CRITICAL REASONING TEST SECTION 1

30 Minutes 20 Questions
1. Nearly one in three subscribers to Financial Forecaster
is
a millionaire, and over half are in top management.
Shouldnt you subscribe to Financial Forecaster now?
A reader who is neither a millionaire nor in top
management would be most likely to act in accordance
with the advertisements suggestion if he or she drew
which of the following uestionable conclusions
invited by the advertisement?
!A" Among finance#related periodicals. Financial
Forecaster provides the most detailed financial
information.
!$" %op managers cannot do their &obs properly without
reading Financial Forecaster.
!'" %he advertisement is placed where those who will
be likely to read it are millionaires.
!(" %he subscribers mentioned were helped to become
millionaires or &oin top management by reading
Financial Forecaster.
!)" *nly those who will in fact become millionaires, or
at least top managers, will read the advertisement.
Questions 2-3 are based on the following.
'ontrary to the charges made by some of its opponents,
the provisions of the new deficit#reduction law for
indiscriminate cuts in the federal budget are &ustified.
*pponents should remember that the New (eal pulled
this country out of great economic troubles even though
some of its programs were later found to be
unconstitutional.
+. %he authors method of attacking the charges of certain
opponents of the new deficit#reduction law is to
!A" attack the character of the opponents rather than
their claim
!$" imply an analogy between
the law and some New
(eal programs
!'" point out that the
opponents claims imply a
dilemma
!(" show that the opponents
reasoning leads to an
absurd conclusion
!)" show that the New (eal
also called for
indiscriminate cuts in the
federal budget
1
,. %he opponents could effectively defend their position
against the authors strategy by pointing out that
!A" the e-pertise of those opposing the law is
outstanding
!$" the lack of &ustification for the new law does not
imply that those who drew it up were either inept
or immoral
!'" the practical application of the new law will not
entail indiscriminate budget cuts
!(" economic troubles present at the time of the New
(eal were eual in severity to those that have led
to the present law
!)" the fact that certain flawed programs or laws have
improved the economy does not prove that every
such program can do so
.. /n 0illington, a city of 12,222 people, 0ercedes
3edrosa, a realtor, calculated that a family with
0illingtons median family income, 4+5,222 a year,
could afford to buy 0illingtons median#priced
466,222 house. %his calculation was based on an 11.+
percent mortgage interest rate and on the realtors
assumption that a family could only afford to pay up to
+1 percent of its income for housing.
7hich of the following corrections of a figure
appearing in the passage above, if it were the only
correction that needed to be made, would yield a new
calculation showing that even incomes below the
median family income would enable families in
0illington to afford 0illingtons median#priced house?
!A" 0illingtons total population was .1,222 people.
!$" 0illingtons median annual family income was
4+6,222
!'" 0illingtons median#priced house cost 452,222
!(" %he rate at which people in 0illington had to pay
mortgage interest was only 12 percent.
!)" 8amilies in 0illington could only afford to pay up
to ++ percent of their
annual income for
housing.
+
1. 3sychological research indicates that college hockey
and football players are more uickly moved to
hostility and aggression than are college athletes in
noncontact sports such as swimming. $ut the
researchers conclusion

that contact sports encourage

and teach participants to be hostile and aggressive

is
untenable. %he football and hockey players were
probably more hostile and aggressive to start with than
the swimmers.
7hich of the following, if true, would most strengthen
the conclusion drawn by the psychological researchers?
!A" %he football and hockey players became more
hostile and aggressive during the season and
remained so during the off#season, whereas there
was no increase in aggressiveness among the
swimmers.
!$" %he football and hockey players, but not the
swimmers, were aware at the start of the
e-periment that they were being tested for
aggressiveness.
!'" %he same psychological research indicated that the
football and hockey players had a great respect for
cooperation and team play, whereas the swimmers
were most concerned with e-celling as individual
competitors.
!(" %he research studies were designed to include no
college athletes who participated in both contact
and noncontact sports.
!)" %hroughout the 9nited States, more incidents of fan
violence occur at baseball games than occur at
hockey or football games.
:.;oss< %he profitability of 'ompany =, restored to
private
ownership five years ago, is clear evidence that
businesses will always fare better under private than
under public ownership.
>ulia< 7rong. A close look at the
records shows that = has
been profitable since the
appointment of a first#class
manager, which happened
while = was still in the
pubic sector.
7hich of the following best
describes the weak point in
;osss claim on which >ulias
response focuses?
!A" %he evidence ;oss cites
comes from only a single
observed case, that of
'ompany =.
!$" %he profitability of
'ompany = might be only
temporary.
!'" ;osss statement leaves
open the possibility that
the cause he cites came
after the effect he
attributes to it.
!(" No mention is made of
companies that are partly
government owned and
partly privately owned.
!)" No e-act figures are given
for the current profits of
'ompany =.
,
6. Stronger patent laws are needed to protect inventions
from being pirated. 7ith that protection, manufacturers
would be encouraged to invest in the development of
new products and technologies. Such investment
freuently results in an increase in a manufacturers
productivity.
7hich of the following conclusions can most properly
be drawn from the information above?
!A" Stronger patent laws tend to benefit financial
institutions as well as manufacturers.
!$" /ncreased productivity in manufacturing is likely to
be accompanied by the creation of more
manufacturing &obs.
!'" 0anufacturers will decrease investment in the
development of new products and technologies
unless there are stronger patent laws.
!(" %he weakness of current patent laws has been a
cause of economic recession.
!)" Stronger patent laws would stimulate improvements
in productivity for many manufacturers.
5. 7hich of the following best completes the passage
below?
At large amusement parks, live shows are used very
deliberately to influence crowd movements. ?unchtime
performances relieve the pressure on a parks
restaurants. )vening performances have a rather
different purpose< to encourage visitors to stay for
supper. $ehind this surface divergence in immediate
purpose there is the unified underlying goal of @ @ @ @
@.
!A" keeping the lines at the various rides short by
drawing off part of the crowd
!$" enhancing revenue by attracting people who come
only for the live shows and then leave the park
!'" avoiding as far as possible traffic &ams caused by
visitors entering or
leaving the park
!(" encouraging as many
people as possible to
come to the park in order
to eat at the restaurants
!)" utiliAing the restaurants at
optimal levels for as
much of the day as
possible
.
B.>ames weighs more than Celly.
?uis weighs more than 0ark.
0ark weighs less than Ned.
Celly and Ned are e-actly the same weight.
/f the information above is true, which of the following
must also be true?
!A" ?uis weighs more than Ned.
!$" ?uis weighs more than >ames.
!'" Celly weighs less than ?uis.
!(" >ames weighs more than 0ark
!)" Celly weighs less than 0ark.
Questions 10-11 are based on the following.
3artly because of bad weather, but also partly because
some ma&or pepper growers have switched to high#priced
cocoa, world production of pepper has been running well
below worldwide sales for three years. 3epper is
conseuently in relatively short supply. %he price of
pepper has soared in response< it now euals that of
cocoa.
12. 7hich of the following can be inferred from the
passage?
!A" 3epper is a profitable crop only if it is grown on
a large scale.
!$" 7orld consumption of pepper has been unusually
high for three years.
!'" 7orld production of pepper will return to
previous levels once normal weather returns.
!(" Surplus stocks of pepper have been reduced in
the past three years.
!)" %he profits that the growers of pepper have made
in the past three years have been unprecedented.
11. Some observers have concluded that the rise in the
price of pepper means that the switch by some
growers from pepper to cocoa left those growers no
better off than if none of
them had switchedD this
conclusion, however, is
unwarranted because it can
be inferred to be likely that
!A" those growers could not
have foreseen how high
the price of pepper would
go
!$" the initial cost involved
in switching from pepper
to cocoa is substantial
!'" supplies of pepper
would not be as low as
they are if those growers
had not switched crops
!(" cocoa crops are as
susceptible to being
reduced by bad weather
as are pepper crops
!)" as more growers turn to
growing cocoa, cocoa
supplies will increase and
the price of cocoa will fall
precipitously.
1
1+. 9sing computer techniues, researchers analyAe
layers of paint that lie buried beneath the surface
layers of old paintings. %hey claim, for e-ample, that
additional mountainous scenery once appeared in
?eonardo da Eincis Mona Lisa, which was later
painted over. Skeptics reply to these claims,
however, that =#ray e-aminations of the Mona Lisa
do not show hidden mountains.
7hich of the following, if true, would tend most to
weaken the force of the skeptics ob&ections?
!A" %here is no written or anecdotal record that
?eonardo da Einci ever painted over ma&or areas
of his Mona Lisa.
!$" 3ainters of da Eincis time commonly created
images of mountainous scenery in the
backgrounds of portraits like the Mona Lisa.
!'" No one knows for certain what parts of the Mona
Lisa may have been painted by da Eincis
assistants rather than by da Einci himself.
!(" /nfrared photography of the Mona Lisa has
revealed no trace of hidden mountainous scenery.
!)" Analysis relying on =#rays only has the capacity
to detect lead#based white pigments in layers of
paint beneath a paintings surface layers.
1,. 7hile Fovernor Eerdant has been in office, the states
budget has increased by an average of : percent each
year. 7hile the previous governor was in office, the
states budget increased by an average of 11.1
percent each year. *bviously, the austere budgets
during Fovernor Eerdants term have caused the
slowdown in the growth in state spending.
7hich of the following, if true, would most seriously
weaken the conclusion drawn above?
!A" %he rate of inflation in the state averaged 12
percent each year during the previous governors
term in office and , percent each year during
Eerdants term.
!$" $oth federal and state
income ta- rates have
been lowered considerably
during Eerdants term in
office.
!'" /n each year of
Eerdants term in office,
the states budget has
shown some increase in
spending over the
previous year.
!(" (uring Eerdants term
in office, the state has
either discontinued or
begun to charge private
citiAens for numerous
services that the state
offered free to citiAens
during the previous
governors term.
!)" (uring the previous
governors term in office,
the state introduced
several so#called
GausterityH budgets
intended to reduce the
growth in state spending.
:
1.. 8ederal agricultural programs aimed at benefiting one
group whose livelihood depends on farming often
end up harming another such group.
7hich of the following statements provides support
for the claim above?

. An effort to help feed#grain producers resulted in

higher prices for their crops, but the higher prices
decreased the profits of livestock producers.

. /n order to reduce crop surpluses and increase

prices, growers of certain crops were paid to leave
a portion of their land idle, but the reduction was
not achieved because improvements in efficiency
resulted in higher production on the land in use.

.0any farm workers were put out of work when a

program meant to raise the price of grain provided
grain growers with an incentive to reduce
production by giving them surplus grain from
government reserves.
!A"

, but not

and not

!$"

, but not

and not

!'"

and

, but not

!("

and

, but not

!)"

