Bangalore CDP2015

Government of Karnataka
Bangalore Development Authority

Bangalore Master Plan - 2015

VOLUME I
Vision Document

2007

i

Abbreviations

BBMP : Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike
BDA : Bangalore Development Authority
BESCOM : Bangalore Electricity Supply Company.
BIAAP : Bangalore International Airport Area Planning Authority
BMA : Bangalore Metropolitan Area
BMICPA : Bangalore-Mysore Infrastructure Corridor Project Area
BMLTA : Bangalore Metropolitan Land Transport Authority
BMR : Bangalore Metropolitan Region
BMRDA : Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority
BMTC : Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation
BRT : Bus Rapid Transit
BWSSB : Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board
CAA : Constitutional Amendment Act
CBA : Central Business Area
CBOs : Community Based Organization
CDP : City Development Plan
CPHEEO : Central Public Health and Environment Engineering Organization
CPS : Coordinated Planning Schemes
DCRs : Development Control Regulations
FAR : Floor Area Ratio
FDI : Foreign Direct Investment
FYP : Five Year Plan
GBWASP : Greater Bangalore Water and Sanitation Project
GoK : Government of Karnataka
IEC : Information, Education and Communication
IPO : Initial Public Offering
IT : Information Technology
ITPL : International Technology Park Ltd
JNNURM : Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
KHB : Karnataka Housing Board
KPTCL : Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited
KSCB : Karnataka Slum Clearance Board
KSRTC : Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation
KTCP : Karnataka Town and Country Planning
KUIDFC : Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development and Finance Corporation
LPA : Local Planning Area
LRT : Light Rail Transit
LSGIs : Local Self Government Institutions
MICE : Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions
MoA : Memorandum of Agreement
MoUD : Ministry of Urban Development
MSW : Municipal Solid Waste
NGOs : Non-|Government Organization
RGGVY : Rajeev Gandhi Grameena Vidyuth Yojana
RLMS : Rural Load Management Systems
RMP : Revised Master Plan
SEZ : Special Economic Zones

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Contents

I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
A. Overview..................................................................................................................................... 1
B. What is the Master Plan?............................................................................................................. 2
C. The Master Planning Process ...................................................................................................... 4
D. Community and Partnerships ...................................................................................................... 4
E. Structure of the Master Plan........................................................................................................ 5
II. Economy, Growth and Service Delivery: Trends ............................................................................ 6
A. Economic Development .............................................................................................................. 6
B. Urban Growth.............................................................................................................................. 9
C. Implications on Service Delivery.............................................................................................. 16
III. Directive Principles ................................................................................................................... 20
A. Long-term City Development.................................................................................................... 20
B. Growth Scenario and Urban Space............................................................................................ 21
C. Legal and Regulatory Framework............................................................................................. 25
IV. Strategic Interventions............................................................................................................... 26
A. Economy and City Growth........................................................................................................ 26
B. Environment and Energy........................................................................................................... 43
C. People and Well-Being.............................................................................................................. 54
D. Leisure, Recreation, Art and Culture......................................................................................... 60
V. Land Use and Zonal Regulations................................................................................................... 63
A. Overview................................................................................................................................... 63
B. Zonal Regulations...................................................................................................................... 63
C. Changes to the Master Plan....................................................................................................... 65
VI. Plan Review and Monitoring..................................................................................................... 68
A. Introduction............................................................................................................................... 68
B. Review and Monitoring............................................................................................................. 68
C. Institutional and Regulatory Framework................................................................................... 69
VII. Summary and Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 72

Appendices

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Tables

Table I-1: Evolution of the Master Plan................................................................................... 4

Table II-1: Industry Turnover and Employment (2003) .......................................................... 7
Table II-2: Occupational Pattern.............................................................................................. 7
Table II-3: Composition of Population Growth....................................................................... 9
Table II-4: Land Use.............................................................................................................. 14
Table II-5: Summary of Infrastructure Status ........................................................................ 19

Table III-1: Legal and Regulatory Framework Affecting Developmental Initiatives ........... 25

Table IV-1: Proposed Population Growth.............................................................................. 26
Table IV-2: Distribution of Business Offices in 2003............................................................ 27
Table IV-3: Distribution of Business Offices by 2015........................................................... 27
Table IV-4: Vehicular Growth ............................................................................................... 36
Table IV-5: Modal Split for Travel Trips............................................................................... 37
Table IV-6: Power Supply Facilities...................................................................................... 50
Table IV-7: Power distribution in BMR................................................................................. 51
Table IV-8: 11
th
FYP Forecast for Power in BMR................................................................. 53
Table IV-9: Slums in Bangalore............................................................................................. 54
Table IV-10: Types of Vehicles ............................................................................................. 59

Table V-1: Projected Land Requirement at the BMA level ................................................... 63

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Figures

Figure I-1: The Bangalore Metropolitan Area ......................................................................... 3

Figure II-1: Population Growth Trends ................................................................................... 9
Figure II-2: Bangalores Demographic Profile...................................................................... 10
Figure II-3: Bangalores Urban Form.................................................................................... 11
Figure II-4: Bangalores Urban Sprawl ................................................................................. 12
Figure II-5: Bangalores Population Density (2003) ............................................................. 13
Figure II-6: Bangalores Existing Land Use (2003) .............................................................. 14
Figure II-7: Bangalore Metropolitan Region Influencing Factors ...................................... 15
Figure II-8: Divergence of Public Investment ....................................................................... 18

Figure III-1: Structure Plan for BMA.................................................................................... 21
Figure III-2: IT Corridor Scenario......................................................................................... 22
Figure III-3: Integrated Urban Scenario ................................................................................ 22
Figure III-4: Adopted Growth Scenario ................................................................................ 23

Figure IV-1: Location of Poor Settlements............................................................................ 32
Figure IV-2: Vehicular Growth in Bangalore ........................................................................ 37
Figure IV-3: Proposed Road Network ................................................................................... 39
Figure IV-4: Proposed Multi-modal Transport Systems........................................................ 40
Figure IV-5: Bangalores Natural Framework....................................................................... 43
Figure IV-6: Sanitation Infrastructure Facilities .................................................................... 46
Figure IV-7: Water Supply Infrastructure in BMR................................................................ 48
Figure IV-8: Power Infrastructure in the Bangalore Metropolitan Area................................ 51
Figure IV-9: Power Infrastructure in the Bangalore Rural District........................................ 52
Figure IV-10: Shadow Areas ................................................................................................. 56

Figure V-1: Proposed Land Use Distribution in Conurbation Area....................................... 64
Figure V-2: Proposed Land Use for BMA............................................................................. 67

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Executive Summary

The technological revolution has resulted in fundamental changes as to how and where
people work, live and play in modern day society. This has been coupled with
unprecedented growth in certain developed countries and has culminated in the creation
of new economies based on service provision. Such change has brought with it challenges
commonly associated with unpredicted growth; traffic congestion, urban sprawl, the
abandonment of inner cities, poor access to education and a perceived lack of affordable
housing.

Bangalore has been substantially affected by globalization and rapid urbanization over the
last decade. With an anticipated population of 9.9 million in the year 2021, the demand on
services and the quality of life in the city is not confined to the central core or the
erstwhile Bangalore Mahanagar Palike jurisdiction but spreads beyond into the peri-urban
areas, the Metropolitan Area and outwards, into the Bangalore Metropolitan Region. With
the emergence of the Bangalore-Mysore Infrastructure Corridor, the Bangalore
International Airport, planned ring roads and satellite townships, urbanization is no longer
confined to the Bangalore Metropolitan Area and is expected to spread into the Bangalore
Metropolitan Region (BMR).

In line with the approach to developing the city into an international metropolis, the
current Master Plan adopts a more integrated approach in terms of economic,
environmental and societal factors. The Plan incorporates a more cyclical model that
accord with the holistic principles of Smart Development and more prudent use of
resources. The planning is more participatory, founded on the principles of collaboration
and consensus building and scope for all stakeholders to be involved in the decision
making process the planning methodology attempts to ensure that neighborhoods, the
city and the region accommodates growth in ways that are economically sound,
environmentally responsible and socially supportive of community liveability, now and in
the future. The Master Plan therefore addresses long-term sustainable development
through the following directive principles:

Nature. Natural and hydraulic balances must be respected allowing controlled
urbanization in plateau areas and also the management and usage of ground
water.
Economic Efficiency. Economic competitiveness to facilitate quality spaces
for the service sectors, industrial activity, advanced technology training and
distribution of transport and logistic facilities must be achieved.
Social Equity. The principle of equal access to infrastructure facilities, public
transportation and safe decent houses for the economically weaker sections
must be ensured.
Historical Heritage. Rapid changes and economic activity need to be
monitored and managed so that the Bangalores heritage is conserved.

The Master Plan drew from various reports and documents prepared for the specific
purpose of developing the Master Plan, 2015 and were adequately supported through data
and information from baseline primary and secondary surveys. Field investigations
and information provided by Government and parastatal institutions formed key inputs to

vi
the Master Plan. An Advisory Committee gave its recommendations on the Draft Master
Plan in November 2005; recommendations of the Committee have largely governed the
output of the Master Plan, 2015. The consultation activities (between Dec 2005 and Dec
2006) and sectoral plans prepared for the City Development Plan (CDP) under the
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) provided key inputs in
fine tuning the Master Plan.

Based on the directive principles, the Master Plan was developed to address the overall
Vision for the city. Bangalores Vision for the year 2015 as developed during the City
Development Plan (CDP) preparation process and adopted by the citys local self
government institutions (LSGIs) is to retain its per-eminent position as a City of the
Future through its cosmopolitan character and global presence, and to enable and
empower its citizens with: growth opportunities to promote innovation and economic
prosperity; a clean and green environment; high-quality infrastructure for transport and
communication; wide-ranging services aimed at improving the quality of life for all;
conservation of its heritage and diverse culture; and responsive and efficient governance.

City growth, economic development, environment and energy, people and well being,
leisure, art, culture and sports formed the basis for translating the growth scenario and
vision into urban space. Emerging from the Vision are the following significant features
of the Master Plan:

(i) Urban Integration. The Master Plan shall ensure that vacant lands in
strategic areas are occupied and the spread of layouts minimized. Schemes
and programs for new development will integrate natural components. Old
neighborhoods in the central area will be redeveloped and a wide range of
activities will be promoted along the street facades. Derelict industrial lands
with redevelopment opportunities will be developed based on economic
potentials.

(ii) Industries and Services. The Plan will promote the services sector,
strengthen and extend existing employment areas along major roads and
other clusters such as Peenya, Bommasandra and the Electronic City.
Besides these, the Master Plan has identified areas to develop several new
industrial/ employment areas focusing on general industrial activities and hi-
tech zones.

(iii) Hawking/Informal Sector. The Master Plan draws from the National Policy
for Urban Street Vendors and focuses on the Policys key objectives
providing for hawking and including requirement of street vendors into the
Plan.

(iv) Mixed Use. The Master Plan advocates mixed use of land and the policy
under the Plan therefore follows a differentiated approach based on the
character of the identified regions subject to the socio-economic status of
neighborhoods and their preference to have commercial activities within the
neighborhood. In promoting mixed use of land in designated parts of the
city, the Master Plan makes adequate provision for meeting community
needs, mitigating environmental impacts and providing for safe and
convenient circulation and parking.

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(v) Housing and Shelter. In line with the National Housing and Habitat
Policy, which has the ultimate goal to ensure Shelter for All by harnessing
the potential of the public, private/corporate and household sectors, the
shelter provision in the Master Plan aims to ensure effective housing and
shelter options for all citizens, especially for the vulnerable groups and the
poor, by creation of adequate housing stock. The specific focus of the
Master Plan in this regard is on budget housing, redevelopment of slums,
and night shelters for migrant labor.

(vi) Transportation. In line with the National Urban Transport Policy, the
Master Plan proposes development of a networked city through a sustainable
transportation system focusing on development of a structured road network,
organizing transportation/logistics facilities and developing a multi-modal
public transportation system.

(vii) Redevelopment of Lakes and Urban Afforestation. The Master Plan
advocates projects that include development of recreational spots, fencing,
desilting of lakes, diversion of sewage, prevention of garbage dumping in
the lakes and initiation of activities such as gardening. Both the BBMP and
BDA are planning to develop various parks and playgrounds that would
contribute in increasing the current coverage of open spaces from 14% of
the total city area to 20% of the city area.

(viii) Safe Sanitation. The Master Plan provides a strategic outlook regarding safe
sanitation and advocates creation and accessibility to safe sanitation
facilities by all citizens, increasing public awareness on safe sanitary
practice, and ensuring municipal waste management practices conform to
the MSWM Rules, 2000, ensuring that appropriate options for wastewater
recycling and reuse are introduced to supplement water for non-domestic
usage, and storm water runoff is appropriately collected and discharged into
natural drainage channels.

(ix) Water Supply. The Master Plan provides directions for public water supply
ensuring that water is accessible to all citizens and that the quality and
quantity of water available to citizens conforms to the Central Public Health
and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO) standards.

(x) Energy and Power. The Master Plan provides a strategic outlook to facilitate
uninterrupted quality power supply to all citizens at affordable rates in the
BMR, and suggests actions to ensure that the load forecast demand for the
BMR meets the proposals indicated in the 11
th
Five Year Plan (FYP).

(xi) Urban Community Upgrading. The Plan promotes the concept of basic
services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable prices,
improved housing, water supply, sanitation and ensuring delivery through
convergence of already existing universal services of the Government for
education, health and social security.

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(xii) Health and Education. The Plan facilitates creation of Bangalore as a centre
for medical care and rehabilitation and a centre of excellence in education.
While the City would play a facilitators role by setting the base
infrastructure and planning/zoning, the actual service would come from
private finance.

(xiii) Art and Culture. In order to showcase the regions culture and heritage, and
more importantly, to preserve the memoirs of Bangalore, the strategic
outlook for the sector comprises conservation of all architectural and
heritage monuments in Bangalore and promoting Heritage Tourism to
showcase the regions history and culture.

While the Master Plan provides the development planning framework for the city and its
future growth, existence of various LSGIs, inherent service delivery inconsistencies and
overlaps affect the citys development. Within the context of service delivery
inconsistencies, overlaps, organizational conflicts, managerial voids, and legal
complications, the Master Plan considers the following options: (i) redefining the roles of
the major urban authorities in the Bangalore Metropolitan Region, with particular
reference to the BBMP, BDA, and BMRDA, to meet the challenges of future
metropolitan management; (ii) tackling the managerial voids in the peri-urban/ suburban
areas of Bangalore; (iii) introducing necessary legal reforms to meet the new planning and
developmental needs of the Bangalore Metropolitan Region; and (iv) ensuring transparent
processes, with citizen participation, in the Citys planning and governance.

The Government of Karnataka has constituted an Expert Committee for the planned
development of the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagar Palike (BBMP) within the above
context. The Committee is currently preparing its recommendations on the subject. While
the aforesaid committee on BBMP reviews multiplicity of functions and overlaps in
service delivery, GoK has formed the Bangalore Metropolitan Land Transport
Authority (BMLTA) for the Bangalore Metropolitan Region (BMR). The BMLTA shall
function as an umbrella organization to coordinate planning and implementation of urban
transport programs and projects and provide an integrated management structure to
ensure sustainable transportation in the city.

A dedicated Monitoring Unit with modern data processing facilities would be established,
which would be responsible for collection and analysis of primary and secondary data and
bringing to notice important changes in the Master Plan. This unit would also be in-
charge of overall monitoring of implementation of the approved development plans and
layout plans. A suitable mechanism by way of a high-level committee under the Chief
Secretary, Government of Karnataka is also proposed to be established for periodic
review and monitoring of the Master Plan.

Bangalore Master Plan 2015
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I. INTRODUCTION

A. Overview

The technological revolution has resulted in fundamental changes as to how and where
people work, live and play in modern day society. This has been coupled with
unprecedented growth in certain developed countries and has culminated in the creation
of new economies based on service provision. Such change has brought with it challenges
commonly associated with unpredicted growth; traffic congestion, urban sprawl, the
abandonment of inner cities, poor access to education and a perceived lack of affordable
housing.

Bangalore has been substantially affected by globalization and rapid urbanization over the
last decade. The demand on services and the quality of life in the city is not confined to
the central core or the erstwhile Bangalore Mahanagar Palike jurisdiction but spreads
beyond into the peri-urban areas, the Metropolitan Area and outwards, into the Bangalore
Metropolitan Region. With the emergence of the Bangalore-Mysore Infrastructure
Corridor, the Bangalore International Airport and the planned ring roads, urbanization is
no longer confined to the Bangalore Metropolitan Area and has now spread into the
Bangalore Metropolitan Region (BMR).

Bangalore has incontestable advantages to develop into an international metropolis but at
the same time faces significant constraints. The city is embedded in its history and depicts
the greatness of a truly Indian city established before invasions and colonization. It has a
diverse set of activities, from silk to aeronautics, from clothing to information technology,
and is a gauge of dynamism and solidity of the city. While the city is internationally
recognized for information technology, the industrial public sector occupies an important
place and ensures a balance between the public and the private sector. The quality of
technical training is renowned and constitutes the best support structure for development
of advanced technologies and the overall urban structure is coherent; it ensures a good
correlation between activities and social classes. Natural drainage, climatic advantage and
the availability of water in the Cauvery basin are factors that assist in improving the
quality of life in the city.

Despite some undeniable advantages, Bangalore faces a series of constraints that are
likely to compromise the durability of its development. The difficulties encountered today
constitute, in effect, risk of dissociation between urban growth and the capacity of public
authorities to respond in terms of infrastructure, public facilities and a control over the
process of urbanization. These constraints are likely to arrest growth and could result in
the loss of the status of an international pole, much to the benefit of other cities that have
better managed their development. The expansive mode of development uses a lot of
space and is costly to equip and encourages the use of individual transport by segregating
the space. Urban extensions are not managed and one can find much incoherence between
areas. Urbanization is directed by opportunities and land availability; there is neither
planning nor even a larger framework. The development of the CBD is blocked and there
are inconsistencies in regulation and need for urban planning. While the current
regulations try to freeze the situation the city itself is in the process of transformation.
2

Thus, we have on the one hand the deficiencies that have just been outlined, most
importantly the absence of control on development, and on the other, the changing status
of the city from a state capital to that of an international metropolis. The question that
arises is clear do the constraints of urbanization jeopardize the citys passage to the level
of an international metropolis? The answer, which constitutes the conclusion of the
diagnosis is in fact, yes. Bangalore has enough advantages which could facilitate its
passage to the status of an international metropolis and yet, considerable disadvantages to
make it fail.

