Alternating Current

Physics
Alternating Current
1
Magnetism and Magnetic Fields
 magnetic field: a region of space where a
north magnetic monopole
experiences a force.
The direction of the field is by
definition the direction of the force
on the north end of a
magnet.
The figure shows the lines of
magnetic fields from a bar
magnet form closed lines. By
convention, the field direction is
taken to be outward from the
North pole and in to the South
pole of the magnet.
2
The earth behaves
magnetically almost as if a
bar magnet were located
near its center. The axis of
this fictitious bar magnet
does not coincide with the
earth’s rotational axis: the
two axes are currently
about 11.5 0 apart.
3
Magnetic Field of Current
The magnetic field lines around a long wire which
carries an electric current form concentric circles around
the wire. The direction of the magnetic field is
perpendicular to the wire and is in the direction the
fingers of your right hand would curl if you wrapped
them aroundinthe
Charges wire withField
a Magnetic your thumb in the direction
of the current.
Use your right hand to determine the direction of for
on a moving positively charged particle
a magnetic field. With the fingers from so
to north (the same direction as the field),
and the thumb pointing in the direction
of the velocity of the particle, the pa
points in the direction of the force
on the particle. For a negative
use your left hand.
4
Electromagnetic Induction
MAGNETIC FLUX

Magnetic flux may be thought of as
an amount of magnetic field passing
through an area. The following diagram
depicts a magnetic field
directed away from the
observer. A particular area
of the field has been
enclosed in a rectangle.
5
There are several ways of increasing magnet
flux. One way is to use a larger rectangle.
Or, another is to use a stronger field:
6
Magnetic flux therefore depends on field strength,
B, and on area, A. Twice as much of either one
gives you twice as much magnetic flux. Also,
magnetic flux depends on the angle between B
and A. The greatest amount of magnetic flux is
when A and B are perpendicular.
7
Reducing the angle between A and B reduces the amount of f
assing through the area. Therefore the magnitude of magne
ux, ƒ, is
ƒ = Bq0vsinθ Eqn. 1
where f is the magnitude of the magnetic fo

a positive test charge q0
B is magnitude of the magnetic field at any

point in space
v is the velocity of the charge and makes a

an angle θ (0 < θ < 1800) with the direction
of the magnetic field.
SI Unit of Magnetic Field: newton-second/coulomb-me
= 1 Tesla (T)
8
Nikola Tesla,
born July 9/10, 1856, Smiljan, Austria-Hungary Croatia]
died Jan. 7, 1943, New York City, N.Y., U.S.
Serbian-American inventor and engineer, discovered

and patented the rotating magnetic field,
field the basis
of most alternating current machinery. He also
developed the three-phase system of electric power
transmission. He
emigrated to the United States in 1884 and sold the
patent rights to his system of alternating-current
dynamos, transformers, and motors to George
Westinghouse. In 1891 he invented the Tesla coil, an
induction coil widely used in radio. The unit of magnetic
field strength is the N/(C-m), called a tesla, a tribute
to this great man.
9
One tesla is the strength of the magnetic
field in which a unit test
charge, travelling
perpendicular to the magnetic field with a
speed of one meter per second,
experiences a force of one newton.
Because a coulomb per second is an ampere, the

tesla is often written as:
1 Tesla = N/(A-m)
Another convenient unit to use is the Gauss:
1 gauss = 10-4 tesla