and

11. %echnological education is worsening. 3eople

between eighteen and twenty#four, who are &ust
emerging from their formal education, are more
likely to be technologically illiterate than somewhat
older adults. And yet, issues for public referenda will
increasingly involve aspects of technology.
7hich of the following conclusions can be properly
drawn from the statements above?
!A" /f all young people are to make informed
decisions on public referenda, many of them must
learn more about technology.
!$" %horough studies of technological issues and
innovations should be
made a reuired part of
the public and private
school curriculum.
!'" /t should be suggested
that prospective voters
attend applied science
courses in order to
acuire a minimal
competency in technical
matters.
!("/f young people are not
to be overly influenced by
famous technocrats, they
must increase their
knowledge of pure
science.
!)" *n public referenda
issues, young people tend
to confuse real or
probable technologies
with impossible ideals.
6
1:. /n a political system with only two ma&or parties, the
entrance of a third#party candidate into an election
race damages the chances of only one of the two
ma&or candidates. %he third#party candidate always
attracts some of the voters who might otherwise have
voted for one of the two ma&or candidates, but not
voters who support the other candidate. Since a third#
party candidacy affects the two ma&or candidates
uneually, for reasons neither of them has any
control over, the practice is unfair and should not be
allowed.
/f the factual information in the passage above is
true, which of the following can be most reliably
inferred from it?
!A" /f the political platform of the third party is a
compromise position between that of the two
ma&or parties, the third party will draw its voters
eually from the two ma&or parties.
!$" /f, before the emergence of a third party, voters
were divided eually between the two ma&or
parties, neither of the ma&or parties is likely to
capture much more than one#half of the vote.
!'" A third#party candidate will not capture the votes
of new voters who have never voted for candidates
of either of the two ma&or parties.
!(" %he political stance of a third party will be more
radical than that of either of the two ma&or parties.
!)" %he founders of a third party are likely to be a
coalition consisting of former leaders of the two
ma&or parties.
16. 'ompanies considering new
cost#cutting manufacturing
processes often compare the
pro&ected results of making
the investment against the
alternative of not making
the investment with costs,
selling prices, and share of
market remaining constant.
7hich of the following,
assuming that each is a
realistic possibility,
constitutes the most serious
disadvantage for companies
of using the method above
for evaluating the financial
benefit of new
manufacturing processes?
!A" %he costs of materials
reuired by the new
process might not be
known with certainty.
!$" /n several years interest
rates might go down,
reducing the interest costs
of borrowing money to
pay for the investment.
!'" Some cost#cutting
processes might reuire
such e-pensive
investments that there
would be no net gain for
many years, until the
investment was paid for
by savings in the
manufacturing process.
!(" 'ompetitors that do
5
invest in a new process might reduce their selling
prices and thus take market share away from
companies that do not.
!)" %he period of year chosen for averaging out the
cost of the investment might be somewhat longer
or shorter, thus affecting the result.
15. %here are far fewer children available for adoption
than there are people who want to adopt. %wo million
couples are currently waiting to adopt, but in 1B5+,
the last year for which figures e-ist, there were only
some 12,222 adoptions.
7hich of the following statements, if true, most
strengthens the authors claim that there are far fewer
children available for adoption than there are people
who want to adopt?
!A" %he number of couples waiting to adopt has
increased significantly in the last decade.
!$" %he number of adoptions in the current year is
greater than the number of adoptions in any
preceding year.
!'" %he number of adoptions in a year is
appro-imately eual to the number of children
available for adoption in that period.
!(" 3eople who seek to adopt children often go
through a long process of interviews and
investigation by adoption agencies.
!)" 3eople who seek to adopt children generally
make very good parents.
Questions 19-20 are based on the
following
Archaeologists seeking the
location of a legendary siege and
destruction of a city are
e-cavating in several possible
places, including a middle and a
lower layer of a large mound.
%he bottom of the middle layer
contains some pieces of pottery
of type ,, known to be from a
later period than the time of the
destruction of the city, but the
lower layer does not.
1B. 7hich of the following
hypotheses is best supported
by the evidence above?
!A" %he lower layer
contains the remains of
the city where the siege
took place.
!$" %he legend confuses
stories from two different
historical periods.
!'" %he middle layer does
not represent the period
of the siege.
!(" %he siege lasted for a
long time before the city
was destroyed.
!)" %he pottery of type ,
was imported to the city
by traders.
+2. %he force of the evidence
cited above is most
seriously weakened if which
of the following is true?
B
!A" Ferbils, small animals long native to the area,
dig large burrows into which ob&ects can fall when
the burrows collapse.
!$" 3ottery of types 1 and +, found in the lower level,
was used in the cities from which, according to the
legend, the besieging forces came.
!'" Several pieces of stone from a lower#layer wall
have been found incorporated into the remains of a
building in the middle layer.
!(" $oth the middle and the lower layer show
evidence of large#scale destruction of habitations
by fire.
!)" $ronAe a-heads of a type used at the time of the
siege were found in the lower level of e-cavation.
12
CRITICAL REASONING TEST SECTION 2
30 Minutes 20 Questions
1. After the national speed limit of 11 miles per hour was
imposed in 1B6., the number of deaths per mile driven
on a highway fell abruptly as a result. Since then,
however, the average speed of vehicles on highways
has risen, but the number of deaths per mile driven on a
highway has continued to fall.
7hich of the following conclusions can be properly
drawn from the statements above?
!A" %he speed limit alone is probably not responsible
for the continued reduction in highway deaths in
the years after 1B6..
!$" 3eople have been driving less since 1B6..
!'" (river#education courses have been more effective
since 1B6. in teaching drivers to drive safely.
!(" /n recent years highway patrols have been less
effective in catching drivers who speed.
!)" %he change in the speed limit cannot be responsible
for the abrupt decline in highway deaths in 1B6..
+. Neighboring landholders< Air pollution from the giant
aluminum refinery that has been built ne-t to our land
is killing our plants.
'ompany spokesperson< %he refinery is not to blame,
since our study shows that the damage is due to insects
and fungi.
7hich of the following, if true, most seriously weakens
the conclusion drawn by the company spokesperson?
!A" %he study did not measure the uantity of
pollutants emitted into the surrounding air by the
aluminum refinery.
!$" %he neighboring landholders have made no change
in the way they take care of their plants.
!'" Air pollution from the refinery has changed the
chemical balance in the plants environment,
allowing the harmful
insects and fungi to
thrive.
!(" 3ollutants that are
invisible and odorless are
emitted into the
surrounding air by the
refinery.
!)" %he various species of
insects and fungi
mentioned in the study
have been occasionally
found in the locality
during the past hundred
years.
11
,. Sales ta-es tend to be regressive, affecting poor people
more severely than wealthy people. 7hen all purchases
of consumer goods are ta-ed at a fi-ed percentage of
the purchase price, poor people pay a larger proportion
of their income in sales ta-es than wealthy people do.
/t can be correctly inferred on the basis of the
statements above that which of the following is true?
!A" 3oor people constitute a larger proportion of the
ta-paying population than wealthy people do.
!$" 3oor people spend a larger proportion of their
income on purchases of consumer goods than
wealthy people do.
!'" 7ealthy people pay, on average, a larger amount of
sales ta-es than poor people do.
!(" %he total amount spent by all poor people on
purchases of consumer goods e-ceeds the total
amount spent by all wealthy people on consumer
goods.
!)" %he average purchase price of consumer goods
bought by wealthy people is higher than that of
consumer goods bought by poor people.
.. ;eviewing historical data, medical researchers in
'alifornia found that counties with the largest number
of television sets per capita have had the lowest
incidence of a serious brain disease, mosuito#borne
encephalitis. %he researchers have concluded that
people in these counties stay indoors more and thus
avoid e-posure to the disease.
%he researchers conclusion would be most
strengthened if which of the following were true?
!A" 3rograms designed to control the siAe of disease#
bearing mosuito populations have not affected
the incidence of mosuito# borne encephalitis.
!$" %he occupations of county residents affect their risk
of e-posure to mosuito#borne encephalitis more
than does television#
watching.
!'" %he incidence of
mosuito#borne
encephalitis in counties
with the largest number
of television sets per
capita is likely to
decrease even further.
!(" %he more time people in a
county spend outdoors,
the greater their
awareness of the dangers
of mosuito#borne
encephalitis.
!)" %he more television sets
there are per capita in a
county, the more time the
average county resident
spends watching
television.
1+
1. %he citys public transportation system should be
removed from the &urisdiction of the municipal
government, which finds it politically impossible either
to raise fares or to institute cost#saving reductions in
service. /f public transportation were handled by a
private firm, profits would be vigorously pursued,
thereby eliminating the necessity for covering operating
costs with government funds.
%he statements above best support the conclusion that
!A" the private firms that would handle public
transportation would have e-perience in the
transportation industry
!$" political considerations would not prevent private
firms from ensuring that revenues cover operating
costs
!'" private firms would receive government funding if
it were needed to cover operating costs
!(" the public would approve the cost#cutting actions
taken by the private firm
!)" the municipal government would not be resigned to
accumulating merely enough income to cover
costs
:. %o entice customers away from competitors, ;ed ?abel
supermarkets have begun offering discounts on home
appliances to customers who spend 412 or more on
any shopping trip to ;ed ?abel. ;ed ?abel e-ecutives
claim that the discount program has been a huge
success, since cash register receipts of 412 or more are
up thirty percent since the beginning of the program.
7hich of the following, if true, most seriously weakens
the claim of the ;ed ?abel e-ecutives?
!A" 0ost people who switched to ;ed ?abel after the
program began spend more than 412 each time
they shop at ;ed ?abel.
!$" 0ost people whose average grocery bill is less than
412 would not be
persuaded to spend more
by any discount program.
!'" 0ost people who received
discounts on home
appliances through ;ed
?abels program will shop
at ;ed ?abel after the
program ends.
!(" Since the beginning of the
discount program, most
of the people who spend
412 or more at ;ed ?abel
are people who have
never before shopped
there and whose average
grocery bill has always
been higher than 412.
!)" Almost all of the people
who have begun spending
412 or more at ;ed ?abel
since the discount
program began are
longtime customers who
have increased the
average amount of their
shopping bills by making
fewer trips.
1,
6. %hroughout the 1B12s, there were increases in the
numbers of dead birds found in agricultural areas after
pesticide sprayings. 3esticide manufacturers claimed
that the publicity given to bird deaths stimulated
volunteers to look for dead birds, and that the increase
in numbers reported was attributable to the increase in
the number of people looking.
7hich of the following statements, if true, would help
to refute the claim of the pesticide manufacturers?
!A"%he publicity given to bird deaths was largely
regional and never reached national proportions.
!$" 3esticide sprayings were timed to coincide with
various phases of the life cycles of the insects they
destroyed.
!'"No provision was made to ensure that a dead bird
would not be reported by more than one observer.
!(" /nitial increases in bird deaths had been noticed by
agricultural workers long before any publicity had
been given to the matter.
!)" (ead birds of the same species as those found in
agricultural areas had been found along coastal
areas where no farming took place.
5. %eenagers are often priced out of the labor market by
the government#mandated minimum#wage level
because employers cannot afford to pay that much for
e-tra help. %herefore, if 'ongress institutes a
subminimum wage, a new lower legal wage for
teenagers, the teenage unemployment rate, which has
been rising since 1B:2, will no longer increase.
7hich of the following, if true, would most weaken the
argument above?
!A" Since 1B:2 the teenage unemployment rate has
risen when the minimum wage has risen.
!$" Since 1B:2 the teenage unemployment rate has
risen even when the minimum wage remained
constant.
!'" )mployers often hire e-tra
help during holiday and
warm weather seasons.
!(" %he teenage
unemployment rate rose
more uickly in the
1B62s than it did in the
1B:2s.
!)" %he teenage
unemployment rate has
occasionally declined in
the years since 1B:2.
1.
B. 7hich of the following best completes the passage
below?
%he computer industrys estimate that it loses millions
of dollars when users illegally copy programs without
paying for them is greatly e-aggerated. 0ost of the
illegal copying is done by people with no serious
interest in the programs. %hus, the loss to the industry
is much smaller than estimated because
!A" many users who illegally copy programs never find
any use for them
!$" most of the illegally copied programs would not be
purchased even if purchasing them were the only
way to obtain them
!'" even if the computer industry received all the
revenue it claims to be losing, it would still be
e-periencing financial difficulties
!(" the total market value of all illegal copies is low in
comparison to the total revenue of the computer
industry
!)" the number of programs that are freuently copied
illegally is low in comparison to the number of
programs available for sale
12. %his year the New Iampshire (ivision of 'ompany
=, set a new record for annual sales by that division.
%his record is especially surprising since the New
Iampshire (ivision has the smallest potential
market and the lowest sales of any of 'ompany =s
divisions.
7hich of the following identifies a flaw in the
logical coherence of the statement above?
!A" /f overall sales for 'ompany = were sharply
reduced, the New Iampshire (ivisions new sales
record is irrelevant to the companys prosperity.
!$" Since the division is competing against its own
record, the comparison of its sales record with that
of other divisions is
irrelevant.
!'" /f this is the first year
that the New Iampshire
(ivision has been last in
sales among 'ompany
=s divisions, the new
record is not surprising at
all.
!(" /f overall sales for
'ompany = were greater
than usual, it is not
surprising that the New
Iampshire (ivision was
last in sales.
!)" Since the New
Iampshire (ivision has
the smallest potential
market, it is not surprising
that it had the lowest
sales.
11
11. Statement of a 9nited States copper mining company<
/mport uotas should be imposed on the less
