Milling Machine

PowerPoint to accompany
Technology of Machine Tools

6th Edition
Krar Gill Smid
Milling Machines
Section 12
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
59-2
Milling Machines
Used to produce one or more machined surfaces accurately on workpiece
One or more rotary milling cutters
Workpiece held on work table or holding device and brought into contact with cutter Vertical milling machine most common Horizontal milling machine handles operations normally performed by other tools

6th Edition
Krar Gill Smid
The Vertical Milling Machine

Unit 59
59-4
Objectives
List four main uses of a vertical milling machine
Describe how angular surfaces can be machined List three types of vertical milling machines State the purposes of the main parts of a knee and column machine
59-5
Vertical Milling Machine

Developed in 1860's Combines vertical spindle of drill press with longitudinal and traverse movements of milling machine Milling process may be vertical, horizontal, angular, or helical Can be used for milling, drilling, boring, and reaming Can machine in one, two, or three planes
X, Y, Z
59-6
Variety of Operations
Face milling Gear cutting End milling Drilling Keyway cutting Boring Dovetail cutting Jig boring T-slot and circular Many facing operations slot cutting
done with fly cutter (cost reduction).
59-7
Ram-Type Vertical Milling Machine
59-8
Parts of Ram-Type Vertical Mill

Base made of ribbed cast iron
May contain coolant reservoir
Column often cast with base

Machined face provides ways for vertical movement of knee
Upper part machines to receive turret where overarm mounted
59-9
Parts of Ram-Type Vertical Mill

Overarm round and may be adjusted toward or away from column Head attached to end of ram
Made to swivel head in one plane Universal-type machines allow swivel in 2 planes
Motor mounted on top of head

provides drive to spindle through V-belts

6th Edition
Krar Gill Smid
Cutting Speed, Feed, and Depth of Cut

Unit 60
60-11
Objectives
Select cutting speeds and calculate the r/min for various cutters and materials
Select and calculate the proper feeds for various cutters and materials Follow the correct procedure for taking roughing and finishing cuts
60-12
Factors Affecting the Efficiency of a Milling Operation

Cutting speed
Too slow, time wasted Too fast, time lost in replacing/regrinding cutters
Feed
Too slow, time wasted and cutter chatter Too fast, cutter teeth can be broken
Depth of cut
Several shallow cuts wastes time
60-13
Cutting Speed
Speed, in surface feet per minute (sf/min) or meters per minute (m/min) at which metal may be machined efficiently Work machined in a lathe, speed in specific number of revolutions per min (r/min) depending on its diameter to achieve proper cutting speed In milling machine, cutter revolves r/min depending on diameter for cutting speed
60-14
Important Factors in Determining Cutting Speed

Type of work material Cutter material Diameter of cutter Surface finish required Depth of cut taken Rigidity of machine and work setup
60-15
Milling Machine Cutting Speeds

High-Speed Steel Cutter Carbide Cutter
Material
Alloy steel Aluminum
ft/min
4070
m/min
1220
ft/min
150250
m/min
4575 300600 4060 120180
5001000 150300 10002000
Bronze
Cast iron 5080
65120
1525 3045
2035
200400
60120
125200 400600
Free m steel 100150
Machine steel
Stainless steel Tool steel 6070
70100
3080 1820
2130
1025
150250
100300 4060
4575
3090
125200
60-16
Inch Calculations
For optimum use from cutter, proper speed must be determined Diameter of cutter affects this speed
Calculate speed required to revolve a 3-in. diameter high-speed steel milling cutter for cutting machine steel (90 sf/min). simplify formula CS ( ft ) 90 12 xCS 4 xCS r / min circumfere nce(in.) 3x3.1416 3x3.1416 D
4 x90 360 r / min 120 3 3
60-17
Cutting Speed Rules for Best Results

1. For longer cutter life, use lower CS in recommended range 2. Know hardness of material to be machined 3. When starting, use lower range of CS and gradually increase to higher range 4. Reduce feed instead of increase cutter speed for fine finish 5. Use of coolant will generally produce better finish and lengthen life of cutter
60-18
Milling Machine Feed

