njrpa Kw;nghf;F jpuhtpl fHfj;jpd;

ehlhSkd;wj; njh;jy; mwpf;if - 2009

,e;jpah jdJ 15-tJ kf;fsitj; njh;jiy re;jpf;fpwJ.

,e; j j; njh; j y; ,e; j pahtpd; tuyhw; w py; xU Kf; f pakhd
jpUg;g[Kidia Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,e;j njh;jypy; fh’;fpu!: fl;rp xU
mzp mikj;Jk;/ ghujPa $djh fl;rp kw;bwhU mzp mikj;Jk;/
,ju fl;rpfs; \d;whtJ mzp/ ehd;fhtJ mzp vd mikj;Jk;
nghl;oapLfpd;wd. ve;j mzpa[k; ,e;j njh;jypy; mWjp bgUk;ghd;ik
bgw;W Ml;rp mikf;Fk; epiyapy; ,y;iy. mnj neuj;jpy;/ njrpa
fl;rpfs; kw;Wk; khepy fl;rpfs; vd;w ngjKk; kiwe;J tUfpwJ.
njrpa fl;rpfs; vd;W bgaustpy; cs;sdnt jtpu/ mitfSk;
xU Fwpg;gpl;l rpy khepy’;fspy; kl;Lnk btw;wp bgWk; epiyapy;
cs; s jhy; gpuhe; j pa fl; r pfspd; Mjuitf; nfhUk; epiyf; F
js;sg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. xt;bthU khepyf;fl;rpa[k;/ me;je;j khepy
kf;fspd; gz;ghl;ila[k;/ njitfisa[k; mog;gilahf itj;J/
btw;wpbgw;W kj;jpa murpYk; m’;fk; tfpf;fj; bjhl’;fptpl;ld. tUk;
fhyj;jpy; khepy fl;rpfspd; Tl;L mikg;ng kj;jpa murpYk; Ml;rp
bra;a[k; vd;w epiyf;F ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;g[ Mshfpa[s;sJ.

,d;iwa r\f murpay; bghUshjhu epiy ntfkhf cy-

fkakhfp tUfpwJ. cyfpd; xU \iyapy;/ xU ehl;oy; Vw;gLk; mur-
pay; my;yJ bghUshjhu jhf;fk; cyfk; KGtJk; cs;s kf;fisr;
brd;wilfpwJ. kdpj ,dg; gLbfhiy/ ga’;futhjk;/ Rdhkp nghd;w
,aw;if nguplh;/ g[tp btg;gkakhjy;/ gwit fha;rr
; y; nghd;w bjhw;W
neha;fs; gut[jy; nghd;wit ,d;W xU ehL kl;Lnk jPhf
; f
; f;Toait
my;y/ cyfnk nrh;e;J bra;antz;oajhFk.; ,d;W nkiy ehLf-
spd; bghUshjhu njf;fk; cyfk; KGJk; ntiyapd;ikiaa[k;/
bghUshjhu tPH;r;rpiaa[k; njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ. Mfnt/ gpd;dpg;
gpize; ; J s; s ,t; t [ y fpy; / cyf nehf; F ld; Toa murpay;
njitg;gLfpwJ.

,e;jr; NH;epiyapy; ,e;jpahtpy; khepy fl;rpfs; njhd;wp

tsh;tJ/ murpay; tpw;gd;dh;fspilna mr;rj;ij cUthf;fpa[ss
; J.
vdpDk; ,e; j pahtpy; cs; s xt; b thU khepyKk; / xU ehlhf
,Uf;fj; jf;f kf;fs; tsKk;/ ,aw;if tsKk;/ tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;
bfhz; L s; s it vd; g ijf; fUjpdhy; / ,j; j ifa mr; r j; j pw; F
,lkpy; i y. Mdhy; mnj neuj; j py; midj; J kf; f Sf; F k;
bghJthd xU murpaiy cyf bghJnehf;nfhL bfhz;l xU
murpay; fl;rp khepy’;fspy; njhd;Wkhdhy; mJnt ,e;j 21 k; E}
w;whz;ow;F Vw;g[ilajhFk;.

,e;j mog;gilapy; rhjp/ kj/ bkhHp/ ,d/ epw ntWghLfSf;F

fp”;rpj;Jk; ,lk; bfhLf;fhky; midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; neh;ika[k;/
xGf;fKk;/ ehzaKk; bfhz;l xU g[jpa murpaiyj; juntz;;Lk;
vd;w mog;gilapy; njrpa Kw;nghf;F jpuhtpl fHfk; jkpH;ehl;oy;
Jt’; f g; g l; L / fle; j ehd; F Mz; L fshf ,a’; f p tUfpwJ.
,d;iwa murpay;thjpfspilna cs;s y”;rj;ija[k/; CHiya[k;
xHpj;J/ xU Mnuhf;fpakhd NH;epiyia cUthf;ft[k;/ xU rpyh;
nfhO!:tuh;fshf cah;e;Jk;/ kpfg; gyh; Fof;fTl f”;rpapd;wp
jhH;e;Jk; cs;s ntWghLfisg; nghf;fp/ tWikia xHpf;ft[k;
,e; j ,af; f k; jd; i d mh; g ; g zpj; J f; bfhz; L s; s J. tWik/
ntiyapy;yhj;jpz;lhl;lk;/ tpiythrp cah;t[ nghd;wtw;iwf;
Fiwf;ft[k;/ fy;tp/ kUj;Jtk;/ Fojz;zPh;/ kpd;rhuk; nghd;w
trjpfs; midtUf;Fk; fpilf;ft[k; nj.K.jp.f tHptifr;bra;a[k;.
Kuz;ghLk/; gifa[k; kype;J cs;s ,e;j rKjhaj;ij khw;wp
rktha;g;g[k;/ rkthH;t[k; bfhz;l xU g[jpa rKjha mikg;igf;
fhz;gnj jdJ yl;rpakhff; bfhz;L nj.K.jp.f bray;gl;L tUf-
pwJ.

