Art's Fluid Flow 1

Nov 01, 2005
Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
Fluid Flow
This workbook will serve to present information for the estimating of the pressure drop as well as the
friction loss of fluids flowing through pipe, fittings, and valves.
In order to understand and be able to employ the many theories and mathematical equations that are the
mainstay tools of Fluid Mechanics, it is important to also understand their origin and their limitations as well
as their strengths.
The pressure loss suffered by a length of straight pipe is primarily due to the effect of friction generated by
the flowing fluid against the internal pipe wall. In 1883, Osborne Reynolds published his famous paper entitled
"An experimental investigation of the circumstances which determine whether motion of water shall be direct
or sinuous and of the law of resistance in parallel channels" (Paper 44). This paper, published in the
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, proved to be a classic in the literature of the science of fluid
motion and had a profound effect on the development of fluid mechanics in the widest sense. It contained the
enunciation of the dimensionless group, the Reynolds Number, which is given:
Re = D v r / m
where,
Re
D
v
r
m
=
=
=
=
=
The Reynolds Number, a dimensionless number

the internal diameter of the pipe, usually in feet
the mean fluid velocity in the pipe, usually in ft/sec
the density of the fluid, usually in lb/ft3
the absolute viscosity of the fluid, usually in lbs mass per foot-second
Note: viscosity is usually measured and given in centipoise (cP) and these are converted as
1.0 cP = 0.000672
2.4192 lbm/ft-hr
lbm/ft-sec =
This was the turning point in fluid flow. It set in motion all that followed to date. The Reynolds number
basically defined two fluid flow regions:
1. the region of Viscous (or Laminar) Flow; and,
2. the region of Turbulent Flow.
For engineering purposes, flow in pipes is usually considered to be laminar if the Reynolds number is less
than 2,000. It is considered turbulent if the Reynolds number is greater than 4,000. Between these two basic
regions lies the so-called "critical zone" where the flow - varying between laminar and turbulent, or in the
process of change - is considered unpredicatable.
The friction loss of a fluid flowing through a pipe is but a special case of a general law of the resistance
between a solid and fluid in relative motion. Consider a solid body, of any desired shape, immersed in a
stream of flowing fluid. Let the length of this body, measured perpendicular to the general direction of flow of
the fluid, be D, and let the area of contact between the solid and the fluid be A. If the velocity of the fluid past
the body be small in comparision to the velocity of sound, it has been found experimentally that the resisting
force depends only on the roughness, size, and shape of the solid and on the velocity, density , and viscosity
of the fluid. Through the use of Dimensional Analysis as applied to these quantities, it can be shown that:
F r v2
A g C
where,
F
v
r
gC
=
=
=
=
D v r
Total resisting force;

velocity of fluid past the body;
fluid density
gravitational constant, lbm-ft/lbf-sec2
Page 1 of 64
FileName: 231333207.xls.ms_office
WorkSheet: Fluid Flow Background
Nov 01, 2005

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
f = a function whose precise value must be determined, case by case
Note the appearance of the Reynolds Number in this theoretical equation.
In the particular case of a fluid flowing through a pipe of length L and with a circular cross-sectional flow area,
the total force resisting the flow must equal the product of the area of contact between the fluid and the pipe
wall and the F/A of the above equation. The pressure drop will equal this product divided by the pipe's
cross-sectional area, since pressure is measured in force per unit area. This is expressed as:
The pressure loss in pipes due to friction arises from two mechanisms:
1) surface friction existing at the point of fluid contact with the parent metal of the pipe;
2) turbulent dissipation due to sudden changes in mean fluid velocity.
Page 2 of 64
WorkSheet: Fluid Flow Background
Art Montemayor
November 24, 1997

Rev: 0
Valve Resistance to Flow
DURCO VALVES
Durco SLEEVELINE non-lubricated plug valves are used as block valves and as 3-way directional
valves. One style of the straightway model, V-PORT, has a triangular-shaped port that offers better
control valve characteristics. The sleeve used is made of PTFE for positive shut-off, self-lubrication
and extended service life.
Another model is the T-LINE, which has the plug and all other wetted internal parts sleeved with PTFE
as well as the plug proper itself.
The Chemical service butterfly control valve is 100% PTFE-sleeved on all internal wetted parts.
Valve size,
in
1/2
3/4
1.0
1 1/2
2.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
24.0
Standard
SLEEVELINE
Max.
K
Cv
48.8
83.5
153.4
322.0
555.0
955.0
1,410.0
2,130.0
0.3754
0.6491
0.6079
0.6984
0.7430
1.2704
1.8419
1.9705
3,430.0
7,000.0
2.9192
1.1957
V-Port SLEEVELINE
model
Max. Cv
27.2
31.3
53.8
121.0
190.0
400.0
1.2084
4.6197
4.9419
4.9460
6.3397
7.2414
Standard T-LINE
model
Max. Cv
5.6
12.0
33.9
95.4
199.0
343.0
813.0
1,105.0
1,424.0
K
1.7817
1.9644
0.7779
0.4973
0.3612
0.6155
0.3463
0.9489
1.8058
V-Port T-LINE model

Max. Cv
23.3
39.6
43.8
66.3
1.6467
2.8861
7.4561
16.4739
BIG MAX Butterfly

model
CHEMICAL Service
Butterfly model
Max. Cv
Max. Cv
210.0
415.0
1,115.0
2,020.0
3,230.0
4,825.0
6,800.0
8,800.0
11,500.0
14,000.0
20,500.0
1.6420
1.3289
0.9320
0.8974
0.8569
0.7963
0.7427
0.7566
0.7096
0.7298
0.7058
172.0
300.0
670.0
1,190.0
1,830.0
2,650.0
3,690.0
4,842.0
6,129.0
7,566.0
10,895.0
Page 3 of 64
2.4477
2.5429
2.5810
2.5859
2.6695
2.6398
2.5223
2.4990
2.4983
2.4988
2.4988
Electronic FileName: 231333207.xls.ms_office

WorkSheet: Durco Valves
Art Montemayor
November 22, 1997

Rev: 0
Jamesbury Valves
JAMESBURY Valves ---- Cv values

This valve flow resistance data is taken from the Jamesbury Valve Catalog.
Art Montemayor
MODEL
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1 1/4
1 1/2
VALVE SIZE, in inches

2
3
4
6
CLINCHER, Type 2000; screwed
11
16
16
37
49
49
100
115
Style A DOUBLE-SEAL; screwed
8.3
8.3
8.3
14
35
55
94
115
13
0.13
33
0.19
44
0.24
46
0.27
95
0.31
111
19
45
125
165
Series 4000, REDUCED PORT

Series 4000, FULL PORT; Le in ft
Type 5150 & 530S; flanged
Floating Ball; flanged
Trunnion model; flanged
Typr 6150 & 6300; Full Port
Floating Ball; Full Port
Trunnion Model; Full Port
100
10
12
14
16
18
3900
3900
6700
5100
8100 11000
350
350
690
765
50
1890
1890
270
500
1330
2560
50
155
270
440
880
1500
2300
165
165
400
400
950
950
1800
1800
2900
2900
4300
4300
3-Way Flanged Ball Valve

FIRE-TITE Butterfly
Series F815W & F815L
Series F830W & F830L
Page 4 of 64
5600 10000
10000 16400 23800 27000 37000 47000
5800
5200
8000 10500
6900 9300
Electronic File: 231333207.xls.ms_office

WorkSheet: Jamesbury Valves
Art Montemayor
Jamesbury Valves
November 22, 1997

Rev: 0
20
16000
60000
14000
11300
Page 5 of 64

WorkSheet: Jamesbury Valves
Art Montemayor
November 24, 1997

Rev: 0
Valve Flow Resistance
ORBIT Valves --- Cv values

Source: Orbit Valve Catalog
For each Orbit valve there is a flow coefficient C v. This is defined as the flow in gallons per minute of water at 60 oF with a
pressure drop of 1 psi across the valve. By using the following simplified formulas, the pressure drop for a given set of fl ow
conditions may be calculated:
Dp = G(Q/Cv)2
FOR LIQUIDS:
Where, Dp = PSI drop across valve

G = Specific gravity of liquid (water=1)
Q = Flow in gpm
Cv = Valve coefficient
MODEL
Dp = 541 x 10-9 (Q/Cv)2(GT/P)
FOR GASES:
Dp = PSI drop across valve

G = Specific gravity (Air @ 14.7 psi & 60 oF = 1.0)
T = Absolute temperature, oR
P = Line pressure, psia
Q = Flow in SCFH (@ 14.7 psi & 60 oF)
Cv = Valve coefficient
SIZE, in inches
8
1.5
10
12
14
16
18
ANSI, 150# flange

Regular Port; flanged
Full Port; flanged
49
123
153
439
200
1,018
572
2,080
762
4,865
2,090
6,905
4,537
11,106
7,513
17,148
13,119
30,556
10,129
41,551
21,217
ANSI, 300# flange

Full Port; flanged
49
123
160
407
243
920
610
2,080
760
4,865
1,560
6,778
4,513
11,106
7,513
17,148
13,119
30,556
10,129
41,551
21,217
ANSI, 1500# flange

Full Port; flanged
31
267
205
676
505
1,359
921
2,951
2,081
7,301
3,986
11,603
5,912
17,030
11,185
Page 6 of 64

WorkSheet: Orbit Valves
Art Montemayor
November 24, 1997

Rev: 0
20
15,167
15,167
Page 7 of 64

WorkSheet: Orbit Valves
Valve Fittings
Resistance to Flow
Art Montemayor
November 24, 1997

Rev: 0
VOGT Valves --- Cv values (Reference: VOGT Catalog F-12, 1980)
PIPE FITTINGS
45 Elbow
Standard Elbow
Long Sweep Elbow
Medium Sweep Elbow
Close Return Elbow
Tee-Straight Flow
Tee-Side Outlet Flow
o
5.9
10.3
16.7
28.9
39.2
64.7
1.5
2.4
4.5
9.7
14.6
12.2
19.6
2.5
4.0
6.5
14.0
23.0
32.0
52.0
Y" Pattern
1.5
2.4
4.5
Strainers
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
2.3
5.2
8.2
8.2
15443 Flow
Control
40.0
65.0
7.6
13.4
21.7
37.5
51.1
84.2
1.0
2.1
2.7
5.2
8.7
12443 Flow
Control
9.0
8.8
16.0
1.8
3.3
5.2
9.1
14.7
25.5
34.7
57.1
81.5
Needle Point
Angle
1.5
2.9
3.6
6.7
11.9
20.3
26.1
43.4
57.6
89.0
153.3
Meter Angle
1.3
1.9
2.7
3.2
6.7
14.8
19.2
26.6
Full Port
Angle
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.5
3.5
5.5
5.5
H. & V.
Check
0.6
1.4
1.8
3.5
5.8
7.6
13.2
21.5
Full Port
Swing Check
1.5
2.9
3.6
6.7
11.9
20.3
26.1
43.4
57.6
89.0
153.3
Compact
Swing Check
1.3
2.0
2.8
3.2
6.8
15.2
19.6
27.0
Full Port
check
Full Port
Globe
2.6
3.9
9.3
28.7
46.5
80.5
109.6
181.0
258.0
398.0
685.0
Compact
Check
Compact
Globe
2.6
3.9
9.3
9.5
7.5
80.5
83.6
96.7
165.0
247.0
410.0
Needle Point
Globe
Full Port
Gate
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
Meter Globe
Nominal
Valve
Size
inches
Compact
Gate
TYPICAL CV FACTORS FOR VOGT VALVES &