e-pensive copper mined outside the country to
maintain the price of copper in this countryD
otherwise, our companies will not be able to stay in
business.
;esponse of a 9nited States copper wire
manufacturer< 9nited States wire and cable
manufacturers purchase about 62 percent of the
copper mined in the 9nited States. /f the copper
prices we pay are not at the international level, our
sales will drop, and then the demand for 9nited
States copper will go down.
/f the factual information presented by both
companies is accurate, the best assessment of the
logical relationship between the two arguments is
that the wire manufacturers argument
!A" is self#serving and irrelevant to the proposal of
the mining company
!$" is circular, presupposing what it seeks to prove
about the proposal of the mining company
!'" shows that the proposal of the mining company
would have a negative effect on the mining
companys own business
!(" fails to give a reason why the proposal of the
mining company should not be put into effect to
alleviate the concern of the mining company for
staying in business
!)" establishes that even the mining companys
business will prosper if the mining companys
proposal is re&ected
1+. J has been believed to cause K. A new report, noting
that J and K are often observed to be preceded by =,
suggests that =, not J, may be the cause of K.
7hich of the following further observations would
best support the new
reports suggestion?
!A" /n cases where = occurs
but J does not, = is
usually followed by K.
!$" /n cases where =
occurs, followed by J, J
is usually followed by K.
!'" /n cases where J occurs
but = does not, J is
usually followed by K.
!(" /n cases where J occurs
but K does not, J is
usually preceded by =.
!)" /n cases where K occurs,
it is usually preceded by
= and J.
1:
1,. 0r. 3rimm< /f hospitals were private enterprises,
dependent on profits for their survival, there would
be no teaching hospitals, because of the intrinsically
high cost of running such hospitals.
0s. Nakai< / disagree. %he medical challenges
provided by teaching hospitals attract the very best
physicians. %his, in turn, enables those hospitals to
concentrate on nonroutine cases.
7hich of the following, if true, would most
strengthen 0s. Nakais attempt to refute 0r. 3rimms
claim?
!A" (octors at teaching hospitals command high
salaries.
!$" Sophisticated, nonroutine medical care
commands a high price.
!'" )-isting teaching hospitals derive some revenue
from public subsidies.
!(" %he patient mortality rate at teaching hospitals is
high.
!)" %he modern trend among physicians is to become
highly specialiAed.
1.. A recent survey of all auto accident victims in (ole
'ounty found that, of the severely in&ured drivers
and front#seat passengers, 52 percent were not
wearing seat belts at the time of their accidents. %his
indicates that, by wearing seat belts, drivers and
front#seat passengers can greatly reduce their risk of
being severely in&ured if they are in an auto accident.
%he conclusion above is not properly drawn unless
which of the following is true?
!A" *f all the drivers and front#seat passengers in the
survey, more than +2 percent were wearing seat
belts at the time of their accidents.
!$"'onsiderably more than +2 percent of drivers and
front#seat passengers in (ole 'ounty always wear
seat belts when traveling
by car.
!'" 0ore drivers and front#
seat passengers in the
survey than rear#seat
passengers were very
severely in&ured.
!(" 0ore than half of the
drivers and front#seat
passengers in the survey
were not wearing seat
belts at the time of their
accidents.
!)" 0ost of the auto
accidents reported to
police in (ole 'ounty do
not involve any serious
in&ury.
16
11. Si- months or so after getting a video recorder, many
early buyers apparently lost interest in obtaining
videos to watch on it. %he trade of businesses selling
and renting videos is still buoyant, because the
number of homes with video recorders is still
growing. $ut clearly, once the market for video
recorders is saturated, businesses distributing videos
face hard times.
7hich of the following, if true, would most seriously
weaken the conclusion above?
!A" %he market for video recorders would not be
considered saturated until there was one in 52
percent of homes.
!$" Among the items handled by video distributors
are many films specifically produced as video
features.
!'" 8ew of the early buyers of video recorders raised
any complaints about performance aspects of the
new product.
!(" %he early buyers of a novel product are always
people who are uick to acuire novelties, but also
often as uick to tire of them.
!)" /n a shrinking market, competition always
intensifies and marginal businesses fail.
1:. Advertiser< %he revenue that newspapers and
magaAines earn by publishing advertisements allows
publishers to keep the prices per copy of their
publications much lower than would otherwise be
possible. %herefore, consumers benefit economically
from advertising.
'onsumer< $ut who pays for the advertising that
pays for low#priced newspapers and magaAines? 7e
consumers do, because advertisers pass along
advertising costs to us through the higher prices they
charge for their products.
7hich of the following best
describes how the consumer
counters the advertisers
argument?
!A" $y alleging something
that, if true, would
weaken the plausibility of
the advertisers
conclusion
!$" $y uestioning the truth
of the purportedly factual
statement on which the
advertisers conclusion is
based
!'" $y offering an
interpretation of the
advertisers opening
statement that, if accurate,
shows that there is an
implicit contradiction in it
!(" $y pointing out that the
advertisers point of view
is biased
!)" $y arguing that the
advertiser too narrowly
restricts the discussion to
the effects of advertising
that are economic
15
16. 0r. ?awson< 7e should adopt a national family policy
that includes legislation reuiring employers to
provide paid parental leave and establishing
government#sponsored day care. Such laws would
decrease the stress levels of employees who have
responsibility for small children. %hus, such laws
would lead to happier, better#ad&usted families.
7hich of the following, if true, would most
strengthen the conclusion above?
!A" An employees high stress level can be a cause of
unhappiness and poor ad&ustment for his or her
family.
!$" 3eople who have responsibility for small
children and who work outside the home have
higher stress levels than those who do not.
!'" %he goal of a national family policy is to lower
the stress levels of parents.
!(" Any national family policy that is adopted would
include legislation reuiring employers to provide
paid parental leave and establishing government#
sponsored day care.
!)" 0ost children who have been cared for in
daycare centers are happy and well ad&usted.
15. ?ark 0anufacturing 'ompany initiated a voluntary
Luality 'ircles program for machine operators.
/ndependent surveys of employee attitudes indicated
that the machine operators participating in the
program were less satisfied with their work situations
after two years of the programs e-istence than they
were at the programs start. *bviously, any workers
who participate in a Luality 'ircles program will, as
a result, become less satisfied with their &obs.
)ach of the following, if true, would weaken the
conclusion drawn above )=')%3<
!A" %he second survey occurred during a period of
recession when rumors of
cutbacks and layoffs at
?ark 0anufacturing were
plentiful .
!$" %he surveys also
showed that those ?ark
machine operators who
neither participated in
Luality 'ircles nor knew
anyone who did so
reported the same degree
of lessened satisfaction
with their work situations
as did the ?ark machine
operators who
participated in Luality
'ircles.
!'" 7hile participating in
Luality 'ircles at ?ark
0anufacturing, machine
operators e-hibited two of
the primary indicators of
improved &ob satisfaction<
increased productivity
and decreased
absenteeism.
1B
!(" Several workers at ?ark 0anufacturing who had
participated in Luality 'ircles while employed at
other companies reported that, while participating
in Luality 'ircles in their previous companies,
their work satisfaction had increased.
!)" %he machine operators who participated in
Luality 'ircles reported that, when the program
started, they felt that participation might improve
their work situations.
Luestions 1B#+2 are based on the following.
$lood banks will shortly start to screen all donors for
NAN$ hepatitis. Although the new screening tests are
estimated to disualify up to 1 percent of all prospective
blood donors, they will still miss two#thirds of donors
carrying NAN$ hepatitis. %herefore, about 12 percent of
actual donors will still supply NAN$#contaminated
blood.
1B. %he argument above depends on which of the
following assumptions?
!A" (onors carrying NAN$ hepatitis do not, in a
large percentage of cases, carry other infections for
which reliable screening tests are routinely
performed.
!$" (onors carrying NAN$ hepatitis do not, in a
large percentage of cases, develop the disease
themselves at any point.
!'" %he estimate of the number of donors who would
be disualified by tests for NAN$ hepatitis is an
underestimate.
!(" %he incidence of NAN$ hepatitis is lower
among the potential blood donors than it is in the
population at large.
!)" %he donors who will still supply NAN$#
contaminated blood will donate blood at the
average freuency for all donors.
+2. 7hich of the following inferences about the
conseuences of instituting
the new tests is best
supported by the passage
above?
!A" %he incidence of new
cases of NAN$ hepatitis
is likely to go up by 12
percent.
!$" (onations made by
patients specifically for
their own use are likely to
become less freuent.
!'" %he demand for blood
from blood banks is likely
to fluctuate more
strongly.
!(" %he blood supplies
available from blood
banks are likely to go
down.
!)" %he number of
prospective first#time
donors is likely to go up
by 1 percent.
+2
CRITICAL REASONING TEST SECTION 3
30 Minutes 20 Questions
1. 'hilds 7orld, a chain of toy stores, has relied on a
Gsupermarket conceptH of computeriAed inventory control
and customer self#service to eliminate the category of
sales clerks from its force of employees. /t now plans to
employ the same concept in selling childrens clothes.
%he plan of 'hilds 7orld assumes that
!A" supermarkets will not also be selling childrens
clothes in the same manner
!$" personal service by sales personnel is not reuired
for selling childrens clothes successfully
!'" the same kind of computers will be used in
inventory control for both clothes and toys at
'hilds 7orld
!(" a self#service plan cannot be employed without
computeriAed inventory control
!)" sales clerks are the only employees of 'hilds
7orld who could be assigned tasks related to
inventory control
+. 'ontinuous indoor fluorescent light benefits the health
of hamsters with inherited heart disease. A group of
them e-posed to continuous fluorescent light survived
twenty#five percent longer than a similar group
e-posed instead to eual periods of indoor fluorescent
light and of darkness.
%he method of the research described above is most
likely to be applicable in addressing which of the
following uestions?
!A" 'an industrial workers who need to see their work
do so better by sunlight or by fluorescent light?
!$" 'an hospital lighting be improved to promote the
recovery of patients?
!'" Iow do deep#sea fish survive in total darkness?
!(" 7hat are the inherited illnesses to which hamsters
are sub&ect?
!)" Are there plants that
reuire specific periods of
darkness in order to
bloom?
,. 0illions of identical copies of
a plant can be produced using
new tissue#culture and cloning
techniues.
/f plant propagation by such
methods in laboratories proves
economical, each of the
following, if true, represents a
benefit of the new techniues
to farmers
)=')3%<
!A" %he techniues allow the
development of superior
strains to take place more
rapidly, reuiring fewer
generations of plants
grown to maturity.
+1
!$" /t is less difficult to care for plants that will grow at
rates that do not vary widely.
!'" 3lant diseases and pests, once they take hold,
spread more rapidly among genetically uniform
plants than among those with genetic variations.
!(" 0echanical harvesting of crops is less difficult if
plants are more uniform in siAe.
!)" Special genetic traits can more easily be introduced
into plant strains with the use of the new
techniues.
.. 7hich of the following best completes the passage
below?
Sales campaigns aimed at the faltering personal
computer market have strongly emphasiAed ease of use,
called user#friendliness. %his emphasis is oddly
premature and irrelevant in the eyes of most potential
buyers, who are trying to address the logically prior
issue of whether####
!A" user#friendliness also implies that owners can
service their own computers
!$" personal computers cost more the more user#
friendly they are
!'" currently available models are user#friendly enough
to suit them
!(" the people promoting personal computers use them
in their own homes
!)" they have enough sensible uses for a personal
computer to &ustify the e-pense of buying one
1. A weapons#smuggling incident recently took place in
country J. 7e all know that J is a closed society. So
Js government must have known about the weapons.
7hich of the following is an assumption that would
make the conclusion above logically correct?
!A" /f a government knows about a particular weapons#
smuggling incident, it must have intended to use
the weapons for its own
purposes.
!$" /f a government claims
that it knew nothing about
a particular weapons#
smuggling incident, it
must have known
everything about it.
!'" /f a government does not
permit weapons to enter a
country, it is a closed
society.
!(" /f a country is a closed
society, its government
has a large contingent of
armed guards patrolling
its borders.
!)" /f a country is a closed
society, its government
has knowledge about
everything that occurs in
the country.
++
:. $anning cigarette advertisements in the mass media
will not reduce the number of young people who
smoke. %hey know that cigarettes e-ist and they know
how to get them. %hey do not need the advertisements
to supply that information.
%he above argument would be most weakened if which
of the following were true?
!A" Seeing or hearing an advertisement for a product
tends to increase peoples desire for that product.
!$" $anning cigarette advertisements in the mass media
will cause an increase in advertisements in places
where cigarettes are sold.
!'" Advertisements in the mass media have been an
e-ceedingly large part of the e-penditures of the
tobacco companies.
!(" %hose who oppose cigarette use have advertised
against it in the mass media ever since cigarettes
were found to be harmful.
!)" *lder people tend to be less influenced by mass#
media advertisements than younger people tend to
be.
6. 3eople tend to estimate the likelihood of an events
occurrence according to its salienceD that is, according
to how strongly and how often it comes to their
attention.
$y placement and headlines, newspapers emphasiAe
stories about local crime over stories about crime
elsewhere and about many other ma&or events.
/t can be concluded on the basis of the statements
above that, if they are true, which of the following is
most probably also true?
!A" %he language used in newspaper headlines about
local crime is inflammatory and fails to respect the
rights of suspects.
!$"%he coverage of international events in newspapers
is neglected in favor of
the coverage of local
events.
!'" ;eaders of local news in
newspapers tend to
overestimate the amount
of crime in their own
localities relative to the
amount of crime in other
places.
!(" None of the events
concerning other people
that are reported in
newspapers is so salient
in peoples minds as their
own personal
e-periences.
!)" %he press is the news
medium that focuses
peoples attention most
strongly on local crimes.
+,
5. $y analyAing the garbage of a large number of average#
siAed households, a group of modern urban
anthropologists has found that a household discards
less food the more standardiAed