In line with the approach to developing the city into an international metropolis, the
current Master Plan adopts a more integrated approach in terms of economic,
environmental and societal factors. The Plan incorporates a more cyclical model that
accord with the holistic principles of Smart Development and more prudent use of
resources. The planning is more participatory, founded on the principles of collaboration
and consensus building and scope for all stakeholders to be involved in the decision
making process the planning methodology attempts to ensure that neighborhoods, the
city and the region accommodates growth in ways that are economically sound,
environmentally responsible and socially supportive of community liveability, now and in
the future.

B. What is the Master Plan?

The Bangalore Master Plan articulates a multi-year vision and plan for Bangalores future
growth and development, driven by institutions that reflect its citizens' values. The Master
Plan provides the contours of a shared vision and identification of key issues facing the
city in the short, medium and long-term. It identifies development patterns, infrastructure
gaps and deficiencies, project and reform priorities and an implementation schedule that
would be both fiscally realistic and innovative. In order to execute the plan, it
recommends institutional mechanisms for the short-term while laying the basis for
systemic reform over the medium and longer terms.

The Master Plan, 2015 for the Bangalore Metropolitan Area
1
(Figure I-1) is a statutory
document that identifies growth perspectives, develops land use plans addressing the
urban agglomeration areas growth, and lays out Development Control Regulations
(DCRs) to regulate the citys development. The provisions of Section 13 D of the
Karnataka Town and Country Planning (KTCP) Act, 1961 mandate that the Master Plan
for the Local Planning Area (LPA) of Bangalore shall be revised once in 10 years. The
previous Comprehensive Development Plan was prepared in the year 1995 to meet the
plan period ending 2011, which was approved by the Government of Karnataka (GoK)
vide order no: HUD 139 MNJ 94 dated January 5, 1995. The current revision of the
Master Plan serves a plan period ending in the year 2015 and is referred to as the Revised
Master Plan 2015 (RMP 2015).

The Master Plan also collates the sectoral plan for urban basic service delivery in the city

1
The Bangalore Metropolitan Area (BMA) covers an area of 1307 sq. km and comprises the Brahut
Bangalore Mahanagar Palike, surrounding villages and the Bangalore-Mysore Infrastructure Corridor
Project Area (BMICPA).
3
addressing service delivery, and associated institutional reforms for services provided
by local self government institutions (LSGIs) in the city. The sectoral plans are detailed in
the City Development Plan document prepared for financing under the Jawaharlal Nehru
National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) see Box 1.

Figure I -1: The Bangalore Metropolitan Area

Box 1: The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
Recognizing the critical importance of rapid urban development and growing contribution of the urban
sector to the Countrys GDP, the Government of India through the Ministry of Urban Development
(MoUD) launched the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) in December
2005, with the objective of addressing urban infrastructure and governance, and provision of basic
services for the urban poor in Indian cities. JNNURM is a reform-driven and fast track project, planned at
developing identified cities focusing on efficiency in urban infrastructure/services delivery mechanism,
community participation and accountability of Urban Local Bodies/Parastatals towards its citizens.

The proposed duration of the Mission is seven years (2005-12) and includes an outlay of approximately
Rs. 1,000 billion, covering 63 important cities in the Country. As an initial requirement to access funding
through JNNURM, the Mission requires cities to prepare City Development Plans (CDPs), which will
consider city needs in an integrated and participatory manner, and prioritize investments, in urban
infrastructure, housing and basic services for poor.

The CDP is a common vision shared by city-level stakeholders determining how the city should grow,
the quality of life citizens expect, and the role of stakeholders (government, parastatals, industry, non-
governmental organizations, and citizens) in ensuring that the common vision is attained and within a
specified timeframe. On the basis of the CDP a tri-partite Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) between
the Government of India, State Government and the ULB will set out a joint commitment to reform and
define the responsibilities of different agencies. GoIs stance is that JNNURM funding will be released
only when cities and states meet their obligation under the MoA.

4

C. The Master Planning Process

The preparation of the Master Plan in partnership with the community through a
consultation and participation process began in the year 2003 and identifies the citys
Vision in the long-term. Citizens, organized groups of stakeholders, and local, state and
national officials were consulted at several stages during the preparation of the Master
Plan. The consultation process involved various stakeholders citys political planning
partners (Mayor and Councilors), citys key stakeholders (business groups, academicians,
state-level utilities), and community planning partners (citizen representatives and
members of community based organizations).

The Master Plan drew from various reports and documents prepared for the specific
purpose of developing the Master Plan, 2015 and were adequately supported through data
and information from baseline primary and secondary surveys. Field investigations
and information provided by Government and parastatal institutions formed key inputs to
the Master Plan. An Advisory Committee gave its recommendations on the Draft Master
Plan in November 2005; recommendations of the Committee have largely governed the
output of the Master Plan, 2015. Table I-1 provides key milestones and dates in the
evolution of the Master Plan, 2015 document.

Table I-1: Evolution of the Master Plan
Master Plan Milestones Key Dates

Commencement of Master Plan exercise Jun 2003
Existing Land Use surveys Jun-Dec 2003
Consultation meetings Jun 2003-Jun 2005
Master Plan Development Jan 2004-Jun 2005
Draft Master Plan released to Public Jun 2005
Report of the Advisory Committee Nov 2005
Announcement of the JNNURM Dec 2005
Commencement of CDP exercise Mar 2006
Consultations under the CDP exercise Apr-Jun 2006
Preparation of Sectoral Plans for approval under JNNURM Jan-Dec 2006
Revised Master Plan (incorporating Sectoral Plan and Advisory
Committee recommendations)
April 2007

D. Community and Partnerships

Drawing from the consultative process, the Master Plan has significant implications for
economic and social development, urban environmental management, and governance.
Successful implementation of the Master Plan will therefore require the commitment of
many organizations and individuals, as well as the LSGIs. To achieve this, the LSGIs will
enter into Partnership Agreements with the organizations that will have a key role in
ensuring that goals and desired outcomes for Bangalore are achieved. At the community
level, residents will also need to become more involved in activities that will assist in
achieving the desired outcomes for the city. Information, education and communication
5
(IEC) programs will be developed aimed at building the capacity of the people and the
community to take an active role in addressing the citys Master Plan cornerstones of
sustainable development economic, social and environmental development.

E. Structure of the Master Plan

1. Documents

The Master Plan comprises five volumes of documents that should be read together. The
documents are:

Volume 1: Vision Document. This report covers the key principles of the
Revised Master Plan 2015 and the Vision detailing the principles of macro
zoning and proposals envisioning the city by 2015. A series of maps/graphics
have been included to explain the approach.

Volume 2: Proposed Land Use Plan. The proposed land use plans are in
scale of 1:5000 within the ring road mainly covering the erstwhile Bangalore
Mahanagara Palike limits and in scale of 1:10000 in the periphery.

Volume 3: Land Use Zonal Regulations. The land use zonal regulations
define the development control and regulations zone wise, with respect to the
permissible activities and the FAR.

Volume 4: Planning District Report. The Planning District Report addresses
all 47 Planning Districts and contains the analysis, observations and proposals
for each area. The recommendations and proposals covering land use and
transportation along with identified projects are covered.

Volume 5: Existing Land Use Maps. The maps contain the land use of
existing developments in the city as mapped in year 2003.

2. Structure the Vision Document

The Volume 1 of the Master Plan is laid out into the following sections:

Introduction;
Economy, Growth and Service Delivery: Trends;
Directive Principles;
Strategic Interventions;
Implications on Urban Development;
Land Use and Zonal Regulations; and
Plan Review and Monitoring.

6

II. ECONOMY, GROWTH AND SERVICE DELIVERY: TRENDS

A. Economic Development

1. Economy

Bangalore experienced rapid growth in the decades 1941-51, and by 1961 Bangalore
became the sixth largest city in India. Employment opportunities initially in the public
sector, and then in textile and high technology industries resulted in migration of people
to Bangalore. The growth of Bangalore from a town to a metropolis has been a result of
five growth events:

Shifting of the State Capital from Mysore;
Establishment of the Cantonment;
Setting up Public Sector Undertakings/Academic Institutions;
Development of Textile Industry; and
Development of Information Technology/ITES/Biotech based industries.

Economic development of Bangalore is apparent in the variety of manufacturing and
service industries that are key contributors to its growth. Bangalores US$ 47.2 billion
economy makes it a major economic centre in India, and as of 2001 Bangalores share of
US$ 3.7 billion in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) made it the third highest recipient of
FDI for an Indian City. Industrial / commercial employment is the highest in the city at
over 90% while employment avenues in the rest of the sectors are relatively minor. The
States Industrial Policy (2006-2011) provides further impetus to the citys socio-
economic growth by providing guidelines on strengthening the manufacturing sector,
increasing national exports from Karnataka, and promoting diversified industrial base in
the city and State.

2. Services and Employment

In addition to prominent industry names and Fortune 500 companies operating out of the
City, there are a large number of small and medium size industries that contribute
significantly to the economic base of Bangalore. Industry turnover and employment base
in various categories of industry is illustrated in Table II-1.

7

Table II-1: Industry Turnover and Employment (2003)
Size Number Investment (Rs.
million)
Job
Opportunities
Small-scale 55,162 16,820 578,000
Medium & Large Scale 546 47,250 224,287
Mega 17 38,080 33,830
Source: JNNURM CDP.

Given the above scenario, industrial/commercial employment is obviously the highest, at
over 90%, while employment avenues in the rest of the sectors are relatively minor.
Further substantiation is illustrated in Table II-2.

Table II-2: Occupational Pattern
Sector No. of Workers % of total
Primary Sector 5,000 0.80%
Manufacturing 254,000 43.36%
Electricity, Gas and Water Supply 8,000 1.40%
Construction 6,000 0.99%
Transport, Storage and Communication 43,000 7.29%
Banking and Insurance 65,000 11.07%
Trade and Business 21,000 3.59%
Services 184,000 31.51%
Total 585,000 100.00%
Source: JNNURM CDP.

3. Employment and Social Context

The distribution of economic activities in the city reflects its history, its different stages of
development as well as the underlying socio-spatial contexts. Several distinct areas or
spatial groups emerge from the geographical distribution of activities in Bangalore. These
spatial groups are:

The Old Petta, the historical heart of the city, constitutes even today a
very important centre of trade (wholesale and retail activities). This core area
includes Chickpet, Cubbonpet and other areas with traditional activities
focused on silk, garments and jewellery among others. It is an important nerve-
centre for a majority of working-class people. This area is flanked by
Binnypet, Cottonpet and Srirampuram in the North-West which have informal
trading and retail activities related to transport services and agarbathi
manufacturing. To the North of the Old Petta lies Cubbon Park with the
States administrative centre, and other large public facilities and universities.

In the North-East, Shivajinagar and Russell Market form a second
commercial hub in the Cantonment area. Along the far eastern part of MG
Road are the banks, head offices of companies and hotels, which constitute the
embryo of the citys Commercial (Business) Area.
2
Around this area, are

2
One of the key elements of the city diagnosis is the decline of large industries (Binny Mills, Minerva
8
located large industrial establishments of the city especially in the North and
East, which includes the large public sector units of Hindustan Aeronautics
Ltd, ISRO, and BEL, which were established after the Second World War. In
the North-West the Peenya Industrial Estate, that stretches out along Tumkur
Road, has contributed to the citys growth. Implemented at the beginning of
the 1970s to promote traditional small-scale industries, this estate is losing its
momentum today.

In the East, the Chennai railway line and Whitefield Road are important
corridors. Along these corridors, in the Whitefield area, the EPIP was
developed in the 1990s to promote the development of IT and it includes the
International Technology Park Ltd. (ITPL). These corridors also support
logistic infrastructure facilities including an oil terminal and the CONCOR
terminal.

In the South-East, Hosur Road constitutes a dynamic axis of industrial
development and employment and serves as an important link to Hosur Town
in Tamilnadu. Along this road, the Electronic city area has large Public and
Private software and IT enterprises while the Bommasandra area supports
industries oriented towards traditional activities.

Between these clearly defined different ensembles, there are urban sectors and residential
functions, services, and manufacturing activities (silks and garments) co-existing and
often functioning in an informal manner. A geographic mapping of the 1991 data on
distribution of jobs and employment based on the place of residence, within the BMP
area, displays three large spatial groups:

In the western zone of the city, from the Mathikere area in the North up to
Chandra Layout in the South including the areas near the Bangalore Central
Railway Station, there are residential areas with households that are mostly
employed in the manufacturing sectors, particularly in Peenya, Chickpet,
Binnypet and Cottonpet, and along Mysore Road.

Those households engaged in trade and business form a North-South axis
starting from Chickpet, the business centre of the city, including the areas
along Kanakapura Road, and up to Jayanagar and JP Nagar. This group is also
found in the Shivajinagar and Russel Market area.

Those households employed in services, administrative and public service, are
mainly located in the North and East of the city in Malleshwaram,
Kamanahalli, Indiranagar and the areas near the Domestic and International
Airport.

Mills, Kirloskar, NGEF and others) within the BMP limits. This decline reflects the difficulties faced
by certain traditional activities in a changing economic environment. The old dilapidated and derelict
industrial areas constitute a noteworthy opportunity for urban renewal (land recycling).
9

B. Urban Growth

1. Population Growth

The Census 2001 population for Bangalore indicates a population of 5.7 million and the
Master Plan, 2015 estimates the Bangalore Metropolitan Area (BMA) population as 6.1
million (including peri-urban and rural settlements). The annual growth rates for
Bangalore indicate high trends relative to other cities in the country at 3% for the total
population; 6% for employment; and 9% for the incomes and the emergence of
Bangalore as a leading metropolitan city of India. Besides the well known developments
in the IT, science, engineering, industrial and education fields, the city is fast emerging as
a specialized centre for health care and a centre for high-end research and design.

Table II-3: Composition of Population Growth
Composition 1981-1991
(million)
% of Total 1991-2001
(million)
% of Total
Natural Increase 0.266 22% 0.342 22%
In-migration 0.544 45% 0.700 45%
Jurisdictional Change 0.403 33% 0.519 33%
Total Increase 1.209 100% 1.557 100%
Source: JNNURM CDP.

A commonly accepted fact about the evolution of a city is that migration plays an
important role in the growth of its population, however in case of Bangalore; over 60% of
its growth comes from natural growth. The migrant population constitutes about 25%.The
large proportions of the migrants are well educated and qualified. The population growth
trend in the city is indicated in Figure II-1.

Figure I I -1: Population Growth Trends

10

The age-wise demographic profile of Bangalores population between 1991 and 2001
presents marked change leading to a decrease of 0-6 child population, the number of
adults between 20 and 29 years remain constant and a significant growth of all social
classes above 40 years. This profile shows a marked domination of people in the age
group that have the capability of being gainfully employed (15 to 50), which underlies the
strong attraction that Bangalore exerts and its influence over this age group sustained by
migration and longer life expectancy.

Figure I I -2: Bangalores Demographic Profile

2. Spatial Growth

Economic, social and population growth translated into spatial development of the city
indicates an urban form of Bangalore (refer Figure II-3) that is characterized by a radio-
concentric system structured by ring roads, five major radial roads
3
and five secondary
radial roads
4
that converge towards the centre of the city. The major and secondary
radial roads that form a ten-pointed star constitute the organizational system of the city,
and are important as they support both industrial and commercial development.

3
The five major radial roads are Mysore Road (SH-17) in the South/South-West, Old Madras Road
(NH-4) in the North/North-East, Bellary Road in the North, Hosur Road (NH-7) in the South-East, and
Tumkur Road in the North-West.
4
The five secondary radial roads are Magadi Road (SH-17E) in the West, Kanakapura Road (NH-209)
in the South, Bannerghatta Road (SH-48) in the South, Varthur Road in the East, and Whitefield Road
(SH-37) in the East.
11

Figure I I -3: Bangalores Urban Form

Between 1983 (land use survey by BDA) and 1990 (1990 land use survey), the urban area
of the city increased from 202 sq. km to 284 sq. km. In 2003, the citys area increased to
565 sq. km, indicating a 100% increase in 12 years and an average progression of about
2200 Ha per year with a growth rate of 5.4%. This is a considerably significant growth
rate and is the highest in the country. In the absence of a defined natural boundary, the
city has spread in all directions and along the major roads. Development along these
roads is generally industrial and the intermediary areas between these radial roads are
occupied by residential development. Only the agricultural land zone has limited urban
expansion to some extent as it was fairly respected.