STRAINERS
(FOR ALL VALVES IN FULL-OPEN POSITION)
6.0
14.0
14.0
40.0
40.0
K
0.42
0.90
0.60
0.75
2.20
0.60
1.80
Page 8 of 64

WorkSheet: Vogt Valves
Valve Fittings
Resistance to Flow
Art Montemayor
November 24, 1997

Rev: 0
TYPICAL PIPE-TANK RESISTANCES

Entrance Loss: From Tank to Pipe
Type of Resistance
Illustration
Flush Connection
0.50
Projecting Pipe
0.78
Slightly Rounded
0.23
Well Rounded
0.04
Exit Loss: From Pipe to Tank
Any of the above, reversed1.00
d2
d1
d1/d2
K
d1/d2
K
0.1
0.46
0.1
0.98
0.2
0.45
SUDDEN ("ABRUPT") CONTRACTION

0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.42
0.40
0.36
0.28 0.19
0.8
0.10
0.9
0.04
0.2
0.92
SUDDEN ("ABRUPT") EXPANSION

0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.83
0.71
0.56
0.41 0.28
0.8
0.13
0.9
0.04
d1
d2
Page 9 of 64

WorkSheet: Vogt Valves
Art Montemayor
December 1, 1997
Rev: 0
Ball Valve Flow Resistance
KTM Ball Valves --- Cv values

TYPICAL CV FACTORS FOR KTM BALL VALVES
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Reduced Percent Reduction

Full Bore
Bore Ball in Flow by using
Ball Cv
Cv
reduced bore
26
50
94
260
480
750
1,300
2,300
5,400
10,000
16,000
24,000
31,400
43,000
57,000
73,000
KTM Ball Valves Cv Values

10
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
80
y=
0.0002x3
0.0178x2
+ 0.7166x - 4.3459
R = 0.9993
70
420
770
1,800
2,500
4,500
8,000
12,000
14,000
18,000
22,000
67.69
66.52
66.67
75.00
71.88
66.67
61.78
67.44
68.42
69.86
KTM Ball Valves have inherent equal percentage

flow characteristics and are ideally suited for
control applications over the widest possible
range of flow.
Equal percentage flow characteristics, in simple
terms, means that a given percentage change in
the valve opening will produce the same
percentage change in flow.
60
% of Maximum Cv
Valve
Size
inches
50
1.5
6
10
15
22
33
50
75
40
30
20
10
20
40
60
80
100
% of Ball Opening
Page 10 of 64

WorkSheet: KTM Ball Valves
Art Montemayor
December 3, 1997
Rev: 0
KITZ Valves --- Cv values
2.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
24.0
30.0
36.0
230
530
930
2,380
4,180
6,840
9,690
13,000
17,380
22,800
28,500
41,800
68,000
96,000
44
105
180
446
75
175
320
740
1,350
2,200
3,600
5,200
7,000
8,500
9,800
11,600
2
500
180
1,350
545
2,500
790
5,300
1,945 10,500
4,050 17,500
6,900 26,300
13,100 31,850
14,600 43,300
19,750 57,300
27,750 74,500
27,100 112,300
39,700 179,300
63,100 258,300
460
195
1,150
535
2,200
765
5,290
1,945
9,600
4,040 16,750
7,100 25,500
13,200 30,050
14,580 41,700
19,800 55,370
28,050 72,300
27,130 109,150
39,800 171,200
63,100 243,050
400
180
1,050
550
1,850
745
4,460
2,220
8,730
4,065 14,250
7,050 22,550
13,350 28,400
14,300 38,150
20,350 50,950
28,300 65,600
27,250 98,150
40,750 158,900
68,950 226,300
187
510
740
2,035
4,050
7,025
13,300
14,200
19,750
27,300
26,900
330
935
1,760
4,405
8,475
14,205
21,430
26,800
36,700
48,700
62,500
94,050
187
510
740
1,930
3,860
6,670
12,630
13,490
18,760
20,470
25,500
330
830
1,660
4,100
8,010
13,310
17,070
24,275
33,215
43,400
55,930
84,025
150
410
590
1,400
3,050
5,350
Trunnion Ball Full Bore

ANSI CLASS 2500
Trunnion Ball Reduced

ANSI CLASS 2500
Bore

ANSI CLASS 1500

ANSI CLASS 1500
Bore

ANSI CLASS 900

ANSI CLASS 900
Bore

ANSI CLASS 600

ANSI CLASS 600
Bore

ANSI CLASS 300

ANSI CLASS 300
Bore
Globe

ANSI CLASS 150
Gate

ANSI CLASS 150
Bore
Nominal
Valve Size
inches
Swing Check
TYPICAL CV FACTORS FOR KITZ VALVES

From Zidell Valve Corp.-Stafford, TX & KITZ catalog No. 510-E
300
740
1,460
2,600
5,370
8,630
12,500
Cv VALUES FOR KITZ LOW-COST, ONE-PIECE, THREADED, CLASS 600, REDUCED BORE BALL VALVES ARE:
Size, in.
Cv
0.25
1.0
0.375
2.5
0.5
5.5
0.75
10.0
1
15.0
1.25
20.0
1.5
37.0
2
60.0
Page 11 of 64

WorkSheet: Kitz Valves
Art Montemayor
Feb 16, 1999

Rev: 0
Marlin/Crane Check Valves
Marlin Style M High Performance Dual Disc Check Valves

Source: Marlin Catalog # MC - 196
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
66
72
Marlin Check Valves
Liquid Cv Value
54.3
82.1
139.3
271.3
482.5
725
1509
2640
4075
5303
7340
9940
12960
20500
37200
59000
92000
126000
186000
217000
280000
325000
Note:
These are very low pressure drop,
wafer type of valves that require little
"cracking" pressure to start to open.
y = -0.022x4 + 3.146x3 - 58.707x2 +811.740x - 2073

R2 = 0.9989
350000
Cv Value for Liquid
Valve Size, In.
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
0
20
40
60
80
Nominal Valve Size, Inches
02/16/99 As per Carlos Davila, Marlin/Crane Valves; Montgomery, TX: The "Cracking Pressure" required for Marlin
Valves with standard springs is 6" WC and for valves with special, low torque it is 3.5" WC.
Page 12 of 64

WorkSheet: Marlin Check Valves
Velan Valves
Cv Flow Coefficients
Art Montemayor
July 27, 1998

Rev: 0
Cv FOR VELAN VALVES

Sources of Flow Coefficient (Cv) values: Velan Catalogs #VEL-SFV-96 & #VEL-BV-97
Size
Inches
150-800
1/2
3/4
1
1-1/2
2
2-1/2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
Gate
Valve Full
Port
900-1500 150-1500
Gate Valve
Reduced Port
7
14
30
100
160
14
14
30
100
160
14
22
34
110
200
Globe Valves
St'd Design
150-800
3
4
6
14
33
Globe Valves
Bellows Seal
900-1500
3
4
8
19
29
Globe Valves
Y - Pattern
150-800 1500-2500 1500-2680

2.5
3.5
6
12
28
5
7
9
34
38
7
8
12
25
60
Piston Check
Ball Valves
Ball Valves
Ball Valves
Valves
Split Body
Top-Entry Body
Unibody
(Vertical)
SB-150/300/600
SB-150/300/600
UB-150/300
150-800 900-1500 Reduced Port Full Port Reduced Port Full Port Reduced Port Only
Swing Check Valves
4500
150-800
4
7
9
23
47
600-2680
9
10
22
55
82
7
8
12
25
60
2
3
6
14
25
2
4
9
21
25
130
250
540
770
1,900
3,900
6,700
5,200
8,050
12,500
15,500
27,000
Page 13 of 64
12
50
100
250
430
720
1,020
2,000
5,500
9,800
16,400
23,800
27,500
36,000
46,000
57,000
75,000
8
13.5
34
65
104
26
75
103
206
322
9
15
38
125
165
200
720
760
250
540

WorkSheet: Velan Valves
Fittings' Losses
FRICTION LOSS IN STANDARD VALVES AND FITTINGS
Art Montemayor
December 1, 1997
REV 0
The values given are equivalent lengths in feet of straight pipe at the referenced diameter size
TYPE OF FITTING
Gate Valve, 100% open

Globe Valve, 100% open
Angle Valve, 100% open
Standard Elbow
Medium Sweep Elbow
Long Sweep Elbow
Tee (straight run)
Tee (branch run)
Return Bend
NOMINAL PIPE DIAMETER, INCHES

1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
5
6
8
10
I.D. 0.0518 0.0687 0.0874 0.1150 0.1342 0.1722 0.2057 0.2557 0.3355 0.4206 0.5054 0.6651 0.8350
L/D
12
0.35
0.5
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.7
2.3
2.8
3.5
4.5
5.7
340
17.0
22.0
27.0
38.0
44.0
53.0
68.0
80.0 120.0 140.0 170.0 220.0 280.0
145
8.0
12.0
14.0
18.0
22.0
28.0
33.0
42.0
53.0
70.0
84.0 120.0 140.0
30
1.5
2.2
2.7
3.6
4.5
5.2
6.5
8.0
11.0
14.0
16.0
21.0
26.0
1.3
1.8
2.3
3.0
3.6
4.6
5.5
7.0
9.0
12.0
14.0
18.0
22.0
1.0
1.3
1.7
2.3
2.8
3.5
4.3
5.2
7.0
9.0
11.0
14.0
17.0
20
1.0
1.3
1.7
2.3
2.8
3.5
4.3
5.2
7.0
9.0
11.0
14.0
17.0
60
3.2
4.5
5.7
7.5
9.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
22.0
27.0
33.0
43.0
53.0
50
3.5
5.0
6.0
8.5
10.0
13.0
15.0
18.0
24.0
30.0
37.0
50.0
63.0
Source of data: Viking Pump Catalog

Section 510 - Engineering Data
Page 510.12; Issue C; Figure 11
NOTE: It is unclear what is meant by "Standard", "Medium Sweep" & "Long Sweep" Elbows.
The pipe fitting industry supplies two basic Elbow geometries:
1) Short Radius Elbow: R/D = 1.0 (based on nominal, not specific, dimensions)
2) Long Radius Elbow: R/D = 1.5 (based on nominal, not specific, dimensions)
Where,
R = Radius of the Elbow curvature (nominal size)

D = Nominal diameter of the Elbow (nominal size)
Checking out other fittings' resistance data, it is established that