ntW ve; j ,af; f j; j pw; F k; fpilf; f hj tifapy; ,e; j

,af;fj;jpw;F g[ul;rp fiy”h; nfg;ld; tp$afhe;j; mth;fs; xU xg;gw;w
jiytuha; fpilj;jpUf;fpwhh;. Rkhh; 25 Mz;Lfshf fiyj;Jiwapy;
jhd; ciHj; J nrh; j ; j Cjpaj; j py/; ,yl; r f; f zf; f hd ViH/
vspath;fSf;F md;W Kjy; ,d;Wtiu cjtp bra;ak
[ ; ew;gz;gpduha;
tps’;Ffpwhh;. kj;jpa khepy Ml;rpapy; ,Ug;nghh; mlf;F Kiwfis
fl;ltpH;jJ
; tpl;l bghGJk; mth; ciHj;J rk;ghjpj;j brhj;Jf;fis
mgfhpf;f eltof;if vLj;j bghGJk; mtw;iwf; fz;L m”;rhJ/
“kf;fs; gzpna knfrd; gzp” vd;w ghzpapy; jpahfr;Rluhf mth;
jpfH;fpwhh;.

jkpH; e hL/ g[ J itapy; cs; s ciHf; F k; kf; f s; mtiu

j’;fspd; ek;gpf;if el;rj;jpukhf fUJfpd;wdh;. fle;j rl;lkd;wj;
njh;jy;fspYk;/ gpwF eilbgw;w ,ilj;njh;jy;fspYk; MSk;
fl;rpahd jp.K.f tpdUk;/ Mz;l fl;rpahd mz;zh jp.K.f tp-
dUk; Tl;lzp mikj;Jbfhz;L gzk;/ gjtp/ gyhj;fhuk; vd;W
gy je; j pu’; f isf; ifahz; l hYk; Tl/ mtw; i w Kwpaoj; J
jkpH; e hl; o y; nj.K.jp.f khbgUk; rf; j p bfhz; l ,af; f khf
tsh;eJ
; tUfpwJ. murpay; fl;rpfs; jdpj;Jg; nghl;oapl gag;gLfpw
NH;epiyapy; j’;fnshL nj.K.jp.f nruhjh vd;W ,ju fl;rpfs;
vt; t snth Mirg; g l; L k; Tl/ nj.K.jp.f ,e; j ehlhSkd; w j;
njh;jypy; jdpj;J nghl;oapLfpwJ vd;why/; mjw;Ff; fhuzk; g[ul;rp
fiy”h; nfg;ld; tp$afhe;j; mth;fs; kPJ kf;fs; bfhz;Ls;s
ek;gpf;ifa[k/; ey;byz;zKk;jhd;. mjdhnyna mth; kf;fSlDk;/
bja;tj;njhLk; Tl;lzp itj;Js;sjhff; TwptUfpwhh.; 21 -k; E}
w;whz;Lf;nfw;g cyfg; bghJnehf;nfhL kf;fspd; gpur;ridfisj;
jPh;f;ft[k;/ mnj neuj;jpy; cs;~hpYk; czh;e;J bray;glf; Toa
Mw;wYk; tha;ej
; murpay; fl;rpahf jkpH;ehl;oy; nj.K.jp.f kl;Lnk
jpfH;fpwJ.

mika ,Uf;fpw kj;jpa muR/ khepy fl;rpfis ikakhf

itj;J ,a’;fg; nghfpwJ. mjdhy; khepy kf;fspd; czh;tf
[ isa[k/;
gpur;rpidfisa[k; cz;ikapnyna jPh;f;f ty;y xU khepyf;fl;rp
kj;jpa murpy; ,lk;bgwntz;Lk;. mg;bghGJ jhd; mk;khepy
kf;fSf;F ed;ik Vw;gLk;. kj;jpa murpy; gzk; rk;ghjpf;ff;Toa
mikr;rh; gjtpiag; bgWtJk; nfhof;fzf;fpy; CHy; bra;tJk;/.
fzf;fpy;yhj mstpw;F brhj;Jf;fs; nrh;g;gJk;/ cwtpdh;fSf;F
g[ f yplk; njLtJk; / CHy; tHf; F fspy; ,Ue; J jg; g pj; J f;
bfhs;st[khfpa ,e;j Raey ntl;ilf;nf/ kj;jpapy; jkpH;ehl;ilr;
nrh;e;j murpay; fl;rpfs; ,lk;bgw;wd vd;gJ fle;j fhy tuy-
hW. ,jdhnyna nj.K.jp.f rhjp/kj/ CHyw; w fl; r pfnshL; /
njitg; g l; l hy; Tl; l zp itg; n ghk/; vd; W bjspthf; f paJ.
jkpH; e hl;ow;F fle;j fhy’;fspy; ,iHf;fg;gl;l mePjpfisj;
Jilf; f t[ k ; / vjph; f hyj; j py; jkpH; e hL midj; J JiwfspYk;
Kd;dpiyg;bgw;W tps’;ft[k;/ jkpH;ehl;L kf;fs; rhh;ghf kj;jpa
murpay; mikg;gpy; nj.K.jp.f ,lk;bgw ntz;oaJ ,d;wpaikahj
njitahFk;. kj;jpapy; mikatpUf;fpd;w muR/ eLtz; muR
kl;Lky;y/ eLepiyiknahL ,a’;fntz;oa muRkhFk;. murpay;
Mjha’;fSf;fhf kj;jpa muR bray;gl;ljd; tpisthf jkpH;ehL
jdJ chpikfis ehs;njhWk; ,He;J tUfpwJ. “bly;ypnahL
xl;of;bfhz;oUg;gjhy; vd;d yhgk;/ btl;of;bfhz;lhy; vd;d
e#:lk;?” vd;W xU Kiw mwp”h; mz;zh mth;fs; nfl;lhh;.
jkpH; e hl; L kf; f s; me; j epiyf; F js; s g; g l; L tplf; T lhJ
vd;gnj nj.K.jp.ftpd; ftiyahFk;. kj;jpa murpy; nj.K.jp.f
,lk;bgWkhdhy; fPH;f;fz;l gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;f;f ghLgLk;.
 1. jkpH; e hl; o y; XLfpw xnu $Ptejp fhtphp MWjhd; .
jkpHfj;jpd; czt[j; njitiag; bgUkst[f;F epiwt[ bra;tJ
fhtphp ghrdk; jhd; . jw; n ghija eLtz; kd; w j; jPh; g ; g pd; \
yk; jkpH;ehL Rkhh; 5 yl;rk; Vf;fh; ghrd trjpia ,Hf;f neh-
pLk;. jkpH;ehl;ilg; nghy; fh;ehlfk;/ 3 kl’;F ePh;tsk; bgw;wJ.
jkpH;ehl;ilg; gl;odpg; nghl;L fh;ehlfj;ij thHitf;f ntz;oa
mtrpakpy;iy. fh;ehlfj;jpy; cs;s ePh;tsj;ijf; bfhz;nl ,U
khepy’;fspd; njitiaa[k; g{h;j;jp bra;a Koa[k; mjw;fhd
eltof;ifia kj;jpa murpd; \yk; nj.K.jp.f nkw;bfhs;Sk;.