The map showing urban expansion between 1990 and 2003 indicates a significant
progress of urbanization (refer Figure II-4). The differentiated development of the city
based on geographical sectors (the massive development in the North-East and in the
South, linear developments along Hosur Road and Whitefield Road in the East) and the
star like growth array along the major roads, mark the change from a concentric spatial
growth to a sectoral and linear radial development.
12

Figure I I -4: Bangalores Urban Sprawl

The urban form and sprawl has implications on the overall density in the city at 107
persons/Ha, which is a relatively medium figure (refer Figure II-5). The density
calculated for only the residential area in the city is approximately 300 persons/ha, a
relatively high density occurring due to the high rate of land utilization in the residential
areas and the size of the large vacant public lands in the city. Within the old BMP area the
overall density increases to 191 persons/ha, a very high figure justified by the intensity of
land utilization in the urbanized areas. The density in the citys core area has not
increased between 1991 and 2001, an occurrence that is attributed to the reduction in the
size of households, competition between trade and housing in the core area and transfer of
the growth in population to the erstwhile City Municipal Councils and the Town
Municipal Council (now a part of the BBMP).
13

Figure I I -5: Bangalores Population Density (2003)

3. Land Use

A comparative assessment of the land use in Bangalore is detailed in Table II-4 and the
existing land use in Bangalore, based on surveys conducted in 2003, is indicated in
Figure II-6.
14

Table II-4: Land Use
Land Use Proposed
Land Use
(2011)
sq. km
Distribution Existing
Land Use
(2003)
sq. km
Distribution
Residential 243.69 43.16% 159.76 37.91%
Commercial 16.43 2.91% 12.83 3.04%
Industrial 38.44 6.81% 58.83 13.96%
Open spaces 77.88 13.79% 13.10 3.11%
Public and semi-public uses 49.08 8.69% 46.56 11.05%
Public utilities - 0.00% 2.49 0.59%
Offices & Services - 0.00% 4.27 1.01%
Transport and Communication 116.97 20.72% 88.31 20.96%
Unclassified 22.14 3.92% 35.26 8.37%
Total 564.63 100.00% 421.41 100.00%

Agriculture Land 649.24
Lake and tank 39.02
Quarry 9.61
Vacant 187.72
Total 564.63 1,307.00
Source: BDA.

Figure I I -6: Bangalores Existing Land Use (2003)

15

4. Factors influencing Bangalores Growth

In addition to Bangalores rapid socio-economic development that has had a significant
impact on the urbanization in the city, future growth is governed to a large extent by the
development patterns in the Bangalore Metropolitan Region (BMR). Key projects
influencing socio-economic development in the city and peri-urban area comprise:

Bangalore International Airport (North Bangalore);
Bangalore-Mysore Infrastructure Corridor (South-West Bangalore);
Information Technology (IT) Corridor (South-East Bangalore);
Bangalore Metro Rail (cross-cutting Bangalore City);
Location of large-scale/manufacturing industries (East and North Bangalore);
Location of IT/ITES/Biotech Industries (East and South Bangalore);
Development of five Integrated Townships in the BMR;
Responsive energy and power supply projects;
Proposed Peripheral Ring Road (around Bangalore); and
Urban basic service delivery projects proposed by the local self government
institutions (LSGIs) in the city (funded through the Jawaharlal Nehru National
Urban Renewal Mission).

While the Government of Karnataka (GoK) has constituted a committee to review the
administrative structure and legal framework to address urban growth and management in
the BMR, the Master Plan provides a responsive approach to addressing urbanization and
governance structures to regulate and guide Bangalores growth over the next decade
leading through the year 2015.

Figure I I -7: Bangalore Metropolitan Region Influencing Factors

16

C. Implications on Service Delivery

Industrialization and economic development in Bangalore and the region has brought
with it tremendous stress on the state of infrastructure in the city, as witnessed by its
quality of life and the status of urban basic services. Poor water supply, growing vehicular
pollution, discharge of untreated wastewater into natural drains, and lack of
comprehensive city services planning are few issues the city is faced with today. Besides
economic factors that influence urbanization in the city, access to urban basic services is a
key determinant for establishing industry and citizens choice for residence. There is a
perceptible shift in citizens preference for urban basic services apparent in citizens
locating themselves in the citys periphery push factors comprise narrow city roads
within the old city area causing traffic congestion; and pull factors comprise access to
quality education and medical facilities, and provision of quality infrastructure in newly
merged areas. The implications on service delivery is governed by three significant
factors the roles and functions of institutions involved in service delivery, the planning
instruments available to regulate growth and facilitate service delivery, and the approach
to long-term city development.

1. Institutions Involved

Various local self government institutions are responsible for addressing the citys
growth, and include: Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagar Palike (BBMP), Bangalore
Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC), Bangalore Development Authority (BDA),
Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB), Karnataka Slum Clearance
Board (KSCB), ITBT, Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority
(BMRDA), Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC), Heritage Board,
Karnataka Housing Board (KHB), Bangalore International Airport Area Planning
Authority (BIAAPA), Tourism Department, Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development
and Finance Corporation (KUIDFC), and the Bangalore Electricity Supply Company
(BESCOM).

The presence of multiple agencies brings with it various systemic issues associated with
aforementioned institutions (issues comprise multiplicity of agencies, planning for service
delivery, organizational development and accountability, etc.) that have impacts on the
manner in which service is delivered in the city.

2. Planning Instruments

Currently, the key planning instrument addressing the citys development is the Master
Plan 2015, for the BBMP and surrounding area (BMA) jurisdiction. The Master Plan,
2015 is responsive to the aforementioned imminent growth and provides for land use
allocations and Development Control Regulations (DCRs) to regulate urban development.
It also provides for an increase in space allocation for circulation and recreational
activities addressing better space planning and improving the quality of life in the city.
While the Master Plan is prepared once in 10 years and addresses physical/spatial
planning issues, the urban basic service delivery is planned by the BBMP, BMTC,
BWSSB and other LSGIs, which responds to growth demands within its jurisdiction.
17
Consequently, there is no long-term planning vision for spatial growth and service
delivery with a common objective of addressing the quality of life. Infrastructure
planning for the citys future bearing in mind peri-urban development requires a holistic
approach and necessitates planning by a single entity that appreciates the effects of
service delivery within the current jurisdiction and the consequent impact on the quality
of service on expanding the planning and service delivery horizon.

The Master Plan exercises of planning bodies such as the BDA and the BMRDA were
related largely to land use plans. The objective of the Master Plan, 2015 document is to
achieve integration of spatial, economic, social, transportation, and ecological planning. It
includes new concepts relating to town planning, land use controls, and management of
urban fringes. From a long-term developmental perspective, the Master Plan, 2015 takes
cognizance of the below-mentioned issues:

The Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act is nearly 30 years old and is
out of tune with modern developments, to meet the future needs of urban
growth. It is, therefore, necessary to have a single comprehensive legislation
that deals with all aspects of urban planning including regional planning.
The hierarchical relationships between various institutions (municipal and non-
municipal) should be brought out with a view to eliminating overlapping
jurisdictions and conflicts.
Necessary legal support must also be provided to implement the new strategy
proposed to overcome the deficits in economic, social, and civic infrastructure.
This would involve amendments to certain existing laws like the Land
Acquisition Act.
Management of ecology/environment should also form part of planning a
metropolis. Although there are separate central laws to deal with pollution air,
water, and environment it would be useful to include suitable provisions in the
State Planning Act, as it would make the implementation of these laws more
effective.
Similarly, policies relating to industrial location, including phasing out
obsolete industries, and recycling of industrial lands, must form part of
planning legislation. The aim is to integrate these fragmented components, into
the urban planning process, so that there is a unified approach to planning of
the Bangalore Metropolitan Region.

3. Status of Service Delivery

Hence, in moving towards a comprehensive Master Plan, the current Plan (2015)
critically evaluates the levels of service in the city and progressively builds up a Master
Plan that ties together spatial growth and economically viable urban basic services. The
growth of City is led by the dynamics of its rising economy. The current trend observed
points towards slower realization of urban infrastructure compared to the growth rate and
overall demand (in terms of potable water, housing, electricity, roads and service
delivery). This has impact on quality of life of general public and resulted in a spatial
mechanism of expansion that is not in line with the societal needs. The annual spatial
expansion growth rate of built area over a period of thirty years was 5.4%. This signifies
that the growth rate of public financing of urban infrastructure should be higher than this
figure, considering the fact that the more a city grows, the higher will be its infrastructure
18
and working costs per person.

Data concerning urban public investment (BCIP Survey) for the period 1991-97 is shown
in the Figure II-8 below where the blue curve represents the evolution of investment by
public bodies, while the red one represents the tendency for minimal level of needs. In
constant prices it shows for expenses an uneven curve, with a downward trend for the
entire period of investments of 2% per year. This displays an ever-growing gap between
infrastructure needs and investment through the years. There is therefore an established
need for an increased investment in the public infrastructure and developmental activity.

Figure I I -8: Divergence of Public Investment

While infrastructure in the City is reasonably good in some aspects (water and sewerage,
for instance), it is under stress in other aspects, particularly urban transport. Qualitatively,
the urban infrastructure situation is profiled in the following:

Water Supply. The availability of raw water at about 140 lpcd is adequate,
though the draw distances are increasing progressively. UFW is high, and
distribution is uneven being better in the BBMP core area and poor in the
peripheral areas.
Storm Water Drainage. Drainage is an area of concern, with the natural
drainage system (Valleys) being built upon.
Transport. Rising traffic congestion is one of the key issues in the City.
Though the length of roads available is good, the problem lies with the
restricted widths. BMTC is one of the best bus transport corporations in the
country, but the absence of a rail-based commuter system compounds the
problem.
Solid Waste Management. Collection and transportation coverage is very
good, but proper and adequate treatment/ disposal facilities are lacking.
Green Areas and Water Bodies. The City has a tradition of being a Garden
City with plenty of green spaces and water bodies. However, the very high
growth rate in the past two decades is having an adverse impact on these.
19

A status of the urban basic service delivery in the city is detailed in Table II-5 and
provides a snapshot of sectors comprising water, sanitation (solid waste management,
sewerage and urban drainage), urban roads and transport, parks and lakes.

Table II-5: Summary of Infrastructure Status
Sector Parameters Current Service Levels Future Service Levels
Water Coverage BMP 100% BMA 100%
CMCs & TMC 10-60%
Quantum of water supply
available
995 mld
Average daily per capita
water supply
73 lpcd 100 lpcd
Estimated UFW 39% 20%
Frequency of water
supply
3-5 hrs on alternate days

8 hrs per day
Sewerage &
Sanitation
Coverage 225 sq. km area (mainly BMP) 75% BMA
40% of total areas
Disposal (Sewerage
Capacity)
408 mld
Present operating
capacity
306 mld (75% capacity) 100%
Wastewater generated
daily
721 mld

Solid Waste Coverage 100% in BMP Area 100% BMA
Waste Generated 3,395 TPD
Waste Collected 2,715 TPD
Collection Efficiency 80% 100%
Segregation 10% (practiced in few locations) 85%
Treatment & disposal
Facilities
Treatment facilities for 1,000
TPD/ landfill facilities being
constructed

Roads Quality 80% tarred 100% Surfaced Roads
Length of roads in BMP
area
3,500 km
Length of arterial roads 250 km
Length of NH and SH 100 km
Length of roads in ULBs 2,400 km
No. of Streetlights 250,000
Transport No. of registered vehicles 2.3 million
No. of buses (BMTC
owned)
3,300
Daily passenger trips 3.2 million
Congestion Exceeds 1 in 52 corridors/links
Noise decibels Above 80 in most areas (beyond
permissible levels)

Average speed of
vehicles
12-18 kmph
No. of accidents 7,575 (in 2005)
3,654 (unto 30-Jun-06)

Parks Coverage area 14% 20%
Four important parks Lalbagh, Cubbon Park,
Bannerghatta National Park,
Dhanvantarivana

Small Parks 365
Well developed 55
Partially developed 105
Not developed 180
Lakes Coverage Area 3% of the total CDP area

Source: JNNURM CDP.
20

III. DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES

A. Long-term City Development

The issue regarding the citys long-term
development is therefore beyond spatial
and infrastructure planning and is
associated with long-term sustainable
development. While the citys spatial
growth defines the framework for
service delivery and governance
actions, from a larger perspective, the
Master Plan will address the
cornerstones of sustainable
development economic, social and
environmental development. The
Master Plan therefore proposes to
address long-term sustainable
development through the following
directive principles:

Nature. Natural and hydraulic balances must be respected allowing controlled
urbanization in plateau areas and also the management and usage of ground
water.
Economic Efficiency. Economic competitiveness to facilitate quality spaces
for the service sectors, industrial activity, advanced technology training and
distribution of transport and logistic facilities must be achieved.
Social Equity. The principle of equal access to infrastructure facilities, public
transportation and safe decent houses for the economically weaker sections
must be ensured.
Historical Heritage. Rapid changes and economic activity need to be
monitored and managed so that the Bangalores heritage is conserved.

Based on the above directive principles, the Master Plan was developed to address the
overall Vision for the city. The governing concept of the Master Plan is to ensure
structured continuity in the Bangalore Metropolitan Area through: (i) selective
extension of urbanization, while preserving large parts of the Green Belt; (ii) access to
new extensions through the Peripheral Ring Road; and (iii) renewal of areas already
urbanized. The governing concept is based on the Structure Plan for BMR, which is a
conceptual diagram that serves as a framework for future development of the city. Read
as a juxtaposition of two major urban patterns: the ring structure and the radii concentric
structure, the Structure Plan envisions that development in the city will be spatially
organized using these structures and will occur at certain centres or focal points at the
intersection of these structures (refer Figure III-1).

Environment
(Viable Natural
Environment)
Sustainable
Economic
Environment
Sustainable
Natural & Built
Environment
Social Economic
Equitable
Social
Environment
(Nurturing
Community)
(Sufficient
Economy)
(Well-being)
Sustainable
Development
Concept of Sustainable Development
Environment
(Viable Natural
Environment)
Sustainable
Economic
Environment
Sustainable
Natural & Built
Environment
Social Economic
Equitable
Social
Environment
(Nurturing
Community)
(Sufficient
Economy)
(Well-being)
Sustainable
Development
Environment
(Viable Natural
Environment)
Sustainable
Economic
Environment
Sustainable
Natural & Built
Environment
Social Economic
Equitable
Social
Environment
(Nurturing
Community)
(Sufficient
Economy)
(Well-being)
Sustainable
Development
Concept of Sustainable Development
21

Figure I I I -1: Structure Plan for BMA

B. Growth Scenario and Urban Space

1. Growth Scenario

Developing various growth/development scenarios in a planning process is an important
step in the making of a Master Plan as it allows the Authority in-charge to make choices
concerning the major directions for spatial development and growth of the city. Six
possible scenarios were formulated and evaluated based on the following two basic
considerations:

The Agricultural Zone (Green Belt). The Agricultural Zone played a very
useful role in limiting urban sprawl. The first important alternative is how
much of Agricultural Zone (green belt) is to be maintained in order to
accommodate the or not, with the understanding that there can be intermediary
formulae.
Mode of Transportation. Two concepts regarding transportation were
developed: (i) continue the present system of road transportation; and/or (ii)
22
utilize the railway network
5
as a support system of a dense urbanization.

The urban scenarios were mapped for a period of about twenty years with the area
considered for the preparation of these scenarios extending beyond the local planning area
(LPA). It includes recent urbanization along Hosur Road, Hoskote, Nelamangala, Bidadi,
Anekal and the entire area related to the future airport up to Devanahalli.

Figure I I I -2: IT Corridor Scenario

Figure I I I -3: Integrated Urban Scenario

5
The Commuter Railway System (CRS), which consists in utilizing the present railway lines for urban
transportation should be developed beyond the present urban area to connect the new urbanization
areas in the distant periphery.
23

Adopted Growth Scenario. The partial opening of the Agricultural Zone (Green Belt)
with a road transportation system is a realistic scenario suggesting that the Agricultural
zone (Green Belt) be retained in the West and South for the following reasons:

The layouts cropping up in the citys periphery, especially in the South and
West, need to be limited to favor and promote urbanization of areas that are
earmarked for future development, but remain vacant.
Most importantly, a look at the hydraulic system prevailing in the city
indicates that the best ground water sources are located precisely in the South
and West parts of the city. These parts need to be protected from urbanization,
which can pollute and destroy these water sources. It is preferable to occupy
lands where there are fewer water sources and, if necessary, water can be
transported from places with good ground water capacity.

Figure I I I -4: Adopted Growth Scenario

In conclusion, the partial opening of the Agricultural zone (Green belt) with a road
transportation system is a realistic one and is a convenient and less expensive form of
urbanization. Under this scenario, continuous urbanization is expected towards the North
and the West, two parts of the city already experiencing urban pressure. They can offer
areas for development of various types of metropolitan functions.

24

2. Translation of Growth Scenario into Urban Space

Bangalores Vision for the year 2015 as developed during the CDP preparation process
and adopted by the citys LSGIs is to retain its per-eminent position as a City of the
Future through its cosmopolitan character and global presence, and to enable and
empower its citizens with: growth opportunities to promote innovation and economic
prosperity; a clean and green environment; high-quality infrastructure for transport and
communication; wide-ranging services aimed at improving the quality of life for all;
conservation of its heritage and diverse culture; and responsive and efficient governance.

To address Bangalores Vision within the adopted growth scenario framework, the
following guidelines formed the basis for translating the growth scenario and vision into
urban space:

City Growth. Develop a compact city and optimize the economic cost of
service delivery, undertake urban renewal of the city-centre and redevelop
derelict industrial lands; and develop a sustainable transportation system to
connect the city and its socio-economic activity centres.
Economic Development. Foster economic development by encouraging local
business, promote a variety of employment opportunities through strategic
interventions in enhancing the productive output of traditional industries, and
build on existing key events.
Environment and Energy. Preserve the citys natural resources inter-alia
comprising the ground water, natural drainage channels and the water bodies,
identify, protect and conserve sites of cultural/heritage value, provide and
manage a comprehensive, city-wide, public open space network, ensure
sustainable use of energy sources and emphasize on use of renewable
resources, reduce the negative effects of (air, water and noise) pollution on the
environment, and dispose solid and liquid waste in an environmentally and
culturally acceptable way.
People and Well-being. Address urban community upgrading to ensure
equitable distribution of urban basic services, ensure that programs for the
poor and economically disadvantaged sections address basic service
requirements, and address basic health and education requirement of the
community.
Leisure, Art, Culture and Sports. Preserve the citys and regions art,
cultural and heritage values, promote sports and other leisure activities for
maximum benefit of the community, and develop affordable and accessible
infrastructure to support leisure, art, culture and sports facilities.

25

C. Legal and Regulatory Framework

Various legislations and regulatory documents govern developmental initiatives in the
State. A list of the same is detailed in Table III-1 below, and has an impact on the Master
Plan development and implementation.