Standard Elbow = Short Radius Elbow
Long Sweep Elbow = Long Radius Elbow
Medium Sweep Elbow = ? unknown ?
Page 14 of 64

WorkSheet: Fittings' Losses
d/D=1/2
d/D=3/4
d/D=1/2
d/D=1/4
d/D=3/4
d/D=1/2
d/D=3/4
L/D =
58
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
19.0
28.0
37.0
47.0
55.0
62.0
72.0
82.0
90.0
100.0
110.0
140.0
170.0
200.0
220.0
250.0
260.0
d/D=1/2
L/D =
23
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
11.0
15.0
18.0
22.0
26.0
29.0
33.0
36.0
40.0
44.0
55.0
66.0
77.0
88.0
99.0
110.0
d/D=1/4
L/D =
17
2.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
8.0
9.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
23.0
25.0
27.0
40.0
47.0
55.0
65.0
70.0
80.0
Reducer
Sudden
Std Redu
Sudden
Std Redu
Equivalent Length in terms of small diameter
4 Miters
Branch Tee
L/D =
12
1.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
7.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
21.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
Expander
3 Miters
90o Ell, Short Radius
L/D =
12
1.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
7.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
21.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
March 11, 1998

Rev: 0
90o Miter Elbows
2 Miters
90o Ell, Long Radius
L/D =
81
7.0
14.0
11.0
17.0
30.0
70.0
120.0
170.0
170.0
80.0
145.0
160.0
210.0
225.0
254.0
312.0
45o Ell
Swing Check Valve

L/D =
99
13.0
17.0
20.0
25.0
32.0
48.0
64.0
80.0
95.0
105.0
120.0
140.0
155.0
170.0
185.0
Gate or Ball Valve
Angle valve
L/D =
192
26.0
33.0
40.0
50.0
65.0
100.0
125.0
160.0
190.0
210.0
240.0
280.0
300.0
335.0
370.0
Plug Cock
Globe Valve or Ball Check

Valve
Nominal Pipe size, in.

1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
L/D =
407
55.0
70.0
80.0
100.0
130.0
200.0
260.0
330.0
400.0
450.0
500.0
550.0
650.0
688.0
750.0
Through Tee
EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF VALVES AND FITTINGS IN FEET

Source: Rules of Thumb for Chem. Engrs; C.R. Branan; Gulf Publ.; p. 3
Art Montemayor
L/D = L/D = L/D = L/D = L/D = L/D = L/D = L/D = L/D = L/D = L/D = L/D = L/D =
17
28
21
20
41
23
6
29
6
17
17
6
6
2.0
5
3
1
4
1
3
2
1
1
7
4
1
5
1
3
3
1
1
3.0
8
5
2
6
2
4
3
2
2
3.0
10
6
2
8
2
5
4
2
2
4.0
12
8
3
10
3
6
5
3
3
5.0
18
12
4
14
4
9
7
4
4
8.0
25
16
5
19
5
12
9
5
5
9.0
31
20
7
24
7
15
12
6
6
12.0
28
21
20
37
24
8
28
8
18
14
7
7
14.0
32
24
22
42
26
9
20
16
8
16.0
38
27
24
47
30
10
24
18
9
18.0
42
30
28
53
35
11
26
20
10
20.0
46
33
32
60
38
13
30
23
11
23.0
52
36
34
65
42
14
32
25
12
25.0
56
39
36
70
46
15
35
27
13
27.0
70
51
44
40.0
84
60
52
47.0
98
69
64
55.0
112
81
72
65.0
126
90
80
70.0
190
99
92
80.0
Page 15 of 64

WorkSheet: Equiv. Lengths #1
Art Montemayor
EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF VALVES AND FITTINGS IN FEET

Source: Rules of Thumb for Chem. Engrs; C.R. Branan; Gulf Publ.; p. 3
March 11, 1998

Rev: 0
d/D=3/4
Std Redu
r
L/D =
2
1
2
2
2
Page 16 of 64

Art Montemayor
Globe
Nominal
Pipe's Inside Valve
Pipe
Sched.
Diameter
Size,
Number
L/D =
Inches
Inches Feet
340
Angle
Valve
Gate
Valve
Equivalent Length90ofo Fittings

Swing
Close
o
o
Source:Plug
Compressed
Data;Long
Ingersoll-Rand;Standard
1969; p. Tee
34-78
45 Std.Air90Gas
Std
90o Welding Elbow
Check
Return
Cock Elbow Elbow Radius
Valve
Bend
Elbow Through-Flow Branch Flow
Short Radius Long Radius
L/D =
L/D =
L/D =
L/D =
L/D =
L/D =
L/D =
L/D =
L/D =
L/D =
L/D =
L/D =
145
13
135
18
16
30
20
20
60
50
16
12
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/2
40
40
40
40
0.622
0.824
1.049
1.610
0.052
0.069
0.087
0.134
17.6
23.3
29.7
45.6
7.5
10.0
12.7
19.5
0.67
0.89
1.14
1.74
7.0
9.3
11.8
18.1
0.93
1.24
1.57
2.42
0.8
1.10
1.40
2.15
1.56
2.06
2.62
4.03
1.04
1.37
1.75
2.68
1.04
1.37
1.75
2.68
3.11
4.12
5.2
8.1
2.59
3.43
4.4
6.7
0.83
1.10
1.4
2.1
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.6
2
2 1/2
3
4
40
40
40
40
2.067
2.469
3.068
4.026
0.172
0.206
0.256
0.336
59
70
87
114
25.0
29.8
37.1
48.6
2.24
2.67
3.32
4.36
23.3
27.8
34.5
45.3
3.10
3.70
4.60
6.0
2.76
3.29
4.09
5.4
5.2
6.2
7.7
10.1
3.45
4.12
5.1
6.7
3.45
4.12
5.1
6.7
10.3
12.3
15.3
20.1
8.6
10.3
12.8
16.8
2.8
3.3
4.1
5.4
2.1
2.5
3.1
4.0
5
6
8
10
40
40
40
40
5.047
6.065
7.981
10.020
0.421
0.505
0.665
0.835
143
172
226
284
61
73
96
121
5.5
6.6
8.6
10.9
57
68
90
113
7.6
9.1
12.0
15.0
6.7
8.1
10.6
13.4
12.6
15.2
20.0
25.1
8.4
10.1
13.3
16.7
8.4
10.1
13.3
16.7
25.2
30.3
39.9
50.1
21.0
25.3
33.3
41.8
6.7
8.1
11
13
5.0
6.1
8.0
10
12
14
16
18
40
30
30
30
11.938
13.250
15.250
17.124
0.995
1.104
1.271
1.427
12.9
14.4
16.5
18.6
134
149
172
193
17.9
15.9
17.7
20.3
22.8
29.8
33.1
38.1
42.8
19.9
22.1
25.4
28.5
19.9
22.1
25.4
28.5
60
66
76
86
50
55
64
71
16
18
20
23
12
13
15
17
20
24
20
20
19.250 1.604
23.250 1.938
20.9
25.2
217
262
25.7
31.0
48.1
58
32.1
38.8
32.1
38.8
96
116
80
97
26
31
19
23
March 16, 1998

Rev: 0
Source: "Compressed Air and Gas Data"; Ingersoll-Rand Company; Charles W. Gibbs, Editor; (1969); page 34-78
The L/D values are cited as originating from Crane Co. Technical Paper No. 410 (1957)
All valves and cocks are rated as fully open
Check valves require 0.5 psi pressure loss to open fully
Welding elbow data is from Midwest Piping Catalog 61 (1961)
Crane Technical Paper No. 410 states:
"The ratio L/D is the equivalent length, in pipe diameters of straight pipe, that will cause the same pressure drop as the obstruction under the same flow conditions."
The L/D, as defined by Technical Paper No. 410, is the pipe length divided by the pipe's Internal Diameter (ID).
Page 17 of 64
Art Montemayor
Reference: Dobie Pump Spreadsheet
Dobie Engineering (1992)
April 21, 1998

Rev: 0
EQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF FITTINGS
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/2
2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
1.4
1.9
2.4
3.8
4.8
3.4
4.4
6.7
8.7
11.0
13.2
14.6
16.8
19.0
21.2
25.6
73
88
103
118
132
148
0.7
1.0
1.3
2.0
2.6
2.2
2.9
4.3
5.6
7.1
8.5
9.4
10.8
12.2
13.6
16.5
37
44
52
59
66
74
0.9
1.2
1.6
2.5
3.2
5.1
6.7
10.1
13.2
16.7
20.0
22.1
25.4
28.8
32
39
49
59
69
78
88
98
2.7
3.7
4.8
7.5
9.7
15.3
20.1
30
39
50
60
66
76
86
96
116
146
176
206
235
265
295
0.4
0.5
0.6
1.0
1.3
2.0
2.7
4.0
5.3
6.7
8.0
8.8
10.2
11.5
12.8
15.5
19.5
23.5
27.5
31.3
35
39
15.5
21.0
27.1
42
55
87
114
172
224
284
340
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
BALL
1.7
1.9
1.3
1.7
5.4
9.2
9.7
69.6
48.2
35.3
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
BUTTERFLY CHECK one size

n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Page 18 of 64
11.5
15.1
22.7
29.6
29.2
35
39
32
36
40
48
61
73
86
98
110
123
2.3
3.1
4
6.2
8.1
12.8
16.8
25.3
33
42
50
55
64
72
80
97
122
147
172
196
221
246
n/a
0.8
0.8
4.3
2.0
11.5
5.4
20.4
11.6
12.8
10.1
4.9
15.3
9.0
8.7
23.5
42.2
37.5
35.1
31.8
33.7
33.3
EX
IT
LO
SS
TR
EN
EX
ED
VALVES
Nom.
BENDS
TEES
Size,
o
o
In. 90 ELL 45 ELL LINEAR BRANCH GATE GLOBE
PA
ER
ER
EQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF TYPICAL FITTINGS, IN FEET
A
LO NC
SS E
BASIS:
All equivalent lengths are calculated using Crane Tech Paper #410. (1976)
Pipe walls typical for 150 ASA carbon steel with 1/8 in. corrosion allow.
Bends are based on using screwed or SO fittings < 3 in.; long radius weld elbows for 3 to 24 in; miter elbows for > 24in.
Valves (except for Ball type) are based on full port types and swing check valves.
o
Reducers assume a 30 included angle. Equivalent feet of the larger size pipe is indicated.
The entrance losses are based on a sharp edge with no inward projection.
Ball valves are assumed as Jamesbury Type 5150, ANSI CLASS 150, with reduced ball Cv
one size
n/a
1.2
1.0
8.1
2.6
22.1
7.2
36.4
15.1
15.5
9.7
2.8
7.3
6.3
5.5
23.6
49.5
37.3
30.2
23.3
23.0
20.5
Loss
0.8
1.2
1.7
2.8
4.3
7.3
10.4
16.8
23.5
31
38
44
52
60
68
84
109
136
165
196
232
267
Loss
1.7
2.5
3.5
5.7
8.5
14.6
20.7
34
47
62
77
88
103
120
136
167
218
272
331
392
465
534