Defined as distance in inches (or mm) per minute that work moves into cutter
Independent of spindle speed
Feed: rate work moves into revolving cutter

Measured in in/min or mm/min
Milling feed: determined by multiplying chip size (chip per tooth) desired, number of teeth in cutter, and r/min of cutter Chip, or feed, per tooth (CPT or (FPT): amount of material that should be removed by each tooth of the cutter
60-19
Factors in Feed Rate

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Depth and width of cut Design or type of cutter Sharpness of cutter Workpiece material Strength and uniformity of workpiece Type of finish and accuracy required Power and rigidity of machine, holding device and tooling setup
60-20
Recommended Feed Per Tooth (High-speed Cutters)

Sample Table Face See Table 60.2 in Text Mills
Material in. Helical Mills mm Slotting and Side Mills in. mm
mm in. 0.55
Alloy steel
Aluminum
.006
.022
0.15 .005
0.12
.018 0.45
.004
.013
0.1
0.33
Brass and bronze (medium) Table .014 .011 0.28 .008 shows0.35 feed per tooth for roughing cuts 0.2 Cast iron (medium) for finishing cut, the feed per tooth would be .013 to1/2 0.33 .010 0.25 shown .007 0.18 reduced or even 1/3 of value
60-21
Ideal Rate of Feed

Work advances into cutter, each successive tooth advances into work equal amount
Produces chips of equal thickness
Feed per tooth
Feed = no. of cutter teeth x feed/tooth x cutter r/min Feed (in./min) = N x CPT x r/min
60-22
Examples: Feed Calculations

Inch Calculations
Find the feed in inches per minute using a 3.5 in. diameter, 12 tooth helical cutter to cut machine steel (CS80)
First, calculate proper r/min for cutter:

4 xCS 4 x80 r / min 91 D 3.5
Feed(in/min) = N x CPT x r/min =12 x .010 x 91 = 10.9 or 11 in/min
60-23
Direction of Feed: Conventional

Most common method is to feed work against rotation direction of cutter
60-24
Direction of Feed: Climbing

When cutter and workpiece going in same direction Cutting machine equipped with backlash eliminator Can increase cutter life up to 50%
60-25
Advantages of Climb Milling

Increased tool life (up to 50%)
Chips pile up behind or to left of cutter
Less costly fixtures required

Forces workpiece down so simpler holding devices required
Improved surface finishes

Chips less likely to be carried into workpiece
60-26
Advantages of Climb Milling

Less edge breakout
Thickness of chip tends to get smaller as nears edge of workpiece, less chance of breaking
Easier chip removal

Chips fall behind cutter
Lower power requirements

Cutter with higher rake angle can be used so approximately 20% less power required
60-27
Disadvantages of Climb Milling

Method cannot be used unless machine has backlash eliminator and table gibs tightened
Cannot be used for machining castings or hot-rolled steel
Hard outer scale will damage cutter
60-28
Depth of Cut
Roughing cuts should be deep
Feed heavy as the work and machine will permit May be taken with helical cutters having fewer teeth
Finishing cuts should be light with finer feed

Depth of cut at least .015 in. Feed should be reduced rather than cutter speeded up

6th Edition
Krar Gill Smid
End Mills
Unit 61
61-30
Objectives
Name two types of material of which end mills are made and state their application Describe the purpose of two-flute and multiple-flute end mills
Know the purpose of climb and conventional milling
61-31
End Mills
Greatly improved since days of carbon-steel cutting tools High-speed steel (HSS) cutting tools maintain very important place in metalcutting industry Variables influencing cutter decision
Part shape, work material, wear resistance of tool, red hardness, machine condition
61-32
High-Speed End Mills

Relatively inexpensive, easy to get and do jobs quite well Capable of machining with close tolerances Single most versatile rotary tools used on conventional and CNC machines If need harder tool, frequent solution is cobalt end mill
Less expensive than carbide, long tool life
61-33
Carbide End Mills

Carbide properties vs. HSS tool materials
Higher hardness Greater rigidity Can withstand higher cutting temperatures
Can run at higher speeds and feeds

Increasing production rates Providing long tool life
High-performance tool material
61-34
Common Machining Operations