Table III-1: Legal and Regulatory Framework Affecting Developmental Initiatives
Framework Category Acts
Town Planning The Karnataka Town & Country Planning Act 1961
The Bangalore Development Authority Act, 1976
The Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development
Authority Act, 1985

Municipal Laws The Karnataka Municipal Corporation Act, 1976
The Karnataka Municipal Councils Act, 1964

Laws Related to Land and
Accommodation
The Land Acquisition Act, 1894
The Karnataka Land Reforms Act, 1961
The Karnataka Land Revenue Act, 1964
The Urban Land Ceiling & Regulation Act, 1976 -
REPEALED vide Urban Land (Ceiling & Regulation Act
1999)
The Karnataka Housing Board Act, 1973
The Karnataka Rent Control Act, 1962 - AMENDED by
the Karnataka Rent Act 1999
The Karnataka Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance)
Act, 1973
The Karnataka Apartment Ownership Act, 1972
The Karnataka Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorized
Occupants) Act, 1971
The Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Act, 1966

Pollution Control Laws The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1974
The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

Other Laws The Indian Registration Act, 1908
The Karnataka Police Act, 1963
The Motor Vehicles Act, 1939
The Cinematography Act, 1952
The National Highways Act, 1988
The Karnataka Stamp Act, 1957

26

IV. STRATEGIC INTERVENTIONS

A. Economy and City Growth

1. Population Growth

Even with a decrease in the rate of growth, the population of Bangalore will continue to
increase during the coming years if the trends of evolutions observed in the last two
decades are adopted. Based on the land demand corresponding to the needs of the
economical players, the land needs for housing as well as major amenities, and the impact
of ongoing as well as future infrastructure projects, the Master Plan estimates that there is
a likely saturation of the current space dedicated to urbanization. Based on this
assessment, the Master Plan assumes that the rate of growth cannot be sustained at the
current rates, but will reduce in the long-term.

The assessments made based on these trends indicate an estimated population of 8.8
million by 2015 and 10 million by 2021, or an increase respectively of 2.6 million
(+43%) and 3.8 million (+61%) in relation to 2001. The estimate of this population was
based on the rate of growth between censuses evolving from 3.25% in the last census of
2001 to 2.5% in 2015 and 2% in 2021. Between 2001 and 2015, this growth represents an
average increase of +191,300 persons each year. The proposed population growth is
indicated in Table IV-1.

Table IV-1: Proposed Population Growth
Area 1991 2001 2011 2021
Population Growth (lakh)
BMP 3.302 4.303 5.143 5.559
Non-BMP 0.828 1.867 2.872 4.409
Total Population BMA 4.130 6.170 8.015 9.968
Annual Growth Rate
BMP Growth - 2.68% 1.80% 0.78%
Non-BMP Growth - 8.47% 4.40% 4.38%
Total Growth BMA - 4.10% 2.65% 2.20%
Source: JNNURM CDP.

2. Trade, Commerce and Industry

In 2003, the real estate market was at its peak and data from this year may be used as a
reference point in analysing the land requirements for office spaces. In the same year,
about 630,000 sq. m of office space was sold, of which 500,000 sq. m was for suburban
High Tech firms mainly with outsourcing facilities. The remaining 130,000 sq. m
represented business offices for the head quarters of High Tech firms and other related
sectors (refer Table IV-2).

27

Table IV-2: Distribution of Business Offices in 2003
Sq/metre Suburb CBA Total
High Tech 40,000 45,000 85,000
Other than High Tech 15,000 30,000 45,000
Total 55,000 75,000 130,000
Source: BDA.

The High-tech firms represent approximately two thirds of the business (offices) market;
they are divided into in the ratio of 55% and 45% between the Central Business Area
(CBA) and the suburbs, respectively (that include their own campuses). The other
companies represent only one third of the area but they are divided in the ratio of two-
thirds and one-thirds between the CBA and the suburbs. In total, the CBA captures 58%
of the market for offices while the suburbs support 42%. By applying the annual potential
growth rates to this basic data, the requirements for office area for the period 2003-2015
are projected and given in Table IV-3

Table IV-3: Distribution of Business Offices by 2015
Office Type Suburb CBA Total
Area in sq. m
- High Tech 671,006 813,293 1484,299
- Non- High Tech 234,093 585,394 819,487
- Total 905,099 1,398,687 2,303,786
Annual Growth
- High Tech 5% 6% -
- Non- High Tech 4% 7% -
Source: BDA.

While the above growth in office space for business is an indication of the citys
economic position, it also signifies that the economic activities are well balanced and this
is one of the key strengths of the City. In the future, it is anticipated that the resources
fuelling the economy will flow from human capital. The new economic paradigm will
include: (i) diffusion of technology; (ii) dominant anchor firms; (iii) building up
fundamental human capital/skill base; (iv) dominant focus on speed-to-market; and (v)
moving up the value chain in services. Key sectors, which are envisaged to contribute to
the growth of Bangalore, include the following: (i) IT/ITES & Bio-technology; (ii)
Education; and (iii) Healthcare.

The strategic outlook of the Master Plan in promoting trade, commerce and industry
comprises:

(i) Central Business Area (CBA). Bangalore has a trump card that is the
juxtaposition of four types of centralities in and around the city centre.6
These centralities constitute the present core-area, unstructured and
congested, calling for some sort of spatial organization. The integrated

6
The four centralities comprise the economic and historical centrality of the Petta, the political and
administrative centrality of Vidhana Soudha, the commercial centrality of KR Market and Russel
Market, and a stretch of business centrality at the eastern end of MG Road.
28
seamless multi-modal transport system would offer substantial potential for
centralizing development wherever the transport hubs exist i.e. Metro /
Mono Stations and the integrated transport hubs. The present floor area ratio
(FAR) restrictions have limited growth in the Central Business Area. The
framework of integrated multi-modal transport system would be seamless
and would improve the carrying capacity of existing transport corridors
manifold. This could in turn mandate higher FAR in identified Central
Business Areas. The existence of Metro Stations could lead to development
of more than one CBA. This could be done by allowing high FAR for
buildings located in such areas under the control of LPA and requiring the
parking spaces in the buildings. Public and semi-public places in the heart of
the city will be preserved.

(ii) Industries and Services. As the services sector seems to one of the important
factors influencing urban growth, it needs to be promoted keeping in mind
that concentration of such activity should not be encouraged and other
sectors also require attention. The existing employment areas along major
roads and other clusters such as Peenya, Bommasandra or Electronic City
are strengthened and extended. Besides these, the Master Plan has identified
several new industrial/ employment areas. These are represented according
to their predominant purpose:
General Industrial Activities. Three new locations in the North of the
city have been identified in the Master Plan as Industrial Zones. They
are directly accessible by major roads and the Peripheral Ring Road; and
High-tech Zone. A significant area between Whitefield (ITPL) and
Electronic City, with potential for urbanization, is proposed as a High-
tech zone. It is located between the Bellandur valley, the railroad to
Salem, the new Peripheral Ring Road and Hosur Road. This proposal
strengthens the existing High-tech area located in the eastern part of the
city and also helps accommodate future demands in this domain. A
small portion of the western side of conurbation is proposed to
accommodate the High tech zone and provide a strong base /activity
centre.

(iii) Secondary Centres. Sub-Centres can be defined as areas with compact
regrouping of public services (administration, education, health) and private
services, primarily trade and crafts. They must be located in areas that are
particularly well served by public transportation, near railway stations, or
near big road/rail junctions. These sub-centres must have a significant
cultural and recreational component. For the city to be capable of catering to
about one million people with services of quality there is a need for about
ten such sub-centres. They will provide adequate service to the people, de-
congest the city centre, and structure the city efficiently.

(iv) Hawking/Informal Sector. The Master Plan will draw from the National
Policy for Urban Street Vendors and focus on the key objectives of legal
status for vendors, facilities for vendors and creating hawking zones,
introducing regulations for hawking, treating hawkers as an integral and
legitimate part of the urban distribution system, promoting self-compliance
amongst street vendors, promoting organizations of street vendors to
29
facilitate their empowerment, establishing participatory mechanisms for
orderly conduct of urban vending activities, introducing measures for
promoting a better future for child vendors, and promoting social security
and access to credit for street vendors.

Significant actions arising from the strategic outlook to the sector will be driven by
industry forces while the Master Plan itself will provide land use regulations to facilitate
provision of space and developmental regulations for trade, commerce and industry.

3. Urban Integration Extension, Renewal and Redevelopment

Translation of the growth scenario into the urban space requires control of urban sprawl
and encouraging filling up of vacant areas, sensitizing new development to the natural
framework, linking land values to the market economy rules, facilitating mixed use and
densification, enhancing the value of the Petta, organizing the core and promoting a
Central Business Area (CBA), favoring urban renewal of places around the centre and
major roads undergoing change, and promoting urban renewal of the central derelict
industrial sites.

The strategic outlook of the Master Plan in relation to urban integration comprises:

(i) Extension. Firstly, vacant lands in the strategic areas need to be occupied
and the spread of layouts need to be minimized based on the concept of
developing a compact city. Secondly, it is essential to respect the valleys
and maintain the natural drainage system. This implies that new
development must be allowed for integration of natural components within
schemes and programs. It is also essential to protect ground water sources
and regulate tapping of the ground water. Lastly, land values should be
linked to the market economy rules: the built area density should be
proportional to the land price and the presence of transport infrastructures.

(ii) Renewal. The peri-central area (around the citys core) consists of spaces of
great value and potential for development, especially in terms of
reconstruction of older parts. The older neighborhoods consisting of villas
and bungalows (Basavangudi, Visveswarapuram, Chamarajpet,
Malleshwaram, Gandhinagar, etc.) that were at the citys periphery a century
ago find themselves close to the central area today. These neighborhoods
with well planned infrastructure must evolve by offering more floor area
ratio (FAR) than is permitted today specially with respect to housing.
Besides the older neighborhoods, many major roads that once supported
trade and industries are also undergoing change today; Hosur Road is a good
example. It is necessary to promote a wider range of activities, particularly
along the street facades, while setting back the industrial uses from the
street. Apart from the textiles and garment sector, many traditional
industries (metallurgy, and electronic products, among others) occupy vast
areas and are available for redevelopment. The lands occupy pivotal
positions, at the intersections of important roads, between the city centre and
the periphery (in the peri-urban centre). This area is viewed as the extension
of the citys core area (Petta) and central business area and deserves
30
attention.

(iii) Redevelopment. The derelict industrial lands of Binnypet-Cottonpet have
major potential as redevelopment opportunities. Their redevelopment calls
for the conception of a specific program dedicated to centrality of
traditional activities with regards to the following: (i) promotion of
activities (markets), and creation of mini-zones of activity; (ii) creation of
public infrastructure and amenities; and (iii) experimentation with social
housing (to create a salubrious equivalent of the vattaras). The Master Plan
recommends that the redevelopment programs must be developed according
to a specific blueprint, on a contractual basis.

(iv) Land Use. A look at the Citys density shows considerable contrasts with
areas overcrowded and vast areas of low density having scope for
densification. Areas have 600 persons/ha, at the neighborhood scale, with
ground-level housing, is an indicator of a highly populated area, while many
other areas have densities lower than 200 persons /ha. This densification has
many objectives: the denser a city, the lesser is the encroachment on natural
and agricultural resources. It also promotes less utilization of cars/private
modes of transport. However, it is important to encourage mixed use urban
fabrics, in particular in the central or core area of the city. There are two
types of mixed uses, live-work mixed use and a mix of different activities.
The first has the advantage of reducing work related trips and creating more
convenient conditions; the second helps better economic efficiency and
urban quality while associating complementary economic functions such as
trade, crafts and small industries.

Mixed Use. The Master Plan advocates mixed use of land in specific areas and the land
use zonal regulations (Volume 3) provide details on the identified areas. While mixed use
provides for non-residential activity in residential premises, it aims to balance the socio-
economic need for such activity and the environmental impact of the said activity in
residential areas. Mixed use allows access to commercial activities in the proximity of the
residences and reduces the need for commuting across zones in the city. The mixed use
policy under the Master Plan therefore follows a differentiated approach based on the
character of the identified regions subject to the socio-economic status of
neighborhoods and their preference to have commercial activities within the
neighborhood. At the same time, mixed use needs to be regulated in order to manage and
mitigate the associated adverse impact related to congestion, increased traffic and
increased pressure on civic amenities. In promoting mixed use of land in designated parts
of the city, the Master Plan makes adequate provision for meeting community needs,
mitigating environmental impacts and providing for safe and convenient circulation and
parking.

Significant actions arising from the strategic outlook to the sector comprise:

Diversion of traffic in these areas by introduction of one-ways;
Enforcement of new parking regulations;
Ban on entry of heavy goods vehicles in such areas;
Widening of roads;
31
Removal of encroachments;
Appropriate transport system for the commuters to reduce own vehicle usage;
Development of pedestrian walkways and cycling zones;
Demarcation into transport and utility zones;
Maintenance of open spaces; and
Improvement of civic services.

4. Housing and Shelter

The Census 2001 data indicates that 92% of the households live in permanent houses, a
situation that is better than that of urban Karnataka (at 77%). The statistic of joint family
households is barely higher than 1 and has been decreasing since 1971. The percentage of
population living in slums is lower in comparison with the population living in slums in
other large cities, particularly Chennai, Ahmedabad or Hyderabad. About 95% of the
households have electrical connections, an increase by 10% when compared with the data
of 1991 (83%). Despite these favorable elements, the current situation is a cause for
concern. Key issues are as follows:

The persistence of small houses and overcrowding in households: The data of
2001 indicates that more than one third (37%) of the households continue to
have only one room housing. About 64.5% of the lower income group and
53% of the middle income group are occupied by the two room houses and
only the higher income group experiences a more favorable situation with an
average of 3.5 rooms per house.
The stagnation of occupancy status: In 1991 there were about 50% houses that
were occupied by tenants against 46% household owners.
The persistence of tenants in small houses (one room): Among households
with only one room accommodation, the tenants are more in number with 57%
against 38% of household owners.
Insufficient level of amenities in housing: Only 53% of the households have a
water tap in their house.

These issues reflect the housing concerns in the city and highlight the challenge to
improve the conditions through planning intervention in light of the high rate of the citys
economy and its status as an attractive employment destination.

Between 1990 and 2003, there has been an increase in the total residential area (built and
occupied) and it amounts to 44 sq. km. The 2.89% annual growth rate of the residential
area (built and occupied), does not match the annual population growth rate of 3.28%
during the same period. In addition, the numbers of households are increasing, which
implies that the demand for housing has also increased. The deficit is therefore
compensated by smaller sized housing and most probably by a densification of space
already urbanized. This data also reveals that there seems to be a rising disparity between
the different economic classes leading to the expression of housing concerns for the
economically weaker sections. The absence of affordable alternatives, that results in
informal and under equipped type of housing.
32

In 1991, the citys housing stock comprised of 43.1%, public housing, 23.5% Informal
housing in form of sites/plots, 17.7% slums and 7.3% traditional housing. The remaining
8.4% consisted of housing in the villages, cooperative housing and housing built by
private builders.

In 2001, the Bangalore City Report survey helped to highlight the important changes in
the structure of housing production. While public housing (CITB, BDA, KHB, and BMP)
represented 43.1% in 1991, it was almost reduced to half in 2001 (22.8%). However, the
informal housing in form of plots/sites in 2001 totaled 55.9% while it barely represented
one quarter of the housing in 1991. At the same time, the production by the private
builder increased from 0.8% to 5.2%. Although the results of this survey need to be
interpreted with caution, they point to important changes in the process of housing
production. They illustrate the difficulties encountered during the last decade by public
bodies /departments to contribute to the housing supply. During this decade, a large part
of the demand for housing was supplied by villages in and around the city and by
different forms of informal housing.

Figure I V-1: Location of Poor Settlements

33

After 2000, the considerable growth in the BDA housing production changed the trend.
Between 1999 and 2002, the total number of plots produced by the BDA was 39,850 for a
developed area of about 2,000 hectares. In 2001 and 2002, its production reached 15,000
plots/year, in other words, there was a ten-fold increase in comparison with the average of
the 1990s. Housing supply in the formal sector (legal public and private housing) did not
meet more than 50% of the requirements of the annual population growth of the city.

Box 2: Slum-level Statistics
According to the KSCB data (Karnataka Slum Clearance Board), 367 slums have been listed in BMP
area in 1993 of which 203 slums are declared and 164 slums are undeclared. To these 367 slums, 106
slums exist in the seven CMCs, making a total of 473 slums. The total population in the slums as per a
1993 survey is 791,000 with 142,218 households.

According to a 1999 survey conducted in the context of a slum upgradation program, Bangalore city had
468 slums and an additional 20% was considered. A 10% growth rate was assumed for the next two
years, indicating an estimate of 680 slums in the year 2001.

In line with the National Housing and Habitat Policy, which has the ultimate goal to
ensure Shelter for All by harnessing the potential of the public, private/corporate and
household sectors, the shelter provision in the Master Plan aims to ensure effective
housing and shelter options for all citizens, especially for the vulnerable groups and the
poor, by creation of adequate housing stock. This would be attempted both by
encouraging rental and ownership housing. In keeping with the developments in public
administration, the role of the public agencies such as KHB / KSCB / BDA / BBMP
would be as facilitators through policy and strategic interventions. This Master Plan
recognizes the strong spatial relationship with employment, social services and urban
activities that the housing sector displays.

The role of the Government would have to be both as a provider and facilitator to
expedite the process of providing affordable housing. Much of the housing need can be
satisfied through redevelopment/upgradation of existing built-up areas through:

Shifting from plotted housing to group housing for optimal utilization of land;
Encouraging private sector participation for development/redevelopment; and
Encouraging optimum utilization of land and facilitating viable projects by
removing unnecessary controls on height, set-back, etc.