Art Montemayor
May 20, 1998

Rev: 0
Equivalent Feet of Pipe Fittings and Valves
EQUIVALENT LENGTH WORKSHEET

FITTINGS & VALVES
QUANTITY
SIZE
EQ FT
FEET
90o ELL
2.00
4.8
4.80
45o ELL
Through-Flow TEE
Branch-Flow TEE
GATE VALVE
GLOBE VALVE
BUTTERFLY VALVE
BALL VALVE
SWING CHECK VALVE
REDUCTION-ONE SIZE
EXPANSION-ONE SIZE
ENTRANCE LOSS
EXIT LOSS
OTHER
Straight Length PIPE
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.6
3.2
9.7
1.3
55.0
2.60
3.20
9.70
1.30
55.00
0.00
5.40
8.10
2.00
2.60
4.30
8.50
0.00
1250
TOTAL EQUIVALENT FEET =
n/a
5.4
8.1
2.0
2.6
4.3
8.5
0.0
107.5
1357.5
INSTRUCTIONS:
1) Enter the known quantities and sizes of each fitting type in your hydraulic circuit in the
designated YELLOW cells as well as the amount of straight pipe.
Note: The sizes of the fittings to be keyed in are the NOMINAL pipe size, not the I. D..
You must furnish both the quantities and sizes to generate a calculated answer.
2) The resultant calculated equivalent pipe length(s) appear in RED numbers.
Art Montemayor
Page 19 of 64

Art Montemayor
May 20, 1998

Rev: 0
0.5
0.75
1.4
1.9
0.7
1
0.9
1.2
2.7
3.7
0.4
0.5
15.5
21
n/a
n/a
2.3
3.1
2.4
1.3
1.6
4.8
0.6
27.1
n/a
1.5
2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
3.8
4.8
3.4
4.4
6.7
8.7
11
13.2
14.6
16.8
19
21.2
25.6
73
88
103
118
132
148
2
2.6
2.2
2.9
4.3
5.6
7.1
8.5
9.4
10.8
12.2
13.6
16.5
37
44
52
59
66
74
2.5
3.2
5.1
6.7
10.1
13.2
16.7
20
22.1
25.4
28.8
32
39
49
59
69
78
88
98
7.5
9.7
15.3
20.1
30
39
50
60
66
76
86
96
116
146
176
206
235
265
295
1
1.3
2
2.7
4
5.3
6.7
8
8.8
10.2
11.5
12.8
15.5
19.5
23.5
27.5
31.3
35
39
42
55
87
114
172
224
284
340
n/a
n/a
6.2
8.1
12.8
16.8
25.3
33
42
50
55
64
72
80
97
122
147
172
196
221
246
Page 20 of 64
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
11.5
15.1
22.7
29.6
29.2
35
39
32
36
40
48
61
73
86
98
110
123

Art Montemayor
n/a
n/a
May 20, 1998

Rev: 0
0.8
1.2
0.8
1.2
1.7
2.5
1.7
1.9
0.8
1.7
3.5
1.3
4.3
2
11.5
5.4
20.4
11.6
12.8
10.1
4.9
15.3
9
8.7
23.5
42.2
37.5
35.1
31.8
33.7
33.3
8.1
2.6
22.1
7.2
36.4
15.1
15.5
9.7
2.8
7.3
6.3
5.5
23.6
49.5
37.3
30.2
23.3
23
20.5
2.8
4.3
7.3
10.4
16.8
23.5
31
38
44
52
60
68
84
109
136
165
196
232
267
5.7
8.5
14.6
20.7
34
47
62
77
88
103
120
136
167
218
272
331
392
465
534
1.7
5.4
9.2
9.7
69.6
48.2
35.3
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Page 21 of 64

Typical Resistance Coefficients

Fluid Flow in Piping Systems
Art Montemayor
March 12, 1998

Rev: 0
TYPICAL K VALUES FOR PIPE FITTINGS

This table is taken from API Recommended Practice 521, 2nd Edition, Sep.1982, which obtained it in turn from:
Tube-Turn Catalogue and Engineering Data Book No. 211, Chemetron Corp., Louisville, Kentucky.
Art's Notes
K
VALVES:
Globe, Open
Typical Depressuring, Open
Angle, Open
Swing Check, Open
Gate, Open
9.70
8.50
4.60
2.30
0.21
100% wide open position

---' ????
180o close return

Branch-Flow Tee
90o Standard Elbow
Through-Flow Tee
45o Elbow
1.95
1.72
0.93
0.50
0.43
90o Single-Miter Elbow

90o Double-Miter Elbow
90o Triple-Miter Elbow
1.72
0.93
0.59
0.46
0.46
Through-Flow Tee
0.50
w/ flow in all 3 branches
Branch-Flow Tee
45o Branch-Flow Lateral
90o Long-Sweep Elbow
Through-Flow Lateral
180o Return
Through-Flow Tee
90o Elbow
45o Elbow
1.37
0.76
0.59
0.50
0.43
0.38
0.32
0.21

SCREWED FITTINGS:
MITERED FITTINGS:
FABRICATED FITTINGS:
WELDED FITTINGS:
CONTRACTION OR EXPANSION:
Contraction (ANSI)
Contraction (Sudden)
Expansion (ANSI)
Expansion (Sudden)

0.000
0.200
d/d'
0.400
0.600
0.800
--0.500
--1.000
--0.460
--0.950
0.210
0.380
0.900
0.740
0.135
0.290
0.500
0.410
0.039
0.120
0.110
0.110
Page 22 of 64

WorkSheet: Typical K values
Art Montemayor
March 12, 1998

Rev: 0
Typical Pipe Friction Factors
Typical Friction Factors and Conversion Factors for Clean Steel Pipe
(Based on Equivalent Roughness of 0.00015 Feet)
Source: API Recommended Practice 521; 2nd Ed., Sep. 1982 (p.49)
Nominal Pipe Size, Inches

NPS 2, Schedule 40
NPS 3, Schedule 40
NPS 4, Schedule 40
NPS 6, Schedule 40
NPS 8 x 1/4-inch wall
Moody Friction Factor (f)
Conversion Factor for Equivalent

Length per Unit of K
Feet
Meters
0.0195
0.0178
0.0165
0.0150
0.0140
0.0135
0.0129
0.0126
0.0123
0.0119
0.0115
0.0110
0.0107
8.8
14.3
20.5
33.6
48.2
63.0
78.8
89.6
104.6
136.0
169.6
222.6
273.4
2.7
4.4
6.3
10.2
14.7
19.2
24.0
27.3
31.9
41.5
56.7
67.9
83.3
Note:
NPS = Nominal Pipe Size. The above friction factors and conversion factors apply at
high Reynolds numbers, namely above 1 x 106 for NPS 24 and larger.
For smaller pipe, down to NPS 2", the applicable Reynolds number is 2 x 105.
Page 23 of 64

WorkSheet: Typical Friction Factors
Art Montemayor
May 07, 1998

Revision: 0
Pipe Pro
This information is taken from the PipePro computer program sold by:
Professional Designers & Engineers, Inc.
P.O. Box 11380
Boulder, CO 80301
Phone & Fax: (303) 530-1551
VALUES OF ABSOLUTE ROUGHNESS, e, FOR VARIOUS MATERIALS
Type of Pipe Material

Asphalted Cast Iron
Brass & Copper
Concrete
Cast Iron
Galvanized Iron
Wrought Iron
Plastic
Steel
Riveted Steel*
Wood Stave*
Range of values (x 10-6), Ft Normal Design value (x 10-6), Ft

400
5
1,000 to 10,000
850
500
150
5
150
3,000 to 30,000
600 to 3,000
400
5
4,000
850
500
150
5
150
6,000
2,000
* Note: These two types of material have been obsolete and outdated for approximately
50 years. They are kept here as a reminder to young engineers of the danger and
stupidity that some data represents when the authors do not review, proof and edit their
technical product(s).
Art Montemayor
Page 24 of 64

WorkSheet: Pipe Pro
Art Montemayor
May 07, 1998

Revision: 0
Pipe Pro
REASONABLE VELOCITIES FOR WATER FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Application & Service Condition
Range of Typical Velocities, Ft/sec
Municipal Water Distribution System

General Plant Service
Pump Suction
Drain Lines
Boiler Feed System
2 to 7
4 to 10
4 to 7
4 to 7
8 to 15
Note: Long piping systems may require lower velocities to prevent an undesirable pressure
drop. Higher velocities may be used or exceeded where pressure drop is not important.
Page 25 of 64

WorkSheet: Pipe Pro
Art Montemayor
May 07, 1998

Revision: 0
Pipe Pro
RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS "K" FOR PIPE ENTRANCE AND EXITS

The K resistance coefficient represents the resistance to flow in pipes for various configurations of
entrances, exits, contraction or enlargement. The resistance coefficient method is based on the
assumption that the fluid's pressure loss is all due to pressure drag and is independent of the
Reynolds Number.
Description of Pipe Entrance or Exit
The resistance co
and fittings. The K
where,
Coefficient K
Inlet - Sharp edge flush to the tank or reservoir

Inlet - Slightly rounded at connection to tank, r/d=0.02
Inlet - Slightly rounded at connection to tank, r/d=0.04
Inlet - Medium rounded at connection to tank, r/d=0.06
Inlet - Medium rounded at connection to tank, r/d=0.10
Inlet - Well rounded at pipe connection, r/d=0.15 & up
Inlet - Pipe projecting into tank or reservoir
0.50
0.28
0.24
0.15
0.09
0.04
0.78
Exit - Open discharge (complete loss of velocity head)

Exit - Submerged gradual enlargement discharge
(complete recovery of velocity head)
1.00
0.00
Description of Enlargement or Contraction:

Flow may be directed through pipes of differing sizes by using especially designed enlargements or
contractions to achieve the desired coefficient "K". These designs are generally required when a
minimum "K" value is desired to limit the pressure drop in the system. The input cells below are
provided to calculate the "K" value based on the dimensions of the enlargement or contraction.
Where,
Large Diameter, D
Small Diameter, d
Length, L
=
=
=
Coefficient K
Gradual contraction from large diam. to small diam.