2. jkpH;ehl;od; bjd; khtl;l’;fspy; Fojz;zPUf;Fk;/

ghrdj;jpw;Fk; Ky;iy bghpahW bghpJk; gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;j ePh;j;
njf;fj;jpd; mizia 142 mo cah;j;j nfus muR kWf;fpwJ. gy-
fPdkhd mizbad;W nfus muR brhd;dhYk;/ Ky;iyg; bghpahW
ePiu ,Lf;fp ePhj
; ; njf;fj;jpy; njf;fp kpd; cw;gj;jp bra;J Mjhak; bg-
Wtnj nfus murpd; me;ju’;f MirahFk;. nkw;Fj;bjhlh;rr
; p ki-
yapy; cw;gj;jpahfp/ nfus khepyk; tHpahf tPzhff;flypy; fyf;Fk;
ePiu/ jkpH;ehl;ow;F jpUg;gp/ ghrdk; bra;a bts;isf;fhuh;fs;
Ml; r pf; f hyj; j py; fl; l g; g l; l mizna Ky; i yg; b ghpahW ePh;
njf; f khFk; . Mfnt/ jkpH; e hl; o d; ePh; j ; njitfis nfusk;
epiwt[ bra;tjhy; nfusj;jpw;F ve;jtpj ,Hg;g[k; ,y;iy. vd-
pDk; cr;rePjpkd;wnk 136 moapypUe;J 142 motiu cah;j;jyhk;
vd;W jPh;g;g[ mspj;Jk;/ nfus muR mij epiwntw;whky; gpothjk;
gpof;fpwJ. nfus kf;fspilna cs;s mr;rj;ija[k; nghf;fp/ mnj
neuj;jpy; mizapd; ePh;kl;lk; cah;tjd; \yk; jkpH;ehl;ow;F
fpilf;Fk; jz;zPhpd; mst[ Fiwahky; ghh;j;Jf;bfhs;Sk; ti-
fapy; kj;jpa murpd ;\yk; nj.K.jp.f Ky;iyg;bghpahW jpl;lk;
jkpH;ehl;ow;Fg; gad;gl tHptif fhqk;.
 3. jkpH;ehl;od; tl khtl;l’;fspy/; xU fhyj;jpy; ghyhW
kpfg;bghpa tw;whj ePh;tsj;ijf; bfhz;ljhf mike;jpUe;jJ.
fh;ehlfk; ghyhw;wpd; FWf;nf mizf;;fl;oajd; tpisthf ePh;
tuj; J epd;whYk;/ Mw;W kzYf;F moapy; bjhlh; ePnuhl;lk;;
,Ue;JtUfpwJ. ,jd; tpisthf FoePh; njita[k/; ghrdj;njita[k;
epiwt[ bra;ag;gl;LtUfpwJ. ,ija[k; jLf;Fk; tifapy; jw;bghGJ
Me; j pu khepyk; ghyhw; w pd; FWf; n f jLg; g izfs; fl; L tij
nj.K.jp.f kj;jpa murpd; \yk; jLg;gjw;F tifbra;a[k;.

4. 1974 - k; Mz; L jkpHfj; j pd; vy; i yg; g Fjpahd

fr;rj;jPit ,y’;if muRf;F md;iwa kj;jpa/ khepy muRfs;
jhiuthh;j;Jtpl;ld. mjd; tpisthf ,uhnk!:tuk; fly; gFj-
papy; cs;s kPdth;fs; jpde;njhWk; rp’;fs ,dbtwp murhy;
Rl;Lf;bfhy;yg;gLfpwhh;fs;. rh;tnjr xg;ge;jk; vd;w bgauhy; mij
khw;w KoahJ vd;gJ rhpay;y. ,g;bghGJ Tl neghs gpujkuhf
te;Js;s gpur;rz;lh mth;fs; 1950 -y; neghsk; ,e;jpaht[ld; nghl;l
xg;ge;jj;ij kW ghPrPyid bra;af; nfhhpa[s;shh;. xg;ge;jk; nghLk;
nghJ ,y;yhj NH;epiy xg;ge;jk; nghl;lgpd; xU rhuhUf;F ghjpg;g[
Vw;gLj;Jnkahdhy; mtw;iw kW Ma;t[ bra;tnjh/ ePf;Ftnjh
jtW ,y;iy. Mfnt fr;rj;jPt[ xg;ge;jj;ij uj;J bra;a nj.K.jp.f
ghLgLk;.

5. jkpHh;fs; cyfbk’;Fk; cs;sth;fs; vd;gjhy;/ Fwpg;ghf

knyrpah/rp’;fg;g{h;/ bjd;dhg;gphpf;fh/ M!:jpnuypah/ ,’;fpyhe;J/
nghd;w ehLfspy; mth;fSf;F chpa chpikfs;/ M’;fh’;nf cs;s
muRfshy; gwpf;fg;gLfpd;w bghGJ me;j muRfsplk; neuoahf-
nth my;yJ I.eh.rig \ynkh ghpfhuk; fhqk; tifapy; jkpHh;
eyDf;fhf kj;jpa muir nj.K.jp.f eph;g;ge;jpf;Fk;.