The strategic outlook of the Master Plan in relation to Housing and Shelter comprises:

(i) Housing Strategy. The Housing Strategy incorporates specific approaches
for development of new housing areas, upgradation and intensification
through redevelopment of existing housing areas including unauthorized
colonies, slums, squatter settlements, etc. In public housing the important
aspect of affordability should be kept in view and the construction
typologies should be varied accordingly. This means one-two room
tenements can be provided only in Ground +3 or +4 storied walk-up
structures, without lift, while the higher categories of housing can be
34
provided in high rise construction. A fixed FAR could, lead to under
utilization of FAR or imposition of artificial limits for the optimal use of
land, which is in scarce. Specific housing plans can be evolved with
reference to the following: (i) determination of area requirement; (ii)
identification of the areas for urbanization / housing development; (iii)
evolving the pattern and norms for new housing development; and (iv) the
mode and manner of development and the roles of the private and public
sectors in the process.

(ii) Budget Housing. The category of the urban poor are mainly those who are
employed but are unable to afford housing from the formal sector and are
forced to become part of the informal squatter settlements. Many of these
people form part of the service sector which including domestic helpers,
hawkers and vendors, low paid workers in the industrial, commercial,
trade/business sectors, etc. In addition, there are the migrants who also need
to be provided housing. A mix of approaches and innovative solutions are
required to meet the housing requirement,
7
which would, inter-alia, include,
Resettlement, whether in the form of in-situ up-gradation or relocation,
should be based mainly on built up accommodation of around 30 sq. m
with common areas and facilities, and horizontal plotted development
would not be taken up.
The concept of land as a resource would be adopted to develop such
accommodation with private sector participation and investment to the
extent possible.
Incentives by way of higher FAR, part commercial use of the land and,
if necessary and feasible, TDR should be provided.
A cooperative resettlement model may also be adopted with tenure
rights being provided through the institution of Cooperative Societies,
wherever such institutions are existing and functioning well.
The provision of accommodation should be based on cost, with suitable
arrangements for funding/financing keeping in view the aspect of
affordability and capacity to pay including support from State and
Central Govt. programs involving both Government and non
Government agencies.
In cases of relocation, the sites should be identified with a view to
developing relatively small clusters in a manner that they can be
integrated with the overall planned development of the area, particularly
keeping in view the availability of employment avenues in the vicinity.
Suitable arrangement for temporary transit accommodation for families
to be rehabilitated is to be made. This may preferably be near or at the
same site and the utilization of these may be synchronized with the

7
New housing units should preferably be in the form of two room units with an area of 30 sq. m to 50
sq. m, which would be developed through public and private agencies, and agencies of Government
such as KHB/KSCB/BDA/BBMP. As housing for EWS constitutes the bulk of housing stock that has
to be provided, there is need for adequate land and cross subsidization to make it affordable. The funds
under various Government programs such as JNNURM and IHSDP shall be utilized to meet the
viability gap, if any. The pattern of EWS housing shall be such as to ensure optimal utilization of land
in a sustainable manner with multi-storied housing as the preferred option. Apart from mandatory
provision for EWS housing in all group housing projects/scheme, the primary responsibility for
creating adequate stock of housing for urban poor shall be borne by public agencies.
35
phases of implementation of the scheme of in-situ up gradation.
Community Based Organizations (CBOs) and Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs) should be closely involved in the resettlement
process.
It would be mandatory for developers to ensure that a minimum of 15%
of FAR or 35% of dwelling units, whichever is higher, are earmarked for
EWS and lower income category.

(iii) Redevelopment of Slums. With 17.7% of the housing stock of Bangalore in
slums (1991 figures), the situation has only gotten worse with the rapid
growth of the city. The settlements are characterized by over-crowding,
unhealthy and in-sanitary conditions, and lacking in basic amenities. The
slums constitute an environmental hazard in themselves and also to the areas
around them. These settlements are intricately linked economically and
otherwise to the surrounding localities and consequently the preferred
development would be in-situ. Relocation would be resorted to only in those
cases where conditions pose a danger to health and cannot be improved, or
where the lands are required for a public purpose. The first step would be to
ensure that the existing slum areas are residential whatever be the current
land-use allocation. In addition, to take up the redevelopment and
improvement schemes of slums certain relaxations are required in the zonal
regulations to make the projects viable from a private-public-partnership
angle. This will have a critical influence on whether Bangalore will be able
to obliterate its slums and put in place an effective program of housing for
the poor. The details of relaxation sought are indicated in Volume 3: Land
Use Zonal Regulations.

(iv) Night Shelters. The provision of Night Shelters is envisaged to cater to the
shelter-less pavement dwellers and can be provided near Railway Terminals,
Bus Terminals, Wholesale/Retail markets, Freight Complexes, Hospitals etc.
The locations could be identified keeping in view major work centres and
special provisions should be made for the homeless, women and children
including the disabled, orphans and elderly. In addition, multi purpose use of
existing facility buildings may be allowed for night shelter purpose and
provisions should also be made for converting existing buildings8, wherever
available, into night shelters.

(v) Rental Housing. In towns and cities wherever Government land is available,
accommodation may be provided to the government employees and also to
the employees working in private/industrial/service sector. This would
increase the housing stock and regulate the real estate market. The Rental
Housing Scheme may be taken up through Karnataka Housing Board and
Rajiv Gandhi Rural Housing Corporation Ltd. The BDA/BBMP may

8
In the first phase night shelters could be constructed in the premises of government hospital where
they could also be used by the attenders of mofussil patients. In order to make the provision of this
facility financially sustainable for the local body innovative concepts such as integrated complex with
incentive package should be designed by the concerned local agency in collaboration with the Govt.
with a view to develop self sustaining night shelters. Any fund from Govt. agencies can be utilized to
support the scheme and support from NGOs should also be considered not only to build but also to run
these night shelters.
36
provide suitable lands for Rental Housing Scheme and also encourage public
private partnership in developing Rental Housing. The scheme shall
comprise of high rise buildings and minimum of Ground+3 type. The funds
borrowed from Financial Institutions, if any, shall be guaranteed by the
Government. The rent payable shall be determined based on type of
house/flat offered by the occupant.

5. Transportation

The road network in Bangalore has a star-like structure where all the major roads
converge on the centre of the city. In the absence of transverse roads and links along with
the non optimized public transport contributes to traffic congestion in the citys core area.
It has led to increase in accidents and especially loss of time, which hinders the
functioning of the economy. The road system in the city has two drawbacks. During the
last six years, this system has developed by only 11%, which is relatively small when
compared with the extent of spatial expansion of the city. Several major efforts including
building new flyovers and the Outer Ring Road have been implemented to reduce the
thoroughfare traffic inside the city and facilitate the links within the peripheral areas.
However, the existing radial and convergent road structure is a very restrictive and the
absence of a bypass system around the citys core area is felt.

BMP has about 3,500 km of road (including 250 km of arterial roads and 100 km of NH
and SH), 38,000 intersections, 41,000 small roads, 162 signalized intersections, and 600
manual intersections. The ULBs (around Bangalore and now a part of the BBMP) have
around 2,400 km of road network. While the standards of length are more or less in
order, the problem relates more to the fact that the width of roads is inadequate. Any
transport intervention would therefore need to consider this constraint. For instance, this
could imply that bus service would be self-limiting and reach saturation at some stage,
and that higher quality wide-bodied buses would be difficult to run. Consequently, the
importance of having other rail-based systems that use a different or elevated right-of-
way, such as a Metro or Light Rail Transit (LRT) system, is therefore established.

Table IV-4: Vehicular Growth
Vehicle Type Units
Two Wheeler 1,896,907
Light Motor Vehicle 405,622
Auto-rickshaw 81,502
HTV 24,126
HGV 97,801
Others 11,407
Total 2,517,365
Source: JNNURM CDP.

The number of registered vehicles in Bangalore has increased rapidly from 400,000
(1987) to 2.3 million (2005) refer Figure IV-2. The CAGR was over 10%, and the
growth rate of 2-wheelers, in particular, was around 17%. The average number of
vehicles per household has increased six-fold in the last 25 years i.e. approximately 0.3
(1980) to 1.7 (2005).
37

Figure I V-2: Vehicular Growth in Bangalore

Private vehicular transport constitutes a very sizeable proportion. Of the 2.14 million
registered vehicles, 1.58 million vehicles account for 2-Wheelers, and 300,000 vehicles
are cars 88% of total vehicles are personal vehicles. 2-wheelers, which constitute about
72% of total vehicles, are growing at about 17% per annum. Considering that 2-wheelers
occupy between 0.4 to 0.7 PCU, this is a critical issue needing to be addressed.

Table IV-5: Modal Split for Travel Trips
Vehicle Type % Walk Trips % Without Walk Trips
Car 4.56 5.44
Two Wheeler 30.40 36.31
Auto-rickshaw 5.77 6.90
Bus 40.96 48.91
Walk 16.26 -
Cycle 1.68 2.00
Other 0.37 0.44
Total 100.00 100.00
Source: JNNURM CDP.

The National Transport Planning Commission indicates that in the provision of transport
facilities for the urban population normally the modal split in major cities is still in favor
of public transport. But this is being eroded gradually due to the unprecedented growth of
motorized two wheelers. The NTPC indicates that the PT (Public Transport) modes
conventional bus would continue to be the dominant mode due to resource constraint and
rail mode would be beyond reach of most cities. But larger cities specially ones with 3
million plus population will have to initiate action for introduction of some form of mass
transit. This is necessary for three reasons viz., (a) in such cities very little additional
capacity can be squeezed out of conventional bus; (b) preparation of plans for urban areas
is a long drawn affair and advance planning action taken can help identity cost effective
solutions to deal with problems before it is too late; and (c) variety of technical choice are
available such as ETB, LRT, RRT, Commuter rail. A suitable economical choice has to
38
be made within budget constraint without looking for outside sources.

Box 3: Traffic and Transportation
The traffic situation in Bangalore is one of its key problem areas. Between 1991 and 2005, the number
of vehicles registered in Bangalore has gone up from 0.68 million to 2.2 million, which constitutes an
overall increase of more than 200%. In the same period, while the population growth rate was 3.25% per
year, the growth rate of motor vehicles has increased by 10.8% i.e. three times higher. Today,
Bangalore has the highest vehicle growth rate among cities that have over 1 million people. It takes
second place (Delhi being the first) for total number of motor vehicles. Bangalore shares with Delhi the
1st place for having the most number of vehicles per person (32 vehicles per 100 people).

There is a considerable rise in the number of two wheelers, which constitute about 74% of registered
total motor vehicles. The steep increase in this transportation mode can be attributed to the increase in
income levels or revenue, the preference of the 20-30 year age group for this mode of transportation,
and the absence of an adequate public transport system. Simultaneously, the growth in the number of
cars has been more than 10% per year in the last 10 years.

Traffic problems in Bangalore occur primarily due to the structure and the configuration of the road
network, which converges on the citys core area and causes congestion, and the absence of transverse
links between the radial roads. In addition, the extensive development of urbanization and separation of
functions forces a dependence on private means of transport.

An analysis of statistics on use of various modes of transport in Bangalore indicates:

More than 41% of the citys population uses the bus as a means of transportation. Currently, BMTC
transports 3.15 million passengers per day, representing 55,000 trips per day with 3800 schedules.
A little less than one-third of the population uses two wheelers (30.4%) and 5% use cars. The rest
of the population shares only other means of transport namely, pedestrian (16%) and bicycles
(1.7%).
The importance of public transportation (bus and auto rickshaws): It provides transport for 5 out of
10 households.
The growing percentage of individual transport (3 households for 10): Although use of private
vehicles or individually owned cars represents only 5% of trips, the number is increasing at an
impressive rate.
The percentages of people who walk and cycle: This constitutes 1 household out of 5.
The imbalance between transportation mode and trips: In terms of trips, pertaining to Public and
Private motorized transportation about 41% and 35% while Public transportation (41%) dominates
private motorized transportation (35%) in terms of trips, the latter represents 87% of traffic (number
of vehicles) against 2% for public transportation.

This situation gives an idea of the difficulties the city will face in the near future in the absence of
adequate management of transport and traffic. A hundred percent increase in motor vehicles in the next
seven to ten years can be expected.

Based on the governing concept and directive principles for the Master Plan and in line
with the National Urban Transport Policy
9
, the strategic outlook to develop a
networked city through a sustainable transportation system comprises:

(i) Development of a Structured Road Network. The street network for future
urbanization should be public knowledge and fixed on the ground. The street

9
The salient recommendations of the NUTP include integrating land use and transport planning,
equitable allocation of road space, priority towards public transport, priority to non-motorized
transport, mandatory multi-level parking in metropolitan cities, and increased involvement of private
sector participation.
39
network and urban development supported by it must be integrated within
the watershed framework of the city. The road network system of Bangalore
has major deficiencies, both in terms of conditions of roads and the structure
of the network. The basic structure is radio-concentric with about ten major
roads converging on the centre; the roads themselves are crowded and their
convergence creates heavy congestion. In this regard the top most priority is
to create a Core Ring Road around the citys inner core area to supplement
the Outer Ring Road. In addition, an Intermediate Ring Road must be
provided as a loop with separate lanes for buses.

Figure I V-3: Proposed Road Network

(ii) Organizing Transportation/Logistics Facilities. The function of
transportation (logistics) is a necessary component of a metropolitan city.
These areas not only act as storage facilities, garages, heavy vehicles, but
also provide for personnel, technicians and offices. It is a function that
demands a lot of space and should be strategically located. It requires areas
that are located at major junctions and at connections between different
modes of transportation and should be well networked through road, rail and
air. In Bangalore, the main transportation (logistics) area is situated in the
North-East quadrant of the city between Whitefield Road and Doddaballapur
40
Road. In the East, the main logistics area is the CONCOR terminal along the
Chennai railway line, which is the main entry to the town. In the North, the
logistics area is located where the Doddaballapur Road, Bellary Road and
the two railway lines converge at Yelahanka. Hence, there is a need to focus
on facilities along Tumkur, Mysore and Hosur roads to provide for equitable
distribution of the said facilities.

(iii) Developing a Multi-modal Public Transportation System. The present public
transportation system is inadequate to meet the future needs of the city. In
view of Bangalores specific context and existing situation it is imperative
that a multi-modal public transport system that offers facilities for collective
travel against individual modes of transportation is considered. The multi-
modal transport operating systems consisting of road and rail systems, Bus
Rapid Transit (BRT), Metro Rail, Mono Rail, Circular Rail and other proven
mass rapid transport systems, must respond to all travel needs of households
of the City. The multi-modal transport system also would be integrated in
such a way that there would be seamless travel across the city. The
opportunities to structure urban development offered by such a multi-modal
transportation system must be built upon and this particularly includes
optimizing the land use pattern along the proposed transportation networks
and transport hubs.

Figure I V-4: Proposed Multi-modal Transport Systems

41

Significant actions arising from the sector strategic outlook comprises:

(i) Elevated Core Ring Road. It is proposed to develop an Elevated Core Ring
Road along the key axial roads with the objective of decongesting the core
area. The proposed length of the Elevated Core Ring Road is 29.5 km. The
project is expected to commence in 2007.

(ii) Outer Ring Road. At a radius of 7 to 10 km from the city centre, the Outer
Ring Road covers a total length of 62 km. The project was completed in 8
months at a total cost of Rs.1820 million. The ORR connects all major roads
and highways in and around Bangalore.

(iii) Intermediate Ring Road. BMRDA is planning this ring to connect
Nelamangala, Bidadi, Harohalli, Tattekere, Hosakote, Aradeshanahalli, and
Mylenahalli, to divert traffic and reduce the vehicle movement within the
city centre. At a total length of 188 km, the eight-lane IRR is estimated to
cost Rs.7500 million.

(iv) Proposed Peripheral Ring Road. It is proposed to construct a Peripheral Ring
road for a length of 117 km around Bangalore, at a radial distance of 2.80 to
11.50 km from the existing ORR. The PRR would be a 6 lane bi-directional
divided carriageway. The project is expected to be developed in two phases
occurring during 2007-12 and 2013-17. The estimated cost of the PRR is
Rs.11,700 million. The BMTC has proposed to construct bus terminals and
bus shelters along the PRR.

(v) Satellite Township Ring Road. Beyond the IRR, BMRDA is planning a set
of satellite townships, which would be connected by the STRR. Surveys for
the IRR and STRR are in progress.

(vi) Improvements to Key Roads. Other than the ring roads, axial roads are
proposed to be improved. It is proposed to undertake improvement of
existing arterial, sub-arterial and other link roads.

(vii) Grade Separators. Railway Over Bridge (ROB) and Railway Under Bridge
(RUB) are proposed to be constructed at key locations in the city. The
projects are proposed to improve the free flow of traffic.

(viii) Airport Link Road (Express Way). The Express way envisages a dedicated
high speed airport access between the city and the new International Airport
at Devanahalli. The Airport Link road is proposed to be constructed during
the period 2007-12 at an estimated cost of Rs.6000 million, spread over a
stretch covering 78 Ha.

(ix) Bangalore Metro Rail. The Bangalore Metro Rail is proposed as a mass
rapid transport system to decongest the traffic in the city roads. The metro
system configured on two busy corridors of the city the East-West and
42
North-South corridors
10
is based on similar lines as the Delhi Metro
Railway. The estimated cost of Bangalore Metro Rail is Rs. 56,050 million
with debt financing from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation
(JBIC).

(x) Development of Commuter Railway System. The CRS project comprises
integration of the commuter railway project providing connectivity on
existing surface railway lines in Bangalore with the proposed Metro Rail
Project. The project envisages providing a mass urban transportation system
along the existing railway lines covering 62 km on the North-South and
East-West axis of the city.
11
The project is to be developed in two phases
spanning over the implementation periods of 2007-2012 and 2013-2017.
The estimated cost of the project is Rs. 6500 million with Rs. 3250 million
incurred in each block. The land requirement for the project is
approximately 62 Ha.