Gradual enlargement from small diam. to large diam.
Sudden square edge contraction from D to d
Sudden square edge enlargement from d to D
Page 26 of 64

WorkSheet: Pipe Pro
Art Montemayor
May 07, 1998

Revision: 0
Pipe Pro
RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS "K" FOR VALVES AND FITTINGS

The resistance coefficient K represents the reduction in static head for flow in pipes caused by valves
and fittings. The K value is the number of velocity heads and is valid for all flow conditons.
K/f = Constant
where,
f = turbulent Darcy friction factor
DESCRIPTION OF VALVES AND FITTINGS

15 degree Corner Miter
45 degree Standard Elbow
45 degree Street Elbow
90 degree Short Radius Elbow
90 degree Long Radius Elbow
90 degree Street Elbow
90 degree Square Corner Miter
180 degree Close Pattern Return Bend
Tee Flow-through Run
Tee Flow-through Branch
Globe valve; perdendicular stem with unguided disc
Globe valve; perdendicular stem with guided disc
Globe valve; 60o stem to run with unguided disc
Globe valve; 45o stem to run with unguided disc
Angle valve; 90o with unguided disc
Angle valve; 90o with guided disc
Gate valve; full size, fully open
Gate valve; 3/4 open
Ball valve; round opening with full bore
Plug valve; round opening with full bore
Plug valve; rectangular opening with full bore, fully open
Plug valve; 3-way rectangular opening with full bore, straignt flow
Plug valve; 3-way 80% bore, fully open, branch flow
Butterfly valve; 2" to 8", fully open
Check valve; conventional swing, angle seat, fully open
Check valve; conventional swing, perpendicular seat, fully open
Check valve; tilting disc at 5o to flow (2" to 8")
Check valve; globe type
Foot valve; hinged disc with strainer
Foot valve; poppet disc with strainer
Page 27 of 64
RECOMMENDED K/f
4
8
16
26
15
25
20
14
50
60
50
20
60
340
600
175
145
150
200
8
35
160
900
3
3
18
30
90
45
35
25
100
50
40
400
75
420
The C
psi pressure drop acr
weight density of the
For Control Valves:
Where,
Values for C
C

WorkSheet: Pipe Pro
Art Montemayor
May 07, 1998

Revision: 0
Pipe Pro
FLOW COEFFICIENT, Cv, FOR CONTROL VALVES
d by valves
The Cv flow coefficient for valves expresses the flow rate of 60 oF water in gallon per minute with 1.0
psi pressure drop across the valve. Cv varies for other fluids according to the square root of the
weight density of the fluid.
For Control Valves:
Where,
Cv = Q x (density/62.37/pressure drop)0.5
Q = liquid flowrate in gpm
density = liquid density in lb/ft3
pressure drop = pressure drop in psi
Values for Cv are normally provided by the control valve manufacturer. However, desired values for
Cv may be calculated below as follows:
For Control Valves:

Flowrate, gpm
=
Density, lb/ft3
=
Pressure drop, psi =
Cv
100.00
62.37
5.00
44.72
Page 28 of 64

WorkSheet: Pipe Pro
Art Montemayor
May 07, 1998

Revision: 0
Pipe Pro
The Cv sizing coefficient must be obtained from the valved manufacturer; however, a sampling of
some typical valve coefficients is listed below.
ute with 1.0 Size, inches Control Valve Description
values for
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
6
8
10
12
1
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
30
36
48
60
72
Plug; top guided

Plug; top guided
Plug; cage guided
Plug; top guided
Plug; cage guided
Plug; cage guided
Plug; cage guided
Plug; cage guided
Plug; cage guided
Plug; cage guided
Plug; cage guided
Plug; port guided
Plug; port guided
Ball; V-notched
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Flow Characteristic Liquid coefficient, Cv

Equal percentage
Equal percentage
Equal percentage
Equal percentage
Equal percentage
Equal percentage
Equal percentage
Equal percentage
Equal percentage
Equal percentage
Equal percentage
Quick opening
Quick opening
90o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
Page 29 of 64
4
9
17
22
33
56
87
121
203
357
808
1,280
1,700
22
26
55
91
136
271
768
1,340
2,170
3,180
3,880
5,210
6,510
8,210
12,200
19,900
29,400
54,200
85,300
123,000

WorkSheet: Pipe Pro
Art Montemayor
RESISTANCE TO FLUID FLOW

Source: Crane Tech Paper #410
May 08, 1998

Rev: 0
CONCENTRIC REDUCERS
for included angle less than 45o
l
Steps:
1) Enter the required information in the YELLOW cells
2) The calculated results appear in RED numbers.
d
D
b
L
a
f
=
=
=
=
=
small diameter, in.

large diameter, in.
diameter ratio
length of fitting, in.
included concentric angle, degrees
included concentric angle, radians
3.068
6.065
0.505853
5.5
30
0.523599
=
=
=
=
=
=
K1 = Resistance Coefficient (based on small diameter)
0.2
K2 = Resistance Coefficient (based on large diameter)
2.4
K1 = Resistance Coefficient (based on small diameter)
0.0
K2 = Resistance Coefficient (based on large diameter)
1.5
CONCENTRIC EXPANDERS
for included angle less than 45o
d
D
b
L
a
f
=
=
=
=
=
small diameter, in.

large diameter, in.
diameter ratio
length of fitting,in
included concentric angle, degrees
included concentric angle, radians
3.068
6.065
0.505853
5.5
30
0.523599
=
=
=
=
=
=
NOTE:
Resistance to fluid flow due to pipe reducers, pipe expanders, entrances and exits to pipes is
independent of the pipe and fluid's friction factor.
These pressure losses are caused by local disturbances, such as changes in pipe cross section.
Although considered "minor", these may actually be major losses in the case of a short pipe run.
Whenever the velocity of a flowing stream is altered either in direction or in magnitude, eddy currents
are set up and a loss of energy in excess of the pipe friction in that same length is created. Such
losses may be expressed as velocity heads (KV2/2g) --- where K must be determined for each case.
For concentric reducers, a minimum K value of about 0.10 is obtained with an included angle of 20 o
to 40o. Smaller or larger angles result in higher values of K.
Page 30 of 64

WorkSheet: Reducers & Expanders
RESISTANCE TO FLUID FLOW

Source: Crane Tech Paper #410
This table calculates the included angle for Stainless
Steel, schedule 40s, Concentric Reducers. It should
also apply to Carbon Steel fittings as well as to
Concentric Expanders.
May 08, 1998

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
Data source: Flowline Fittings Catalog; 1965; p.48
Fitting Size Large Diameter, in. Small Diameter, in. Length, in, Included Angle, Degrees
2x1
2.067
1.049
3.000
19
2 x 1-1/2
2.067
1.610
3.000
3x1
3.068
1.049
3.500
32
3 x 1-1/2
3.068
1.610
3.500
24
3x2
3.068
2.067
3.500
16
4x2
4.026
2.067
4.000
28
4x3
4.026
3.068
4.000
14
6x3
6.065
3.068
5.500
30
6x4
21
8x6
18
10 x 6
10
32
12 x 6
12
41
Page 31 of 64

WorkSheet: Reducers & Expanders
June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
VOLUMETRIC CAPACITY FOR BUTT-WELDING FITTINGS

All volumes expressed in cubic inches
Reference: Piping Engineering; Tube Turns Division of Chemetron Corp.; Nov. 1971; p.47
Nominal
90o Elbows
Pipe Size,
Long Radius
Short Radius
in.
Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
30
34
36
42
48
0.7
0.6
0.9
0.8
2.0
1.7
4.4
3.7
7.2
6.2
15.8
13.9
52.2
46.7
119.8
108.3
408.1
368.3
942.3
860.3
1856.9
1758.2
3195.9
3064.2
4545.9
4376.1
6882.2
6658.4
9906.5
9621.7
13707.5 13353.8
18365.2 17935.8
23995.6 23482.4
30644.8 30041.0
47449.7 46642.1
69490.1 68449.0
82695.4 81526.6
132116.7 130520.2
198322.0 196203.0
1.4
2.9
4.8
10.5
34.8
79.9
272.1
628.3
1238.0
2130.7
3030.7
4301.4
6054.0
9366.8
4.2
9.2
31.1
72.0
245.4
572.7
1172.2
2042.8
2917.4
4161.5
5879.9
9125.1
14664.0
14350.3
31648.8
31110.5
55130.3
88077.8
54351.0
87013.4
180o Returns
Long Radius
Short Radius
Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong
1.4
1.9
4.1
8.7
14.4
31.6
104.4
239.7
816.1
1884.7
3713.8
6391.8
9091.8
13764.5
19813.1
27415.0
36730.9
47991.1
61289.6
94899.4
110260.5
176155.6
1.1
1.5
3.4
7.4
12.5
27.8
93.3
216.6
736.6
1720.6
3516.5
6128.5
8752.2
13316.9
19243.4
26707.6
23914.5
46964.7
40054.6
62189.4
2.7
5.9
9.6
21.1
69.6
159.9
544.3
1256.7
2476.0
4261.5
6061.4
8602.8
12108.0
18733.6
8.3
18.3
62.2
143.9
490.8
1145.5
2344.3
4085.6
5834.8
8323.0
11759.8
18250.2
29327.9
28700.7
63297.7
62221.0
110260.5 108702.1
45o Elbows
Long Radius
Standard X-Strong
0.4
0.5
1.0
2.2
3.6
7.9
26.1
59.9
204.0
471.1
928.5
1598.0
2273.0
3441.1
4953.3
6853.8
9182.7
11997.8
15322.4
0.2
0.4
0.8
1.8
3.1
7.0
23.3
54.1
184.2
430.1
879.1
1532.1
2188.1
3329.2
4810.8
6676.9
8967.9
11471.2
15020.5
34745.0
41347.7
66054.8
40971.0
34224.5
40763.3
65260.1
40538.0
Tees
Full-size outlets
Standard X-Strong
0.8
0.6
1.6
1.3
3.5
2.9
7.5
6.5
12.4
10.8
22.2
19.7
65.2
58.7
135.8
123.6
413.2
367.1
881.1
811.2
1675.4
1594.9
2816.9
2712.3
3809.3
3681.0
5804.3
5634.3
8396.5
8179.2
11701.3 11429.4
14348.0 14049.2
20647.2 20249.7
23912.3 23493.2
35985.0 35442.5
52836.7 52135.9
62945.1 62157.5
94207.0 93209.0
145443.0 144092.0
90o Elbows:
Page 32 of 64

WorkSheet: Fittings' Volumes
June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
V = P2D2A/8
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
A = Center to face distance
180o Returns:
V = P2D2O/8
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
A = Center to center distance
45o Elbows:
V = P2D2A/8
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
A = Center to face distance
Full Size Outlet Tees:

V = (PD2/2) (C + M/2) - D3/3
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
C = Center to end of run
M = center to end of branch
Page 33 of 64

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
Pipe Caps:
V = (PD2/4) (E - t - D/12)
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
E = length
t = wall thickness
Crosses:
V = (PD2/2) (C + M) - (2/3)D3
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
C = Center to end of run
M = center to end of branch
Concentric & eccentric reducers:
Page 34 of 64