6. jkpHf vy; i yapy; jkpHh; f s; tHptHpahf tHpgLk;

fz;zfp nfhapy; njf;fof;F mUfpy; cs;sJ. nfus muR vt;tpj
Kfhe;jpuKk; ,y;yhky; ,ijr; brhe;jk; bfhz;lho tUfpwJ.
tuyhw;W rpwg;g[kpf;f ,e;jf;nfhtpy; mHpe;J nghFk; Mgj;jhd
epiyapYs;sJ. ,e;j fz;zfp nfhapy; jkpHfj;jpw;nf chpaJ
vd;gij kj;jpa murpd; \yk; bgWtjw;F nj.K.jp.f eltof;if
vLf;Fk;.

7. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ug;gg
[ ; ghij vt;thW khepy’;fis ,izj;J
kf;fSf;F ed;ik je;J ,e;jpa xw;Wikiaa[k; gyg;gLj;Jfpwnjh/
mnj nghy ,e;jpahtpy; XLk; $Ptejpfis ,izg;gjd; \yk;
kpfg;bghpa bghUshjhu Kd;ndw;wj;ijf; fhzKoa[k;. Mfnt
njrpa ejpePh; ,izg;g[j; jpl;lj;jpw;F Kd;Dhpik bfhLg;gjd; \
yk; xnu neuj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; xU gFjpapy; twl;rpa[k/; kW g[wj;jpy;
bts;sKk; Vw;gLtijj; jtph;j;J tsk; bfhHpf;fr; bra;aKoa[k;.
nj.K.jp.f ,jw;fhd cldo Kaw;rpapy; <LgLk;.

8. nrJrKj;jpuj; fhy;tha;j; jpl;lk; epiwntw;wg;gLtjd; \

yk; jkpH;ehl;ow;F kl;Lky;yhky;/ ,e;jpahtpd; nkyf;flw;fiuiaa[k/;
fPHf; f lw; f iuiaa[ k ; ,izf; f Koa[ k ; . ,y’; i fiar; Rw; w p
tuntz;oa fly;nghf;Ftuj;J jtph;ff
; g;gLk;. ,e;jpahtpd; bghUsh-
jhu Kd;ndw;wj;ij fUj;jpy; bfhz;L/ ,j;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpg;g[
Vw;gLbkd;W fUJk; kPdth;fSld; fye;J ngrp/ ve;j kjj;jpdUk;
g[z;glhjtifapy; ,e;jj; jpl;lj;ij jf;fgo khw;wp mikj;J
bray;gLj;Jnthk;. Vw;fdnt ,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpy; eilbgw;Ws;s
CHy; gw;wp tprhhpj;J eltof;if vLf;fg;gLk;.

9. xU g[wj;jpy; ePht
; sk; kpf;f MWfs; khepy chpikfSf;Ff;
fl;Lgl;Ls;sd. kWg[wj;jpy; fdptsk; kj;jpa murplk; cs;sJ.
bea;ntyp epyf;fhp kj;jpa muRf;Fr; brhe;jk;.fhtphp nghd;w MWfs;
mz;il khepy’;fSf;F brhe;jk;. ,e;jepiyia khw;wp midj;J
,aw;if ts’;fSk;/ kj;jpa muRf;Fr; brhe;jkhf;fg;glntz;Lk;.

10. ,e;jpa murpay; rl;lk; bray;ghl;Lf;F te;J 60 tJ

Mz;Lfs; Mfg;nghfpd;wd. eilKiwapy; gy;ntW rpf;fy;fis
re;jpf;fntz;o te;jJ. kj;jpa/ khepy kw;Wk; cs;shl;rpfspy;/
vj;jifa mjpfhug; gfph;t[ bra;jhy; jpl;l’;fis rpwg;ghf bra;a
Koa[ k ; vd; g jw; n fw; g / ,e; j pa murpay; rl; l j; j py; kW Ma; t [
njit. murpay; rl;l epg[zh;fisa[k;/ fl;rp rhh;gw;w \j;j mur-
pay; jiyth;fisa[k; jd;dhh;t mikg;g[f;fspd; gpujpepjpfisa[k;
bfhz;L/ murpay; rl;lj;jpy; ntz;oa jpUj;j’;fisr; bra;a xU
FG mikf;fg;gLk;.

11. jkpH; e hl; L kf; f spd; ,ja’; f is cYf; F fpd; w

gpur;rpidahf ,y’;ifj; jkpHh; gpur;rpid cUbtLj;Js;sJ.
Muk;gk; Kjny rp’;fs murpd; $dehaf tpnuhj eltof;ifahy;
,d;iwa beUf;fo epiy Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. 1956 - y; rp’;fsk; kl;Lnk
Ml;rpbkhHp vd;W Twp/ jkpH;bkhHp ngRk; jkpHh;fis gphpj;J
itj;jdh;. cah;fy;tpf; Tl’;fs; kw;Wk; murh’;f ntiyfspy;
Fiwe;j jFjp bgw;wpUe;jhYk;/ rp’;fs ,is”h;fSf;nf gog;g[/
ntiybad;W jkpH; ,is”h;fis gphpj;jJ rp’;fs muR. 1972 - y;
jkpH; gpujpepjpfis btspnaw;wp tpl;L/ rp’;fsh;fs; kl;Lnk nrh;e;J
murpay; rl;lk; nghl;ldh;. mjd; go g[j;jkjk; murh’;f kjkhdJ.
mjd; \yk; ,e;J kjk;/ fpwp!;j;Jt kjk;/ ,!:yhk; nghd;w ,ju
kjj;jpdiua[k; gphpj;jdh;. ,y’;ifapd; fpHf;F khfhzj;jpy;
jkpHh;fs; mjpfkhf thGk; gFjpapy; ntz;Lbkd;nw jpl;lkpl;L
rp’;fs Fw;wthspfisa[k;/ rp’;fs btwpah;fisa[k; Fonaw;wp/
jkpHh;fis rpWghd;ikapduhf Mf;fpajd; \yk;/ jkpH;kf;fis
rp’;fs muR ntWgl;lth;fshfnt fUjpaJ. ,t;thW ,y’;ifbad;w
xnu kz;zpy; gpwe;j jkpHh;fis rp’;fs muR bjhlh;e;J jdp
gphpthf elj;jpaJ. je;ij bry;th mth;fs; ,y’;ifapy; Tl;lhl;r
; p
Kiw ntz;Lbkd;W bjhlf;f fhyj;jpypUe;nj typa[Wj;jpa[k;/
jkpHh;fSf;fhd epahakhd chpikfs; fpilf;ftpy;iy. mth;
elj;jpa mwg;nghuhl;l’;fisa[k;/ rp’;fs ,dbtwp muR mlf;fp
xLf;fpaJ. ,jd; tpisthf ntWtHpapd;wp/ jkpHh;fs; rhh;ghf
,Ue;j midj;J murpay; fl;rpfisa[k; xd;W nrh;j;J jkpHh;
tpLjiyf;Tl;lzp vd;W mikj;J 14-05-76-y; je;ij bry;th mth;fs;
jiyikapy; tl;Lf;nfhl;il khehl;oy; jkpH; <Hk; ntz;Lbkd;w
jPh;khdk; epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ. jkpH; <Hk; nfl;lhy;/ gphptpid
vd; W cyf mu’; f py; cuj; j f; F uy; vGg; g [ k ; rp’; f s ,dbtwp
muR/ jkpH;kf;fis ntwhff; fUjp g[wf;fzpj;jd; tpisnt/ jkpH;
<Hf;nfhhpf;if vGe;jjw;Ff; fhuzk;.

