TRAINEES HANDOUTS

ADVANCED TRAINING IN FIRE FIGHTING

CONSTANTA 2010

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.1-1 Introduction, safety and principles.................................................................. 5
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 5
1.1-2 Introduction, safety and principles.................................................................. 6
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 6
1.1-3 Introduction, safety and principles.................................................................. 7
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 7
1.1-4 Introduction, safety and principles.................................................................. 8
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 8
1.1-5 Introduction, safety and principles.................................................................. 9
PRINCIPLES OF SURVIVAL IN RELATION TO FIRE............................................ 9
1.1-6 Introduction, safety and principles................................................................ 10
CONDITION FOR FIRE ........................................................................................ 10
1.1-7 Introduction, safety and principles................................................................ 11
THE FIRE SQUARE AND THE FIRE TRIANGLE ................................................. 11
1.1-8 Introduction, safety and principles................................................................ 12
COMBUSTIBLE SUBSTANCE.............................................................................. 12
1.1-9 Introduction, safety and principles................................................................ 13
1.1-10 Introduction, safety and principles.............................................................. 14
FIRE EXTINGUISHING-1...................................................................................... 14
1.1-11 Introduction, safety and principles.............................................................. 15
FIRE EXTINGUISHING-2...................................................................................... 15
1.1-12 Introduction, safety and principles.............................................................. 16
FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS ......................................................................... 16
1.1-13 Introduction, safety and principles.............................................................. 17
SPREAD OF FIRE ................................................................................................ 17
1.1-14 Introduction, safety and principles.............................................................. 18
MATERIAL PROPERTIES .................................................................................... 18
1.2-1 Areas of fire hazard ...................................................................................... 19
Areas of fire hazard ............................................................................................... 19
1.2-2 Areas of fire hazard ...................................................................................... 20
FIRE HAZARDS IN ENGINE-ROOM .................................................................... 20
1.2-3 Areas of fire hazard ...................................................................................... 21
FIRE HAZARDS IN THE GALLEY: ....................................................................... 21
1.2-4 Areas of fire hazard ...................................................................................... 22
FIRE HAZARDS IN ACCOMMODATION: ............................................................. 22
1.2-5 Areas of fire hazard ...................................................................................... 23
FIRE HAZARD FROM CARGOES: ....................................................................... 23
1.3-1 FIRE PRECAUTIONS .................................................................................. 24
FIRE PRECAUTIONS: .......................................................................................... 24