made up of canned
and prepackaged foods

its diet is. %he more

standardiAed a households diet is, however, the greater
the uantities of fresh produce the household throws
away.
7hich of the following can be properly inferred from
the passage?
!A" An increasing number of households rely on a
highly standardiAed diet.
!$" %he less standardiAed a households diet is, the
more nonfood waste the household discards.
!'" %he less standardiAed a households diet is, the
smaller is the proportion of fresh produce in the
households food waste.
!(" %he less standardiAed a households diet is, the
more canned and prepackaged foods the household
discards as waste.
!)" %he more fresh produce a household buys, the more
fresh produce it throws away.
Luestions BM12 are based on the following.
/n the past, teachers, bank tellers, and secretaries were
predominantly menD these occupations slipped in pay and
status when they became largely occupied by women.
%herefore, if women become the ma&ority in currently
male#dominated professions like accounting, law, and
medicine, the income and prestige of these professions
will also drop.
B. %he argument above is based on
!A" another argument that contains circular reasoning
!$" an attempt to refute a generaliAation by means of an
e-ceptional case
!'" an analogy between the past and the future
!(" an appeal to popular beliefs and values
!)" an attack on the character
of the opposition.
12. 7hich of the following, if
true, would most likely be
part of the evidence used to
refute the conclusion above?
!A" Accountants, lawyers,
and physicians attained
their current relatively
high levels of income and
prestige at about the same
time that the pay and
status of teachers, bank
tellers, and secretaries
slipped.
!$" 7hen large numbers of
men &oin a female#
dominated occupation,
such as airline flight
attendant, the status and
pay of the occupation
tend to increase.
+.
!'" %he demand for teachers and secretaries has
increased significantly in recent years, while the
demand for bank tellers has remained relatively
stable.
!(" /f present trends in the awarding of law degrees
to women continue, it will be at least two decades
before the ma&ority of lawyers are women.
!)" %he pay and status of female accountants,
lawyers, and physicians today are governed by
significantly different economic and sociological
forces than were the pay and status of female
teachers, bank tellers, and secretaries in the past.
11. An electric#power company gained greater profits and
provided electricity to consumers at lower rates per
unit of electricity by building larger#capacity more
efficient plants and by stimulating greater use of
electricity within its area. %o continue these financial
trends, the company planned to replace an old plant
by a plant with triple the capacity of its largest plant.
%he companys plan as described above assumed
each of the following )=')3%<
!A" (emand for electricity within the companys
area of service would increase in the future.
!$" )-penses would not rise beyond the level that
could be compensated for by efficiency or volume
of operation, or both.
!'" %he planned plant would be sufficiently reliable
in service to contribute a net financial benefit to
the company as a whole.
!(" Safety measures to be instituted for the new plant
would be the same as those for the plant it would
replace.
!)" %he tripling of capacity would not result in
insuperable technological obstacles to efficiency.
Luestions 1+#1, are based on the following
0eteorologists say that if only they could design an
accurate mathematical model of
the atmosphere with all its
comple-ities, they could forecast
the weather with real precision.
$ut this is an idle boast, immune
to any evaluation, for any
inadeuate weather forecast
would obviously be blamed on
imperfections in the model.
1+. 7hich of the following, if
true, could best be used as a
basis for arguing against the
authors position that the
meteorologists claim
cannot be evaluated?
!A" 'ertain unusual
configurations of data can
serve as the basis for
precise weather forecasts
even though the e-act
causal mechanisms are
not understood.
+1
!$" 0ost significant gains in the accuracy of the
relevant mathematical models are accompanied by
clear gains in the precision of weather forecasts.
!'" 0athematical models of the meteorological
aftermath of such catastrophic events as volcanic
eruptions are beginning to be constructed.
!(" 0odern weather forecasts for as much as a full
day ahead are broadly correct about 52 percent of
the time.
!)" 0eteorologists readily concede that the accurate
mathematical model they are talking about is not
now in their power to construct.
1,. 7hich of the following, if true, would cast the most
serious doubt on the meteorologists boast, aside
from the doubt e-pressed in the passage above?
!A" %he amount of energy that the )arth receives
from the Sun is monitored closely and is known
not to be constant.
!$" Eolcanic eruptions, the combustion of fossil
fuels, and several other processes that also cannot
be uantified with any accuracy are known to have
a significant and continuing impact on the
constitution of the atmosphere.
!'" As current models of the atmosphere are
improved, even small increments in comple-ity
will mean large increases in the number of
computers reuired for the representation of the
models.
!(" 8reuent and accurate data about the atmosphere
collected at a large number of points both on and
above the ground are a prereuisite for the
construction of a good model of the atmosphere.
!)" 7ith e-isting models of the atmosphere, large
scale weather patterns can be predicted with
greater accuracy than can relatively local weather
patterns.
1.. *f the countries that were the worlds twenty largest
e-porters in 1B1,, four had
the same share of total
world e-ports in 1B5. as in
1B1,. %heses countries can
therefore serve as models
for those countries that wish
to keep their share of the
global e-port trade stable
over the years.
7hich of the following, if
true, casts the most serious
doubt on the suitability of
those four countries as
models in the sense
described?
!A" 0any countries wish to
increase their share of
world e-port trade, not
&ust keep it stable.
!$" 0any countries are less
concerned with e-ports
alone than with he
balance between e-ports
and imports.
+:
!'" 7ith respect to the mi- of products each e-ports,
the four countries are very different from each
other.
!(" *f the four countries, two had a much larger, and
two had a much smaller, share of total world
e-ports in 1B62 than in 1B5..
!)" %he e-ports of the four countries range from 11
percent to 61 percent of the total national output.
Luestions 11#1: are based on the following
/n the 9nited States, the 3ostal Service has a monopoly
on first#class mail, but much of what is sent first class
could be transmitted electronically. )lectronic transmittal
operators argue that if the 3ostal Service were to offer
electronic transmission, it would have an unfair
advantage, since its electronic transmission service could
be subsidiAed from the profits of the monopoly.
11. 7hich of the following, if each is true, would allay
the electronic transmittal operators fears of unfair
competition?
!A" /f the 3ostal Service were to offer electronic
transmission, it could not make a profit on first#
class mail.
!$" /f the 3ostal Service were to offer electronic
transmission, it would have a monopoly on that
kind of service.
!'" 0uch of the material that is now sent by first#
class mail could be delivered much faster by
special package couriers, but is not sent that way
because of cost.
!(" %here is no economy of scale in electronic
transmission

that is, the cost per transaction does

not go down as more pieces of information are
transmitted.
!)" )lectronic transmission will never be cost#
effective for material not sent by first#class mail
such as newspapers and bulk mail.
1:. 7hich of the following
uestions can be answered
on the basis of the
information in the passage
above?
!A" /s the 3ostal Service as
efficient as privately
owned electric
transmission services?
!$" /f private operators were
allowed to operate first#
class mail services, would
they choose to do so?
!'" (o the electronic
transmittal operators
believe that the 3ostal
Service makes a profit on
first#class mail?
!(" /s the 3ostal Service
prohibited from offering
electronic transmission
services ?
!)" /s the 3ostal Service
e-pected to have a
monopoly on electronic
transmission?
+6
16. ?ists of hospitals have been compiled showing which
hospitals have patient death rates e-ceeding the
national average. %he data have been ad&usted to
allow for differences in the ages of patients.
)ach of the following, if true, provides a good
logical ground for hospitals to ob&ect to interpreting
rank on these lists as one of the indices of the uality
of hospital care )=')3%<
!A" ;ank order might indicate insignificant
differences, rather than large differences, in
numbers of patient deaths.
!$" Iospitals that keep patients longer are likely to
have higher death rates than those that discharge
patients earlier but do not record deaths of patients
at home after discharge.
!'" 3atients who are very old on admission to a
hospital are less likely than younger patients to
survive the same types of illnesses or surgical
procedures.
!(" Some hospitals serve a larger proportion of low#
income patients, who tend to be more seriously ill
when admitted to a hospital.
!)" 8or#profit hospitals sometimes do not provide
intensive#care units and other e-pensive services
for very sick patients but refer or transfer such
patients to other hospitals.
15. %eresa< 0anned spaceflight does not have a future,
since it cannot compete economically with other
means of accomplishing the ob&ectives of
spaceflight.
)dward< No mode of human transportation has a
better record of reliability< two accidents in twenty#
five years. %hus manned spaceflight definitely has a
positive future.
7hich of the following is the best logical evaluation
of )dwards argument as a response to %eresas
argument?
!A" /t cites evidence that, if
true, tends to disprove the
evidence cited by %eresa
in drawing her
conclusion.
!$" /t indicates a logical gap
in the support that %eresa
offers for her conclusion.
!'" /t raises a consideration
that outweighs the
argument %eresa makes.
!(" /t does not meet
%eresas point because it
assumes that there is no
serious impediment to
transporting people into
space, but this was the
issue raised by %eresa.
!)" /t fails to respond to
%eresas argument
because it does not
address the fundamental
issue of whether space
activities should have
priority over other claims
on the national budget.
+5
1B. $lack Americans are, on the whole, about twice as
likely as 7hite Americans to develop high blood
pressure. %his likelihood also holds for westerniAed
$lack Africans when compared to 7hite Africans.
;esearchers have hypothesiAed that this
predisposition in westerniAed $lacks may reflect an
interaction between western high#salt diets and genes
that adapted to an environmental scarcity of salt.
7hich of the following statements about present#day,
westerniAed $lack Africans, if true, would most tend
to confirm the researchers hypothesis?
!A" %he blood pressures of those descended from
peoples situated throughout their history in
Senegal and Fambia, where salt was always
available, are low.
!$" %he unusually high salt consumption in certain
areas of Africa represents a serious health
problem.
!'" $ecause of their blood pressure levels, most
7hite Africans have markedly decreased their salt
consumption.
!(" $lood pressures are low among the Joruba, who,
throughout their history, have been situated far
inland from sources of sea salt and far south of
Saharan salt mines.
!)" No significant differences in salt metabolism
have been found between those people who have
had salt available throughout their history and
those who have not.
+2. %he following proposal to
amend the bylaws of an
organiAation was circulated
to its members for
comment.
7hen more than one
nominee is to be named for
an office, prospective
nominees must consent to
nomination and before
giving such consent must be
told who the other nominees
will be.
7hich of the following
comments concerning the
logic of the proposal is
accurate if it cannot be
known who the actual
nominees are until
prospective nominees have
given their consent to be
nominated?
!A" %he proposal would
make it possible for each
of several nominees for
an office to be aware of
who all of the other
nominees are.
!$" %he proposal would
widen the choice
available to those
choosing among the
nominees.
!'" /f there are several
prospective nominees, the
proposal would deny the
last nominee eual
+B
treatment with the first.
!("%he proposal would enable a prospective
nominee to withdraw from competition with a
specific person without making that withdrawal
known.
!)" /f there is more than one prospective nominee,
the proposal would make it impossible for anyone
to become a nominee.
CRITICAL REASONING
TEST SECTION 4
30 Minutes 20 Questions
1. 7hich of the following best
completes the passage below?
/n a survey of &ob applicants,
two#fifths admitted to being at
least a little dishonest.
Iowever, the survey may
underestimate the proportion
of &ob applicants who are
dishonest, because

