,719,000 | ||
| 2070 | 10,547,989,000 | ||
| 2075 | 10,701,653,000 | ||
| 2080 | 10,836,635,000 | ||
| 2085 | 10,953,525,000 | ||
| 2090 | 11,055,270,000 | ||
| 2095 | 11,142,461,000 | ||
| 2100 | 11,213,317,000 |
Other, historical projections include
- Tanton (1994):[10] 8 billion for the year 2020;
- McEvedy & Jones (1978):[12] 5.75 billion for the year 2000, 8.25 billion for the year 2200.
By world region
Population estimates for world regions based on Maddison (2007),[22] in millions. The row showing total world population includes the average growth rate per year over the period separating each column from the preceding one.
| year | 0 | 1000 | 1500 | 1600 | 1700 | 1820 | 1913 | 2000 | 2030 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| East/Southeast Asia | 74 (33%) | 88 (33%) | 156 (28%) | 223 (37%) | 216 (36%) | 469 (45%) | 613 (34%) | 1,996 (33%) | 2,417 (30%) |
| South Asia | 75 (33%) | 75 (28%) | 110 (25%) | 135 (24%) | 165 (27%) | 216 (21%) | 326 (18%) | 1,372 (23%) | 2,003 (25%) |
| Europe[23] | 34 (15%) | 40 (15%) | 78 (18%) | 112 (20%) | 127 (21%) | 224 (21%) | 498 (28%) | 742 (13%) | 829 (11%) |
| West Asia | 19 (8%) | 20 (7%) | 18 (3%) | 21 (3%) | 21 (3%) | 25 (2%) | 39 (2%) | 237 (4%) | 370 (5%) |
| Africa | 17 (8%) | 32 (12%) | 47 (11%) | 55 (10%) | 61 (10%) | 74 (7%) | 125 (7%) | 798 (13%) | 1,449 (18%) |
| South/Central America | 6 (3%) | 11 (4%) | 18 (4%) | 9 (2%) | 12 (2%) | 22 (2%) | 81 (5%) | 520 (9%) | 702 (9%) |
| North America | 1 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 2 (0%) | 2 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 11 (1%) | 105 (6%) | 314 (5%) | 413 (5%) |
| World | 226 | 267 (+ 0.02% p.a.) |
438 (+ 0.1% p.a.) |
556 (+ 0.2% p.a.) |
603 (+ 0.1% p.a.) |
1,041 (+ 0.5% p.a.) |
1,791 (+ 0.6% p.a.) |
6,062 (+ 1.4% p.a.) |
8,175 (+ 1.0% p.a.) |
See also
References
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- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
External links
- Historical Estimates of World Population—United States Census Bureau
- World Population Estimation Graps 10000 BC - 1950 AD World population estimation graphs; estimations by HYDE, Colin McEvedy, Massimo Livi Bacci
- ↑ Pala et al. 2012 Mitochondrial DNA signals of late glacial recolonization of Europe from near eastern refugia. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/22560092/reload=0;jsessionid=Ex1l76DwTiCwb3huDcM9.6
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Data from Population Reference Bureau.
2015 estimate: (a) Toshiko Kaneda, 2015, "2015 World Population Data Sheet".
2014 estimate: (b) Carl Haub, 2014, "2014 World Population Data Sheet".
2013 estimate: (c) Carl Haub, 2013, "2013 World Population Data Sheet".
2012 estimate: (d) Carl Haub, 2012, "2012 World Population Data Sheet".
2011 estimate: (e) Carl Haub, 2011, "2011 World Population Data Sheet".
2010 estimate: (f) Carl Haub, 2010, "2010 World Population Data Sheet".
2009 estimate: (g) Carl Haub, 2009, "2009 World Population Data Sheet".
2008 estimate: (h) Carl Haub, 2008, "2008 World Population Data Sheet".
2007 estimate: (i) Carl Haub, 2007, "2007 World Population Data Sheet".
2006 estimate: (j) Carl Haub, 2006, "2006 World Population Data Sheet".
2005 estimate: (k) Carl Haub, 2005, "2005 World Population Data Sheet".
2004 estimate: (l) Carl Haub, 2004, "2004 World Population Data Sheet".
2003 estimate: (m) Carl Haub, 2003, "2003 World Population Data Sheet".
2002 estimate: (n) Carl Haub, 2002, "2002 World Population Data Sheet".
2001 estimate: (n) Carl Haub, 2001, "2001 World Population Data Sheet".
2000 estimate: (p) 2000, "9 Billion World Population by 2050".
1997 estimate: (q) 1997, "Studying Populations".
Estimates for 1995 and prior: (r) Carl Haub, 1995, "How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?" Population Today, Vol. 23 (no. 2), pp. 5–6. - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
1950–2100 estimates (only medium variants shown): (a) World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision.[dead link]
Estimates prior to 1950: (b) "The World at Six Billion", 1999.
Estimates from 1950 to 2100: (c) "Population of the entire world, yearly, 1950 - 2100", 2013.