Performed with HSS, cobalt, solid carbide, or indexable insert type end mill Open and closed pockets Facing operations for small areas Counterboring and spotfacing Peripheral end milling Milling of slots and keyways Channel groves, face grooves and recesses Chamfering
61-35
End Mill Forms

Ground into required shapes
Flat bottom end mill (most common)
Used for all operations requiring flat bottom and sharp corner between wall and bottom
End mill with full radium (ball nose end mill)

Used for 3D machining of various surfaces
End mill with corner radium (bull nose end mill)

Used for either 3D work or for flat surfaces that require corner radius between wall and bottom
61-36
Three common types and the relationship of the radius to the tool diameter.
61-37
Common Types of End Mills

Two-Flute End Mill
Have large, open flutes that provide excellent chip flow Recommended for general-purpose milling Always select shortest end mill possible for job to obtain maximum tool rigidity Can have different length lips on end
Mill slots, keyways, plunge cut and drill shallow holes
61-38
Common Types of End Mills

Three-Flute End Mill
With end teeth Used to plunge into workpiece Used to mill slots, pockets and keyways Minimize chatter and better chip removal
Roughing End Mill

Designed to provide best performance while machining broad range of materials Allows deeper cuts at faster feed rates
61-39
Direction of Cut: Climb

Cutter rotation and table feed going in same direction Vertical milling: cutter tendency to pull work into cutting flutes Horizontal milling: cutter pushes work against table Maximum thickness of chip occurs at beginning of cut and exits when thin
Result chip absorbs heat generated
61-40
Direction of Cut: Conventional

When cutter rotation and table feed are moving in opposite directions
Has tendency to pull or lift workpiece up from table
Important that work be held securely
61-41
Direction of Cut
61-42
Milling Cutter Failure

Excessive heat
One of main causes of total cutting edge failure Caused by cutting edges rubbing on workpiece and chips sliding along faces of teeth Ever-expanding cycle Minimized by correct speeds, feeds, and coolant
Abrasion
Wearing-away action caused by metallurgy of workpiece dulls cutting edges and cause "wear lands"
61-43
Chipping or Crumbling of Cutting Edges

Small fractures occur and small areas of cutting edges chip out when cutting forces impose greater load on cutting edges
Material left uncut imposes greater cutting load Condition progressive
Once started will lead to total cutter failure
Dull edges increase friction, heat, and horsepower requirements
61-44
Clogging
Some workpiece materials have "gummy" composition
Chips long, stringy and compressible
Chips clog or jam into flute area Minimize by reducing depth or width of cut, reducing FPT, using tools with fewer teeth, creating more chip space and coolant
Coolant applied under pressure to flush out flute area
61-45
Work Hardening of Workpiece

Can cause milling cutter failure Result of action of cutting edges deforming or compressing surface of workpiece, causing change in work material structure that increases its hardness Important to use sharp tools at generous power feeds and use coolant Causes glaze break by vapor honing or abrading surface with coarse emery cloth

6th Edition
Krar Gill Smid
Vertical Mill Operations

Unit 62
62-47
Objectives
Align the vertical head and vise to within .001 in. (0.02 mm) Insert and remove end mills from spring collets Accurately machine a block square and parallel Drill holes to an accurate location
62-48
Vertical Milling Machine

Versatile and easy setup Performs wide variety of operations
End milling, face milling Keyway and dovetail cutting T-slot and circular slot cutting Gear cutting, drilling, boring, reaming
Cutting tools used relatively small so cost lower
62-49
Aligning the Vertical head

Head must be square to table (90) Procedure to check spindle alignment 1. Mount dial indicator on suitable rod, bent at 90 and held in spindle 2. Position indicator over front Y axis of table 3. Carefully lower spindle until indicator button touches table and dial indicator registers no more than revolution; set bezel to zero; Lock spindle in place
62-50
4. Carefully rotate spindle 180 by hand until button bears on opposite side of table; Compare readings 5. If differences, loosen locking nuts on swivel mounting and adjust head until indicator registers approximately difference between two readings; Tighten locking nuts 6. Recheck accuracy of alignment 7. Rotate vertical mill spindle 90 and set dial indicator as in step 3
62-51
8. Rotate machine spindle 180, check reading at other end of table
9. If two readings do not coincide, repeat step 5 until readings are same
10. Tighten locking nuts on swivel mount 11. Recheck readings and adjust if necessary
62-52
Aligning the Vise

