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    Case Study of Leptospirosis

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    Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Leptospira bacteria that affects humans and animals. It is transmitted through contact with infected animal urine or contaminated water or soil. Symptoms in humans range from flu-like symptoms to jaundice, kidney damage, meningitis and liver failure. Treatment involves antibiotics such as penicillin or tetracycline if administered early, as well as supportive care and dialysis for organ damage. Prevention relies on proper disposal of infected animal urine and maintaining clean environments.

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    Case Study of Leptospirosis

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    buzz Q
    11K views4 pages
    Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Leptospira bacteria that affects humans and animals. It is transmitted through contact with infected animal urine or contaminated water or soil. Symptoms in humans range from flu-like symptoms to jaundice, kidney damage, meningitis and liver failure. Treatment involves antibiotics such as penicillin or tetracycline if administered early, as well as supportive care and dialysis for organ damage. Prevention relies on proper disposal of infected animal urine and maintaining clean environments.

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    Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Leptospira bacteria that affects humans and animals. It is transmitted through contact with infected animal urine or contaminated water or soil. Symptoms in humans range from flu-like symptoms to jaundice, kidney damage, meningitis and liver failure. Treatment involves antibiotics such as penicillin or tetracycline if administered early, as well as supportive care and dialysis for organ damage. Prevention relies on proper disposal of infected animal urine and maintaining clean environments.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    11K views4 pages

    Case Study of Leptospirosis

    Uploaded by

    buzz Q
    Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Leptospira bacteria that affects humans and animals. It is transmitted through contact with infected animal urine or contaminated water or soil. Symptoms in humans range from flu-like symptoms to jaundice, kidney damage, meningitis and liver failure. Treatment involves antibiotics such as penicillin or tetracycline if administered early, as well as supportive care and dialysis for organ damage. Prevention relies on proper disposal of infected animal urine and maintaining clean environments.

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    CASE STUDY OF LEPTOSPIROSIS

    Synonym:
    Weil’s Dse, Mud fever, Canicola fever, Flood fever,
    Swineherd’s Dse, Japanese Seven Days fever

    Definition & Background:

    • a bacterial zoonotic disease caused by spirochaetes of the genus Leptospira that


    affects humans and a wide range of animals, including mammals, birds,
    amphibians, and reptiles
    • first described by Adolf Weil in 1886 when he reported an “acute infectious disease
    with enlargement of spleen, jaundice and nephritis”

    Causative Agent:

    • Leptospira-genus bacteria was isolated in 1907 from post mortem renal tissue
    slice
    • commonly found: Leptospira pyrogenes, Leptospira manilae, & other species like
    L. icterohemorrhagiae, L. canicola, L. batavia, L. Pomona, L. javinica
    • in animals often is subclinical; an infected animal may appear healthy even as it
    sheds leptospires in its urine; humans are dead-end hosts for the leptospire

    Predisposing Factors:
    • age: < 15 years of age
    • sex: male
    • season: rainy months
    • geographic: prevalent in slum areas

    Source of Infection

    Infection comes form contaminated food and water, and infected wild life and domestic
    animals especially rodents.

    1. Rats ( L. leterohemoragiae) are the source of Weil’s disease frequently observed


    among miners, sewer, and abattoir workers.
    2. Dogs (L. canicola) can also be the source of infection among veterinarians,
    breeders, and owners of dogs.
    3. Mice (L. grippotyphosa) may alos be a source of infection that attacks farmers
    and flax workers.
    4. Rats (L. bataviae) are the source of infection that attacks ricefield workers.

    Modes of Transmission

    Incubation Period:

    • 6 – 15 days/ 2 – 8 weeks

    Clinical Manifestations:
    1st stage: Septicemic/ Leptospiremic Phase (4 – 7 days)
    - onset of high remittent fever, chills, headache, anorexia, nausea & vomiting,
    abdominal pain, joint pains, muscle pains, myalgia, severe prostration, cough, respiratory
    distress, bloody sputum.

    2nd stage: Immune/ Toxic Phase (4 – 30 days)


    - if severe, death may occur between the 9th & 16th day

    2 types:

    • Anicteric (without jaundice) – return of fever of a lower degree with rash,


    conjunctival injection, headache, meningeal manifestations like disorientation,
    convulsions & signs of meningeal irritations (with CSF finding of aseptic
    meningitis)

    • Icteric (with jaundice) – Weil syndrome; hepatic & renal manifestations:


    hemorrhage, hepatomegaly, hyperbilirubinemia, oliguria, anuria with progressive
    renal failure; shock, coma & congestive heart failure in severe cases

    3rd stage: Convalescence Phase


    - Relapses may occur during 4th or 5th week
    Diagnosis:

    • culture: blood (1st week)

    CSF (5th to 12th day)


    Urine (after 1st wk til pd of convalescence)

    • agglutination tests ( 2nd or 3rd week)

    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

    Complications:

    • pneumonia
    • iridocyclitis, optic neuritis
    • peripheral neuritis

    Prognosis:

    • cause of death: renal & hepatic failure


    • dse usually last 1 – 3 weeks but may be more prolonged; relapse may occur

    Treatment:

    • specific measures: beneficial if done < 4 days of dse

    • Aqueous penicillin G (50,000 units/kg/day in 4-6 divided doses intravenously for


    7-10 days
    • Tetracycline (20-40 mg/kg/day in 4 doses); may not be given to children < 8 years
    old

    • general measures

    • symptomatic & supportice care


    • administration of fluid, electrolytes & blood as indicated
    • peritoneal dialysis (for renal failure)

    Nursing Interventions:

    • isolation of patient: urine must be properly disposed


    • health teachings: keep a clean environment

    Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by


    bacteria of the genus Leptospira. In humans it causes a wide range of symptoms, and
    some infected persons may have no symptoms at all. Symptoms of leptospirosis include
    high fever, severe headache, chills, muscle aches, and vomiting, and may include jaundice
    (yellow skin and eyes), red eyes, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or a rash. If the disease is not
    treated, the patient could develop kidney damage, meningitis (inflammation of the
    membrane around the brain and spinal cord), liver failure, and respiratory distress.

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