1.3-2 FIRE PRECAUTIONS .................................................................................. 25

FIRE-FIGHTING PROCESS HAZARDS ............................................................... 25
1.3-3 FIRE PRECAUTIONS .................................................................................. 26
FIRE DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................................... 26
1.3-4 FIRE PRECAUTIONS .................................................................................. 27
CLASSIFICATIONS OF FIRES ............................................................................. 27
1.3-5 FIRE PRECAUTIONS .................................................................................. 28
APPROPRIATE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS ........................................................ 28
1.4 Dry distillation .................................................................................................. 29
DRY DISTILLATION:............................................................................................. 29
1.5 Chemical reactions .......................................................................................... 30
CHEMICAL REACTIONS ...................................................................................... 30
1.6 Boiler uptake fires and exhaust fires in prime movers and auxiliary exhausts. 31
BOILER UPTAKE FIRES ...................................................................................... 31
1.7 Fires in water-tube boilers ............................................................................... 32
FIRES IN WATER-TUBE BOILERS ...................................................................... 32
1.8-1 Tactics and procedure of fire control while ship is at sea ............................. 33
procedure of fire control while ship is at sea.......................................................... 33
1.8-2 Tactics and procedure of fire control while ship is at sea ............................. 34
DAMAGE CONTROL AND CONTAINMENT OF FIRE................................................... 34
1.9 Tactics and procedure of fire control while ship is in port ................................ 35
ADITIONAL procedure of fire control while ship is in port ..................................... 35
1.11 Tactics and procedure of fire control for oiL, chemical and gas tankers ........ 36
procedure of fire control for oiL, chemical and gas tankers ................................... 36
1.12-1 Use of water for fire extinguishing, the effect on stability, precautions and
corrective procedures ............................................................................................ 37
WATER THE MAIN FIRE-FIGHTING MEDIUM .................................................... 37
1.12-2 Use of water for fire extinguishing, the effect on stability, precautions and
corrective procedures ............................................................................................ 38
WATER DISADVANTAGES .................................................................................. 38
1.13-1 Communication and co-ordination during fire-fighting operations .............. 39
SHIP FIRE-FIGHTING ORGANIZATION................................................................. 39
1.13-2 Communication and co-ordination during fire-fighting operations .............. 40
INFORMATION TO BRIDGE................................................................................. 40
1.13-2 Communication and co-ordination during fire-fighting operations .............. 41
INFORMATION TO BRIDGE................................................................................. 41
1.17 Management and control of injured persons ................................................. 42
FIRST AID MAIN HAZARDS ................................................................................. 42
2.2 Composition and allocation of personnel to fire parties ................................... 43
ORGANIZATION OF FIRE PARTIES.................................................................... 43
2.3-1 Training of seafarers in fire-fighting .............................................................. 44
TRAINING OF SEAFARERS................................................................................. 44
2.3-1 Training of seafarers in fire-fighting .............................................................. 45
TRAINING OF FIRE PARTIES.............................................................................. 45
2.5 Organization of fire and abandon ship drills ................................................ 46
FIRE DRILLS......................................................................................................... 46

4.1-1 Fire investigation and reporting .................................................................... 47

INVESTIGATION-1 ............................................................................................... 47
4.1-2 Fire investigation and reporting .................................................................... 48
INVESTIGATION-2 ............................................................................................... 48
4.1-3 Fire investigation and reporting .................................................................... 49
INVESTIGATION-3 ............................................................................................... 49
4.1-4 Fire investigation and reporting .................................................................... 50
REPORT-1 ............................................................................................................ 50
4.1-5 Fire investigation and reporting .................................................................... 51
REPORT-2 ............................................................................................................ 51
4.1-6 Fire investigation and reporting .................................................................... 52
REPORT CONCLUSION ...................................................................................... 52

1.1-1 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND

PRINCIPLES
INTRODUCTION

1.1-2 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND

PRINCIPLES
INTRODUCTION

1.1-3 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND

PRINCIPLES
INTRODUCTION

1.1-4 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND

PRINCIPLES
INTRODUCTION

1.1-5 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND

PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES OF SURVIVAL IN RELATION
TO FIRE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Knowledge of fire theory

Regular training
Preparedness for fire emergency
Knowledge of escape routes
Knowledge of dangers
Regular inspection and maintenance

1.1-6 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND

PRINCIPLES
CONDITION FOR FIRE

ATOMS

MOLECULES

O - Oxygen

O2 - Oxygen gas

C - Carbon

CH4 - Methane ga

H - Hydrogen

H2O - Water

N - Nitrogen

NH3 - Ammonia

OXIDATION:
(COMBUSTION)

CHEMICAL REACTION
WITH OXYGEN
GENERATES HEAT

OXIDATION AT
HIGH TEMPERATURE: CREATES LIGHT
(FIRE)

1.1-7 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND

PRINCIPLES
THE FIRE SQUARE AND THE FIRE
TRIANGLE

1.1-8 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND

PRINCIPLES
COMBUSTIBLE SUBSTANCE
COMBUSTIBLE SUBSTANCE:
CONTAINS CARBON AND HYDROGEN
OXYGEN:
AIR CONTAINS 21 PER CENT BY VOLUME
HEAT:
FLAMMABILITY OF THE COMBUSTIBLE
SUBSTANCE DECIDES AMOUNT OF HEAT TO
OBTAIN IGNITION
CHAIN REACTION:
EXOTHERMIC REACTION, GENERATES HEAT