1983 y; jhd; $dehaf Kiw gyd; mspf;fhJ vd;W bjhpe;jgpwF

jkpH; ,is”h;fs; Ma[jk; Ve;jp nghuhlj; Jt’;fpdhh;fs;. ,d;W
kfpe;juh$gf;nr Ma[j nghuhl;lj;ij xLf;Ffpnwd; vd;w bgauhy;
Kg;gilbfhz;L jkpH;kf;fisf; bfhd;W Ftpg;gjd; \yk;/ ,dp
ve;ehSk; jkpHh;fSk;/ rp’;fsh;fSk; nrh;e;J thH KoahJ vd;w
epiyia Vw;gLj;jp tpl;lhh;. cz;ikapy; ,y’;ifapd; xw;Wikia
rp’;fs muRjhd; jdJ $dehaf tpnuhj eltof;iffshYk;/
,uhqtj;jPht
; [ fhzntz;Lk; vd;w Kaw;rpahYk; rPhF
; iyj;Jtpl;lJ.
jkpHh;fs; thH jdpehL njit. ,dpa[k; jkpHh;fSk;/ rp’;fsh;fSk;
nrh;e;J thH;tJ vd;gJ ,ayhj xd;W. jkpH; <Hk; mika[khdhy;
mjw;F KGg;bghWg;g[k; rp’;fs murpd; ,dbtwp nghf;nf jtpu
ntW ve; j f; fhuzKk; my; y . kdpjhgpkhd mog; g ilapYk; /
jkpHpdg;gLbfhiy jLf;fg;gl ntz;Lk; vd;w tifapYk; ,e;jpa
murpd; btspehl; L f; b fhs; i f mika nj.K.jp.f eltof; i f
vLf;Fk;.

jkpH;ehl;ow;bfd jPuhj nkw;Twpa gpur;rpidfisj;
jPh;f;f ghLgLk; mnj neuj;jpy; ,e;jpa murpd; \yk; bghJthf
kf;fSf;F Mw;wntz;oa fPH;f;fz;l gzpfspy; nj.K.jp.f jdp
mf;fiw brYj;Jk;.

1) Vl;ony jPl;lg;gLfpw kf;fs; eyj;jpl;l’;fs; ehl;ony

epiwntw; w g; g l ntz; L khdhy; eph; t hfj; j pYs; s ,y”; r Kk; /
CHYk; xHpf;fg;glntz;Lk;. cyfpy; CHy; kpFe;j ehLfspy;
,e;jpaht[k; xd;W. 2008 k; Mz;L CHy; ehLfspd; thpir vz;fspy;
,e;jpah 85tJ ,lk; tfpf;fpwJ. 2007 -y; 72tJ ,lj;jpypUe;J
,g;bghGJ ,d;Dk; nkhrkhfp 85 tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ. CHy;
xHpf;fg;gLkhdhy;/ bghUshjhu tsh;r;rp fhy; g’;F mjpfhpf;Fk;
vd;Wk; me;j mwpf;if TWfpwJ. Xl;il cilrYk;/ CHYk;
epiwe;j eph;thf ,ae;jpuk; brg;gdplg;gLk;.

2) ntiy bra;af;Toath;fspd; tsh;r;rp tpfpjk;/ ntiy

fpilg;gth;fspd; tsh;r;rp tpfpjj;ijtpl Mz;LnjhWk; mjpfhpj;J
tUfpwJ. ntiy bra; a f; T oath; f s; ,e; j pahtpy; 45.75 nf-
hongh;/ ,jpy; 90 rjtpfpjk; ngh; mikg;g[rhuh bjhHpypy; cs;sdh;.
ntiybra;af;Toa tajpdUf;F Kiwahd ntiyfpilf;f tHp-
tif fhzg;gLk;.

3) ,is”h;fSf;F gog;g[k; ifj;bjhHpy; gapw;rpa[k; je;J

mth;fs; tpUg;gj;jpw;Fk;/ jFjpf;Fk; Vw;g rpW kw;Wk; eLj;juj;
bjhHpy;fspy; <Lgl jpl;lk; tFj;jy;. mjw;bfd epjpa[jtp tH’;f
mikg;g[rhuh bjhHpyhsh;fs; njrpa epjpak; cUthf;fg;gLk;.

4) ntiytha;g;gpy; cly; CdKw;wth;fSf;F 3 rjtpfpj

xJf;fPL tH’;fg;gLk;. nkYk; mth;fs; RaKd;ndw;wj;jpw;fhd
bjhHpy; tha;g;g[fs; kw;Wk; trjpfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.