.
!A" some dishonest people
taking the survey might
have claimed on the
survey to be honest
!$" some generally honest
people taking the survey
might have claimed on
the survey to be dishonest
!'" some people who claimed
on the survey to be at
least a little dishonest
may be very dishonest
!(" some people who claimed
on the survey to be
dishonest may have been
answering honestly
!)" some people who are not
&ob applicants are
probably at least a little
dishonest
Luestions +#, are based on the
following.
%he average life e-pectancy for
the 9nited States population as a
,2
whole is 6,.B years, but children born in Iawaii will live
an average of 66 years, and those born in ?ouisiana, 61.6
years. /f a newlywed couple from ?ouisiana were to begin
their family in Iawaii, therefore, their children would be
e-pected to live longer than would be the case if the
family remained in ?ouisiana.
+. 7hich of the following, if true, would most seriously
weaken the conclusion drawn in the passage?
!A" /nsurance company statisticians do not believe that
moving to Iawaii will significantly lengthen the
average ?ouisianians life.
!$" %he governor of ?ouisiana has falsely alleged that
statistics for his state are inaccurate.
!'" %he longevity ascribed to Iawaiis current
population is attributable mostly to genetically
determined factors.
!(" %hirty percent of all ?ouisianians can e-pect to live
longer than 66 years.
!)" 0ost of the Iawaiian /slands have levels of air
pollution well below the national average for the
9nited States.
,. 7hich of the following
statements, if true, would most
significantly strengthen the
conclusion drawn in the
passage?
!A" As population density
increases in Iawaii, life
e-pectancy figures for
that state are likely to be
revised downward.
!$" )nvironmental factors
tending to favor longevity
are abundant in Iawaii
and less numerous in
?ouisiana.
!'" %wenty#five percent of all
?ouisianians who move
to Iawaii live longer than
66 years.
!(" *ver the last decade,
average life e-pectancy
has risen at a higher rate
for ?ouisianians than for
Iawaiians.
!)" Studies show that the
average life e-pectancy
for Iawaiians who move
permanently to ?ouisiana
is roughly eual to that of
Iawaiians who remain in
Iawaii.
.. /nsurance 'ompany = is
considering issuing a new
policy to cover services
reuired by elderly people
who suffer from diseases that
afflict the elderly. 3remiums
,1
for the policy must be low enough to attract customers.
%herefore, 'ompany = is concerned that the income
from the policies would not be sufficient to pay for the
claims that would be made.
7hich of the following strategies would be most likely
to minimiAe 'ompany =s losses on the policies?
!A" Attracting middle#aged customers unlikely to
submit claims for benefits for many years
!$" /nsuring only those individuals who did not suffer
any serious diseases as children
!'" /ncluding a greater number of services in the policy
than are included in other policies of lower cost
!(" /nsuring only those individuals who were re&ected
by other companies for similar policies
!)" /nsuring only those individuals who are wealthy
enough to pay for the medical services
1. A program instituted in a
particular state allows parents
to prepay their childrens
future college tuition at current
rates. %he program then pays
the tuition annually for the
child at any of the states
public colleges in which the
child enrolls. 3arents should
participate in the program as a
means of decreasing the cost
for their childrens college
education.
7hich of the following, if
true, is the most appropriate
reason for parents not to
participate in the program?
!A" %he parents are unsure
about which pubic college
in the state the child will
attend.
!$" %he amount of money
accumulated by putting
the prepayment funds in
an interest#bearing
account today will be
greater than the total cost
of tuition for any of the
pubic colleges when the
child enrolls.
!'" %he annual cost of tuition
at the states pubic
colleges is e-pected to
increase at a faster rate
than the annual increase
in the cost of living
!(" Some of the states public
,+
colleges are contemplating large increases in
tuition ne-t year.
!)" %he prepayment plan would not cover the cost of
room and board at any of the states public
colleges.
:. 'ompany Alpha buys free#travel coupons from people
who are awarded the coupons by $ravo Airlines for
flying freuently on $ravo airplanes. %he coupons are
sold to people who pay less for the coupons than they
would pay by purchasing tickets from $ravo. %his
marketing of coupons results in lost revenue for $ravo.
%o discourage the buying and selling of free#travel
coupons, it would be best for $ravo Airlines to restrict
the
!A" number of coupons that a person can be awarded in
a particular year
!$" use of the coupons to those who were awarded the
coupons and members of their immediate families
!'" days that the coupons can be used to 0onday
through 8riday
!(" amount of time that the coupons can be used after
they are issued
!)" number of routes on which travelers can use the
coupons
6. %he ice on the front
windshield of the car had
formed when moisture
condensed during the night.
%he ice melted uickly after
the car was warmed up the
ne-t morning because the
defrosting vent, which blows
only on the front windshield,
was turned on full force.
7hich of the following, if
true, most seriously
&eopardiAes the validity of the
e-planation for the speed with
which the ice melted?
!A" %he side windows had no
ice condensation on them.
!$" )ven though no attempt
was made to defrost the
back window, the ice
there melted at the same
rate as did the ice on the
front windshield.
!'" %he speed at which ice on
a window melts increases
as the temperature of the
air blown on the window
increases.
!(" %he warm air from the
defrosting vent for the
front windshield cools
rapidly as it dissipates
throughout the rest of the
car.
!)" %he defrosting vent
operates efficiently even
when the heater, which
,,
blows warm air toward the feet or faces of the
driver and passengers, is on.
5. %o prevent some conflicts of interest, 'ongress could
prohibit high#level government officials from accepting
positions as lobbyists for three years after such officials
leave government service. *ne such official concluded,
however, that such a prohibition would be unfortunate
because it would prevent high#level government
officials from earning a livelihood for three years.
%he officials conclusion logically depends on which of
the following assumptions?
!A" ?aws should not restrict the behavior of former
government officials.
!$" ?obbyists are typically people who have previously
been high#level government officials.
!'" ?ow#level government officials do not often
become lobbyists when they leave government
service.
!(" Iigh#level government officials who leave
government service are capable of earning a
livelihood only as lobbyists.
!)" Iigh#level government officials who leave
government service are currently permitted to act
as lobbyists for only three years.
B. A conservation group in the
9nited States is trying to
change the long#standing
image of bats as frightening
creatures. %he group contends
that bats are feared and
persecuted solely because they
are shy animals that are active
only at night.
7hich of the following, if
true, would cast the most
serious doubt on the accuracy
of the groups contention?
!A" $ats are steadily losing
natural roosting places
such as caves and hollow
trees and are thus turning
to more developed areas
for roosting.
!$" $ats are the chief
consumers of nocturnal
insects and thus can help
make their hunting
territory more pleasant for
humans.
!'" $ats are regarded as
frightening creatures not
only in the 9nited States
but also in )urope,
Africa, and South
America.
!(" ;accoons and owls are
shy and active only at
nightD yet they are not
generally feared and
persecuted.
!)" 3eople know more about
,.
the behavior of other greatly feared animal
species, such as lions, alligators, and snakes, than
they do about the behavior of bats.
12. 0eteorite e-plosions in the )arths atmosphere as
large as the one that destroyed forests in Siberia, with
appro-imately the force of a twelve#megaton nuclear
blast, occur about once a century.
%he response of highly automated systems controlled
by comple- computer programs to une-pected
circumstances is unpredictable.
7hich of the following conclusions can most
properly be drawn, if the statements above are true,
about a highly automated nuclear#missile defense
system controlled by a comple- computer program?
!A" 7ithin a century after its construction, the
system would react inappropriately and might
accidentally start a nuclear war.
!$" %he system would be destroyed if an e-plosion
of a large meteorite occurred in the )arths
atmosphere.
!'" /t would be impossible for the system to
distinguish the e-plosion of a large meteorite from
the e-plosion of a nuclear weapon.
!(" 7hether the system would respond
inappropriately to the e-plosion of a large
meteorite would depend on the location of the
blast.
!)" /t is not certain what the systems response to the
e-plosion of a large meteorite would be, if its
designers did not plan for such a contingency.
Luestions 11#1+ are based on the
following.
%he fewer restrictions there are
on the advertising of legal
services, the more lawyers there
are who advertise their services,
and the lawyers who advertise a
specific service usually charge
less for that service than lawyers
who do not advertise. %herefore,
if the state removes any of its
current restrictions, such as the
one against advertisements that
do not specify fee arrangements,
overall consumer legal costs will
be lower than if the state retains
its current restrictions.
11. /f the statements above are
true, which of the following
must be true?
!A" Some lawyers who now
advertise will charge
more for specific services
if they do not have to
specify fee arrangements
in the advertisements.
!$" 0ore consumers will
use legal services if there
are fewer restrictions on
the advertising of legal
services.
!'" /f the restriction against
advertisements that do not
specify fee arrangements
is removed, more lawyers
will advertise their
services.
,1
!(" /f more lawyers advertise lower prices for
specific services, some lawyers who do not
advertise will also charge less than they currently
charge for those services.
!)" /f the only restrictions on the advertising of legal
services were those that apply to every type of
advertising, most lawyers would advertise their
services.
1+. 7hich of the following, if true, would most seriously
weaken the argument concerning overall consumer
legal costs?
!A" %he state has recently removed some other
restrictions that had limited the advertising of legal
services.
!$" %he state is unlikely to remove all of the
restrictions that apply solely to the advertising of
legal services.
!'" ?awyers who do not advertise generally provide
legal services of the same uality as those
provided by lawyers who do advertise.
!(" 0ost lawyers who now specify fee arrangements
in their advertisements would continue to do so
even if the specification were not reuired.
!)" 0ost lawyers who advertise specific services do
not lower their fees for those services when they
begin to advertise.
1,. (efense (epartment analysts
worry that the ability of the
9nited States to wage a
prolonged war would be
seriously endangered if the
machine#tool manufacturing
base shrinks further. $efore
the (efense (epartment
publicly connected this
security issue with the
import uota issue,
however, the machine#tool
industry raised the national
security issue in its petition
for import uotas.
7hich of the following, if
true, contributes most to an
e-planation of the machine#
tool industrys raising the
issue above regarding
national security?
!A" 7hen the aircraft
industries retooled, they
provided a large amount
of work for tool builders.
!$" %he (efense
(epartment is only
marginally concerned
with the effects of foreign
competition on the
machine#tool industry.
!'" %he machine#tool
industry encountered
difficulty in obtaining
governmental protection
against imports on
grounds other than
defense.
,:
!(" A few weapons important for defense consist of
parts that do not reuire e-tensive machining.
!)" Several federal government programs have been
designed which will enable domestic machine#tool
manufacturing firms to compete successfully with
foreign toolmakers.
1.. *pponents of laws that reuire automobile drivers and
passengers to wear seat belts argue that in a free
society people have the right to take risks as long as
the people do not harm others as a result of taking
the risks. As a result, they conclude that it should be
each persons decision whether or not to wear a seat
belt.
7hich of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the conclusion drawn above?
!A" 0any new cars are built with seat belts that
automatically fasten when someone sits in the
front seat.
!$" Automobile insurance rates for all automobile
owners are higher because of the need to pay for
the increased in&uries or deaths of people not
wearing seat belts.
!'" 3assengers in airplanes are reuired to wear seat
belts during takeoffs and landings.
!(" %he rate of automobile fatalities in states that do
not have mandatory seat#belt laws is greater than
the rate of fatalities in states that do have such
laws.
!)" /n automobile accidents, a greater number of
passengers who do not wear seat belts are in&ured
than are passengers who do wear seat belts.
11. %he cost of producing radios
in 'ountry L is ten percent
less than the cost of
producing radios in 'ountry
J. )ven after transportation
fees and tariff charges are
added, it is still cheaper for
a company to import radios
from 'ountry L to 'ountry
J than to produce radios in
'ountry J.
%he statements above, if
true, best support which of
the following assertions?
!A" ?abor costs in 'ountry
L are ten percent below
those in 'ountry J.
!$" /mporting radios from
'ountry L to 'ountry J
will eliminate ten percent
of the manufacturing &obs
in 'ountry J.
!'" %he tariff on a radio
imported from 'ountry L
to 'ountry J is less than
ten percent of the cost of
manufacturing the radio
in 'ountry J.
!(" %he fee for transporting
a radio from 'ountry L to
'ountry J is more than
ten percent of the cost of
manufacturing the radio
in 'ountry L.
!)" /t takes ten percent less
time to manufacture a
radio in 'ountry L than it
,6
does in 'ountry J.
1:. (uring the Second 7orld 7ar, about ,61,222
civilians died in the 9nited States and about .25,222
members of the 9nited States armed forces died
overseas. *n the basis of those figures, it can be
concluded that it was not much more dangerous to be
overseas in the armed forces during the Second
7orld 7ar than it was to stay at home as a civilian.
7hich of the following would reveal most clearly
the absurdity of the conclusion drawn above?
!A" 'ounting deaths among members of the armed
forces who served in the 9nited States in addition
to deaths among members of the armed forces
serving overseas
!$" )-pressing the difference between the numbers
of deaths among civilians and members of the
armed forces as a percentage of the total number
of deaths
!'" Separating deaths caused by accidents during
service in the armed forces from deaths caused by
combat in&uries
!(" 'omparing death rates per thousand members of
each group rather than comparing total numbers of
deaths
!)" 'omparing deaths caused by accidents in the
9nited States to deaths caused by combat in the
armed forces.
16. *ne state adds a 6 percent
sales ta- to the price of most
products purchased within
its &urisdiction. %his ta-,
therefore, if viewed as ta-
on income, has the reverse
effect of the federal income
ta-< the lower the income,
the higher the annual
percentage rate at which the
income is ta-ed.
%he conclusion above
would be properly drawn if
which of the following were
assumed as a premise?
!A" %he amount of money
citiAens spend on
products sub&ect to the
state ta- tends to be eual
across income levels.
!$" %he federal income ta-
favors citiAens with high
incomes, whereas the
state sales ta- favors
citiAens with low
incomes.
!'" 'itiAens with low
annual incomes can
afford to pay a relatively
higher percentage of their
incomes in state sales ta-,
since their federal income
ta- is relatively low.
!(" %he lower a states sales
ta-, the more it will tend
to redistribute income
from the more affluent
,5
citiAens to the rest of society.
!)" 'itiAens who fail to earn federally ta-able
income are also e-empt from the state sales ta-.
15. %he average age of chief e-ecutive officers !')*s" in
a large sample of companies is 16. %he average age
of ')*s in those same companies +2 years ago was
appro-imately eight years younger. *n the basis of
those data, it can be concluded that ')*s in general
tend to be older now.
7hich of the following casts the most doubt on the
conclusion drawn above?
!A" %he dates when the ')*s assumed their current
positions have not been specified.
!$" No information is given concerning the average
number of years that ')*s remain in office.
!'" %he information is based only on companies that
have been operating for at least +2 years.
!(" *nly appro-imate information is given
concerning the average age of the ')*s +2 years
ago.
!)" /nformation concerning the e-act number of
companies in the sample has not been given.
Luestions 1B#+2 are based on the
following.
Surveys show that every year
only 12 percent of cigarette
smokers switch brands. Jet the
manufacturers have been
spending an amount eual to 12
percent of their gross receipts on
cigarette promotion in
magaAines. /t follows from these
figures that inducing cigarette
smokers to switch brands did not
pay, and that cigarette companies
would have been no worse off
economically if they had
dropped their advertising.
1B. *f the following, the best
criticism of the conclusion
that inducing cigarette
smokers to switch brands
did not pay is that the
conclusion is based on
!A" computing advertising
costs as a percentage of
gross receipts, not of
overall costs
!$" past patterns of smoking
and may not carry over to
the future
!'" the assumption that each
smoker is loyal to a single
brand of cigarettes at any
one time
!(" the assumption that
each manufacturer
produces only one brand
of cigarettes
,B
!)" figures for the cigarette industry as a whole and
may not hold for a particular company
+2. 7hich of the following, if true, most serinously
weakens the conclusion that cigarette companies
could have dropped advertising without suffering
economically?
!A" 'igarette advertisements provide a ma&or
proportion of total advertising revenue for
numerous magaAines.
!$" 'igarette promotion serves to attract first#time
smokers to replace those people who have stopped
smoking.
!'" %here e-ists no research conclusively demon#
strating that increases in cigarette advertising are
related to increases in smoking.
!(" Advertising is so firmly established as a ma&or
business activity of cigarette manufacturers that
they would be unlikely to drop it.
!)" $rand loyalty is typically not very strong among
those who smoke ine-pensive cigarettes.
CRITICAL REASONING
TEST SECTION 5
30 MINUTES 20
QUESTIONS
1. %oughened hiring standards
have not been the primary
cause of the present staffing
shortage in public schools.
%he shortage of teachers is
primarily caused by the fact
that in recent years teachers
have not e-perienced any
improvements in working
conditions and their salaries
have not kept pace with
salaries in other professions.
7hich of the following, if
true, would most support the
claims above?
!A" 0any teachers already in
the profession would not
have been hired under the
new hiring standards.
!$" %oday more teachers are
entering the profession
with a higher educational
level than in the past.
!'" Some teachers have cited
higher standards for
hiring as a reason for the
current staffing shortage.
!(" 0any teachers have cited
low pay and lack of
professional freedom as
reasons for their leaving
the profession.
!)" 0any prospective teachers
.2
have cited the new hiring standards as a reason for
not entering the profession.
+. A proposed ordinance reuires the installation in new
homes of sprinklers automatically triggered by the
presence of a fire. Iowever, a home builder argued that
because more than ninety percent of residential fires are
e-tinguished by a household member, residential
sprinklers would only marginally decrease property
damage caused by residential fires.
7hich of the following, if true, would most seriously
weaken the home builders argument?
!A" 0ost individuals have no formal training in how to
e-tinguish fires.
!$" Since new homes are only a tiny percentage of
available housing in the city, the new ordinance
would be e-tremely narrow in scope.
!'" %he installation of smoke detectors in new
residences costs significantly less than the
installation of sprinklers.
!(" /n the city where the ordinance was proposed, the
average time reuired by the fire department to
respond to a fire was less than the national
average.
!)" %he largest proportion of property damage that
results from residential fires is caused by fires that
start when no household member is present.
,. )ven though most universities
retain the royalties from
faculty members inventions,
the faculty members retain the
royalties from books and
articles they write. %herefore,
faculty members should retain
the royalties from the
educational computer software
they develop.
%he conclusion above would
be more reasonably drawn if
which of the following were
inserted into the argument as
an additional premise?
!A" ;oyalties from inventions
are higher than royalties
from educational software
programs.
!$" 8aculty members are more
likely to produce
educational software
programs than inventions.
!'" /nventions bring more
prestige to universities
than do books and
articles.
!(" /n the e-perience of most
universities, educational
software programs are
more marketable than are
books and articles.
!)" /n terms of the criteria
used to award royalties,
educational software
programs are more nearly
comparable to books and
.1
articles than to inventions.
.. /ncreases in the level of high#density lipoprotein
