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B cells in non-lymphoid tissues

Nature Reviews Immunology (2025)Cite this article

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Abstract

B cells have long been understood to be drivers of both humoral and cellular immunity. Recent advances underscore this importance but also indicate that in infection, inflammatory disease and cancer, B cells function directly at sites of inflammation and form tissue-resident memory populations. The spatial organization and cellular niches of tissue B cells have profound effects on their function and on disease outcome, as well as on patient response to therapy. Here we review the role of B cells in peripheral tissues in homeostasis and disease, and discuss the newly identified cellular and molecular signals that are involved in regulating their activity. We integrate emerging data from multi-omic human studies with experimental models to propose a framework for B cell function in tissue inflammation and homeostasis.

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Fig. 1: Dynamics of tissue B cell recruitment, differentiation and function.
Fig. 2: Organized structures in peripheral tissues support local B cell functions.
Fig. 3: Therapeutic targeting of tissue B cells.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the reviewers for their valuable suggestions and the Oregon Health & Science University Immunology Journal Club and Research in Progress for helpful discussion. Research support is provided by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) T32GM142619, Melanoma Research Alliance, LEO Foundation and the Knight Cancer Institute and Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU).

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  1. These authors contributed equally: Abrar Samiea, George Celis.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA

    Abrar Samiea & Joshua M. Moreau

  2. Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA

    Abrar Samiea, Rashi Yadav & Joshua M. Moreau

  3. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA

    George Celis & Lauren B. Rodda

  4. Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA

    Joshua M. Moreau

  5. Division of Oncological Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA

    Joshua M. Moreau

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A.S. and G.C. contributed equally to all aspects of the article. All authors contributed to literature searching, writing and discussion of manuscript content. J.M.M. and L.B.R. developed the overall concept and provided supervision.

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Samiea, A., Celis, G., Yadav, R. et al. B cells in non-lymphoid tissues. Nat Rev Immunol (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-025-01137-6

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