(xi) Bus-based Transport Systems. High Capacity buses are proposed along the
ORR on a dedicated corridor in contiguous stretches where the requisite
width is available. The buses will operate on a new technology designated
for urban environment. The project involves infrastructure such as bus lanes,
road improvement, upgrading bus terminals, traffic signals and bus stops.
The estimated cost of the first phase of the High Capacity Bus System is Rs.
400 million. The expenditure involves 25 articulated buses, specially
designated for city routes with seating capacity up to 250 per bus and
additional room for standing passengers.

(xii) Parking. The Master Plan will advocate provision of park and ride facilities
at bus depots along the periphery and induce the motorists to park there and
travel to the center of the city by public transportation. Restrictions shall
apply on On-Street Parking at select locations. Mini Parking lots/At-grade
parking will be established on vacant lands owned by various government
agencies/BBMP, etc.

(xiii) B-TRAC. Bangalore City Police have envisaged the Bangalore Traffic
Improvement Program (B-TRAC 2010), with an estimated cost of about Rs.
3500 million, and for the financial year 2006-07, the Government has set
apart Rs. 440 million for the program.

The total cost of significant actions and maintenance of systems over the Master
Plan/JNNURM period is approximately Rs. 75.36 billion.

10
The East-West corridor is to start at Byappanahalli and end at Mysore Road and Ring Road junction
and traverses a total length of 18.1 km. The North-South corridor is to start from Yeshwantapur in the
North and extend up to JP Nagar in the South and traverses a total length of 14.90 km. The two lines
would cross each other at Majestic close to the Railway Station.
11
The CRS would extend from Kengeri to Bangalore City Railway Station, from Yeswantpur to
Whitefield via cantonment, and Yeswantpur to Byappanahalli via Hebbal.
43

B. Environment and Energy

1. Natural Environment

The urban environment is characterized by the extent of opens spaces available in the city
and the conservation of natural resources of the city like lakes and natural drainage
channels. Situated on the Deccan Plateau, Bangalore unfolds on a semi-arid plateau
constituted of interfluves and valleys whose altitude varies between 760 and 940 meters.
The Arkavati River, the only perennial river of the region along the North-West side joins
in the South with the Cauvery River and Dakshina Pinakini that runs alongside the
Eastern side of the town. In the South-West, the Vrishabavathi River that starts at
Basavangudi and Nagarbhavi River are tributaries of the Arkavati River. The valley of
Hebbal in the North and that of Bellandur in the South-East, are both linked to Dakshina
Pinakini. These valleys connect several lakes and tanks (Hebbal, Varthur, Bellandur, etc.)
to form an elaborate hydraulic system that has historically shaped and lent a pattern to the
landscape of the city and its surroundings. The lakes and tanks serve as water storage
systems for agricultural purposes and also help in the replenishment of ground water
resources. Often they constitute ecosystems of great wealth.

Figure I V-5: Bangalores Natural Framework

In order to preserve the citys natural environment, around 25 lakes have been developed
in the city through initiatives undertaken by the BDA, the BBMP and the Lake
Development Authority. Perceiving the imperative need to conserve the lakes in and
around Bangalore, GoK constituted the Lake Development Authority in 2002 and the
LDA so far has developed five lakes in Bangalore using funding from the National Lake
Conservation Program. The BDA has developed three lakes including the Lalbagh Lake.
44
The Forest Department has also taken initiatives for development of 17 lakes, planned for
maintenance of 11 lakes, and developed a Master Plan for five lakes in the city. The
BBMP has developed four lakes adding to the overall initiative of the city governments
vision to preserve Bangalores environment. Parks have also contributed to conserving
the urban environment and arrest air pollution through green spaces. Important parks
12
in
Bangalore are:

Lalbagh Botanical Garden (area - 97 acres, 1854 species, 673 gene and 890
cultivars of plants);
Cubbon Park (68 genera, 96 species, total of 6000 plants/trees);
Bannerghatta National Park, located 25 km from the city houses important
flora and fauna;
Dhanvantarivana at Jnana Bharathi, spread over 37 acres is a garden of
medical plants and consists of 414 species; and
Parks maintained by Department of Horticulture - 365 (well developed - 55,
partially maintained - 130, undeveloped - 180).

Regulations and initiatives for open spaces and green areas comprise:

Land earmarked for park and open spaces in CDP, 1995: 77.9 sq. km (14%);
Requirement under BDA not less than 15% of the area for parks and open
spaces in any newly formed layout;
22 theme parks and 16 tree parks under "Greener Bangalore" being
implemented by BMP and BDA;
The Forest Department has raised plantations of around 130 sq. km by planting
around 35 lakh plants; and
BMP has developed 48% of the 560 parks in the City.

Bangalore has been a witness to the decline in the number of lakes and inadequate
maintenance of parks, which are the symbols of Bangalore. Recognizing the need to
revive the same, the strategic outlook of the Master Plan is to ensure that Bangalore
retains its position as a Green City by creating urban spaces and adopting a systematic
approach to the creation and maintenance of lakes, parks and green spaces.

Significant actions
13
proposed during the Master Plan period include:

(i) Redevelopment of Lakes and Urban Afforestation. The projects proposed
include development of recreational spots, fencing, desilting of lakes,
diversion of sewage, prevention of garbage dumping in the lakes and
initiation of activities such as gardening. The remodeling of drains by the
BBMP and the Master Plan specification on buffers along drains (in

12
The budget for development of park and gardens is about Rs.590 million for 2005-06, out of which
Rs.60 million is earmarked for maintenance.
13
While projects shall be facilitated by the respective agencies, as far as possible, the projects shall be
structured on a PPP basis. In some cases, sponsorship by private agencies, such as Adopt a Lake/Park
scheme will also be adopted.
45
consultation with the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board) provides for
clear and uninterrupted drainage of storm water.

(ii) Development of Existing and New Parks. Parks, playgrounds, urban
forestry, etc., cover an area of approximately 14% of the total area of the
city vis--vis the norm of 20%. The cost of development has been assumed
at approximately Rs. 10 million in the BBMP area. BDA also proposes to
develop parks at Sulikere Forest (Kengeri Hobli), Magadi Roads (Kanhalli
and Kodigahalli), and Sarjapura Road (Srirampura, Rayasandra and
Gattihalli).

2. Sanitation

The combined effect of service deficiency in the sanitation, solid waste manage and
drainage is severe and particularly pronounced in surface and ground water pollution
and unsafe waste disposal with adverse health impacts. While health statistics do not
clearly indicate the impacts of poor sanitation, air and water quality data show signs of
pollution in the city environs. The status of sanitation in the city is described in the three
sectors below:

Sewage. The number of households connected to the sewage network increased from
157,000 in 1991 to 344,000 in 2001, and the population grew from 18.9% to 30%.The
significance of this rate, which just concerns the connections to the formal well-to-do
category of the population, indicates, the lack of sewage network on one hand and on the
other, the fact that often covered storm water drains are used for sewage disposal. The
result is that about 70% of the BMP population uses a drainage system that translates to a
geographical area of about 40% of the total LPA area. The problem of sewage, linked
with the problem of access to potable water, is a major concern for the city.

Solid Waste Disposal. The production of waste in Bangalore is approximately 2200 tons
per day, with 0.4 kg of waste produced per day per person. While collection is carried out
regularly, waste treatment is an issue of concern. Only 300 to 350 tons of waste is
currently treated every day for composting and the remaining waste is disposed in an
unhygienic manner. At present the City has treatment and disposal facilities with
combined capacity of 2000 MT and 1600 MT, respectively. New dump sites and landfill
sites are to be identified and developed to serve the purpose.

Drainage. The growing geographic spread of Bangalore and accompanying construction
activity has interrupted the natural valley system of the region. Construction has also
resulted in filling up small water bodies and low-lying areas. The flooding of drains
during each monsoon exposes its poor state and their inadequate capacity, and impacts the
Citys overall infrastructure. With the growth of the City, the number of lakes has reduced
to 64 from 400, and small lakes and tank beds have vanished because of encroachment
and construction activities. This has resulted in storm-water drains reducing to gutters of
insufficient capacity, leading to flooding during monsoon. Dumping of municipal solid
waste (MSW) in the drains compounds the problem and leads to blockages. To control
floods, it is important to remove silt and widen these storm water drains to maintain the
chain flow and avoid water from stagnating at one point.

46

Figure I V-6: Sanitation Infrastructure Facilities

Safe sanitation and solid waste management are therefore key challenges in the near
future. A key aspect of a strategic approach to sanitation is planning of the sewerage
system in tandem with the Storm Water Master Plan to integrate wastewater and storm
water discharge. On the basis of the analysis and consultations in preparation of this
Master Plan, the BBMP and the BWSSB will be working towards the following strategic
outlook:

Safe sanitation facilities are accessible by all citizens and municipal waste
management covers the entire city.
Public awareness is increased of safe sanitary practice and of citizens
responsibilities to achieve and maintain hygienic environment.
Municipal waste management practices conforming to the MSWM Rules,
2000.
Appropriate options for wastewater recycling and reuse are introduced to
supplement water for non-domestic usage.
Storm water runoff is appropriately collected and discharged into natural
drainage channels.
Encroachments are relocated to safe areas thereby ensuring that aspects of
health and safety are adequately addressed.

47

Across the sub-sectors identified pertinent to this goal, systematic and phased investment
will be necessary. Significant actions to meet the sector strategic outlook comprise:

Phased development of the sewerage system, conforming to urban
densification and treatment options based on appropriate recycling and reuse
technology is critical from a long-term service provision perspective.
Development of the Storm Water Master Plan and the remodeling of drains by
BBMP.
Procurement of waste collection and transportation vehicles and equipment to
ensure 100 percent waste collection and disposal will proceed, as well as
construction of sanitary landfill to dispose rejects.
Construction of roadside drains, desilting of existing natural drainage, and
construction of a protection wall along drainage channels to check soil erosion.

The total cost of significant actions over the Master Plan/JNNURM period is
approximately Rs. 35.6 billion.

3. Water Supply

Water supply is a key concern when it comes to the problem of the citys infrastructure.
The quantity of water available for Bangalore is currently 712 MLD (million litres per
day). Considering general losses estimated at 30% and water used for industrial needs,
about 6 million people share the remaining 500 million litres. This amounts to an average
of 80 lpcd (litres / person / day), which is lower than the minimum required standards.
But these figures do not correspond to the reality, as there is a considerable loss in water
due to wastage and leakages on one hand and on the other, many industrial units have
private pumping systems that tap into and deplete the ground water resources. Thus, the
problem of water is one of the major challenges the city is confronted with; at present the
situation is worsening.

Box 4: Disparities in Access to Potable Water
Potable water supply is, by far, the most sought after service by the population and one, which has the
biggest impact on living conditions. Between 1991 and 2003, the Metered domestic connections
increased from 213,000 to 400,000, an increase in the connection from 25% to 35%. This progression
indicates the efforts undertaken by the BWSSB.

There are major disparities regarding access to potable water in the city. The BMP area is generally well
connected, however, the CMCs area and villages have less than 10% individual connections to the Main
system and a majority of households have recourse to bore wells and collective water supply because of
the absence of a networks. This overall situation reveals that it is imperative to improve access to
potable water for households and improve the sanitary conditions of those who are deprived of a house
connection. Irregular water supply and the need to store it create problems of hygiene. These risks are
high in the poorest residential areas and in the slums.

Another major concern is that scarcity of water which has encouraged water consumption by tapping
ground water resources, and this represents about 30% of the citys water resources. About 5,850 bore
wells and 15,180 public taps that pump water from the ground are maintained by the BWSSB in the city.
This does not take into account pumping of water by private parties who pump water from within the
agricultural land zone.

48

The Bangalore Water Supply & Sewerage Board (BWSSB) provides water supply and
sewerage services in Bangalore. Though initially restricted to the area under BMP's
jurisdiction, BWSSB is progressively increasing its services coverage area to the entire
Bangalore Metropolitan Area. CMCs and TMC currently manage their drinking water and
sewerage needs on their own.

Figure I V-7: Water Supply Infrastructure STP

The strategic outlook of the Master Plan in fostering Bangalores growth based on water
supply services depends on the BWSSB achieving the following:

Ensuring that water is accessible to all citizens on a continuous basis,
everyday;
Ensuring that the quality and quantity of water available to citizens conforms
to the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization
(CPHEEO) standards; and
Ensuring that full cost of water service is achieved by the year 2015 and the
funds utilized for long-term asset strengthening and management.

In addition to developing the Bangalore Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation
Master Plan, BWSSB has also undertaken steps to develop and design two key projects
for the water and sanitation sector impacting the service levels in the city and the peri-
urban area. The Greater Bangalore Water and Sanitation Project (GBWASP) and the bulk
water supply augmentation project Cauvery Stage IV, Phase II are two of the key
projects that BWSSB has undertaken. While the former sources financing through
infrastructure bonds and the World Bank, the latter sources finances from the JBIC.
49


(i) Medium-term Steps. In the medium-term, undertake leak detection and
rectification of the distribution system (initially in pilot zones and
subsequently scale it to the city-level), energy and water audits to reduce
water losses and utilize saved water for distribution across the city.

(ii) Holistic Planning for Water Services. Whereas practical operations at times
require area or functional specialization, it is necessary to take an integrated
look at sector priorities, options, systems and data. The BWSSB will lead
the introduction of a more integrated approach, covering the water demand
requirement of the core-city and peri-urban areas, and linking system
information on the GIS-based city maps for long-term asset management
and strengthening.

(iii) Augmentation and Rehabilitation. A combination of new investments and
expansions of existing ones is needed, within the framework of an integrated
strategy to increase and improve the quality of supply. Project details are
outlined in the City Development Plan, but in essence the strategy entails
augmentation of water supply and rehabilitation and improvement of
existing treatment facilities to address water demand and quality standards.

(iv) Public Awareness. Introduction of awareness campaigns is a core element of
the way forward, especially to promote water conservation and associated
techniques, monitoring rainwater harvesting practices in households with
specific emphasis on apartment blocks, and create knowledge that would
empower the public to hold providers to account.

(v) Revenue Enhancement and Cost Recovery. Based on an internal Financial
Improvement Action Plan to ensure full cost recovery services by the year
2015, BWSSB will undertake measures to index water tariffs and undertake
a path for progressive movement towards cost recovery. BWSSB will also
have to begin to analyze the various components of costs as a basis for
improvement in cost recovery, and as part of the accounting, financial
improvement and institutional reform measures will be investigated that will
assist in this respect, while technology (meters for example) will be
extended in a phased manner.

The cost of significant actions over the Master Plan period is approximately Rs. 6000
million, excluding project costs for GBWASP and Cauvery Stage IV, Phase II.

50

4. Energy

Bangalore was electrified in August 1905, drawing power from Shivanasamudram
generating station through two 35 kV transmission lines. As the demand increased, the
transmission voltage was upgraded to 78 kV in 1920. Three sub-stations were established
as A station, B station and C station to transmit the power. The power consumption
in Bangalore during this period was 2.5 MU and the maximum demand was 100 MW.

During 1950, a 66 kV ring main concept was initiated with six 66/11 kV sub-stations of
2x15 MVA, each, transmitting power to various parts of Bangalore. With the
commissioning of the Sharavathi generating station in 1964 and the subsequent
commissioning of 220 kV Sub-Station at Peenya in 1965, additional power was supplied
through the 66 kV ring main sub-stations. Growth in industries, educational institutions,
and housing was governed by the availability of ample power at reasonable tariffs and the
salubrious climate during the 1960s. The 66 kV ring main sub-stations largely helped to
establish a stable power system, capable of supplying power to EHT consumers, and a
large number of commercial and domestic consumers in the city. A satisfactory voltage
was achievable with adequate power availability with minimum power interruptions.

However during the late 1960s imposition of restricted power supply and industrialization
affected power supplies and availability. Sub-stations were added rapidly for catering to
major industries like ITI, HAL, BHEL, etc. (in the 1960s and 1970s). The latter part of
the 1980s witnessed the advent of IT and BT firms, which established their research and
development centres in Bangalore due to the favorable policies of the Government.
Bangalore also witnessed substantial vertical growth and rapid immigration during this
period. The density of power increased enormously and studies indicated that the power
load growth of Bangalore Urban and Rural Districts was expected to grow annually at
8.04% and 9.93%, respectively. However, the actual load growth in the Bangalore Urban
District itself was 15-16%.

The Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) is responsible for
power transmission in the State. Growth in consumption, maximum demand and sub-
stations to facilitate the power supply in Bangalore Urban and Rural Districts between
FY2001 and FY 2007 is indicated in Table IV-6.

Table IV-6: Power Supply Facilities
Year Energy
Consumption in
MU
Max Demand
in MU
400kV
Sub-
Station
220kV
Sub-
Station
66kV
Sub-
Station
2000-01 5,291 1,070 3 11 68
2001-02 6,061 1,216 3 11 70
2002-03 6,082 1,382 3 11 73
2003-04 6,624 1,570 3 11 79
2004-05 7,877 1,785 3 11 82
2005-06 9,353 2,028 3 11 85
2006-07 10,476 2,305 3 12 96

The Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM) is responsible for power
51
distribution in the Bangalore Metropolitan Area (Urban District) and the Bangalore Rural
Area (Rural District) both areas comprising the Bangalore Metropolitan Region. Table
IV-7 indicates the distribution of consumers in the Bangalore Metropolitan Region.