2014: (d) http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf "2014 World Urbanization Prospects", 2014.]
2015: (e) http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf "2015 World Urbanization Prospects", 2015.] - ↑ 7.0 7.1 Bart van Ark, 2010, New Maddison Project Database
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Angus Maddison, 2003, The World Economy: Historical Statistics, Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, ISBN 92-64-10412-7.
"Statistical Appendix" (2008, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820-1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes. Figures for 1820 onwards are annual, whereever possible. For earlier years, benchmark figures are shown for 1 AD, 1000 AD, 1500, 1600 and 1700." "OECD countries GDP revised and updated 1991-2003 from National Accounts for OECD Countries, vol. I, 2006. Norway 1820-1990 GDP from Ola Grytten (2004), “The Gross Domestic Product for Norway, 1830-2003” in Eitrheim, Klovland and Qvigstad (eds), Historical Monetary Statistics for Norway, 1819-2003, Norges Bank, Oslo. Latin American GDP 2000-2003 revised and updated from ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook 2004 and preliminary version of the 2005 Yearbook supplied by Andre Hofman. For Chile, GDP 1820-2003 from Rolf Lűders (1998), “The Comparative Economic Performance of Chile 1810-1995”, Estudios de Economia, vol. 25, no. 2, with revised population estimates from Diaz, J., R. Lűders, and G. Wagner (2005) Chili 1810-2000: la Republica en Cifras, mimeo, Instituto de Economia, Universidad Católica de Chile. For Peru, GDP 1896-1990 and population 1896-1949 from Bruno Seminario and Arlette Beltran, Crecimiento Economico en el Peru 1896-1995, Universidad del Pacifico, 1998. " "For Asia there are amendments to the GDP estimates for South and North Korea, 1911-74, to correct an error in Maddison (2003). Estimates for the Philippines, 1902-1940 were amended in line with Richard Hooley (2005), 'American Economic Policy in the Philippines, 1902-1940', Journal of Asian Economics, 16. 1820 estimates were amended for Hong Kong, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Thailand." "Asian countries GDP revised and updated 1998-2003 from Asian Development Bank, Key Indicators 2005, except for South Korea and Japan, where OECD sources were used for 1991-2003. GDP for African countries updated 2000-2003 from IMF, World Economic Outlook, April 2005. Population estimates for all countries except China and Indonesia revised and updated 1950-2008 and 2030 from International Data Base, International Programs Center, Population Division, US Bureau of the Census, April 2005 version. China’s population 1990-2003 from China Statistical Yearbook 2005, China Statistics Press, Beijing. Indonesian population 1950-2003 kindly supplied by Pierre van der Eng. The figures now include three countries previously omitted: Cook Islands, Nauru and Tuvalu." - ↑ 9.0 9.1 Data from History Database of the Global Environment. K. Klein Goldewijk and G. van Drecht, "HYDE 3.1: Current and historical population and land cover", in Eds. A. F. Bouwman, T. Kram, and K. Klein Goldewijk, "Integrated modelling of global environmental change. An overview of IMAGE 2.4", Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Slightly updated data from original paper in French: (a) Jean-Noël Biraben, 1980, "An Essay Concerning Mankind's Evolution", Population, Selected Papers, Vol. 4, pp. 1–13. Original paper in French: (b) Jean-Noël Biraben, 1979, "Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes", Population, Vol. 34 (no. 1), pp. 13–25.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones, 1978, Atlas of World Population History, Facts on File, New York, ISBN 0-7139-1031-3.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Ralph Thomlinson, 1975, Demographic Problems: Controversy over population control, 2nd Ed., Dickenson Publishing Company, Ecino, CA, ISBN 0-8221-0166-1.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 John D. Durand, 1974, "Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation", University of Pennsylvania, Population Center, Analytical and Technical Reports, Number 10.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Colin Clark, 1967, Population Growth and Land Use, St. Martin's Press, New York, ISBN 0-333-01126-0.
- ↑ "The present figures are a revision and update of those presented on this website in 2003. The most significant changes are in the entries for the year 1, where gaps in previous tables have been filled with the new estimates for the Roman Empire in Maddison (2007). The estimates are in fact for 14 AD"
- ↑ The estimates are in fact for 14 AD"
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Data from U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base Retrieved on June 10, 2014
- ↑ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Population to 2300. 2004. Executive Summary, Page 2.
- ↑ Template:Cite doi/10.1126.2Fscience.1257469
- ↑ Randers, Jorgen (2012). 2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years. Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 62.
- ↑ Angus Maddison, The World Economy: Historical Statistics, Statistical Appendix (2007, ggdc.net). Estimates cited are for the beginning of the 1st millennium ("year 0"), the beginning of the 2nd millennium ("year 1000"), and for the beginning each century since the 16th (years 1820 and 1913 are given for the 19th and 20th century, respectively, as Maddison presents detailed estimates for these years), and a projection for the year 2030.
- ↑ includes Central Asia (listed under "former USSR")