5) jkpH; e hL gy JiwfspYk; Kd; n dw kpd; r huk;

,d;wpaikahjJ. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 2000 bkfhthl; kpd;gw;whf;Fiw
cs;sJ. jkpH;ehL kpd;rhuj;jpy; jd;dpiwt[ bgw nj.K.jp.f kj;jpa
muirg; gad;gLj;Jk;.

6) CHy; murpay;thjpfs;/ nkhrkhd bjhHpy; mjpgh;fs;/ fph-

pkpdy; jhjhf;fs; nghd;nwhh; rl;ltpnuhjkhf j’;fs; fUg;g[ gzj;ij
Rtp!: t’;fpapYk;/ ,ju btspehl;L t’;fpfspYk; nghl;Ls;sdh;. ,J
Rkhh; +.25 yl;rk; nfhoapUe;J +.70 yl;rk; nfhotiu ,Uf;Fbkd;W
fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j gzj;ij ,e;jpaht[f;F bfhz;L tu
nj.K.jp.f Kaw;rp vLf;Fk;.

7) xt;bthU ghuhSkd;wj; bjhFjpapYk;/ xU th;j;jf

ikak; mikf;fg;gLk;. ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lky;yhJ cyf mstpy;
tptu’;fisg; bgwt[k;/ ,’;F cw;gj;jp bra;j bghUl;fis tpah-
ghuk; bra;at[k; ,J gad;gLk;. ,jd; \yk; tptrhaKk;/ bjhHpYk;
tsUk;. xt;bthU bjhFjpa[k; nkk;ghL mila[k;.

8) xt;bthU Cuhl;rp njhWk;/ fzpdp ikak; bjhl’;fg;gLk;.

mjd; \yk; fpuhkg; g[ w ’; fspYs;s ,is”h; fs; kw; Wk; ,sk
;bgz;fSf;F fzpdp gapw;rp tH’;fg;gLk;.

9) Muk;gf;fy;tp Kjy; cah;fy;tp tiu jdpahh; Mjpf;fk;

jiy J}f;fpa[ss
; J. ,jdhy; ViHf;FLk;gj;ijr; nrh;ej
; gps;isfs;
fy;tp trjp bgwKoatpy;iy. ,e;epiy khw;wpaikf;fg;gLk;.

10) rkr; r Ph; fy; t p Kiwia mKy; g Lj; j t[ k ; / gs; s p

13
,ilepw;wiyj; jLf;ft[k; eltof; fiffs; vLf;fg;gLk;.
 11) bgz;fSf;fhd murpdh; fiyf;fy;Y}hp bgUkstpy;
cUthf eltof;iffs; vLf;fg;gLk;. mjd; \yk; bgz; fy;tpf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gLk;.

12) fpuhkg;g[w ntiytha;g;g[Wjp jpl;lj;jpy; eilKiwapy;

CHy;fs; cs;sd. ,ij ePff
; eltof;if vLf;fg;gLk;. ,j;jpl;lj;jpy;
vj;jifa gzpfis nkw;bfhs;s ntz;Lbkd;W gadhspfis
fye;Jbfhz;L jpl;lk; tFf;fg;gLk;.

13) fpuhkg;g[w’;fspy; Vuhskhd fhy;eilfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

,Ug;gpDk; mitfSf;fhd kUj;Jt trjpapy;iy. Mfnt/ fhy;eil
kUj;Jtkidfs; gy mikf;fg;gLk;.

14) jw;nghija muR kUj;Jtkidfs;/ jdpahh;

kUj; J tkidfSf; F <lhf/ midj; J trjpfSlDk; ,a’; f
eltof;if vLf;fg;gLk;. rpwg;g[ kUj;Jtg;gphpt[fs; Jtf;fg;gLk;.

15) tptrhapfs; cw;gj;jp bra;ak

[ ; bey;/ fUk;g/[ gapW tiffs;
nghd;wtw;wpw;F Cf;fk; mspf;Fk; tifapy; fl;Lg;goahFk; ti-
fapy; tpiy eph;zak; bra;ag;gLk;. rpW kw;Wk; FW tptrhapfSf;F
vspjpy; fld;fpilf;f muR kw;Wk; Tl;Lwt[ t’;fpfs; rPuikf;fg;gLk;.
mth;fs; cw;gj;jp bra;a[k; fha;fwpfs; nghd;wit nrkpj;J itf;f
Fsph;gjd trjpa[s;s fpl’;Ffs; xd;wpak ;njhWk; mikf;fg;gLk;.
 16) tptrhaj;jpy; cw;gj;jp jpwidg; bgUf;f njitahd
eltof;iffs; vLf;fg;gLk;. Fwpg;ghf tptrhaf ;fy;Y}hpfSk;/
Muha;r;rp epWtd’;fSk; mjpfg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

17) t p i y t h r p c a h ; i t f l ; L g ; g L j ; j e l t o f ; i f
nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk;. rhpahd tpiythrpia fz;lwpa[k; tifapy; tpi-
ythrp g[ss
; p tptuk; rhpbra;ag;gLk;. kf;fs; md;whlk; gad;gLj;Jk;
mj;jpahtrpa czt[g; bghUl;fis nu#d; filfs; \ykhf tPL-
njhWk; tpepnahfk; bra;ag;gLk;.

18) Rfhjhu trjp/ fpuhkg;g[w mstpy; mwnt ,y;iy. ey;y

Fojz;zPh; fpilg;gJ ,y;iy. bgz;fSf;F fHptiw trjp ,Ug;gJ
,y;iy. bjUtpnyna rhf;filfs; XLfpd;wd. Muk;g Rfhjhu
epiya’;fs; ed;whf bray;gLtJk; ,y;iy. ,f;Fiwfisg; nghf;fp
ViH/ vspa kf;fs; cly;eyk; bgw eltof;if nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk;.

bgz; FHe;ijfs; gpwe;jhny bgw;nwhh;fs;

gag; g Lfpwd; w dh; . me; j mst[ f ; F rKjhaj; j py; bgz; f s;
g[ w f; f zpf; f g; g LtJk; / tujl; r izf; bfhLikf; F MshtJk;
fz; T L. ,j; j ifa ntWghl; o d; fhuzkhft[ k ; / tWikapd;
fhuzkhft[k; bgz; rpRf;bfhiy eilbgWfpwJ. ,tw;iw jLf;Fk;
tifapy; bgz;fs; nkk;ghl;Lf;fhd midj;J eltof;iffSk;
nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk;.