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
Page 35 of 64

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
Caps
Standard
X-Strong
0.3
0.6
1.1
1.8
2.5
3.9
11.1
24.2
77.3
148.5
295.6
517.0
684.6
967.6
1432.6
2026.4
2784.1
3451.0
4014.3
5163.1
0.2
0.4
0.9
1.5
2.0
3.2
9.4
20.8
65.7
122.3
264.4
475.0
640.0
911.0
1363.0
1938.0
2682.9
3313.0
3884.1
5006.4
7010.8
10936.3
13480.0
6811.5
10666.7
13157.0
Crosses
Full-size outlets
Standard X-Strong
9.5
15.5
27.7
80.5
166.5
501.3
1061.9
2010.4
3371.9
4171.5
6311.7
9081.3
12634.1
8.2
13.7
24.7
72.9
152.4
441.0
983.0
1920.6
3255.9
4043.7
6144.0
8868.1
12368.2
Stub Ends
Lap Joint
Standard X-Strong
0.9
1.6
3.5
6.0
8.1
20.1
44.4
76.4
231.1
400.2
788.5
1131.0
1654.6
2191.8
2804.5
3492.5
0.7
1.3
2.9
5.1
7.1
17.8
39.6
69.0
208.5
365.3
746.6
1084.3
1592.8
2120.6
2723.8
3402.4
Nominal Pipe Size,

Reducers
in.
Concentric & Eccentric
Large end Small end Standard
X-Strong
1 1/4
1 1/2
3
22189.4
21802.9
5094.7
4985.7
Page 36 of 64
3/8
1/2
3/4
1/2
3/4
1
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
5
1.5
1.8
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.7
4.0
4.6
5.3
6.5
7.6
8.5
10.0
11.4
1.3
1.4
1.8
2.2
2.6
3.1
3.4
3.9
4.5
5.6
6.6
7.4
8.8
10.0
20.2
21.9
25.5
29.5
37.3
41.8
46.6
54.4
62.1
11.9
123.7
134.8
147.1
175.3
17.9
19.4
22.7
26.3
33.4
37.5
41.8
48.9
55.9
100.6
111.3
121.5
132.8
158.7
Tees
with Reducing Outlet
Standard
2.7
2.8
3.0
5.8
6.0
6.3
9.4
9.6
9.9
10.8
16.7
16.9
17.6
18.4
50.9
51.8
52.9
55.1
58.6
108.0
110.4
113.9
119.7
125.9
334.1
340.0
346.3
354.1
375.7

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Page 37 of 64
3
3 1/2
4
5
6
4
5
6
8
5
6
8
10
6
8
10
12
6
8
10
12
14
8
10
12
14
16
8
10
12
14
16
18
10
12
14
16
221.7
235.6
269.6
309.2
385.9
428.3
476.8
586.0
639.4
697.7
827.0
993.8
1,496
1,738
2,041
2,382
201.8
215.0
245.8
280.9
362.0
401.4
444.8
546.7
606.4
658.8
779.8
947.7
1,419
1,646
1,952
2,288
2,321
2,656
3,029
3,289
2,212
2,552
2,920
3,175
3,413
3,821
4,104
4,598
3,291
3,695
3,973
4,458
6,248
6,922
7,974
9,404
6,059
6,717
7,747
9,150
7,333
8,055
7,129
7,841
716.9
722.6
730.6
753.0
791.1
1,373.0
1,396.0
1,432.0
1,506.0
2,318.0
2,348.0
2,430.0
2,567.0
1,992
2,587
2,922
2,976
2,621
3,396
3,803
4,891
5,054
4,318
4,849
4,993
6,147
7,180
5,360
6,010
6,204
7,606
8,877
10,163
12,027
12,226
12,394
12,620

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
22
24
26
30
34
18
20
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
16
18
20
22
8,848
9,711
8,637
9,451
10,334
8,622
12,995
9,474 1,345,813,172
8,701
14,972
10,979
8,419
12,795
9,221
14,628
10,094
16,477
16,606
20,062
20,233
20,465
20,846
21,316
21,887
22,565
30,283
30,520
30,908
31,386
31,964
32,652
33,458
34,102
44,385
44,779
45,265
45,851
46,548
47,364
48,018
49,058
50,242
52,701
53,098
53,587
54,177
36
Page 38 of 64

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
36
42
48
Page 39 of 64
24
26
28
30
32
34
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
30,539
32,314
34,176
30,071
31,831
33,698
32,031
33,617
31,561
33,132
37,053
38,902
40,840
42,866
36,540
38,375
40,229
42,311
85,143
89,354
83,984
88,163
98,305
103,044
107,959
113,050
118,317
123,760
129,378
135,173
141,144
97,047
101,753
106,635
111,693
116,927
122,337
127,923
133,685
139,622
54,878
55,700
56,359
57,404
58,594
59,940
76,746
77,172
77,639
78,899
79,574
80,636
81,462
82,341
83,276
125,186
125,667
126,693
127,344
128,044
129,561
130,462
131,419
133,521
134,710
135,960
138,742
140,256

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
Tees
with Reducing Outlet
X-Strong
2.3
2.4
2.6
5.1
5.4
5.7
8.3
8.6
9.1
9.9
15.2
15.6
16.5
17.4
45.5
46.4
47.3
49.5
52.6
97.7
99.9
103.2
108.6
114.5
301.8
307.4
313.7
321.2
361.8
Page 40 of 64

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
655.5
661.0
668.7
690.5
719.4
1,300.0
1,323.0
1,350.0
1,426.0
2,224.0
2,250.0
2,329.0
2,468.0
1,915
2,488
2,816
3,022
2,532
3,283
3,701
4,741
4,902
4,191
4,711
5,013
5,976
6,985
5,214
5,855
6,221
7,414
8,657
9,916
11,745
11,944
12,110
12,337
Page 41 of 64

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
12,710
8,519
14,603
10,745
12,526
14,325
16,141
16,287
19,668
19,837
20,070
20,449
20,919
21,487
22,164
29,768
30,006
30,392
30,869
31,445
32,131
32,936
33,583
43,724
44,116
44,600
45,184
45,879
46,693
47,351
48,389
49,571
51,958
52,353
52,841
53,429
Page 42 of 64

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
54,128
54,947
55,610
56,653
57,842
59,185
75,825
76,253
76,723
77,972
78,650
79,710
80,540
81,425
82,365
123,874
124,358
125,377
126,031
126,736
128,245
129,151
130,113
132,207
133,402
134,660
137,432
138,954
Page 43 of 64

Polypropylene PP and Chemical Resistance

Chemical resistance of polypropylene - PP - to some common acids, bases, organic substances
and solvents
The chemical resistance of polypropylene to some common products and chemicals can be found in the tables below:
Acids and Polypropylene
Product
Benzoic acid
Boric acid
Hydrobromic acid 25 %
Citric acid
Hydrocyanic acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Phosphoric acid 25 %
Phosphoric acid 85 %
Phthalic acid
Tannic acid
Chromic acid
Maleic acid
Oleic acid
Oxalic acid
Nitric acid 5 %
Nitric acid 65 %
Chlorhydric acid 10 %
Chlorhydric acid 37 %
Butyric acid
Sulphuric acid 10 %
Sulphuric acid 78 %
Sulphuric acid 93 %
Tartaric acid
Acetic acid 10 %
Acetic acid 50 %
Acetic acid 75 %
Acetic acid 100 %
Perchloric acid
Rating 1)
20 oC
60 oC
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
3
4
4
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
2
4
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
2
Bases and Polypropylene

Product
Aqua ammonia
Calciumhydroxide
Potassiumhydroxide
Caustic soda
Acid salt 2)
Basic salt 3)
Neutral salt 4)
Various salt
Potassium bicarbonate
Potassium permanganate
Sodium cyanide
Natriumferricyanid
Sodium hypochlorite
Rating 1)
20oC
60oC
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
3
Organic Substances, Solvents and Polypropylene

Product
Acetone
Aniline
Benzol
Petrol
Butyl alcohol
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl dichloride
Ethyl ether
Phenol
Formalin 37%
Heptanes
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon disulphide
Carbon tetrachloride
Methyl alcohol
Methylene (di)chloride
Methyl ethyle ketone
Nitrobenzene
Toluene
Trichlorethylene
Gases:
Chlorine (damp)
Chlorine (dry)
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Sulphur dioxide (damp)
Sulphur dioxide (dry)
Hydrogen sulphide
1)
2)
Rating:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Rating 1)
20oC
60oC
3
4
1
1
3
4
4
4
1
1
2
4
1
1
3
4
4
4
2
2
2
1
3
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
4
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
4
4
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
4
4
1
1
3
3
1
Excellent (no attack)

Good (no significant attack)
Acceptable (light attack, limited use)
Unacceptable (significant attack)
Inferior (possible cracking or dissolving)
Acid salt (normally aqueous) aluminum chloride, aluminum phosphate, copper chloride, sulphate of copper, ferrous
sulphate, ferric chloride, stannic chloride, chloride of zinc, white vitriol etc
3)
Basic salt (normally aqueous) bicarbonate of potassium, potash, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium
phosphate etc.
4)
Neutral salt (normally aqueous) calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, calcium sulphate, magnesium chloride, nitrate of
potassium, potassium sulphate, sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, sodium sulphate etc.
the tables below:
copper, ferrous
onate, sodium
oride, nitrate of
PP Pipes - Support Spacing

Support spacing for PP pipes
Maximum support spacing for PP - PolyPropylene - pipes depends on the operating temperature. Maximum
spacing between supports at different temperatures can be found in the tables below:
PP - Wall Schedule 40 - Support Spacing (feet)
NPS
Operating Temperature (oF)
(inches)
60
100
140
180
1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1
3/4
2
2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1
2
2
2
1 1/2
1 1/4
2 1/2
2
2
2
1 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
2
2
2
3
2 1/2
2 1/2
2
3
3 1/2
2 1/2
3
2 1/2
4
4
3
3 1/2
3
PP - Wall Schedule 80 - Support Spacing (feet)
NPS
(inches)
60
100
140
180
1/2
2
2
2
1 1/2
3/4
2 1/2
2 1/2
2
2
1
2 1/2
2 1/2
2
2
1 1/4
3
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
1 1/2
3
3
2 1/2
2 1/2
2
3 1/2
3
3
2 1/2
3
4
4
3 1/2
3 1/2
4
4 1/2
4 1/2
4
3 1/2
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]
Polypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer, used in a wide variety of applications. Polypropylene is unusually
resistant to chemical solvents, bases and acids.
PVC and CPVC Pipes - Schedule 40 & 80

Standard dimensions and weight of PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride - and CPVC - Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride pipes according ASTM D1785
Typical weight and dimensions of PVC and CPVC pipes according ASTM D1785 "Standard Specification for
Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120" can be found in the table below:
PVC and CPVC Pipes - Schedule 40
Minimum
Weight
(lb/100
Nominal
Outside
Wall
ft)
Pipe Size Diameter
Thickness
(inches)
(inches)
(inches)
PVC
CPVC
1/2
0.84
0.109
16
17
3/4
1.05
0.113
21
23
1
1.315
0.133
32
34
1 1/4
1.66
0.14
43
46
1 1/2
1.9
0.145
51
55
2
2.375
0.154
68
74
2 1/2
2.875
0.203
107
118
3
3.5
0.216
141
154
4
4.5
0.237
201
220
5
5.563
0.258
273
6
6.625
0.28
353
386
8
8.625
0.322
539
581
10
10.75
0.365
755
824
12
12.75
0.406
1001
1089
14
14
0.438
1180
16
16
0.5
1543
PVC and CPVC Pipes - Schedule 80
Nominal
Outside
Pipe Size Diameter
(inches)
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
(inches)
0.84
1.05
1.315
1.66
1.9
2.375
2.875
3.5
4.5
5.563
6.625
8.625
10.75
12.75
14
16
1 lb = 0.4536 kg
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm
Minimum
Weight
Wall
Thickness
(inches)
0.147
0.154
0.179
0.191
0.2
0.218
0.276
0.3
0.337
0.375
0.432
0.5
0.593
0.687
0.75
0.843
PVC
20
27
41
52
67
95
145
194
275
387
542
805
1200
1650
1930
2544
(lb/100
ft)
CPVC
22
30
44
61
74
102
156
209
305
582
883
1309
180
PVC Pipes - Support Spacing