1.1-9 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND

PRINCIPLES
CONDITION FOR FIRE

1.1-10 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND

PRINCIPLES
FIRE EXTINGUISHING-1
COMBUSTIBLE SUBSTANCE:
SEPARATING, COVERING, REMOVING
OXYGEN:
SMOTHERING, COVERING
HEAT:
COOLING
CHAIN REACTION:
INHIBITING

1.1-11 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND

PRINCIPLES
FIRE EXTINGUISHING-2

1.1-12 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND

PRINCIPLES
FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

1.1-13 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND

PRINCIPLES
SPREAD OF FIRE

1.
2.
3.
4.

Conduction
Radiation
Heat flow
Convection currents

1.1-14 INTRODUCTION, SAFETY AND

PRINCIPLES
MATERIAL PROPERTIES

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Flammability
Ignition point
Burning temperature
Burning speed
Thermal value
Lower flammable limit (LFL)
Upper flammable limit (UFL)
Flammable range
Flashpoint
Autoignition

1.2-1 AREAS OF FIRE HAZARD

AREAS OF FIRE HAZARD
1.
MACHINERY SPACES
2.
ACCOMMODATION
3.
GALLEYS
4.
RADIO ROOM, BATTERY ROOM AND
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
5.
CARGO HOLDS
6.
STORE ROOMS
Causes
1.
Containment
2.
Detection
3.
Fire-fighting

1.2-2 AREAS OF FIRE HAZARD

FIRE HAZARDS IN ENGINE-ROOM
1.
2.
3.
4.

Combustible liquids
Oil-soaked insulation
Hot surfaces
Hot work

1.2-3 AREAS OF FIRE HAZARD

FIRE HAZARDS IN THE GALLEY:
1. Combustible liquids
2. Hot surfaces
3. Electrical equipment

1.2-4 AREAS OF FIRE HAZARD

FIRE HAZARDS IN ACCOMMODATION:
1.
2.
3.

Combustible materials
Cigarette smoking
Electrical equipment

1.2-5 AREAS OF FIRE HAZARD

FIRE HAZARD FROM CARGOES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Spontaneous combustion
Oxidizing cargoes
Compressed flammable gas
Reactive cargoes
Explosives

1.3-1 FIRE PRECAUTIONS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Constructional provisions
Fire-fighting equipment and systems
Operations
Organization
Procedures at repair yard

1.3-2 FIRE PRECAUTIONS

FIRE-FIGHTING PROCESS HAZARDS
1.
2.
3.
4.

DRY DISTILLATION
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
BOILER UPTAKE FIRES
FIRES IN WATER-TUBE BOILERS

1.3-3 FIRE PRECAUTIONS

FIRE DEVELOPMENT
1.
2.
3.
4.

Ignition (incipient)
Developing (surface)
Absolute (deep-seated)
Burning out

1.3-4 FIRE PRECAUTIONS

CLASSIFICATIONS OF FIRES

IS03941/EN2

NFPA10

Fixed materialsA

Liquids

B
C
-

Gases
Energized electrical equipment

Metals

1.3-5 FIRE PRECAUTIONS

APPROPRIATE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

1.4 DRY DISTILLATION

DRY DISTILLATION:
1.
2.