10
The magnetic field is defined in terms of the magnetic force and a
moving test charge. The photo shows an aurora borealis (“northern
lights”) display over silhouetted trees. Charged particles from the
sun are captured by the earth’s magnetic field. When the particles
collide with the gas molecules in the upper atmosphere, curtains of
colorful light are often formed.
11
The following two conditions must be met for a charge to
experience a magnetic force when placed in a magnetic field.
1. The charge must be moving, for no magnetic

force acts on a stationary charge.
2. The velocity of a moving charge must have a

component that is perpendicular to the direction
of the magnetic field.
12
Example 1. Magnetic Forces on Charged Particles
A proton in a particle accelerator has a speed of 5.0 x 106 m/s. The

proton encounters a magnetic field whose magnitude is 0.40 T and
whose direction makes an angle of θ = 30.00 with respect to the
proton’s velocity. Find (a) the magnitude and direction of the
magnetic force on the proton and (b) the acceleration of the proton.
(c) What would be the force and acceleration if the particle were an
electron instead of a proton?
Reasoning For both the proton and the electron, the magnitude
of the magnetic force are given by equation 1 but have opposite
directions, because the charges have opposite signs. In either case,
the acceleration is given by Newton’s second law, which applies to
the magnetic force just as it does to any force. In using the second
law, we must take into account the fact that the masses of the proton
and the electron are different.
13
Solution
(c)The positive charge on a proton is 1.60 x 10-19 C. The magnitude of the

magnetic force is given by f = q0vBsin θ:
f = (1.60 x 10-19 C)(5.0 x 106 m/s)(0.40 T)(sin 300)

= 1.60 x 10-13N Ans.)
(b) The proton’s acceleration follows directly from Newton’s second law. Since
the only force acting on the proton is the magnetic force f, it is the net force.
Thus…
a = f/mP = (1.6 x 10-13 N)/1.67 x 10-27 kg = 9.6 x 1013

m/s2 Ans
(c) The magnitude of the magnetic force on the electron is the same as
that on the proton, since both have the same speed and charge
magnitude. However, the direction of the force on the electron is
opposite to that on the proton, or downward.
a = f/mE = (1.6 x 10-13 N)/(9.11 x 10-31 kg = 1.9 x 1017

m/s2 Ans 14
EXAMPLE 2.
.An alpha particle (two protons and two neutrons) traveling east at 2.0 x
105 m/s enters a magnetic field of 0.20 T pointing straight up. What is
the force acting on the alpha particle?
Solution With the fingers of the right hand pointing straight up,
and the thumb pointing east, the palm points south.
F = qvBsinø
= (2 x 1.6 x 10-19 C)(2.0 x 105 m/s)(0.20 T)sin90º
= 1.28 x 10-14 N [S].
Example 3.
An electron traveling to the left, moves

into a magnetic field directed toward the
observer. Trace the path of the particle,
assuming it eventually leaves the field.
15
Solution
The moment the electron enters

the field, it experiences a force
perpendicular to its velocity. The
electron follows a circular path
until it leaves the field.
16
To understand why the path is circular
consider two points on the circumference
labeled 1 and 2. When the positively
charged particle is at point 1, the magnetic
force f is perpendicular to the velocity v
and points directly upward. When the
particle reaches point 2, the magnetic
force still remains perpendicular to the
velocity but is now directed to the left in the
drawing.
The magnetic force always remains perpendicular to the

velocity and is directed toward the center of the circular
path.
17

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Physics

Or, another is to use a stronger field:

where f is the magnitude of the magnetic fo

B is magnitude of the magnetic field at any

v is the velocity of the charge and makes a

Serbian-American inventor and engineer, discovered

Because a coulomb per second is an ampere, the

Another convenient unit to use is the Gauss:

1 gauss = 10-4 tesla

1. The charge must be moving, for no magnetic

2. The velocity of a moving charge must have a

A proton in a particle accelerator has a speed of 5.0 x 106 m/s. The

(c)The positive charge on a proton is 1.60 x 10-19 C. The magnitude of the

f = (1.60 x 10-19 C)(5.0 x 106 m/s)(0.40 T)(sin 300)

a = f/mP = (1.6 x 10-13 N)/1.67 x 10-27 kg = 9.6 x 1013

a = f/mE = (1.6 x 10-13 N)/(9.11 x 10-31 kg = 1.9 x 1017

An electron traveling to the left, moves

The moment the electron enters

The magnetic force always remains perpendicular to the

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