Support spacing for PVC pipes
Maximum support spacing for PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride - pipes depends on the operating temperature.
Maximum spacing between supports at different temperatures can be found in the table below:
PVC - Wall Schedule 40 - Support Spacing
NPS
(inches)
60
100
140
1/2
4 1/2
4
2 1/2
3/4
5
4
2 1/2
1
5 1/2
4 1/2
2 1/2
1 1/4
5 1/2
5
3
1 1/2
6
5
3
2
6
5
3
3
7
6
3 1/2
4
7 1/2
6 1/2
4
6
8 1/2
7 1/2
4 1/2
8
9
8
4 1/2
PVC - Wall Schedule 80 - Support Spacing

NPS
(inches)
60
100
140
1/2
5
4 1/2
2 1/2
3/4
5 1/2
4 1/2
2 1/2
1
6
5
3
1 1/2
6 1/2
5 1/2
3 1/2
2
7
6
3 1/2
3
8
7
4
4
9
7 1/2
4 1/2
6
10
9
5
8
11
9 1/2
5 1/2
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]
PVDF Pipes - Support Spacing

Support spacing for PVDF pipes
Maximum support spacing for PVDF - PolyVinylidene Fluoride - pipes depends on the operating temperature.
Maximum spacing between supports at different temperatures can be found in the tables below:
PVDF - Wall Schedule 40 - Support Spacing
NPS
(inches)
80
100
1401)
1/2
3 1/2
3 1/2
2
3/4
4
3 1/2
2 1/2
1
4
4
2 1/2
1 1/2
4 1/2
4 1/2
2 1/2
2
4 1/2
4 1/2
2 1/2
PVDF - Wall Schedule 80 - Support Spacing
NPS
(inches)
80
100
1401)
1/2
4 1/2
4 1/2
2 1/2
3/4
4 1/2
4 1/2
3
1
5
4 1/2
3
1 1/2
5 1/2
5
3
2
5 1/2
5
3
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]
1) For temperatures above 140 oF continuous support is needed.
PVDF is recognized by its high mechanical strength and excellent chemical resistance even at higher temperatures.
temperatures.
Epoxy Pipes - Support Spacing

Support spacing for reinforced Epoxy fiberglass pipes
Maximum support spacing for epoxy fiberglass pipes at different operating temperatures can be found in the table
below. Maximum operating temperature for epoxy pipes should not exceed 300 oF (149 oC).
Nominal Pipe Size
(oC)
24
(oF)
75
(oC)
66
(oF)
150
(inches)
1
1 1/2
2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
(m)
3.2
3.5
4
4.6
5.1
5.8
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
(ft)
9.9
11.6
13.1
15
16.7
18.9
20
20
20
20
(m)
3
3.5
3.9
4.5
5
5.7
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
(ft)
9.8
11.4
12.9
14.8
16.5
18.6
20
20
20
20
(mm)
25
40
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
Temperature
(oC)
(oF)
(oC)
(oF)
79
175
93
200
Maximum Support Spacing
(m)
(ft)
(m)
(ft)
3
9.7
2.9
9.4
3.4
11.3
3.4
11
3.9
12.8
3.8
12.4
4.5
14.6
4.3
14.2
5
16.3
4.8
15.8
5.6
18.4
5.5
17.9
6
19.8
5.9
19.3
6.1
20
6.1
20
6.1
20
6.1
20
6.1
20
6.1
20
(oC)
107
(oF)
225
(oC)
121
(oF)
250
(m)
2.8
3.3
3.7
4.3
4.8
5.4
5.8
6.1
6.1
6.1
(ft)
9.3
10.8
12.2
14
15.6
17.6
19
20
20
20
(m)
2.7
3.1
3.5
4
4.4
5
5.4
5.7
6
6.1
(ft)
8.7
10.1
11.4
13
14.5
16.4
17.7
18.8
19.7
20
Fiberglass Pipes - Temperature Limits

Temperature range for fiberglass Epoxy, Furan, Phenolic, Polyester and Vinyl Ester pipes
Recommended operating temperature ranges for some types of fiberglass pipes is as follows:
Epoxy glass fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 149oC (-20 to 300oF)
Vinyl Ester glass fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 93oC (-20 to 200oF)
Furan glass fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 93oC (-20 to 200oF)
Furan carbon fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 93oC (-20 to 200oF)
Phenolic glass fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 149oC (-20 to 300oF)
Polyster glass fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 93oC (-20 to 200oF)
Pipe Lengths
Single random, double random and cut lengths
Pipe is supplied and referred to lengths as follows:

1) single random
2) double random
3) longer than double random
4) cut lengths
Single Random Length
Single random pipe length is usually 18-25 feet plain end or 18-22 feet threaded and coupled pipes.
Double Random Lengths
Double random length pipes are made between 38-40 feet.
Longer than Double Random
The length of longer than double random pipes are more than 38-40 feet.
Cut Lengths
Cut length pipes are made in fixed lengths within +/- 1/8 inch.
ASTM A53 B Carbon Steel Pipes - Max. Allowable Working Pressure

Maximum working pressure of carbon steel pipe at temperature 400oF
The table below indicates maximum working pressure of carbon steel pipes manufactured according ASME/ANSI B 36.10 an
Nominal
Size
(inches)
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
6
10
12
14
Carbon Steel Pipes - Working Pressure

Pipe
Outside
Wall
Inside
Working Pressure ASTM A53 B
Diameter Schedule Thickness Diameter
to 400 F
OD
t
d
Number
(inches) or weight (inches)
(inches)
Manupsig
facturing Joint Type
Process
40ST
0.088
0.364
CW 1
T
188
80XS
0.119
0.302
CW
T
871
0.54
40ST
0.091
0.493
CW
T
203
80XS
0.126
0.423
CW
T
820
0.675
40ST
0.109
0.622
CW
T
214
80XS
0.147
0.546
CW
T
753
0.84
40ST
0.113
0.824
CW
T
217
80XS
0.154
0.742
CW
T
681
1.05
40ST
0.133
1.049
CW
T
226
80XS
0.179
0.957
CW
T
642
1.315
40ST
0.140
1.380
CW
T
229
80XS
0.191
1.278
CW
T
594
1.66
40ST
0.145
1.610
CW
T
231
80XS
0.200
1.500
CW
T
576
1.9
40ST
0.154
2.067
CW
T
230
80XS
0.218
1.939
CW
T
551
2.375
40ST
0.203
2.469
CW
W
533
80XS
0.276
2.323
CW
W
835
2.875
40ST
0.216
3.068
CW
W
482
80XS
0.300
2.900
CW
W
767
3.5
40ST
0.237
4.026
CW
W
430
80XS
0.337
3.826
CW
W
695
4.5
2
40ST
0.280
6.065
ERW
W
696
80XS
0.432
5.761
ERW
W
1,209
6.625
30
0.277
8.071
ERW
W
526
40ST
0.322
7.981
ERW
W
643
80XS
0.500
7.625
ERW
W
1,106
8.625
30
0.307
10.136
ERW
W
485
40ST
0.365
10.020
ERW
W
606
XS
0.500
9.750
ERW
W
887
80
0.593
9.564
ERW
W
1,081
10.75
30
0.330
12.090
ERW
W
449
ST
0.375
12.000
ERW
W
528
40
0.406
11.938
ERW
W
583
XS
0.500
11.750
ERW
W
748
80
0.687
11.376
ERW
W
1,076
12.75
30ST
0.375
13.250
ERW
W
481
40
0.437
13.126
ERW
W
580
14
14
14
16
16
18
18
20
20
XS
80
30ST
40XS
ST
30
XS
40
20ST
30XS
40
0.500
0.750
0.375
0.500
0.375
0.437
0.500
0.562
0.375
0.500
0.593
13.000
12.500
15.250
15.000
17.250
17.126
17.000
16.876
19.250
19.000
18.814
ERW
ERW
ERW
ERW
ERW
ERW
ERW
ERW
ERW
ERW
ERW
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
681
1,081
421
596
374
451
530
607
337
477
581
1) CW - continuous weld - a method of producing small diameter pipe (1/2-4")

2) ERW - electric resistance weld - most common form of manufacture for pipe in sizes from 2 3/8-22" OD
1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm
SME/ANSI B 36.10 and ASTM A53 B:
A106 Grade B Carbon Steel Pipes - Pressure and Temperature Ratings

Pressure (psig) and temperature (oF) ratings of A106 Grade B carbon steel pipes at temperatures ranging from 100 oF
to 750 oF
Ratings are given for standard seamless pipe sizes at temperatures from 100 oF to 750 oF. All ratings are in psig based
on ANSI/ASME B 31.1.
Maximum Allowable Pressure (psig)
Pipe Size
Pipe
(inches) Schedule
401)
802)
1
160
40
80
1 1/2
160
40
80
2
160
40
80
3
160
40
80
4
160
40
80
5
160
40
80
6
160
40
80
8
160
40
80
10
160
100
2,857
3,950
5,757
2,116
2,983
4,331
1,783
2,575
4,217
1,693
2,394
3,600
1,435
2,075
3,376
1,258
1,857
3,201
1,143
1,794
3,083
1,006
1,586
2,976
913
1,509
2,950
200
2,857
3,950
5,757
2,116
2,983
4,331
1,783
2,575
4,217
1,693
2,394
3,600
1,435
2,075
3,376
1,258
1,857
3,201
1,143
1,794
3,083
1,006
1,586
2,976
913
1,509
2,950
300
2,857
3,950
5,757
2,116
2,983
4,331
1,783
2,575
4,217
1,693
2,394
3,600
1,435
2,075
3,376
1,258
1,857
3,201
1,143
1,794
3,083
1,006
1,586
2,976
913
1,509
2,950
Notes:
1) STD (standard) = schedule 40
2) XS (Extra Strong) = schedule 80
Temperature (oF)
400
500
600
2,857
2,857
2,857
3,950
3,950
3,950
5,757
5,757
5,757
2,116
2,116
2,116
2,983
2,983
2,983
4,331
4,331
4,331
1,783
1,783
1,783
2,575
2,575
2,575
4,217
4,217
4,217
1,693
1,693
1,693
2,394
2,394
2,394
3,600
3,600
3,600
1,435
1,435
1,435
2,075
2,075
2,075
3,376
3,376
3,376
1,258
1,258
1,258
1,857
1,857
1,857
3,201
3,201
3,201
1,143
1,143
1,143
1,794
1,794
1,794
3,083
3,083
3,083
1,006
1,006
1,006
1,586
1,586
1,586
2,976
2,976
2,976
913
913
913
1,509
1,509
1,509
2,950
2,950
2,950
650
2,857
3,950
5,757
2,116
2,983
4,331
1,783
2,575
4,217
1,693
2,394
3,600
1,435
2,075
3,376
1,258
1,857
3,201
1,143
1,794
3,083
1,006
1,586
2,976
913
1,509
2,950
700
2,743
3,792
5,526
2,032
2,864
4,157
1,712
2,472
4,049
1,625
2,298
3,456
1,378
1,992
3,241
1,208
1,783
3,073
1,098
1,722
2,960
966
1,523
2,857
876
1,448
2,832
750
2,476
3,423
4,989
1,834
2,585
3,753
1,545
2,232
3,655
1,467
2,074
3,120
1,244
1,798
2,926
1,090
1,610
2,774
991
1,554
2,672
872
1,375
2,579
791
1,308
2,557
ANSI B16.5 - Maximum Pressure and Temperature Ratings

Maximum allowable non-shock pressure (psig) and temperature ratings for steel pipe flanges and flanged
fittings according the American National Standard ANSI B16.5 - 1988
Maximum Allowable non-shock Pressure (psig)
Temperat
ure
(oF)
-20 to 100
200
300
400
500
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1,000
Pressure Class (lb.)