Burning with insufficient oxygen

Incomplete combustion

Example:
Fire inside a closed cabin Special firefighting technique required

1.5 CHEMICAL REACTIONS

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Some chemicals may react with firefighting media

Effects:
- Explosion
- Spontaneous combustion
- Toxic fumes, smoke

1.6 BOILER UPTAKE FIRES AND

EXHAUST FIRES IN PRIME MOVERS AND
AUXILIARY EXHAUSTS
BOILER UPTAKE FIRES
1.
In exhaust pipes, economizers,
waste-heat boilers
2.
Caused by carbon deposits
3.
Difficult and hazardous firefighting
4.
Correct procedure for containing and
extinguishing the fire

1.7 FIRES IN WATER-TUBE BOILERS

FIRES IN WATER-TUBE BOILERS
1.
Iron-in-steam fire
2.
Below 700 C, use fire-fighting
procedure
3.
Above 700 "C, use procedure for
containing and extinguishing

1.8-1 TACTICS AND PROCEDURE OF

FIRE CONTROL WHILE SHIP IS AT SEA
PROCEDURE OF FIRE CONTROL WHILE
SHIP IS AT SEA
1.
Fire alarm initiated
2.
Crew assembled at fire stations
3.
Fire
parties
assembled
and
prepared for action
4.
Ship's course and speed altered
5.
Fire pumps started
6.
Fire fighting initiated

1.8-2 TACTICS AND PROCEDURE OF

FIRE CONTROL WHILE SHIP IS AT SEA

DAMAGE CONTROL AND CONTAINMENT

OF FIRE
1.
Bridge-operated watertight doors
and fire doors
2.
Stopping of ventilation fans
3.
Closing of fire dampers
4.
Closing of windows and portholes
5.
Turning ship
6.
Cooling hot spots
7.
Fire-watch

1.9 TACTICS AND PROCEDURE OF FIRE

CONTROL WHILE SHIP IS IN PORT
ADITIONAL PROCEDURE OF FIRE
CONTROL WHILE SHIP IS IN PORT
1.
Call the port fire brigade
2.
Inform port authority
3.
Confirm that the master is in charge
4.
Confirm that port fire brigade will
take charge
5.
Port authority to inform of hazards to
the dock installations
6.
Evacuate non-essential personnel

1.11 TACTICS AND PROCEDURE OF FIRE

CONTROL FOR OIL, CHEMICAL AND GAS
TANKERS
PROCEDURE OF FIRE CONTROL FOR
OIL, CHEMICAL AND GAS TANKERS
1.
Fixed fire-extinguishing system in
pump room
2.
Foam system on deck
3.
Inert-gas system in cargo tanks
4.
Isolation valves in fire main
5.
Identified gas-dangerous spaces
6.
Strict segregation between areas

1.12-1 USE OF WATER FOR FIRE

EXTINGUISHING, THE EFFECT ON
STABILITY, PRECAUTIONS AND
CORRECTIVE PROCEDURES
WATER THE MAIN FIRE-FIGHTING
MEDIUM
1.
Available
2.
Cooling effect
3.
Smothering action of water and
steam

1.12-2 USE OF WATER FOR FIRE

EXTINGUISHING, THE EFFECT ON
STABILITY, PRECAUTIONS AND
CORRECTIVE PROCEDURES
WATER DISADVANTAGES
1.
2.
3.
4.

Water damage
Endangering stability
Danger to electrical systems
Danger to some cargoes

1.13-1 COMMUNICATION AND COORDINATION DURING FIRE-FIGHTING

OPERATIONS
SHIP FIRE-FIGHTING ORGANIZATION
1.
Control station on bridge
2.
The master is in charge
3.
Fire officers communicate with the
bridge
4.
Methods of damage control and
containment
5.
Monitoring of ship stability
6.
Organization of fire parties

1.13-2 COMMUNICATION AND COORDINATION DURING FIRE-FIGHTING

OPERATIONS
INFORMATION TO BRIDGE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Time of fire alarm

Position and nature of fire
Information on fire parties
Pressurization of fire main
Reports on fire fighting
Effect of fire
Persons unaccounted for

1.13-2 COMMUNICATION AND COORDINATION DURING FIRE-FIGHTING

OPERATIONS
INFORMATION TO BRIDGE
1.
Arrangement drawings
2.
Details of accesses and escapes
3.
Details
of
fire-extinguishing
equipment
4.
Stability information
5.
Survival equipment
6.
Stowage plans
7.
Information on dangerous goods