19) ehlhSkd;w/ rl;lkd;w bjhFjpfspy; bgz;fSf;fhd

\d;wpy; xU g’;F ,lxJf;fPL knrhjh epiwntw;wg;gLk;. jhH;jj
; g;gl;l
kw;Wk; gpd;j’;fpa bgz;fSf;fhd tha;g;g[k; nrh;f;fg;gLk;.

20) K!;ypk;fSila gpw;gLj;jgl;l epiyia nghf;Fk; ti-

fapy; rr;rhh; fkpl;o mspj;Js;s ghpe;Jiufs; epiwntw;wg;gLk;.
Fwpg;ghf mjpy; Twpa[s;s Jiz jpl;lk; bray;gLj;jg;gLk;.

21) tPLfl;Lk; jpl;lj;ij tphpt[gLj;jp midtUf;Fk; fy;tPL

fpilf;f XU khbgUk; jpl;lk; tFj;J epiwntw;wg;gLk;.

22) rpwg;g[ bghUshjhu kz;ly’;fs; vd;w bgahpy; bgUk;

bjhHpy;fSf;F rYiffs; thhp tH’;Ftij epWj;jp/ tptrhapfspd;
epyk; mokhl;L tpiyf;F bfhs;Kjy; bra;tijj; jLj;J/ mj;jifa
kz;ly’;fs; miktij nj.K.jp.f rPuikf;Fk;.

23) Vw;Wkjp bra;ak

[ ; $t[sp bjhHpy; bghpJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ifj; j wp/ tpirj; j wp kw; W k; gpd; d yhilj; bjhHpYf; F j; jf; f
epthuzk; mspf;fg;gLk;.

24) rhag;gl;liw bjhHpw;rhiyfspypUe;J btsp tUk; fHpt[

ePiu Rj;jg;gLj;j jpl;l’;fs; nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk;.

25) ,sikapnyna ed; w hf tpisahlf; Toath; f is

,d’;fz;L mth;fSf;F muR brytpy; Kiwahd gapw;rpaspj;J/
cyfstpy; elf; F k; xypk; g pf; nghl; o apy; fye; J bfhs; s
Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLk;.
 26) \j;j Fokf;fSf;F nghJkhd xa;t[ CjpaKk;/ kUj;Jt
trjpa[k; Vw;ghL bra;ag;gLk;. midj;J trjpfSk; bfhz;l Kjp-
nahh; ,y;y’;fs; khtl;l’;fs; njhWk; mikf;fg;gLk;.

27) khjk; +.25000 tiu Cjpak; bgWnthUf;F tUkhd

thpapypUe;J thptpyf;F mspf;fg;gLk;.

28) gpw;gl;nlhUf;fhd ,l xJf;fPl;il ve;j mst[f;F vg;go

eph;zapf;f ntz;Lk; vd;w chpikia me;je;j khepy’;fSf;nf
jUk; tifapy; murpay; rl;lj;jpy; jpUj;jk; bfhz;Ltug;gLk;.
jhH; j ; j g; g l; l th; f Sf; F hpa xJf; f Pl; o y; mUe; j pah; f Sf; F
cs; x Jf; f PL tH’; f g; g l; L s; s J. mjw; F chpa rl; l ghJfhg; g [
jug;gLk;.

29) Cuhl;rp kw;Wk; Cuhl;rp xd;wpa’;fSf;fhdj; njh;jy;fs;

mz;ikapy; bfhz;Ltug;gl;l murpay; rl;ljpUj;jj;jhy; \d;W
mLf; F fshf khw; w paikf; f g; g l; L s; s J. ,ijtpl Vw; f dnt
jkpH; e hl; o y; ,Ue; j Kiw rpwe; j J vd; g jhy; cs; s hl; r p
kd;w’;fSf;fhd mikg;gf
[ is khepy’;fns tFj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;
vd;w tifapy; murpay; rl;ljpUj;jk; nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk;.

30) 1976 k; Mz; L fy; t p rk; g e; j g; g l; l mjpfhuk; khepy

gl; o aypy; ,Ue; J bghJg; g l; o aYf; F khw; w g; g l; l J. kPz; L k;
fy;tpj;Jiw khepyg;gl;oaYf;nf khw;wg;gl Kaw;rpf;fg;gLk;.

31) bts;sk;/ g[ay;/ twl;rp/ nghd;w ,aw;if nghplh;fshYk;/

flypy; kPd; gpof; f r; bry; y f; T lhJ vd; w murpd; jilahYk;
bghJthf ViHfSk; / Fwpg; g hf kPdth; f Sk; / thHtHpapd; w p
jtpf;fpd;wdh;. me;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; mth;fspd; FLk;gk; xd;wpw;F
khjk; +.2000 FLk;g epjp tH’;fg;gLk;.

g[Jit khepyk;
m) g[Jr;nrhp khepy me;j!;;J bgw nj.K.jp.f eltof;if
vLf;Fk;.

,) ,e; j pa muR ,Jtiuapy; mspj; J te; j 70 rjtp-

fpj khdpaj; i jepWj; j pa[ s ; s J. mijj; jpUk; g t[ k ;
bgw;W g[Jr;nrhp/ fhiuf;fhy;/khnQ/ Vdhk; gFjpfspy;
kf;fspd; njitfis epiwntw;Wk; jpl;l’;fs;
nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk;.

c) ,e;jpahtpnyna mjpfk; goj;jth;fs; g[Jr;nrhpapy;

cs;sjhy; ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lj;ijg; nghf;f
jpl;l’;fs; tFf;fg;gLk;.

v) $pg;kh; kUj;Jtkid/ E}w;ghiy kw;Wk; ,ju

bjhHpw;rhiyfspy; gzpahw;Wgth;fspd; gpur;rpidfs;
jPh;f;fg;gl;L mth;fSila thH;thjhuk;
ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.