150
300
450
1125
285
260
230
200
170
140
125
110
95
80
65
50
35
20
740
675
655
635
600
550
535
535
505
410
270
170
105
50
400
600
900
Hydrostatic Test Pressure (psig)
1500
2225
3350
990
900
875
845
800
730
715
710
670
550
355
230
140
70
1,480
1,350
1,315
1,270
1,200
1,095
1,075
1,065
1,010
825
535
345
205
105
2,220
2,025
1,970
1,900
1,795
1,640
1,610
1,600
1,510
1,235
805
515
310
155
1500
2500
5575
9275
3,705
3,375
3,280
3,170
2,995
2,735
2,685
2,665
2,520
2,060
1,340
860
515
260
6,170
5,625
5,470
5,280
4,990
4,560
4,475
4,440
4,200
3,430
2,230
1,430
860
430
Stainless Steel Pipes - Pressure Ratings

Pressure ratings for standard seamless A312-TP316/316L stainless steel pipes - temperatures 100 oF to 750oF
Ratings for standard seamless stainless steel pipes, temperatures from 100 oF to 750 oF. All ratings in psig based on
ANSI/ASME B 31.1.
Pipe Size
Pipe
(inches) Schedule
1
40
1
80
1
160
1 1/2
40
1 1/2
80
1 1/2
160
2
40
2
80
2
160
3
40
3
80
3
160
4
40
4
80
4
160
5
40
5
80
5
160
6
40
6
80
6
160
8
40
8
80
8
160
10
40
10
80
10
160
100
3,048
4,213
6,140
2,257
3,182
4,619
1,902
2,747
4,499
1,806
2,553
3,840
1,531
2,213
3,601
1,342
1,981
3,414
1,219
1,913
3,289
1,073
1,692
3,175
974
1,609
3,147
200
2,629
3,634
5,296
1,947
2,744
3,984
1,640
2,369
3,880
1,558
2,202
3,312
1,321
1,909
3,106
1,158
1,709
2,945
1,052
1,650
2,836
926
1,459
2,738
840
1,388
2,714
Pressure Rating (psig)

Temperature (oF)
300
400
500
2,362
2,171
2,019
3,265
3,002
2,791
4,759
4,375
4,068
1,750
1,608
1,496
2,466
2,267
2,108
3,580
3,291
3,060
1,474
1,355
1,260
2,129
1,957
1,820
3,486
3,205
2,980
1,400
1,287
1,196
1,979
1,819
1,691
2,976
2,736
2,544
1,187
1,091
1,014
1,715
1,577
1,466
2,791
2,566
2,386
1,040
956
889
1,535
1,411
1,312
2,646
2,433
2,262
945
869
808
1,483
1,363
1,267
2,549
2,343
2,179
832
765
711
1,311
1,205
1,121
2,460
2,262
2,103
755
694
945
1,247
1,147
1,066
2,439
2,242
2,085
600
1,924
2,659
3,876
1,425
2,009
2,916
1,201
1,734
2,840
1,140
1,612
2,424
967
1,397
2,273
847
1,250
2,155
770
1,208
2,076
678
1,068
2,004
615
1,016
1,986
650
1,867
2,580
3,761
1,383
1,949
2,829
1,165
1,682
2,755
1,106
1,564
2,352
938
1,355
2,206
822
1,213
2,091
747
1,172
2,014
657
1,036
1,944
596
986
1,927
700
1,824
2,528
3,684
1,354
1,909
2,772
1,141
1,648
2,699
1,084
1,532
2,304
919
1,328
2,161
805
1,189
2,049
732
1,148
1,973
644
1,015
1,905
584
966
1,880
psig based on
750
1,810
2,501
3,646
1,340
1,889
2,743
1,129
1,631
2,671
1,072
1,516
2,280
909
1,314
2,138
797
1,176
2,027
724
1,136
1,953
637
1,005
1,885
578
956
1,868
September 30, 2006

Rev: 0
Helical coils are commonly used for heat transfer in agitated reactors and vertical tanks as well as for heat
tracing of pipelines, vessels and other process equipment. The equation for the length of this type of helix is
found in:
Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers; 7th Ed.
McGraw-Hill; N.Y.; 1967; p. 2-63
T. Baumeister (editor),
and
Handbook of Engineering Fundamentals; 3rd Ed.
Wiley; N.Y.; 1975; p. 259
Art Montemayor
The equation is:
LN
2p r
p2
where,
L
N
r
p
=
=
=
=
Length of helical pipe or tube;

Number of turns of coil;
Radius fo the helix, taken from the denter of the helix to the center-line of the pipe or tube;
Coil pitch - the center-to-center spacing of adjacent coils.
Any consistent units of length may be used for L, r, and p.

A circular helix lies on the surface of a circular cylinder of radius r. If the cylinder is developed, the helix
appears as a straight line, making a constant angle, a, with the horizontal. Figure 1 shows the developed
cylinder for one turn of the helix, and provides a concise "picture" of the essential geometric properties of the
helix. Figure 2 gives the general equations of the helix.
An example is given:
A 2 inch line is to be heated externally using hot-oil tracing. How many feet of 1/2 inch OD tubing are needed
to trace 50 feet of straight pipe, using two turns of coil per foot of pipe (p = 6 inch)?
OD of 2" pipe
r
N
p
=
2.375 inches
= (0.5) (2.375 + 0.25 + 0.25) =
= (50 (2) =
100 turns of coil
=
6 inches
L =
1084.34 inches =
1.4375 inches
90.36 feet
If the common engineering short-cut of estimating the tubing length as the total circumference of 100 circles
had been used, the result would have been in error by :
Short-cut length = 100 (2p) (1.4375) =
%Error =
903.21 inches =
75.27 feet
16.70%
Page 63 of 64
WorkSheet: Helical Coils' Length
Art Montemayor
Pipe Roughness and Empirical Equations'

Pipe Material / Type
Glass
Drawn Brass
Copper
Commercial Steel
Wrought Iron
Galvanized Iron
Cast Iron
Concrete
PVC - other Plastics
Asbestos cement
Brass
Brick
Cast-iron, new
Concrete:
Steel forms
Wooden forms
Centrifugally spun
Copper, drawn
Corrugated metal
Galvanized iron
Glass
Lead
Plastic
Steel:
Coal-tar enamel
New unlined
Riveted
Wood stave
Absolute Roughness - e
mm
feet
September 30, 2006

Rev: 0
Constants
Hazen-Williams
C
Mannings Coefficient
n
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0450
0.0450
0.1500
0.2600
0.18 -0.6000
0.1200
0.0015
0.0015
0.6000
0.2600
0.000005
0.000005
0.002
0.00085
140
135
100
130
0.011
0.011
0.015
0.012
0.1800
0.6000
0.3600
0.0015
45.0000
0.1500
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.006
0.002
0.0012
0.000005
0.15
0.0005
0.000005
0.000005
0.000005
140
120
135
135
120
140
135
150
0.011
0.015
0.013
0.011
0.022
0.016
0.011
0.011
0.009
0.0048
0.0450
0.9000
0.1800
0.000016
0.00015
0.003
0.0006
148
145
110
120
0.01
0.011
0.019
0.012
Page 64 of 64
WorkSheet: Pipe Roughness

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Nov 01, 2005

The Reynolds Number, a dimensionless number

Total resisting force;

Nov 01, 2005

November 24, 1997

Valve Resistance to Flow

V-Port T-LINE model

BIG MAX Butterfly

Electronic FileName: 231333207.xls.ms_office

November 22, 1997

JAMESBURY Valves ---- Cv values

VALVE SIZE, in inches

CLINCHER, Type 2000; screwed

Style A DOUBLE-SEAL; screwed

Series 4000, REDUCED PORT

3-Way Flanged Ball Valve

Electronic File: 231333207.xls.ms_office

November 22, 1997

Electronic File: 231333207.xls.ms_office

November 24, 1997

Valve Flow Resistance

ORBIT Valves --- Cv values

Where, Dp = PSI drop across valve

Dp = 541 x 10-9 (Q/Cv)2(GT/P)

Dp = PSI drop across valve

ANSI, 150# flange

ANSI, 300# flange

ANSI, 1500# flange

Electronic File: 231333207.xls.ms_office

Valve Flow Resistance

November 24, 1997

Electronic File: 231333207.xls.ms_office

November 24, 1997

VOGT Valves --- Cv values (Reference: VOGT Catalog F-12, 1980)

TYPICAL CV FACTORS FOR VOGT VALVES &

Electronic File: 231333207.xls.ms_office

November 24, 1997

TYPICAL PIPE-TANK RESISTANCES

Exit Loss: From Pipe to Tank

Any of the above, reversed1.00

SUDDEN ("ABRUPT") CONTRACTION

SUDDEN ("ABRUPT") EXPANSION

Electronic File: 231333207.xls.ms_office

Ball Valve Flow Resistance

KTM Ball Valves --- Cv values

Reduced Percent Reduction

KTM Ball Valves Cv Values

KTM Ball Valves have inherent equal percentage

Electronic File: 231333207.xls.ms_office

Valve Flow Resistance

KITZ Valves --- Cv values

Trunnion Ball Full Bore

Trunnion Ball Reduced

Trunnion Ball Full Bore

Trunnion Ball Reduced

Trunnion Ball Full Bore

Trunnion Ball Reduced

Trunnion Ball Full Bore

Trunnion Ball Reduced