Table IV-7: Power distribution in BMR
Type of Consumer Bangalore
Metropolitan Area
(million)
Bangalore Rural
Area (million)
Domestic 2.305 0.600
Commercial 0.348 0.048
IP sets 0.011 0.114
LT Industries 0.082 0.026
LT Water Supply 0.007 0.006
Street Lights 0.005 0.004
HT Industries/ Commercial 0.003 0.001
Total 2.761 0.799

Figure I V-8: Power Infrastructure in the Bangalore Metropolitan Area

52

Figure I V-9: Power Infrastructure in the Bangalore Rural District

With a strategic outlook to provided uninterrupted quality power supply to all citizens at
affordable rates in the BMR, within the context of the Greater Bangalore concept,
development of satellite townships and Special Economic Zones (SEZ) in the region,
KPTCL and BESCOM will meet the overall plan for Karnataka to become a Power
Surplus State with quality infrastructure in generation, transmission and distribution.
According to the Government of India Policy, the power utilities in the State would take
all steps to ensure 100% village electrification by 2007 and 100% house hold
electrification by 2012. Converting this outlook as the load forecast demand for the BMR
is indicated in the 11
th
Five Year Plan (FYP) for the period 2007-2012 (refer Table IV-8).
53

Table IV-8: 11
th
FYP Forecast for Power in BMR
Year Energy
Consumption in
MU
Max Demand
in MU
400kV
Sub-
Station
220kV
Sub-
Station
66kV
Sub-
Station
2007-08 11,374 2,582
2008-09 13,142 2,891
2009-10 14,791 3,238
2010-11 16,486 3,627
2011-12 18,465 4,015 2 13 56

With power demand showing upward trend, KPTCL proposes to step-up the power
generation and the organization is in discussion with private power producers like M/S
NPCL, M/S Suzlon, etc. for additional power. Significant actions by KPTCL and
BESCOM will involve establishing infrastructure indicated in the 11
th
FYP document and
upgrading operation and maintenance facilities. In addition, KPTCL will focus on:

(i) Infrastructure. ensuring complete automation of transmission and
distribution functions, ensuring open access in full form and hassle free third
party access, and ensuring nil transmission constraints.

(ii) Retail and Consumer Care. Ensuring that distribution is purely a wires
business and retail supply a trading activity, providing the consumer the
freedom to select retail supplier, ensuring that the system has nil potential
interference and commercial loss, ensuring that distribution loss is at the
minimum level comparable with international standards, and ensuring that
the customer care and service will be the sole criteria for survival of the
supply companies.

(iii) Financing. Undertaking competitive power trading, leveraging hourly power
purchase, reducing dependence on Government for finances, involving
public participation through issue of Initial Public Offering (IPO), and
introducing accountability in the power sector.

Over the 11
th
FYP (2007-12), the power sector will undertake the following activities:

Manage the Rural Load Management Systems (RLMS) to ensure 24 hours of
uninterrupted power supply to all consumers in rural areas and regulated power
to IP consumers.
Reconductor old lines and use of appropriate quality conductors for future
transmission and distribution.
Optimize load on distribution transformers by taking appropriate action on
overloaded and under loaded transformers.
Undertake construction of sub-stations at identified load centres.
Undertake power supply to rural households under the Rajeev Gandhi
Grameena Vidyuth Yojana (RGGVY).
54

Over the following three years leading through FY2010, KPTCL proposes to invest Rs.
16600 million to meet the BMR power demand.

C. People and Well-Being

1. Urban Community Upgrading

While Bangalores employment increased twice as much as the population and incomes
increased three times faster than the population, the inequality of this latest growth leads
to the increased difficulties for the urban poor. However, the key challenge remains
growth devolution to all sections of the society. As per the 2001 census, the slum
population in the erstwhile BMP area is 430,000, which is about 10% of the total BMP
population of 4.3 million. The increase in number of slums in Bangalore is a problem that
has not yet been completely addressed. However, growth in poverty levels is mitigated to
some extent due to availability of jobs provided by the growing Services sector.

The Karnataka Slum Clearance Board (KSCB) has focused on improving the amenities in
slums to address basic issues relating to urban poor. The JNNURM CDP has taken into
account all slums spread throughout Bangalore (encompassing area under the BBMP,
including erstwhile City Municipal Councils and Town Municipal Council). The total
number of slums captured in the survey is 542 and the number of households proposed to
be redeveloped is estimated to be 217,257 (refer Table IV-9).

Table IV-9: Slums in Bangalore
Agency No. of Slums No. of Households Remarks
KSCB 218 106,266 Declared
BMP 169 73,048 Undeclared
CMC and TMC 155 37,943 14 (D) and 141 (UD)
Total 542 217,257
Source: JNNURM CDP.

Urban poor communities in Bangalore are characterized by:

Poor sanitation with over 50 per cent of the households without latrine or
drainage;
High illiteracy rates which are three times as high as in non-slum areas;
Higher infant and child mortality rates than the urban averages;
A higher proportion of especially disadvantaged groups;
A low level of utilization of existing services (such as maternal and child
health care); and
High initial enrollment in primary education, but a high drop-out rate (20%-
50%) in particular among the girls.

A focused attention is required to integrate development of basic services to the urban
55
poor and the strategic outlook to this sector is derived from the JNNURM that
advocates:

Providing basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at
affordable prices, improved housing, water supply, sanitation and ensuring
delivery through convergence of other already existing universal services of
the Government for education, health and social security;
Ensuring that care will be taken to see that the urban poor are provided
housing near their place of occupation;
Securing effective linkages between asset creation and asset management so
that the basic services to the urban poor created are not only maintained
efficiently but also become self-sustaining over time;
Ensuring that adequate investment of funds to fulfill deficiencies in the basic
services to the urban poor thereby ensuring that funds from both centrally
and state sponsored schemes are appropriately channelized; and
Scaling-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis
on universal access to urban poor.

Poverty is addressed through a multi-pronged and inclusive strategy that focuses on
upgrading, regularization, institutional reform and making the voice of poor people heard
in planning for the future, project identification and monitoring of services. Significant
actions proposed during the Master Plan period shall include:

(i) Database and Tenure Security. All slums and dwellers listed and land tenure
issues addressed. All urban poor areas/slums will be listed through a detailed
survey and residents will be registered. Before starting slum networking
activities, the BBMP and KSCB will create a baseline database on existing
situation of services at the slum-level through a detailed survey.

(ii) Institutional Structure. An institutional structure is established to address
channelizing and effective utilization of funds for community infrastructure
and livelihood development; the communities will access and utilize the
funds based on community-level participatory planning.

(iii) Slum Networking. All slums are networked with community infrastructure
services and the BBMP undertakes infrastructure development in a
designated number of slums annually. Community participation is an
integral part of the slum networking process through planning,
implementation, monitoring, and maintenance. The BBMP will ensure that
people are an integral part of the decisions about their living environments
and the services they will access. In part, formal systems such as those
proposed in the draft Community Participation Law area sabhas, for
instance may be part of this institutional architecture. In addition, slum
upgrading and poverty alleviation programs will work with poor people to
explore ways and means to achieve optimal benefit from wage employment
by contributing labor during the implementation of projects at the
community-level.

56
(iv) Knowledge Sharing. A platform for knowledge sharing is developed at the
city-level and an institutional support for CBO operation established.

(v) Capacity Building. Adequate capacity building and training options
developed and Livelihood Development Centres established.

2. Basic Health

Infant mortality is one of many indicators for assessing the health situation in cities.
Bangalores figure for rate of infant mortality is 24 out of 1000 (67/1000 for the whole of
India), which is relatively good. According to the BCIP data, life expectancy has grown
from 65.8 to 70.2 years, a positive result even if the question of social inequalities is a
deciding factor. Although the mortality rate for the first five years is 43 per thousand,
there has been a clear decline since 1991. Health infrastructure and facilities have
improved and today Bangalore has high quality super speciality health institutions
compared to other big cities. The number of hospital beds for 1,000 people have increased
in ten years from 2.4 to 4.08. Access to different levels of health care (primary,
secondary, tertiary) is generally satisfactory in spite of the shortage of amenities in the
poorer areas such as Kempapura Agrahara and Baiyyappanahalli, etc and the
concentration of facilities in the citys core area in relation to the peripheral areas. Nearly
three fourths of health services is provided by the private sector while the health services
offered by parastatal agencies play an important role at the primary level and needs
greater attention. Areas deficient in health and education in the city is depicted in Figure
IV-10 as Shadow Areas.

Figure I V-10: Shadow Areas

57

Bangalores natural advantages, connectivity, and climate form an excellent base on
which to develop a base of healthcare/medical facilities/tourism. The strategic outlook
related to improving basic health in the city would entail building upon the base of
excellent hospitals and medical care already available, and undertaking some of the
possible developments enumerated here:

Clean environment, with green spaces, parks, and gardens;
Revival of lakes and water bodies; and
Focus on developing special areas/facilities for medical care and rehabilitation.

Here again, the City would play a facilitators role by setting the base infrastructure and
planning/zoning. The private sector would be encouraged to invest in the actual
projects/facilities. To make Bangalore a centre for healthcare, the following significant
actions are imperative:

Providing affordable medical facilities and promoting alternate therapies;
Providing high quality ambience and high quality infrastructure amenities;
Facilitating emergence of budget accommodation and making available low
rental/budget accommodation; and
Facilitating availability of excellent transportation facilities.

3. Education

Bangalore, known for its high quality educational system and training institutions has
about 80% literacy rate, which is high in comparison with the state average of 67%. The
numbers and reputation of universities, engineering colleges and other training
institutions confirm, beyond the boundaries of the State, the popularity of the Capital as a
destination for quality educational facilities. However, basic education remains a concern
for this city that claims to be an international metropolis in the field of high technology.
At the city level, the existing norms (number of students per institution) for higher
primary schools (1.64) and for high schools (3.15) are higher than that of primary schools
(1.04). Primary level education faces unfavorable conditions as compared to secondary
and pre-university level education, which benefit from more facilities. With a ratio of one
primary school for 2450 persons and 32 students per teacher for the primary level
(compared to a generally accepted average of 40 students per teacher), the situation seems
quantitatively satisfactory. However, the major problem is the ratio of public and private
educational facilities. Private schools represent 75% of institutions and this is a concern
for all the categories of the population. Public institutions have limited resources and their
objective is to eliminate illiteracy particularly among the poorer section.

The strategic outlook of the Master Plan will be to promote Bangalore as a centre of
excellence in education and strengthen existing institutions to cater to future
requirements. Significant actions shall expect the city to play the role of a facilitator to
catalyze the development of educational institutions, while the actual education
infrastructure would come from private finance. In some cases the city may also lobby
with the State or Central Governments to locate specific centers of excellence in
58
Bangalore. The Master Plan makes provisions for land in urban corridors for enhancing
the number of players that can enter the domain of education, and will provides for land
banks for educational institutions.

4. Fire Services and Disaster Management

According to the National Policy formulated by the Government of India, the fire services
will be transformed into a Multi Hazard Rescue Service. The fire services will be
expected to address natural hazards like earthquakes, floods and cyclones. The national-
level Standing Fire Advisory Committee (SFAC) indicates that urban areas having a
population of more than 200,000 should be given priority for setting up fire services and
among those, cities having industrial establishments of national importance should be
accorded utmost priority. The SFAC has laid down the norm of establishing at least one
fire station in a 10 km radius for urban areas and has indicated that the fire department
should also handle natural and anthropogenic disasters including fire emergencies.

Trends in Fire Accidents. During the last decade, KSFES received about
900-1000 calls annually. During the years 2004 and 2005, the majority of the
calls (90%) received have been for small fires and emergencies. There was a
reduction in medium to serious fires from 38% in 2001 to 8% in 2005.

Source of Fire. The fire accidents in the residential properties account for
nearly 25% of the total accidents. The fire accidents in the commercial and
industrial sectors put together account for 25% of the total accidents.

Types of Fire Accident. Fires under the category, gas and electrical account
for 37% of the total annual fire accidents.

Human Lives Saved. During the last decade the number of lives involved in
the fire accidents has decreased considerably (7 per 100 accidents in 1995 to 4
per 100 accidents in 2005). The number of lives lost has significantly reduced.

Properties Saved. There is an increase in the overall properties involved in the
fire accidents annually but the amount of property saved shows a fluctuating
trend.

Infrastructure. There are 11 fire stations in Bangalore Urban District, which serve the
needs of Bangalore City. There are also four fire protection squads and two workshops
that support fire services. The training academy called RA Mundkur Fire & Emergency
Services Academy is located on Bannerghatta Road. The details on number vehicles are
indicated in Table IV-10.
59

Table IV-10: Types of Vehicles
Type Nos.
Water Tenders 22
Water lorries 10
Water Bouzers 2
Rescue Vans 1
Snorkel & TTL unit 2
Towing tenders 10
Jeeps & Cars 21
High Pressure pumps 2
Portable pumps 20
Ambulance 2
Agni unit 2
Foam tenders 2
Source: KSAFE.

Key issues faced by the fire and emergency services department comprise:

Lack of high tech hydraulic platforms to cater to the needs of high rise
buildings.
Lack of high tech Hazmat cum- rescue vans, specialized rescue vans, foam
tenders, water bouzers, water tenders, SAR equipment, proximity suits, NBC
disaster mitigation equipments etc.
Lack of equipment that facilitates real time fleet management, disaster
monitoring systems, GIS / GPS that facilitate creation of a Command &
Control System for a city that is expanding horizontally& vertically.
Lack of scientifically drafted training and capacity building programs on new
equipment.
Lack of trained manpower.
Creation of RDBMS (data management system) as Intelligent Management
Information System with information on employees, vehicle history, fire &
emergency calls, inventory etc
Data base comprising standard operating procedures, statistics &
specifications.

The strategic outlook of the Master Plan in relation to Fire and Emergency Services and
the Vision of the department comprises:

The department aims to provide effective Fire Preventive, Fire Fighting and
Safe Evacuation measures to Life and Property in Bangalore Area;
Within a minimum response time of three minutes, by zoning the Bangalore
Area based on nature of fire risks;
Enhancing number of fire station by scientifically designing and locating the
fire stations, along with need based hi-tech vehicles and equipments;
Imparting a state of the art advance training to personnel and officers;
Adopting fleet management and location finding gadgets to all emergency
60
vehicles;
Adopting a static as well as mobile command and control systems,
Procuring multi-role and all rounder vehicles and equipments;
Bringing all the fire station and other allied agencies under a computer
network for disaster management and real time management of a situation;
Standardizing the operational procedures;
Overall improving the service conditions by means of reforms in the
department; and
To live up to the expectation of the dictum We Serve to Save, both during
peace as well as war times.


(i) Expansion of services. To urban and rural areas in Bangalore, BMP, CMCs
and TMCs so as to provide equal opportunity to all to receive this service,
including augmentation and upgradation of existing fire stations and
equipment.

(ii) Equipment. Procurement of equipment and vehicles including multi-role
vehicles, communication and monitoring equipment advanced Search &
Rescue (SAR) equipment.

(iii) Modernization. Overall modernization of the systems and functions,
communication and monitoring, maintenance, including infusion of new
technologies command and control system, GIS/GPS, water mist
technology, airborne fire and rescue operations.

(iv) Skill enhancement and capacity building. Infrastructure, curriculum and
training on computerization, adopting cutting edge technology and
specialized tasks.

(v) Appointing and Training personnel. The future emergency calls will be of
multi-hazard nature and the personnel shall be trained to handle multi-
hazards and each fire station shall be a multi-hazard response unit.

(vi) Reforms. Changes in institutional set-up, standard operating procedures,
enforcement of rules and regulations related to multi-storied buildings,
petroleum, explosive and chemical storages, financial allocation for research
and development.

D. Leisure, Recreation, Art and Culture

1. Recreation and Sports Facilities

Bangalore City occupies a prime place in the sporting arena of the country having
61
produced several Olympians, World Champions and International sportspersons. The city
has exclusive international standard sporting facilities for Cricket, Football, Badminton,
Hockey and Lawn Tennis. Sri Kanteerava Sports Complex, Indoor Stadium and number
of Swimming Pools around the city have been centres of sporting activities. The Centre of
Excellence of Sports Authority of India with facilities for training Indian teams for
international competitions has added a new dimension in terms of facilities and human
resources for sports promotional activities in the City.

The exclusivity and speciality of these infrastructures have ironically restricted the access
of these facilities to common people, for those who are not pursuing sports seriously.
Above all, most of these facilities are located in Central Bangalore, further limiting reach.
Most of the extensions in the city lack space for sports and physical activities.

Bangalore City is growing both vertically and horizontally with few play fields for the
increasing population. Gardens and parks are generally overcrowded. Private Clubs with
gym facilities are mushrooming across the city but catering to those who can afford them.
The strategic outlook for Bangalore to develop its recreation and sports facilities focuses
on:

Availability of a good play field of minimum 4.5 acres (in each extension) for
every 50,000 persons;
Space for creation of facilities for Basketball, Volleyball and other small area
games; and
Creation of gym facilities in all the extensions with necessary equipments at
affordable user changes.

In addition to the parks developed by BDA, the city will consider developing a Sports
City with good sporting and hospitality infrastructure by reserving about 150-200 acres of
land to providing sports and recreation facilities for national and international events.

2. Artistic and Cultural Development

Karnataka attracts over 0.5 million foreign and 27 million domestic tourists annually.
Tourism, when promoted efficiently, would be a growth engine for the entire State, with
proven examples across the world of economies thriving only on this sector. At the same
time, it is imperative that the heritage structures are preserved from the impacts of rapid
urbanization. Key activities include:

Branding and "top-of-the-mind" recall;
Promotional activities for establishing the image of the city as a tourist
destination;
Developing the image of the city as a health and wellness centre;
Promotion of theatre festivals, Bangalore Habba, museums in the city;
Promotion of Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions (MICE)
related tourism;
Setting in place efficient support infrastructure including key transport
linkages air, road and rail;
62
Promotion of theme based tourism, travel circuits, and new attractions;
Private participation in provision of infrastructure facilities;
Develop adequate support infrastructure viz., basic amenities, transportation
facilities and information kiosks; and
Build the capacity of implementing agencies and service providers.

In order to showcase the regions culture and heritage, and more importantly, to preserve
the memoirs of Bangalore, the strategic outlook for the sector comprises conservation of
all architectural and heritage monuments in Bangalore and promotion of Heritage
Tourism to showcase the regions history and culture. Significant actions proposed
comprise:

(i) Renovation of Heritage Buildings. It is proposed to renovate the 300
heritage buildings in the City in two equal phases at an estimated expense of
Rs. 1.5 million per building for renovation.

