Biofloc technology is the utilization of microbial processes within animal rearing units to treat water and provide food resources. Biofloc is used to Reduce Reduce water feed fish / Shrimp Rearing Unit Internalized water treatment "waste"
Biofloc technology is the utilization of microbial processes within animal rearing units to treat water and provide food resources. Biofloc is used to Reduce Reduce water feed fish / Shrimp Rearing Unit Internalized water treatment "waste"
Biofloc technology is the utilization of microbial processes within animal rearing units to treat water and provide food resources. Biofloc is used to Reduce Reduce water feed fish / Shrimp Rearing Unit Internalized water treatment "waste"
Biofloc technology is the utilization of microbial processes within animal rearing units to treat water and provide food resources. Biofloc is used to Reduce Reduce water feed fish / Shrimp Rearing Unit Internalized water treatment "waste"
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Biofloc Technology and Application to Marine Shrimp Aquaculture
Biofloc technology System design and management Application to marine shrimp Doug Ernst NaturalShrimp AquaFarm.com
Pacific Aquaculture Caucus. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture Workshop. Sept 14-15, 2010, Peninsula College, Port Angeles, WA Douglas H. Ernst (2010)
Further Reading Waddell Mariculture Center (South Carolina) Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Clemson University Dept. of Agric. & Biol. Engin. (SC) Gulf Coast Research Lab (Univ. S Mississippi) Oceanic Institute (Hawaii) Global Aquaculture Advocate (www.gaalliance.org) Dr. Yoram Avnimelech (Israel Institute of Technology) Biofloc Workgroup Aquacultural Engineering Society www.aesweb.org
Animal Aquaculture Food Conversion
Fish 70% 67.0% FCE 22.3% FCE 1.5 FCR 4.5 FCR Feed
(for non-biofloc systems) Wet and dry weight food conversion
Wet wt fish: 1.0 kg feed 0.67 kg fish + 0.78 kg metabolites & solids Dry wt fish: 1.0 kg feed 0.22 kg fish + 0.78 kg metabolites & solids Protein nitrogen conversion (aquaculture average)
Shrimp protein utilization efficiency: 20% Fish protein utilization efficiency: 25% 70-80% of nitrogen in feed is converted to ammonia (direct & via bacteria)
Biofloc Technology (BFT)
BFT is the utilization of microbial processes within animal rearing units to treat water and provide food resources.
BFT is used to Reduce Reduce water feed
Fish/Shrimp Rearing Unit Internalized water treatment Waste Biofloc food resource
Reduce waste
Reduce treatment
BFT: Advantages, Disadvantages, Issues
Advantages
Increased food and nitrogen conversion
Reduced water consumption, waste production, and treatment Simplification and cost reduction of facility design Improved environmental control and pathogen biosecurity
Disadvantages
Conditioning time for system start up Oxygen consumption of biofloc Energy requirements for maintaining biofloc in suspension
Unique maqnagement issues
Maintenance of desired biofloc density, C/N ratio, and ecology Control of beneficial and harmful bacteria
Biofloc System: Tilapia
Clarification & denitrification
Feed: 32% protein Tilapia: final density 20 kg/m3
3 1. Clarifier effluent 2. Culture tank water 3. Sludge from clarifier From Rakocy et al (WAS 2010) University of the Virgin Islands Agricultural Experiment Station
Biofloc System: Semi-Intensive Shrimp
Taw et al, Indonesia WAS 2009
Components of Biofloc
Components of biofloc
Solids: Inorganic and organic particulate solids
Bacteria and fungi: Heterotrophic and chemoautotrophic
Photoautotrophic, chemoautotrophic, heterotrophic composition of biofloc is determined by:
Control these factors to control ecology and which microbial groups dominate
Light intensity
Feed application intensity C/N ratio of feed inputs Rate of solids removal
Carbon-Nitrogen Ratio (CNR)
20 kg of carbohydrate is required for heterotrophic bacteria to utilize 1.0 kg ammonianitrogen
Composition Material Protein (%) Nitrogen (%) Carbon (%) CNR Sucrose 0.0 0.0 42.0 NA Molasses (22 % water) 1.9 28.2 0.3 92.7 Cassava meal 1.5 0.2 50.0 208.3 Corn meal 8.0 1.3 50.0 39.1 Wheat meal 10.0 50.0 1.6 31.3 Sorghum meal 11.0 50.0 1.8 28.4 Grain flours (general) 12.0 1.9 50.0 26.0 Grain meals (general) 12.0 1.9 50.0 26.0 50.0 Pond Stim Mash (Zeigler) 16.7 2.7 18.7 50.0 Pond Stim Pellets (Zeigler) 17.3 2.8 18.1 50.0 Growout pellet (25% protein) 25.0 4.0 12.5 Growout pellet (30% protein) 30.0 4.8 50.0 10.4 50.0 Growout pellet (35% protein) 35.0 5.6 8.9 Nitrogen content of protein is assumed to be 16%. This value varies a little depending