When vise aligned on vertical milling machine, dial indicator may be attached to quill or head by clamps or magnetic base Same method of alignment followed as outlined for aligning vise on horizontal milling machine
62-53
Collets
Hold end mills, cutting tools and accessories in machine spindle Spring collet
Pulled into spindle by draw-bar that closes on cutter shank Driven by means of friction between collet and cutter
Solid collet
More rigid Pulled into spindle by draw-bar Driven by setscrews that bear against flats of cutter shank
62-54
To Mount a Cutter in a Spring Collet

1. Shut off electric power to machine 2. Place proper cutter, collet, and wrench on piece of masonite, wood, or soft plastic on table
62-55
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Clean taper in machine spindle Place draw-bar into hole in spindle top Clean taper and keyway on collet Insert collet into spindle bottom, press up, and turn until keyway aligns with key in spindle Hold collet up with one hand and with other, thread draw-bar clockwise into collet Hold cutting tool with cloth and insert it into collet for full length of shank Tighten draw-bar into collet (clockwise) by hand Hold spindle brake lever and tighten draw-bar tightly as possible with wrench
62-56
Procedure to Remove Cutter from a Collet

Operation for removing cutting tools similar to mounting, but in reverse order 1. Shut off electric power to machine 2. Place piece of masonite, wood, or soft plastic on machine table to hold necessary tools 3. Pull on spindle brake lever to lock spindle, loosen draw-bar with wrench (counterclockwise)
62-57
4. Loosen draw-bar, by hand, only about three full turns 5. Hold cutter with cloth 6. With soft-faced hammer, strike down sharply on head of draw-bar to break taper contact between collet and spindle 7. Remove cutter from collet 8. Clean cutter and replace it in its proper storage place where it will not be damaged by other tools
62-58
Machining a Block Square and Parallel

Important that each side be machined in definite order Machining Side 1 1. Clean vise thoroughly and remove all burrs from workpiece, vise and parallels 2. Set work on parallels in center of vise with largest surface (side 1) facing up
59-59
62-60
Procedure to Machine an Angular Surface

1. Lay out angular surface 2. Clean vise 3. Align vise with direction of feed
Utmost importance
4. Mount work on parallels in the vise

62-61
5. Swivel vertical head to required angle 6. Tighten quill clamp 7. Start machine and raise table until cutter touches work
Raise table until cut desired depth
8. Take trial cut for about .50 in. 9. Check angle with protractor 10. If angle correct, continue cut 11. Machine to required depth, taking several cuts if necessary
62-62
3. With center drill spot each hole to be tapped to slightly larger than tap diameter 4. Drill hole to correct tap drill size for size of tap to be used 5. Mount stub center in drill chuck
62-63
Slots and Keyseats

May be cut in shafts more easily on vertical milling machine, using a two- or three-fluted end mill Procedure for Cutting 1. Layout position of keyseat on shaft, and scribe reference lines on end of shaft
62-64
6. Lower table until cutter clears workpiece 7. Move table over amount equal to half diameter of shaft plus half diameter of cutter plus thickness of paper
62-65
Woodruff Keys
Used when keying shafts and mating parts Woodruff keyseats can be cut more quickly than square keyseats
Semicircular in shape and can be purchased in standard sizes designated by E numbers
62-66
Woodruff Keyseat Cutters

Have shank diameters of in. for cutters up to 1 in. in diameter Cutters over 2 in. in diameter mounted on arbor Size stamped on shank
Last two digits indicate nominal diameter in eighths of inch Preceding numbers nominal width of cutter in thirty-seconds of an inch

6th Edition
Krar Gill Smid
Horizontal Milling Machines and Accessories

Unit 64
64-68
Objectives
Recognize and explain the purposes of four milling machines
Know the purposes of the main operational parts of a horizontal and a vertical milling machine Recognize and state the purposes of four milling machine accessories and attachments
64-69
Classification of Horizontal Milling Machines