!I(?" in the human bloodstream lower bloodstream#
cholesterol levels by increasing the bodys capacity to
rid itself of e-cess cholesterol. ?evels of I(? in the
bloodstream of some individuals are significantly
increased by a program of regular e-ercise and weight
reduction.
7hich of the following can be correctly inferred from
the statements above?
!A" /ndividuals who are underweight do not run any
risk of developing high levels of cholesterol in the
bloodstream.
!$" /ndividuals who do not e-ercise regularly have a
high risk of developing high levels of cholesterol
in the bloodstream late in life.
!'" )-ercise and weight reduction are the most
effective methods of lowering bloodstream
cholesterol levels in humans.
!(" A program of regular e-ercise and weight reduction
lowers cholesterol levels in the bloodstream of
some individuals.
!)" *nly regular e-ercise is necessary to decrease
cholesterol levels in the bloodstream of individuals
of average weight.
1. 7hen limitations were in
effect on nuclear#arms testing,
people tended to save more of
their money, but when nuclear#
arms testing increased, people
tended to spend more of their
money. %he perceived threat of
nuclear catastrophe, therefore,
decreases the willingness of
people to postpone
consumption for the sake of
saving money.
%he argument above assumes
that
!A" the perceived threat of
nuclear catastrophe has
increased over the years.
!$" most people supported the
development of nuclear
arms
!'" peoples perception of the
threat of nuclear
catastrophe depends on
the amount of nuclear#
arms testing being done
!(" the people who saved the
most money when
nuclear#arms testing was
limited were the ones
who supported such
limitations
!)" there are more consumer
goods available when
nuclear#arms testing
increases
.+
:. 7hich of the following best completes the passage
below?
3eople buy prestige when they buy a premium product.
%hey want to be associated with something special.
0ass#marketing techniues and price#reduction
strategies should not be used because @@@@@@@.
!A" affluent purchasers currently represent a shrinking
portion of the population of all purchasers
!$" continued sales depend directly on the maintenance
of an aura of e-clusivity
!'" purchasers of premium products are concerned with
the uality as well as with the price of the products
!(" e-pansion of the market niche to include a broader
spectrum of consumers will increase profits
!)" manufacturing a premium brand is not necessarily
more costly than manufacturing a standard brand
of the same product
6. A cost#effective solution to the
problem of airport congestion
is to provide high#speed
ground transportation between
ma&or cities lying +22 to 122
miles apart. %he successful
implementation of this plan
would cost far less than
e-panding e-isting airports
and would also reduce the
number of airplanes clogging
both airports and airways.
7hich of the following, if
true, could proponents of the
plan above most appropriately
cite as a piece of evidence for
the soundness of their plan?
!A"An effective high#speed
ground#transportation
system would reuire
ma&or repairs to many
highways and mass#
transit improvements.
!$" *ne#half of all departing
flights in the nations
busiest airport head for a
destination in a ma&or city
++1 miles away.
!'" %he ma&ority of travelers
departing from rural
airports are flying to
destinations in cities over
:22 miles away.
!(" 0any new airports are
being built in areas that
are presently served by
high#speed ground#
.,
transportation systems.
!)" A large proportion of air travelers are vacationers
who are taking long#distance flights.
Luestions 5#B are based on the following.
/f there is an oil#supply disruption resulting in higher
international oil prices, domestic oil prices in open#
market countries such as the 9nited States will rise as
well, whether such countries import all or none of their
oil.
5. /f the statement above concerning oil#supply
disruptions is true, which of the following policies in an
open#market nation is most likely to reduce the long#
term economic impact on that nation of sharp and
une-pected increases in international oil prices?
!A" 0aintaining the uantity of oil imported at constant
yearly levels
!$" /ncreasing the number of oil tankers in its fleet
!'" Suspending diplomatic relations with ma&or oil#
producing nations
!(" (ecreasing oil consumption through conservation
!)" (ecreasing domestic production of oil
B. 7hich of the following
conclusions is best supported
by the statement above?
!A" (omestic producers of oil
in open#market countries
are e-cluded from the
international oil market
when there is a disruption
in the international oil
supply.
!$" /nternational oil#supply
disruptions have little, if
any, effect on the price of
domestic oil as long as an
open#market country has
domestic supplies capable
of meeting domestic
demand.
!'" %he oil market in an open#
market country is actually
part of the international
oil market, even if most
of that countrys domestic
oil is usually sold to
consumers within its
borders.
!(" *pen#market countries
that e-port little or none
of their oil can maintain
stable domestic oil prices
even when international
oil prices rise sharply.
!)" /f international oil prices
rise, domestic distributors
of oil in open#market
countries will begin to
import more oil than they
..
e-port.
12. %he average normal infant born in the 9nited States
weighs between twelve and fourteen pounds at the
age of three months. %herefore, if a three#month#old
child weighs only ten pounds, its weight gain has
been below the 9nited States average.
7hich of the following indicates a flaw in the
reasoning above?
!A" 7eight is only one measure of normal infant
development.
!$" Some three#month#old children weigh as much
as seventeen pounds.
!'" /t is possible for a normal child to weigh ten
pounds at birth.
!(" %he phrase G below averageH does not
necessarily mean insufficient.
!)"Average weight gain is not the same as average
weight.
11. ;ed blood cells in which the
malarial#fever parasite
resides are eliminated from
a persons body after 1+2
days. $ecause the parasite
cannot travel to a new
generation of red blood
cells, any fever that
develops in a person more
than 1+2 days after that
person has moved to a
malaria#free region is not
due to the malarial parasite.
7hich of the following, if
true, most seriously
weakens the conclusion
above?
!A" %he fever caused by the
malarial parasite may
resemble the fever caused
by flu viruses.
!$" %he anopheles
mosuito, which is the
principal insect carrier of
the malarial parasite, has
been eradicated in many
parts of the world.
!'" 0any malarial
symptoms other than the
fever, which can be
suppressed with
antimalarial medication,
can reappear within 1+2
days after the medication
is discontinued.
!(" /n some cases, the
parasite that causes
malarial fever travels to
.1
cells of the spleen, which are less freuently
eliminated from a persons body than are red blood
cells.
!)" /n any region infested with malaria#carrying
mosuitoes, there are individuals who appear to be
immune to malaria.
1+. 8act 1< %elevision advertising is becoming less
effective< the proportion of brand names promoted
on television that viewers of the advertising can
recall is slowly decreasing.
8act +< %elevision viewers recall commercials aired
first or last in a cluster of consecutive commercials
far better than they recall commercials aired
somewhere in the middle.
8act + would be most likely to contribute to an
e-planation of fact 1 if which of the following were
also true?
!A" %he average television viewer currently recalls
fewer than half the brand names promoted in
commercials he or she saw.
!$" %he total time allotted to the average cluster of
consecutive television commercials is decreasing.
!'" %he average number of hours per day that people
spend watching television is decreasing.
!(" %he average number of clusters of consecutive
commercials per hour of television is increasing.
!)" %he average number of television commercials in
a cluster of consecutive commercials is increasing.
1,. %he number of people
diagnosed as having a
certain intestinal disease has
dropped significantly in a
rural county this year, as
compared to last year,
Iealth officials attribute this
decrease entirely to
improved sanitary
conditions at water#
treatment plants, which
made for cleaner water this
year and thus reduced the
incidence of the disease.
7hich of the following, if
true, would most seriously
weaken the health officials
e-planation for the lower
incidence of the disease?
!A" 0any new water#
treatment plants have
been built in the last five
years in the rural county.
!$" $ottled spring water has
not been consumed in
significantly different
uantities by people
diagnosed as having the
intestinal disease, as
compared to people who
did not contract the
disease.
!'" $ecause of a new
diagnostic techniue,
many people who until
this year would have been
diagnosed as having the
intestinal disease are now
.:
correctly diagnosed as suffering from intestinal
ulcers.
!(" $ecause of medical advances this year, far fewer
people who contract the intestinal disease will
develop severe cases of the disease.
!)" %he water in the rural county was brought up to
the sanitary standards of the water in neighboring
counties ten years ago.
1.. %he price the government pays for standard weapons
purchased from military contractors is determined by
a pricing method called Ghistorical costing.H
Iistorical costing allows contractors to protect their
profits by adding a percentage increase, based on the
current rate of inflation, to the previous years
contractual price.
7hich of the following statements, if true, is the best
basis for a criticism of historical costing as an
economically sound pricing method for military
contracts?
!A" %he government might continue to pay for past
inefficient use of funds.
!$" %he rate of inflation has varied considerably over
the past twenty years.
!'" %he contractual price will be greatly affected by
the cost of materials used for the products.
!(" 0any ta-payers uestion the amount of money
the government spends on military contracts.
!)" %he pricing method based on historical costing
might not encourage the development of
innovative weapons.
11. Some who favor putting
governmental enterprises
into private hands suggest
that conservation ob&ectives
would in general be better
served if private
environmental groups were
put in charge of operating
and financing the national
park system, which is now
run by the government.
7hich of the following,
assuming that it is a realistic
possibility, argues most
strongly against the
suggestion above?
!A" %hose seeking to
abolish all restrictions on
e-ploiting the natural
resources of the parks
might &oin the private
environmental groups as
members and eventually
take over their leadership.
!$" 3rivate environmental
groups might not always
agree on the best ways to
achieve conservation
ob&ectives.
!'" /f they wished to e-tend
the park system, the
private environmental
groups might have to seek
contributions from ma&or
donors and the general
public.
!(" %here might be
competition among
.6
private environmental groups for control of certain
park areas.
!)" Some endangered species, such as the 'alifornia
condor, might die out despite the best efforts of the
private environmental groups, even if those groups
are not hampered by insufficient resources.
1:. A recent spate of launching and operating mishaps
with television satellites led to a corresponding surge
in claims against companies underwriting satellite
insurance. As a result, insurance premiums shot up,
making satellites more e-pensive to launch and
operate. %his, in turn, has added to the pressure to
sueeAe more performance out of currently operating
satellites.
7hich of the following, if true, taken together with
the information above, best supports the conclusion
that the cost of television satellites will continue to
increase?
!A" Since the risk to insurers of satellites is spread
over relatively few units, insurance premiums are
necessarily very high.
!$" 7hen satellites reach orbit and then fail, the
causes of failure are generally impossible to
pinpoint with confidence.
!'" %he greater the performance demands placed on
satellites, the more freuently those satellites break
down.
!(" 0ost satellites are produced in such small
numbers that no economies of scale can be
realiAed.
!)" Since many satellites are built by unwieldy
international consortia, inefficiencies are
inevitable.
16. %ocueville, a nineteenth#
century writer known for his
study of democracy in the
9nited States, believed that
a government that
centraliAes power in one
individual or institution is
dangerous to its citiAens.
$iographers claim that
%ocueville disliked#
centraliAed government
because he blamed
Napoleons rule for the
poverty of his childhood in
Normandy.
7hich of the following, if
true, would cast the most
serious doubt on the
biographers claim?
!A" Although Napoleon was
popularly blamed at the
time for the terrible living
conditions in Normandy,
historians now know that
bad harvests were really
to blame for the poor
economic conditions.
!$" Napoleon was notorious
for refusing to share
power with any of his
political associates.
!'" %ocueville said he
knew that if his father had
not suffered ill health, his
family would have had a
steady income and a
comfortable standard of
.5
living.
!(" Although %ocueville asserted that 9nited States
political life was democratic, the 9nited States of
the nineteenth century allowed political power to
be concentrated in a few institutions.
!)" %ocueville once wrote in a letter that, although
his childhood was terribly impoverished, it was
not different from the e-perience of his friends and
neighbors in Normandy.
15. ;adio interferometry is a techniue for studying
details of celestial ob&ects that combines signals
intercepted by widely spaced radio telescopes. %his
techniue reuires ultraprecise timing, e-act
knowledge of the locations of the telescopes, and
sophisticated computer programs. %he successful
interferometric linking of an )arth#based radio
telescope with a radio telescope on an orbiting
satellite was therefore a significant technological
accomplishment.
7hich of the following can be correctly inferred
from the statements above?
!A" Special care was taken in the launching of the
satellite so that the calculations of its orbit would
be facilitated.
!$" %he signals received on the satellite are stronger
than those received by a terrestrial telescope.
!'" %he resolution of detail achieved by the satellite#
)arth interferometer system is inferior to that
achieved by e-clusively terrestrial systems.
!(" %he computer programs reuired for making use
of the signals received by the satellite reuired a
long time for development.
!)" %he location of an orbiting satellite relative to
locations on )arth can be well enough known for
interferometric purposes.
1B. ;ecent estimates predict that
between 1B5+ and 1BB1 the
greatest increase in the
number of people employed
will be in the category of
low#paying service
occupations. %his category,
however, will not increase
its share of total
employment, whereas the
category of high#paying
service occupations will
increase its share.
/f the estimates above are
accurate, which of the
following conclusions can
be drawn?
!A" /n 1B5+ more people
were working in low#
paying service
occupations than were
working in high#paying
service occupations.
!$" /n 1BB1 more people
will be working in high#
paying service
occupations than will be
working in low#paying
service occupations.
!'" Nonservice occupations
will account for the same
share of total employment
in 1BB1 as in 1B5+.
!(" 0any of the people who
were working in low#
paying service
occupations in 1B5+ will
.B
be working in high#paying service occupations by
1BB1.
!)" %he rate of growth for low#paying service
occupations will be greater than the overall rate of
employment growth between 1B5+ and 1BB1.
+2. 8or a local government to outlaw all strikes by its
workers is a costly mistake, because all its labor
disputes must then be settled by binding arbitration,
without any negotiated public#sector labor
settlements guiding the arbitrators. Strikes should be
outlawed only for categories of public#sector
workers for whose services no acceptable substitute
e-ists.
%he statements above best support which of the
following conclusions?
!A" 7here public#service workers are permitted to
strike, contract negotiations with those workers are
typically settled without a strike.
!$" 7here strikes by all categories of pubic#sector
workers are outlawed, no acceptable substitutes for
the services provided by any of those workers are
available.
!'" $inding arbitration tends to be more
advantageous for public#service workers where it
is the only available means of settling labor
disputes with such workers.
!(" 0ost categories of public#sector workers have no
counterparts in the private sector.
!)" A strike by workers in a local government is
unlikely to be settled without help from an
arbitrator.
CRITICAL REASONING
TEST SECTION 6
30 MINUTES 20
QUESTIONS
1. ;ural households have more
purchasing power than do
urban or suburban households
at the same income level, since
some of the income urban and
suburban households use for
food and shelter can be used
by rural households for other
needs.
7hich of the following
inferences is best supported by
the statement made above?
!A" %he average rural
household includes more
people than does the
average urban or
suburban household.
!$" ;ural households have
lower food and housing
costs than do either urban
or suburban households.
!'" Suburban households
generally have more
purchasing power than do
either rural or urban
households.
!(" %he median income of
urban and suburban
households is generally
higher than that of rural
households.
!)" All three types of
households spend more of
12
their income on food and housing than on all other
purchases combined.
+. /n 1B51 state border colleges in %e-as lost the
enrollment of more than half, on average, of the
0e-ican nationals they had previously served each
year. %eaching faculties have alleged that this e-treme
drop resulted from a rise in tuition for international and
out#of#state students from 4.2 to 41+2 per credit hour.
7hich of the following, if feasible, offers the best
prospects for alleviating the problem of the drop in
enrollment of 0e-ican nationals as the teaching
faculties assessed it?
!A" 3roviding grants#in#aid to 0e-ican nationals to
study in 0e-ican universities
!$" Allowing 0e-ican nationals to study in %e-as
border colleges and to pay in#state tuition rates,
which are the same as the previous international
rate
!'" ;eemphasiAing the goals and mission of the %e-as
state border colleges as serving both in#state
students and 0e-ican nationals
!(" /ncreasing the financial resources of %e-as colleges
by raising the tuition for in#state students attending
state institutions
!)" *ffering career counseling for those 0e-ican
nationals who graduate from state border colleges
and intend to return to 0e-ico
,. Affirmative action is good
business. So asserted the
National Association of
0anufacturers while urging
retention of an e-ecutive order
reuiring some federal
contractors to set numerical
goals for hiring minorities and
women. G(iversity in work
force participation has
produced new ideas in
management, product
development, and marketing,H
the association claimed.
%he associations argument as
it is presented in the passage
above would be most
strengthened if which of the
following were true?
!A" %he percentage of
minority and women
workers in business has
increased more slowly
than many minority and
womens groups would
prefer.
!$" %hose businesses with the
highest percentages of
minority and women
workers are those that
have been the most
innovative and profitable
!'" (isposable income has
been rising as fast among
minorities and women as
among the population as a
whole.
11
!(" %he biggest growth in sales in the manufacturing
sector has come in industries that market the most
innovative products.
!)" ;ecent improvements in management practices
have allowed many manufacturers to e-perience
enormous gains in worker productivity.
Luestions .#1 refer to the following.
/f the airspace around centrally located airports were
restricted to commercial airliners and only those private
planes euipped with radar, most of the private#plane
traffic would be forced to use outlying airfields. Such a
reduction in the amount of private#plane traffic would
reduce the risk of midair collision around the centrally
located airports.
.. %he conclusion drawn in the first sentence depends on
which of the following assumptions?
!A" *utlying airfields would be as convenient as
centrally located airports for most pilots of private
planes.
!$" 0ost outlying airfields are not euipped to handle
commercial#airline traffic.
!'" 0ost private planes that use centrally located
airports are not euipped with radar.
!(" 'ommercial airliners are at greater risk of
becoming involved in midair collisions than are
private planes.
!)" A reduction in the risk of midair collision would
eventually lead to increases in commercial#airline
traffic.
1. 7hich of the following, if
true, would most strengthen
the conclusion drawn in the
second sentence?
!A" 'ommercial airliners are
already reuired by law to
be euipped with
e-tremely sophisticated
radar systems.
!$" 'entrally located airports
are e-periencing over#
crowded airspace
primarily because of
sharp increases in
commercial#airline
traffic.
!'" 0any pilots of private
planes would rather buy
radar euipment than be
e-cluded from centrally
located airports.
!(" %he number of midair
collisions that occur near
centrally located airports
has decreased in recent
years.
!)" 3rivate planes not
euipped with radar
systems cause a
disproportionately large
number of midair
collisions around
centrally located airports.
:. 7hich of the following best
completes the passage below?
)stablished companies
1+
concentrate on defending what they already have.
'onseuently, they tend not to be innovative
themselves and tend to underestimate the effects of the
innovations of others. %he clearest e-ample of this
defensive strategy is the fact that

