Yellow-spotted river turtle

Yellow-spotted Amazon river turtle
File:Podocnemis unifilis (Yellow spotted river turtle).jpg
Juvenile
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Pleurodira
Family:	Podocnemididae
Genus:	Podocnemis
Species:	P. unifilis
Binomial name
Podocnemis unifilis Troschel, 1848
Synonyms
Emys cayennensis Schweigger, 1812: 298. Chelys (Hydraspis) Cayennensis, Gray, 1831: 17 Hydraspis Cayennensis, Gray, 1831: 42 Emys Terekay Schinz, 1833: 41 Podocnemis dumeriliana Duméril & Bibron, 1835: 387 (in part) Podocnemis unifilis Troschel, 1848: 647 Podocnemis tracaya Coutinho, 1868: 149 Chelonemys dumeriliana, Gray, 1870: 83 (in part) Podocnemis cayennensis, Siebenrock, 1902: 1623

The yellow-spotted Amazon river turtle or yellow-spotted river turtle (Podocnemis unifilis) is one of the largest South American river turtles. It can grow up to 45 cm long and weigh up to 8 kg. This species can be recognized by its black or brown oval carapace (upper shell) with distinctive low keels on the second and third scutes. Yellow spots on the side of its head give this species its common name. These spots are most prominent in juveniles and fade with age. Females can be up to twice the size of males.

Podocnemis unifilis is a type of side-necked turtles, so called because they do not pull their heads directly into their shells, but rather bend their necks sideways to tuck their heads under the rim of their shells. Side-neck turtles are classified as members of the suborder Pleurodira.

These turtles are found in tributaries and large lakes of South America's Amazon Basin. During flood season, they may venture into flooded forests or floodplain lakes. They feed on fruits, weeds, fish, and small invertebrates.

The females lay two clutches of eggs each year, each with four to 35 eggs in it. They make their nests in sandy areas on the banks of rivers, where the eggs will hatch 66 to 159 days after they are laid. The eggs are laid at the peak of dry season so the nest will not be washed away with the floods of the rainy season.

Their average life span is 60 to 70 years.

Podocnemis unifilis was one of the foreign species exploited by the American pet turtle trade in the 1960s. Importation of this species is now strictly regulated by Federal law, but a captive, self-sustaining population exists in the United States—some groups in zoos, others in the hands of private collectors. Individuals of this species have lived more than 30 years in captivity.

References

• Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (1996). Podocnemis unifilis. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Listed as Vulnerable (VU A1acd v2.3)
• Ernst, Carl H., and Roger W. Barbour (1989). Turtles of the World, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., and London.