1. Manufacturing-type
Cutter height is controlled by vertical movement of headstock Designed for specific milling operations Relationship between cutter height and work controlled by vertical movement of table
2. Special-type

3. Knee-and-column-type
64-70
Plain Manufacturing Type Milling Machine
64-71
Cross section of a Cincinnati Machine Backlash Eliminator
64-72
Arbors, Collets, and Adapters
64-73
Vises
Universal Vise
Plain Vise
Swivel Base Vise

64-74
Fixturing Systems
Quick-change self-locking system
Easy-to-adjust Stop
64-75
Indexing, or Dividing, Head

Permits cutting of bolt heads, gear teeth, ratchets Revolve work as required to cut helical gears and flutes in drills, reamers, and other tools
When connected to lead screw of milling machine

6th Edition
Krar Gill Smid
Milling Cutters
Unit 65
65-77
Objectives
Identify and state the purposes of six standard milling cutters
Identify and state the purposes of four special-purpose cutters Use high-speed steel and carbide cutters for proper applications
65-78
Plain Milling Cutters

Most widely used Cylinder of high-speed steel with teeth cut on periphery Used to produce flat surface Several types
Light-duty Light-duty helical Heavy-duty High-helix
65-79
Light-Duty Plain Milling Cutter

Less than in. wide, straight teeth Used for light milling operations Those over in have helix angle of 25
Too many teeth to permit chip clearance
65-80
Heavy-Duty Plain Milling Cutters

Have fewer teeth than light-duty type
Provide for better chip clearance
Helix angle varies up to 45

Produces smoother surface because of shearing action and reduced chatter
Less power required
65-81
High-Helix Plain Milling Cutters

Have helix angles from 45 to over 60 Suited to milling of wide and intermittent surfaces on contour and profile milling Usually mounted on milling machine arbor
Sometimes shank-mounted with pilot on end and used for milling elongated slots
65-82
Standard Shank-Type Helical Milling Cutters

Called arbor-type cutters Used for
Milling forms from solid metal Removing inner sections from solids
Inserted through previously drilled hole and supported at outer end with type A arbor support
65-83
Side Milling Cutters

Comparatively narrow cylindrical milling cutters with teeth on each side and on periphery Used for cutting slots and Straight for face and straddle milling operations Free cutting action at high Staggered speeds and feeds Suited for milling deep, narrow slots
65-84
Half-Side Milling Cutters

Used when only one side of cutter required Also make with interlocking faces so two cutter may be placed side by side for slot milling Have considerable rake
Able to take heavy cuts
65-85
Face Milling Cutters

Generally over 6 in. in diameter
Have inserted teeth made of high-speed steel held in place by wedging device
Most cutting action occurs at beveled corners and periphery of cutter Makes roughing and finishing cuts in one pass
65-86
Shell End Mills

Face milling cutters under 6 in. Solid, multiple-tooth cutters with teeth on face and periphery Held on stub arbor
May be threaded or use key in shank to drive cutter
65-87
Angular Cutters
Single-angle
Teeth on angular surface May or may not have teeth on flat 45 or 60
Double-angle
Two intersecting angular surfaces with cutting teeth on both Equal angles on both side of line at right angle to axis
65-88
Types of Formed Cutters
Concave
Convex
Gear Tooth
65-89
Metal-Slitting Saws
65-90
T-Slot Cutter
Used to cut wide horizontal groove at bottom of T-slot
After narrow vertical groove machined with end mill or side milling cutter
Consists of small side milling cutter with teeth on both sides and integral shank for mounting
65-91
Dovetail Cutter
Similar to single-angle milling cutter with integral shank Used to form sides of dovetail after tongue or groove machined Obtained with 45, 50, 55, or 60 angles
65-92
Woodruff Keyseat Cutter

Similar in design to plain and side milling cutters
Small (up to 2 in) solid shank, straight teeth Large mounted on arbor with staggered teeth
Used for milling semicylindrical keyseats in shafts Designated by number system