.
!A" ballpoint pens and soft#tip markers have eliminated
the traditional market for fountain pens, clearing
the way for the marketing of fountain pens as
lu-ury or prestige items
!$" a highly successful automobile was introduced by
the same company that had earlier introduced a
model that had been a dismal failure
!'" a once#successful manufacturer of slide rules
reacted to the introduction of electronic calculators
by trying to make better slide rules
!(" one of the first models of modern accounting
machines, designed for use in the banking
industry, was purchased by a public library as well
as by banks
!)" the inventor of a commonly used anesthetic did not
intend the product to be used by dentists, who
currently account for almost the entire market for
that drug
6. 0ost archaeologists have held
that people first reached the
Americas less than +2,222
years ago by crossing a land
bridge into North America.
$ut recent discoveries of
human shelters in South
America dating from ,+,222
years ago have led researchers
to speculate that people
arrived in South America first,
after voyaging across the
3acific, and then spread
northward.
7hich of the following, if it
were discovered, would be
pertinent evidence against the
speculation above?
!A" A rock shelter near
3ittsburgh, 3ennsylvania,
contains evidence of use
by human beings 1B,222
years ago.
!$" Some North American
sites of human habitation
predate any sites found in
South America.
!'" %he climate is warmer at
the ,+,222#year#old south
American site than at the
oldest known North
American site.
!(" %he site in South America
that was occupied ,+,222
years ago was
continuously occupied
until :,222 years ago.
1,
!)" %he last /ce Age, between 11,122 and +2,222 years
ago, considerably lowered worldwide sea levels.
5. /n Asia, where palm trees are non#native, the treesN
flowers have traditionally been pollinated by hand,
which has kept palm fruit productivity unnaturally low.
7hen weevils known to be efficient pollinators of palm
flowers were introduced into Asia in 1B52, palm fruit
productivity increased