1.17 MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF

INJURED PERSONS
FIRST AID MAIN HAZARDS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Asphyxiation (oxygen shortage)

Poisoning
(CO, toxic gases)
Damaged tissues
Burnt skin
Pain
Secondary shock

2.2 COMPOSITION AND ALLOCATION OF

PERSONNEL TO FIRE PARTIES
ORGANIZATION OF FIRE PARTIES
1.
Identification of a fire party
2.
Identification of each member of a
fire party
3.
Co-operation between members
4.
Duties of each fire party

2.3-1 TRAINING OF SEAFARERS IN FIREFIGHTING

TRAINING OF SEAFARERS
ON BOARD TRAINING:
1.
Location
and
extinguishers

use

of

fire

2.
Location and use of fixed fireextinguishing appliances
3.

Location and use of fireman's outfit

2.3-1 TRAINING OF SEAFARERS IN FIREFIGHTING

TRAINING OF FIRE PARTIES
1.
Duties of each fire party
2.
Duties of each member of a fire
party
3.
Exercises, including first-aid

2.5

ORGANIZATION OF FIRE AND

ABANDON SHIP DRILLS
FIRE DRILLS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Emergency generator
Emergency fire pump
Emergency bilge pump
Emergency shut-off controls
Finding the way in smoke
Finding and removing casualties
UseofCABA
Simulated fires

4.1-1 FIRE INVESTIGATION AND

REPORTING
INVESTIGATION-1
1.
How the fire was discovered
2.
The time at which the fire alarm was
given
3.
How the alarm was given
4.
The time at which the master or other
officer was informed
5.
The position and nature of the fire
6.
Who was first on the scene
7.
What actions were taken for the iniial
attempt to extinguish the fire

4.1-2 FIRE INVESTIGATION AND

REPORTING
INVESTIGATION-2
8.
How many firefighter's outfits with
compressed air operated breathing
apparatus (CABA) were used
9.
What appliances were used, both
portable and fixed
10. What manpower was used
11. At what time the fire was extinguished
12. The number of casualties, with details
of those injured and the nature of injuries
13. What damage was caused, including
any to the structure and fittings of the
ship

4.1-3 FIRE INVESTIGATION AND

REPORTING
INVESTIGATION-3
14. An estimate of what proportion of the
damage was caused by the fire
extinguishing media, e.g. Water or foam,
as compared to that directly caused by
the fire
15. For how long after the fire was
extinguished was a fire watch maintained
16. To what extent the ship or any part of
it, e.g. The engine room, was
immobilized because of the fire
17. An analysis of the fire, the materials
which were burning, the known or
probable source of ignition and the cause
18. Conclusions on the cause of the fire
and recommendations for avoiding a
recurrence

4.1-4 FIRE INVESTIGATION AND

REPORTING
REPORT-1
The report on the investigation will include
these details of the fire-fighting procedures:
1.
the occurrence and a timetable of the
fire
2.
the actions taken and the time of
each action
3.
the facts concerning the fire, including
its site, materials and ignition
4.
the
fire-extinguishing
appliances
required for fighting the fire and the
numbers of each type used

4.1-5 FIRE INVESTIGATION AND

REPORTING
REPORT-2
5.
the number of crew and shore
firemen (if appropriate) engaged in
fighting the fire
6.
the number of firefighter's outfits and
CABA used
7.
the damage caused by the fire
8.
the damage caused by the fireextinguishing media
9.
the extent to which the ship or its
services were immobilized by the fire

4.1-6 FIRE INVESTIGATION AND

REPORTING
REPORT CONCLUSION
The conclusions from the facts established,
including:
1.
an analysis and discussion of the
facts
2.
the conclusions reached from this
analysis and discussion
3.
recommendations on the actions
required to avoid a recurrence
4.
recommendations, if any, to improve
fire
prevention
and
fire-fighting
procedures