(ii) Development of Cultural Centers, Convention Centers, Budget Hotels. Key
initiatives comprise: (i) developing nine cultural centers during the
JNNURM implementation period at an estimated expenditure of Rs. 10
million for each cultural centre; (ii) developing four convention centers at an
estimated expenditure of Rs. 40 million for each convention centre; and (iii)
developing four budget hotels at an estimated expenditure of Rs. 20 million
for each hotel.

(iii) Tourist Infrastructure Facilities. It is proposed to develop twenty tourist
facilitation centers at an estimated expenditure of Rs. 0.5 million for each
centre. It is proposed to procure Volvo buses under the project at a cost Rs.
6.5 million per unit tourist shuttle. It is proposed to develop nine information
kiosk project at an estimated expenditure of Rs. 1 million for each project.
63

V. LAND USE AND ZONAL REGULATIONS

A. Overview

Drawing from the directive principles of the Master Plan and the service delivery
requirement for the city, the proposed land requirement for the Bangalore Metropolitan
Area is based on the extent of development in the conurbation area and provisions for
agriculture land within the context of developments along the Proposed Peripheral Ring
Road and influences of the Bangalore-Mysore Infrastructure Corridor Project. The land
requirement is detailed in Table V-1 and the land use distribution for the conurbation area
is detailed Figure V-1.

Table V-1: Projected Land Requirement at the BMA level

Specification Area in sq. km Distribution
Conurbation Area 800.00 61.20%
Agriculture Land 419.50 32.10%
BMICAPA 87.50 6.70%
Total 1307.00 100.0%

B. Zonal Regulations

1. Local Planning Area

The entire Local Planning Area of BDA is categorized into three major areas for the
application of zonal regulations, and consists of:

(i) Main Area. This category of the city has been grouped into five areas for
regulations and comprises: (i) Old Urban Areas, including the petta zone and
traditional area zone; (ii) Urban Redevelopment Areas, including MG Road
Area, CBD Area, CD Precinct, Transformation/Development Area, and
Mutation Corridor zones; (iii) Residential Areas, including mixed residential
area, mainly residential area, and commercial axes; (iv) Industrial/Activity
Areas, including Industrial, High Tech, and Logistic/Transportation Zone;
and (v) Green Ares, including Protected Land, Restricted Development, and
Agricultural Land zones

(ii) Specific Areas. This category refers to the areas that are not covered by the
main areas and comprises large public and semi public infrastructure; large
transportation structures, dedicated land uses, scheme areas, and heritage
conservation areas.

64
(iii) Constraint Area. This category refers to the areas, which have restrictions on
type of development with its internal technical rules determining regulations
within the site and around. As these constraint areas are determined by
specific acts/legislation, the development controls follow these
requirements. The following are included within the constraint areas: height
restriction areas and right of way and right of user areas.

Figure V-1: Proposed Land Use Distribution in Conurbation Area

Unclassified, 4.37%
Transportation,
12.41%
Public & Semi
Public, 17.70%
Parks & Open
Space, 6.72%
Industrial, 10.87%
Commercial,
4.23%
Residential,
43.71%

2. Zonal Boundaries and Interpretation

The exact location and specific regulations applicable for a particular zone is to be
verified from the Land Use Zoning Maps (Planning District Maps). However, as an
overview, the following shall guide the interpretation:

(i) Zonal Boundaries. The zonal boundary is usually a feature such as a road,
valley, village boundary, etc. and includes the immediate inner edge of the
area. The zone is codified through use of color and symbol such as Ca, Db,
etc. as indicated in the legend on the maps.

(ii) Specific Perimeters. Specific perimeters as shown in the legend include
planning schemes such as Coordinated Planning Schemes (CPS), etc. This
has been demarcated and integral part of the land use zonal map. The
prescribed regulations motioned in the specific area chapter are applicable.
65

(iii) Constraint Area Zonal Boundaries. The symbols shown in the legend
represent the areas marked for such purpose and refer to non buildable or
non developable areas. In case of uncertainty as regards the boundary or
interpretation, it shall be referred to the authority for final decision.

3. Usage of the Zonal Regulations

While all Land Use Zonal Regulations are specified and detailed in Volume 3 of the
Master Plan, the following are preliminary steps to be taken for ascertaining the zone and
applicability of the regulations on the given development:

Ascertain the correct location of the site on the Land Use Zoning Map using
the correct Sy.no or the latitude longitude co-ordinates;
Identify the zone within which the site is located such as Da, or Ca, etc. on
maps;
Read the relevant zone contents from this report;
The Permissible land uses categories are given as code please refer to the
table covering relevant land uses (such R1 for residential uses) and permissible
ancillary land uses, on table 28;
Where a common table is provided, please read the notes given specific to the
table such as main rods may have special significance as per widths;
The plot sizes and relevant FAR table is provided for each zone;
The parking norms are to be followed;
In case of specific areas, the sanction shall be based on the program content of
the development; and
For developments in the constraint areas, the permissions/NOC from the
concerned authority is to be obtained before applying for sanction. The
Permissions and sanction shall be based on decision of the Authority.

C. Changes to the Master Plan

The following changes have been made based on public consultations, the Advisory
Committee Report, and based on the proposed service delivery projects:

Inclusion of the Outer Ring Road missing link and the NH 7 Link Bypass road
(Yelahanka to NH7), Airport Link Road (Expressway),
Inclusion of the Hi-Tech Corridor;
Inclusion of Arkavathy layout
Change of land use nomenclature based on the KTCP Act;
Inclusion of plans and proposals of the BWSSB, BMTC, BMP (landfill sites
and parks), Forest Dept (State Forest), KIADB;
Inclusion of the Metro Rail alignment;
Incorporation of features in the BMICAPA;
66
Incorporation of layouts, group housing, and Development Plans;
Inclusion of the Proposed PRR and Truck Terminals;
Inclusion of Valley conservation;
Inclusion of 1995 RCDP Conurbation Area as per Advisory Committee
Recommendations;
Correction of Cadastral defects;
Removal of Proposed Isolated Developments;
Removal of parks in private lands;
Removal of CPS;
CPS BDA Scheme;
Affected legend change;
Planning districts; and
Inclusion of information from Public Sector Units: CRPF, BEL, ITI, DRDO,
and Bangalore University

Based on the above approach, the proposed Land Use Plan is indicated in Figure V-2.
Details of the Land Use Plan are available in Volume 2 of the Master Plan.

67

Figure V-2: Proposed Land Use for BMA

68

VI. PLAN REVIEW AND MONITORING

A. Introduction

Plan monitoring is essential to evaluate the changes required to improve the quality of life
in the city. Introduction of a robust benefit monitoring program makes the Plan
responsive to the emerging socio-economic forces. A benefit monitoring program is
required to:

Ensure effective implementation of the Plan within the time frame to achieve
the intended targets;
Respond to the changing socio-economic needs of the people in the city;
Check unintended growth within the city;
Reduce time lags between various interdependent activities and reduce
deficiencies in service delivery; and
Review appropriateness of the Plan policies within the urbanizing trends.

In order to effectively monitor the Plan, the following are imperative: (i) sustainability
indicators to ensure that the Plan components are adequately monitored; (ii) a structured
institutional mechanism where all stakeholders of the Plan have defined responsibilities
within a long-term service delivery objective; and (iii) a legal framework defining
developmental guidelines and safeguard frameworks.

B. Review and Monitoring

1. Monitoring Unit

A dedicated Monitoring Unit with modern data processing facilities would be established,
which would be responsible for collection and analysis of primary and secondary data and
bringing to notice important changes in the Master Plan. This unit would also be in-
charge of overall monitoring of implementation of the approved development plans and
layout plans.

A suitable mechanism by way of a high-level committee under the Chief Secretary,
Government of Karnataka is also proposed to be established for periodic review and
monitoring of the Master Plan. To enable this, apart from targets arising from various
infrastructure plans etc., other action points emerging from the proposals made in the Plan
for various sectors would also be listed out, in order to enable monitoring of timely
implementation and identifying the need for any changes / corrections.

69

2. Sustainability Indicators

The Monitoring Unit will review various sustainability indicators over three periods of
the Master Plan 2007-09, 2010-12, and 2013-15. The indicators shall inter-alia
comprise:

Economy and Growth. Population size, Population distribution in relation to
holding capacity, age sex structure, household size, rate of migration, causes of
migration, etc.; distribution of households by income, consumption
expenditure, employment, participation rate, employment in different sectors,
shifting / relocation of industries, growth of informal sector, shifting of
government offices, etc.; land use pattern, development / layout plans, etc.;
household with essential services; percentage trips by public transport (modal
split), cost of using and operating different modes, passenger capacity and
distance traveled by public transport per year in relation to population,
facilities provided on railways / metro stations;
Environment and Energy. Air pollution, water pollution, noise, access of
population to safe drinking water, access to low cost sanitation, removal of
solid waste per capita, requirement of petrol pumps
People and Well-being. Slum and squatter settlements, mortality rate and
infant mortality rate, distribution of police and fire services, requirement of old
age homes, working womens hostels, adult education centres, etc., floods
intensity areas and effected population, any other natural disasters, etc.
Leisure, Recreation, Art and Culture. Stadiums built, heritage buildings
conserved, etc.

C. Institutional and Regulatory Framework

1. Overview

The implementation of the Master Plan and the consequent monitoring takes cognizance
of the following overlaps and lack of clarity in service delivery:

Traffic Management. The area of traffic management, which is a problem in
the city, is with the Traffic Police department. However, the funds for
installation of traffic signals, lane marking, etc., are provided by the BBMP.
Road Maintenance. Maintenance of roads is the responsibility of BBMP,
BDA, or PWD, depending on the location/ jurisdiction.
Slums. The improvement and clearance of slums is governed by the Karnataka
Slums (Improvement & Clearance) Act 1973. In Bangalore, there are three
organizations dealing with this matter - the BBMP, the KSCB, and the BDA.
Though each of them is expected to take care of the slums coming under its
jurisdiction, this arrangement has led to confusion, particularly in areas of
doubtful jurisdiction.
Street Lighting. In respect of street lighting, while the BMP carries out the
70
obligatory functions to meet the related expenditure, the functioning of lights
and supply of power is with the BESCOM, which leads to divided
responsibility.
Special Institutions. The managerial responsibility in special areas that
were formed for specific purposes is also an area of concern. For instance, the
HAL Sanitary Board and the ITI Notified Area Committee are two non-elected
bodies constituted under the Karnataka Municipalities Act 1964. Technically,
they function outside the jurisdiction of the BBMP, and were meant to take
care of the civic needs of the industrial areas. However, today there is a
considerable non-industrial load, and a number of unauthorized constructions
coming up because of the weak monitoring and enforcement ability of these
bodies.
Management of Fringe Areas. There are several legal complexities in the
management of fringe areas. Several laws operate here - the Land Revenue
Act, the Land Reforms Act, and the KTCP Act. Enforcement of these laws is
done by different authorities like the Revenue Department, the Special Deputy
Commissioner, and the BDA. While the citizen is put to hardship to obtain
approvals from these Authorities, the Authorities also face problems in
complying with the many legal provisions, particularly against those who
transgress the law.

In the context of these inconsistencies, overlaps, organizational conflicts, managerial
voids, and legal complications, the following options are being considered: (i) redefining
the roles of the major urban authorities in the Bangalore Metropolitan Area, with
particular reference to the BBMP, BDA, and BMRDA, to meet the challenges of future
metropolitan management; (ii) tackling the managerial voids in the peri-urban/ suburban
areas of Bangalore; (iii) introducing necessary legal reforms to meet the new planning and
developmental needs of the Bangalore Metropolitan Region; and (iv) ensuring transparent
processes, with citizen participation, in the Citys planning and governance.

2. Institutional Arrangements and Action Groups

The proposal to create the Greater Bangalore Municipal Body requires integration of the
various developmental initiatives and institutional responsibilities of local self
government institutions in the city. Designing and developing a seamless, effective and
well coordinated management structure is therefore important for not just the Greater
Bangalore Municipal Body but also for the entire Bangalore Metropolitan Region (BMR).
This imminent directive also takes cognizance of the framework laid down in the 74
th

Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA) and the emphasis the CAA lays on planning for
social and economic development. The Government of Karnataka has constituted an
Expert Committee for the planned development of the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagar
Palike (BBMP) within the above context. The Committee is currently preparing its
recommendations on the subject.

While the aforesaid committee on BBMP reviews multiplicity of functions and overlaps
in service delivery, GoK has formed the Bangalore Metropolitan Land Transport
Authority (BMLTA) for the Bangalore Metropolitan Region (BMR). The BMLTA shall
function as an umbrella organization to coordinate planning and implementation of urban
transport programs and projects and provide an integrated management structure. All land
transport systems (excluding the railways) in the BMR shall be brought under the
71
purview of the the BMLTA.

3. Policy and Regulatory Framework

In addition to the recommendations on the policy and regulatory framework for BBMP,
and relevant acts defined in Table III-1, the following frameworks shall apply to
Bangalores long-term development:

(i) Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Policy. GoK has announced an Urban
Drinking Water and Sanitation Policy, with the following objectives: (i) to
ensure universal coverage of water and sanitation services that people want
and are willing to pay for; (ii) to provide such services in a manner that
preserves the sustainability of the precious water resources of the State,
protects and enhances the commercial and economic sustainability of the
operations at the same time; and (iii) to ensure a minimum levels of service
to all citizens.

(ii) Transparency and Right to Information. The State has always been ahead in
terms of setting in place processes to ensure transparency in public dealings.
The Karnataka Transparency in Public Procurements Act, 1999 and the
Karnataka Right to Information Act, 2000 form the cornerstone of the legal
framework under which Government departments and agencies have to
operate. Karnataka also has the Fiscal Responsibility Act, to encourage
planning and prudence in the process of budgeting. However, it is clear that
going forward, the objective is not to have mandated transparency, but to
have open and participative governance. This can be set in place only
through an institutionalized and sustained process of interaction, as
mentioned in the previous section.

(iii) Proposed Community Participation Law (Area Sabha (Gram-sabha
equivalent), Ward Committee, and the ULB). The construct is for giving
citizens a greater say in urban governance. The construct would necessarily
have to be accompanied by urban decentralization and a credible
coordination mechanism between civic agencies. The following are in brief,
are some of the action items for this framework:
Permanent Metropolitan Planning Committee with coordination powers:
Constitution with Elected Representatives and Experts, Master Planning
Procedures and Technical Groups, and completely revamped
Municipality Law.
City Government stands as a guarantor: Direct election to Mayor, 3-tier
structure of Municipality/ Ward Committee/Area Sabha, formal Citizen
Participation in Municipal affairs, and mandatory quarterly disclosure of
performance.
Co-ordination mechanisms on all Municipal Services as per Schedule
XII (and Schedule XI) of the 74
th
CAA: Alignment of jurisdictions
based on Ward Boundaries, joint budgeting/ reporting cycles, and
linking reform under the JNNURM to development Projects.

72

VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Bangalore benefits from a remarkable economic growth. It is among the top ten of the
worlds IT centres and is known as an international leader in services. Such advantages
have brought about a rise in the citys growth rate and an improvement in the situation for
the good of the people. The factors determining this growth include high quality technical
training and education and the presence of prestigious public sector industries, in a good
social climate and advantageous natural conditions.

Despite its unquestionable advantages, Bangalore today deals with several constraints that
could compromise its urban development. The citys economic growth is not
accompanied by a corresponding urban development. The gap between urban growth and
the capacity of the public authorities to respond to it, in terms of infrastructure, housing,
public facilities, transport and control over the urbanization process, deepens.

The challenge is to respect local characteristics while applying universal rules of urban
efficiency. Therefore, urbanization rooted in the context of Bangalore must:

Valorize its history and revitalize the pre-colonial city.
Respect the natural environment, promote rain harvesting, protect the valleys
and tanks, and safeguard the underground water resources.
Integrate the whole society in urban development, to ensure that they are not
excluded from housing, public services, water connections, etc.

Bangalore is in the midst of world-level competition and in this context the city must
maintain its rank in the international arena. Universal rules that it needs to consider
include:

A city of more than 5 million persons urgently needs mass public
transportation system;
A metropolis must develop, on a priority basis, its specific functions such as
business, technological and cultural innovations, and logistics, and the State;
The citys various metropolitan functions must be organized around a centre
regrouping directive activities as well as exchange, communication and
cultural activities;
A metropolis has strong tourist and cultural components;
A big city undergoing expansion must recognize the continuous process of
change of pre-existing urban fabrics. Managing such changes is the first
mission of public authorities;
A Multi-million city is structured by complementary main centres and
secondary centres (at least one secondary centre for one million inhabitants).
These complementary centres are integrated into the network of public
transportation;
Centralities associate public amenities and private services around nodes of
transportation, in a compact and non-linear form; and
73
A metropolis must be capable of bringing together the city and nature for both
social and ecological reasons and also to limit natural risks that mega cities
face today.

There is no contradiction between the principles of Bangalores contextualized
urbanization and universal rules of urbanization. On the contrary, by respecting its own
specific principles Bangalore will be able to fare better in international competition.

The Master Plan introduces some major innovations in urban management. Its
implementation needs a new urban regulation mode through an improved control of urban
development processes and city transformations. It involves operational, anticipatory,
realistic and flexible urban planning, which entails significant modifications of city
planning practices. In this sense, the Master Plan is more than a document for spatial
development orientation and is a strategic vision of the city based on the directive
principles combining respect for natural balances, economic efficiency, market forces and
social equity into a coherent whole.

The Master Plan addresses the growing requirement of the Bangalore Metropolitan
Region and advocates institutional and regulatory frameworks to operationalize the citys
vision. The Monitoring Unit will ensure that the Master Plan goals are achieved and that
the land use zonal regulations are applied in line with the Master Plan vision. The
constitution of the Metropolitan Planning Committee in line with the 74
th
Constitutional
Amendment Act and its functions is currently being contemplated. The formation of the
Bangalore MPC will ensure that a Regional Development Plan is prepared for the
Bangalore Metropolitan Region sharing the vision of the city and its citizens.

Town Planner Member Commissioner Chairman
BDA BDA BDA

Bangalore CDP2015

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