Effect of C/N Ratio on nitrogen utilization by heterotrophic bacteria: C/N Ratio < 10: Organic nitrogen used, ammonia released C/N Ratio > 10: Organic and inorganic N sources used C/N Ratio > 12 15: Net consumption of ammonia
Bacterial Management Issues Filamentous
Normal Biofloc High FB Biofloc
Gram stain
Filamentous bacteria
Occasional problem (tank and gill fouling) Causes not well understood Invasive species in new systems Known as bulking in wastewater treatment
Bacterial Management Issues Vibrio
Latent to virulent switching Chemoautotrophic to proteolytic Quorum sensing Fast generation time (20 min)
Vibrio (Wikimedia)
Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-PCR)
TCBS agar plate
RAPD-PCR results
Bacterial Management Issues Vibrio
Vibrio management tools: Water and system disinfection between crops Good/bad bacteria: Competitive exclusion Probiotic bacteria: Anti-bacterial compounds Probiotic bacteria: Quorum sensing disruption Elevated C/N ratio: Anti-Vibrio compounds Common probiotic species: Bacillus spp. Lactobacillus spp. Apply to feed and water
Bacillus subtilis, Gram stain (Wikipedia)
NaturalShrimp
Locations: La Coste, Texas and Medina del Campo, Spain oContinuous year round operation oIntensive biofloc systems oPacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) oGreenhouses (light systems) and barns (dark systems) oBrackish culture water (public water supply & sea salt) oTemperature 30 C, salinity 5 15 ppt oSystems: Automated feeding, hydronic heating, diffused aeration, oxygenation, particulate solid removal and processing, nitrification, and denitrification
NaturalShrimp Business Model
Enclosed System Locate anywhere Close to markets Harvest Green Production
Stocking
10-day post larvae (PL10)
Pure water Sea salt Oxygen Shrimp feeds Beneficial microbes
20/lb (23 g) 20 24 wks
Environmental Control Optimized continuous production
Biological Security Pure product Food security
NaturalShrimp Shrimp Growout
PL Nursery
Mid Growout
Chill-kill harvest
NaturalShrimp Inland, Closed Systems
NaturalShrimp La Coste TX
NaturalShrimp La Coste Facility
NaturalShrimp Spain Facility
PL Nursery (2 weeks) Stage-1 Growout (8 weeks)
Stage-2 Growout (10 - 14 weeks)
NaturalShrimp Facility Design
Enclosed, controlled, bio-secure environment Monitoring and control
Shrimp tanks and biomass support systems
Automated feed application
oooo ooo oo o oooo ooo oo o oooo Shrimp o o o habitat ooo
M anual & autom ated data entry: - W ater quality - Shrim p production PRG CNTRL SHRIM P TANK OXYG EN O2 TM P
FEED
NaturalShrimp Biotechnology EX FAN Report generation: Tables and graphs - W ater quality - Shrim p production - Feed scheduling - Harvest scheduling HYDRONIC HEATER
A Training Manual on Aquaculture for Caribbean Sids: Improving Water-Related Food Production Systems in Caribbean Smal L Island Developing States (Sids)
Doing Aquaculture as a Business for Small- and Medium-Scale Farmers. Practical Training Manual Module 1: The Technical Dimension of Commercial Aquaculture
Doing Aquaculture as a Business for Small- and Medium-Scale Farmers. Practical Training Manual. Module 2: The Economic Dimension of Commercial Aquaculture
(Oxford Studies On The Roman Economy) Alan Bowman, Andrew Wilson (Eds.) - The Roman Agricultural Economy - Organization, Investment, and Production-Oxford University Press (2013)
A Training Manual on Aquaculture for Caribbean Sids: Improving Water-Related Food Production Systems in Caribbean Smal L Island Developing States (Sids)
Doing Aquaculture as a Business for Small- and Medium-Scale Farmers. Practical Training Manual Module 1: The Technical Dimension of Commercial Aquaculture
Doing Aquaculture as a Business for Small- and Medium-Scale Farmers. Practical Training Manual. Module 2: The Economic Dimension of Commercial Aquaculture
(Oxford Studies On The Roman Economy) Alan Bowman, Andrew Wilson (Eds.) - The Roman Agricultural Economy - Organization, Investment, and Production-Oxford University Press (2013)