,d;iwa ,e;jpah cs;Sk;/g[wKk; beUf;foiar; re;jpj;J

tUfpwJ. mz;il ehLfspypUe;J jPtputhjpfs; ve;jneuKk;
jhf;Fjy; elj;jf;TLk; vd;w epiyik. ,e;jpahtpnyna \d;wpy;

xU gFjp ef; riyl; Lfspd; Mjpf; fj;j py; cs; sJ. xU g[ wk;
$dehaf Kiwapy; njh; j y; f s; elj; j g; g l; l hYk; kWg[ w j; j py;
,e;jpahtpd; mikjpf;Fk;/ xw;Wikf;Fk; bgUk; rthyhf ,e;j jPt-
puthj ,af;fk; tsh;eJ; tUfpwJ. g[ydha;tj [ J; iwia rPuikj;Jk;/
nghyP!:Jiwia etPdg;gLj;jpa[k;/ ,uhqtj;ij <LgLj;jpa[k;
jPtputhjj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; eltof;iffs; njit. vdpDk;
,it kl;Lnk nghJkhdJ my;y. ,d;iwa ,e;jpa bghUsh-
jhu tsh;r;rp vd;gJ nfhORtuh;fspd; tsh;r;rpna. ghku kf;fs;
epiy ehs;njhWk; rhpe;J tUfpwJ. ViH/ gzf;fhuh;fs; ntWghL
mjpfhpj; j tz; z Ks; s J. tWika[ k ; / mePjpa[ n k ,d; i wa
jPtputhjj;jpd; MzpntuhFk;. ,e;jpah vd;gJ gj;J rjtpfpjk; ngh;
mbkhpf;fh;fshft[k/; 90 rjtpfpjk; ngh; Mg;gphpf;fh;fshft[k; thHnt
tHpbra;Js;sJ. bghUshjhuf; bfhs;ifapy; mog;gilahd khw;wk;
njit. tWik eP’;fp midtUf;Fk; ntiytha;g;g[ fpilf;fr;
bra;tjd; \ynk jPtputhjj;ij xLf;f Koa[k;.

bghUshjhuf; bfhs; i f kf; f is ikakhf itj; J

jPll
; g;gLtjd; \ynk khw;wj;ijf; bfhz;L tuKoa[k.; “khoapypUe;J
kz; Foiria eP’;fs; ghh;f;fpwPh;fs;. ehd; kz; FoirapypUe;J
khoiag; ghh;ff
; pnwd/;”vd;whh; g[ul;rpj;jiyth; vk;.$p.Mh; mth;fs;.
mJnghy ,e;jpa murpd; bghUshjhu ghh;itapy; jiyfPH; khw;wk;
njit. mj;jifa khw;wj;ijf; bfhz;Ltug; ghLgLtnj nj.K.jp.
ftpd; yl;rpakhFk;.

jhapd; tapw;wpy; 10 khj’;fs; jhd;. Mdhy; jha; ehl;od;

tapw;wpy; Ma[s; KGJk; kl;Lky;y/ mjw;Fg; gpwFk; Tl. bgw;w
jhapDk; gpwe;j bghd;dhL bghpJ vd;W mjdhnyna TWth;.
ehk; gpwe;j jkpH;ehL gy JiwfspYk; rPuHpe;J fplf;fpwJ. mij
brg;gdpLk; bgUk;gzp fhj;Jf;fplf;fpwJ. khw;Wf; fl;rpapdnuh gzk;
bfhLj;J kf;fis tpiyf;F th’;fptplyhk; vd;w kdg;nghf;fpy;
cs;sdh;. mth;fsplk; jUtjw;F gzj;ijj; jtpu ntW vJt[k;
,y;iy. Mdhy; ehk; ifapy; fhR mw;wth;fs; vd;whYk;/ kdj;jpy;
khR mw;wth;fs;. ehk; kf;fSf;F jUtjw;F cz;ik/ ciHg;g[/
jpahfk;/ xw;Wik bfhz;Ls;nshk;. murpaypy; ,e;j beUf;foahd
fhyfl; l j; j py; jkpH; e hl; L kf; f Sf; F vit njitnah mit
ek;kplk; cs;sJ. Mfnt jhd; nj.K.jp.f jkpH; Pehl;oy; jdpj;J
nghl; o apLfpwJ. jkpH; e hl; L kf; f s; 40 ,l’; f spYk; nj.K.jp.
fit btw;wpbgwr; bra;jhy; xU g[jpa tuyhW fpilf;Fk;. tWik
eP’F
; k;/ ntiy tha;gg
; [ bgUFk;/ thH;t[ tsk;bgWk;/ mikjp epyt[k;
Mf;fpukpg;ghsh;fs; mHpth;/ Mf;fg;g{h;tkhd ntiyfs; elf;Fk.;
rhjp/ rka/ rz;ilfSf;F ,lkpuhJ. vy;yhUk; vy;yhKk; bgw
tHpfpilf;Fk;. ,y;yhik mwnt eP’;Fk;.

mwp”h; mz;zh mth;fs; TwpaJ nghy;/

brtpf;Fk;/ rpe;jidf;Fk; ,dpik gag;gJ “KuR”

nghUf;Fk;/ g[fGf;Fk; fUtpahf ,Ug;gJ “KuR”

khw;whh; kUst[k;/ ek;kth;fs; kfpHt[k; tHp bra;tJ “KuR”

tPuj;jpw;Fk;/ btw;wpf;Fk; tpj;jpLtJ “KuR”

nfL fise;J/ ehL thH;e;jpl tHp fhz;gJ “KuR”

mj;jifa KuR rpd;dj;jpy; thf;fspg;gPh;*

btw;wp KuR jpf;bfl;Lk; bfhl;lr;bra;tPh;**

“g[ul;rpfiy”h; tHp elg;nghk;

g[jpanjhh; rKjhak; gilg;nghk;”