6th Edition
Krar Gill Smid
Milling Machine Setups

Unit 66
66-94
Objectives
Mount and remove a milling machine arbor
Mount and remove a milling cutter Align the milling machine table and vise
66-95
Milling Machine Safety

1. Be sure work and cutter are mounted securely before taking cut 2. Always wear safety glasses 3. When mounting or removing milling cutters, always hold them with cloth to avoid being cut 4. When setting up work, move table as far as possible from cutter to avoid cutting your hands
66-96
5. Be sure cutter and machine parts clear work 6. Never attempt to mount, measure, or adjust work until cutter completely stopped 7. Keep hands, brushes, and rags away from revolving milling cutter at all times 8. Do not use an excessively heavy cut or feed
Cause cutter to break and fly apart
66-97
9. Always use brush, not rag, to remove cuttings after cutter has stopped revolving
10. Never reach over or near revolving cutter

Keep hands at least 12 in from revolving cutter
11. Keep floor around machine free from chips, oil, and cutting fluid
66-98
Milling Machine Setups

1. Check if machine surface and accessory free from dirt and chips prior to mounting
2. Do not place tools, cutters, or parts on milling machine table 3. Use keys on all but slitting saws when mounting cutters
66-99
4. Check that arbor spacers and bushings clean and free from burrs
5. When tightening arbor nut, take care to only hand tighten

Hammer or wrench will strip threads and bend or damage accessory or part
6. When mounting work in vise, tighten vise securely by hand and tap into place with lead or soft-faced hammer

6th Edition
Krar Gill Smid
The Indexing, or Dividing, Head

Unit 68
68-101
Objectives
Calculate and mill flats by simple and direct indexing
Calculate the indexing necessary with a wide-range divider Calculate the indexing necessary for angular and differential indexing
68-102
Indexing (Dividing) Head

One of most important attachments for milling machine Used to divide circumference of workpiece into equally spaced divisions when milling gears, splines, squares and hexagons Also used to rotate workpiece at predetermined ratio to table feed rate
68-103
Index Head Parts

Headstock with index plates Headstock change gears Quadrant Universal chuck Footstock Center rest
68-104
G gear housing
D - crank A large index plate B - crank
C small index plate

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Technology of Machine Tools

Krar Gill Smid

Technology of Machine Tools

Krar Gill Smid

The Vertical Milling Machine

Vertical Milling Machine

Ram-Type Vertical Milling Machine

Parts of Ram-Type Vertical Mill

Column often cast with base

Upper part machines to receive turret where overarm mounted

Parts of Ram-Type Vertical Mill

Motor mounted on top of head

Technology of Machine Tools

Krar Gill Smid

Cutting Speed, Feed, and Depth of Cut

Factors Affecting the Efficiency of a Milling Operation

Important Factors in Determining Cutting Speed

Milling Machine Cutting Speeds

5001000 150300 10002000

Free m steel 100150

4 x90 360 r / min 120 3 3

Cutting Speed Rules for Best Results

Milling Machine Feed

Feed: rate work moves into revolving cutter

Factors in Feed Rate

Recommended Feed Per Tooth (High-speed Cutters)

Ideal Rate of Feed

Examples: Feed Calculations

First, calculate proper r/min for cutter:

Feed(in/min) = N x CPT x r/min =12 x .010 x 91 = 10.9 or 11 in/min

Direction of Feed: Conventional

Direction of Feed: Climbing

Advantages of Climb Milling

Less costly fixtures required

Improved surface finishes

Advantages of Climb Milling

Easier chip removal

Lower power requirements

Disadvantages of Climb Milling

Finishing cuts should be light with finer feed

Technology of Machine Tools

Krar Gill Smid

High-Speed End Mills

Carbide End Mills

Can run at higher speeds and feeds

High-performance tool material

Common Machining Operations

End Mill Forms

End mill with full radium (ball nose end mill)

End mill with corner radium (bull nose end mill)

Common Types of End Mills

Common Types of End Mills

Roughing End Mill

Direction of Cut: Climb

Direction of Cut: Conventional

Important that work be held securely

Milling Cutter Failure

Chipping or Crumbling of Cutting Edges