by up to fifty percent in some

areas

but then decreased sharply in 1B5..

7hich of the following statements, if true, would best
e-plain the 1B5. decrease in productivity?
!A" 3rices for palm fruit fell between 1B52 and 1B5.
following the rise in production and a concurrent
fall in demand.
!$" /mported trees are often more productive than
native trees because the imported ones have left
behind their pests and diseases in their native
lands.
!'" ;apid increases in productivity tend to deplete trees
of nutrients needed for the development of the
fruit#producing female flowers.
!(" %he weevil population in Asia remained at
appro-imately the same level between 1B52 and
1B5..
!)" 3rior to 1B52 another species of insect pollinated
the Asian palm trees, but not as efficiently as the
species of weevil that was introduced in 1B52.
B. Since the mayors publicity
campaign for Freenvilles bus
service began si- months ago,
morning automobile traffic
into the midtown area of the
city has decreased seven
percent. (uring the same
period, there has been an
euivalent rise in the number
of persons riding buses into
the midtown area. *bviously,
the mayors publicity
campaign has convinced many
people to leave their cars at
home and ride the bus to
work..
7hich of the following, if
true, casts the most serious
doubt on the conclusion drawn
above?
!A" 8ares for all bus routes in
Freenville have risen an
average of five percent
during the past si-
months.
!$" %he mayor of Freenville
rides the bus to 'ity Iall
in the citys midtown
area.
!'" ;oad reconstruction has
greatly reduced the
number of lanes available
to commuters in ma&or
streets leading to the
midtown area during the
past si- months.
!(" %he number of buses
entering the midtown area
1.
of Freenville during the morning hours is e-actly
the same now as it was one year ago.
!)" Surveys show that longtime bus riders are no more
satisfied with the Freenville bus service than they
were before the mayors publicity campaign
began.
12. /n the aftermath of a worldwide stock#market crash,
'ountry % claimed that the severity of the stock#
market crash it e-perienced resulted from the
accelerated process of denationaliAation many of its
industries underwent shortly before the crash.
7hich of the following, if it could be carried out,
would be most useful in an evaluation of 'ountry %s
assessment of the causes of the severity of its stock#
market crash?
!A" 'alculating the average loss e-perienced by
individual traders in 'ountry % during the crash
!$" 9sing economic theory to predict the most likely
date of the ne-t crash in 'ountry %
!'" 'omparing the total number of shares sold during the
worst days of the crash in 'ountry % to the total
number of shares sold in 'ountry % &ust prior to the
crash.
!(" 'omparing the severity of the crash in 'ountry % to
the severity of the crash in countries otherwise
economically similar to 'ountry % that have not
e-perienced recent denationaliAation
!)" 'omparing the long#term effects of the crash on the
purchasing power of the currency of 'ountry % to
the immediate, more severe short#term effects of
the crash on the purchasing power of the currency
of 'ountry %
11. 7ith the emergence of
biotechnology companies, it
was feared that they would
impose silence about
proprietary results on their
in#house researchers and
their academic consultants.
%his constraint, in turn,
would slow the
development of biological
science and engineering.
7hich of the following, if
true, would tend to weaken
most seriously the
prediction of scientific
secrecy described above?
!A" $iotechnological
research funded by
industry has reached
some conclusions that are
of ma&or scientific
importance.
!$" 7hen the results of
scientific research are
kept secret, independent
researchers are unable to
build on those results.
!'" Since the research
priorities of
biotechnology companies
are not the same as those
of academic institutions,
the financial support of
research by such
companies distorts the
research agenda.
!(" %o enhance the companiesN
standing in the scientific
11
community, the biotechnology companies
encourage employees to publish their results,
especially results that are important.
!)"$iotechnology companies devote some of their
research resources to problems that are of
fundamental scientific importance and that are not
e-pected to produce immediate practical
applications.
1+. Some people have uestioned the &udges ob&ectivity
in cases of se- discrimination against women. $ut
the record shows that in si-ty percent of such cases,
the &udge has decided in favor of the women. %his
record demonstrates that the &udge has not
discriminated against women in cases of se-
discrimination against women.
%he argument above is flawed in that it ignores the
possibility that
!A" a large number of the &udges cases arose out of
allegations of se- discrimination against women
!$" many &udges find it difficult to be ob&ective in
cases of se- discrimination against women
!'" the &udge is biased against women defendants or
plaintiffs in cases that do not involve se-
discrimination
!(" the ma&ority of the cases of se- discrimination
against women that have reached the &udges court
have been appealed from a lower court
!)" the evidence shows that the women should have
won in more than si-ty percent of the &udges cases
involving se- discrimination against women
1,. %he tobacco industry is still
profitable and pro&ections
are that it will remain so. /n
the 9nited States this year,
the total amount of tobacco
sold by tobacco#farmers has
increased, even though the
number of adults who
smoke has decreased.
)ach of the following, if
true, could e-plain the
simultaneous increase in
tobacco sales and decrease
in the number of adults who
smoke )=')3%.
!A" (uring this year, the
number of women who
have begun to smoke is
greater than the number
of men who have uit
smoking.
!$" %he number of teen#age
children who have begun
to smoke this year is
greater than the number
of adults who have uit
smoking during the same
period.
!'" (uring this year, the
number of nonsmokers
who have begun to use
chewing tobacco or snuff
is greater than the number
of people who have uit
smoking.
!(" %he people who have
continued to smoke
1:
consume more tobacco per person than they did in
the past.
!)" 0ore of the cigarettes made in the 9nited States
this year were e-ported to other countries than was
the case last year.
1.. Cale has more nutritional value than spinach. $ut
since collard greens have more nutritional value than
lettuce, it follows that kale has more nutritional value
than lettuce.
Any of the following, if introduced into the argument
as an additional premise, makes the argument above
logically correct )=')3%<
!A" 'ollard greens have more nutritional value than
kale.
!$" Spinach has more nutritional value than lettuce.
!'" Spinach has more nutritional value than collard
greens.
!(" Spinach and collard greens have the same
nutritional value.
!)" Cale and collard greens have the same nutritional
value.
11. *n the basis of a decrease in
the college#age population,
many colleges now
anticipate increasingly
smaller freshman classes
each year. Surprised by a .2
percent increase in ualified
applicants over the previous
year, however,
administrators at Nice
'ollege now plan to hire
more faculty for courses
taken by all freshmen.
7hich of the following
statements about Nice
'olleges current ualified
applicants, if true, would
strongly suggest that the
administrators plan is
flawed?
!A" A substantially higher
percentage than usual
plan to study for
advanced degrees after
graduation from college.
!$" According to their
applications, their level of
participation in
e-tracurricular activities
and varsity sports is
unusually high.
!'" According to their
applications, none of
them lives in a foreign
country.
!(" A substantially lower
percentage than usual rate
16
Nice 'ollege as their first choice among the
colleges to which they are applying.
!)" A substantially lower percentage than usual list
mathematics as their intended ma&or.
Luestions 1:#16 are based on the following.
A researcher discovered that people who have low levels
of immune#system activity tend to score much lower on
tests of mental health than do people with normal or high
immune#system activity. %he researcher concluded from
this e-periment that the immune system protects against
mental illness as well as against physical disease.
1:. %he researchers conclusion depends on which of the
following assumptions?
!A" Iigh immune#system activity protects against
mental illness better than normal immune#system
activity does.
!$" 0ental illness is similar to physical disease in its
effects on body system.
!'" 3eople with high immune#system activity cannot
develop mental illness.
!(" 0ental illness does not cause peoples immune#
system activity to decrease.
!)" 3sychological treatment of mental illness is not
as effective as is medical treatment.
16. %he researchers conclusion
would be most seriously
weakened if it were true that
!A" there was a one#year
delay between the
completion of a pilot
study for the e-periment
and the initiation of the
e-periment itself
!$" peoples levels of
immune#system activity
are not affected by their
use of medications
!'" a few people with high
immune#system activity
had scores on the test of
mental health that were
similar to the scores of
people who had normal
immune#system activity
!(" people who have low
immune#system activity
tend to contract more
viral infections than do
people with normal or
high immune#system
activity
!)" high levels of stress first
cause mental illness and
then cause decreased
immune#system activity
in normal individuals
15. %he value of a product is
determined by the ratio of
its uality to its price. %he
higher the value of a
product, the better will be
15
its competitive position. %herefore, either increasing
the uality or lowering the price of a given product
will increase the likelihood that consumer will select
that product rather than a competing one.
7hich of the following, if true, would most
strengthen the conclusion drawn above?
!A" /t is possible to increase both the uality and the
price of a product without changing its competitive
position.
!$" 8or certain segments of the population of
consumers, higher#priced brands of some product
lines are preferred to the lower#priced brands.
!'" 'ompeting products often try to appeal to
different segments of the population of consumers.
!(" %he competitive position of a product can be
affected by such factors as advertising and brand
loyalty.
!)" 'onsumers perceptions of the uality of a
product are based on the actual uality of the
product.
1B. /n >anuary there was a large
drop in the number of new
houses sold, because
interest rates for mortgages
were falling and many
consumers were waiting to
see how low the rates would
go. %his large sales drop
was accompanied by a sharp
rise in the average price of
new houses sold.
7hich of the following, if
true, best e-plains the sharp
rise in the average price of
new houses?
!A" Sales of higher#priced
houses were unaffected
by the sales drop because
their purchasers have
fewer constraints limiting
the total amount they pay.
!$" ?abor agreements of
builders with construction
unions are not due to
e-pire until the ne-t
>anuary.
!'" %he prices of new
houses have been rising
slowly over the past three
years because there is an
increasing shortage of
housing.
!(" %here was a greater
amount of moderate#
priced housing available
for resale by owners
during >anuary than in the
1B
preceding three months.
!)" /nterest rates for home mortgages are e-pected to
rise sharply later in the year if predictions of
increased business activity in general prove to be
accurate.
+2. Seven countries signed a treaty binding each of them
to perform specified actions on a certain fi-ed date,
with the actions of each conditional on simultaneous
action taken by the other countries. )ach country was
also to notify the si- other countries when it had
completed its action.
%he simultaneous#action provision of the treaty
leaves open the possibility that
!A" the compliance date was sub&ect to
postponement, according to the terms of the treaty
!$" one of the countries might not be reuired to
make any changes or take any steps in order to
comply with the treaty, whereas all the other
countries are so reuired.
!'" each country might have a well#founded e-cuse,
based on the provision, for its own lack of
compliance
!(" the treaty specified that the signal for one of the
countries to initiate action was notification by the
other countries that they had completed action
!)" there was ambiguity with respect to the date after
which all actions contemplated in the treaty are to
be complete.
CRITICAL REASONING
TEST SECTION 7
30 MINUTES 20
QUESTIONS
1. A milepost on the towpath
read G+1H on the side facing
the hiker as she approached it
and G+,H on its back. She
reasoned that the ne-t milepost
forward on the path would
indicate that she was halfway
between one end of the path
and the other. Iowever, the
milepost one mile further on
read G+2H facing her and G+.H
behind.
7hich of the following, if
true, would e-plain the
discrepancy described above?
!A" %he numbers on the ne-t
milepost had been
reversed.
!$" %he numbers on the
mileposts indicate
kilometers, not miles.
!'" %he facing numbers
indicate miles to the end
of the path, not miles
from the beginning.
!(" A milepost was missing
between the two the hiker
encountered.
!)" %he mileposts had
originally been put in
place for the use of
mountain bikers, not for
:2
hikers.
+. Airline< Newly developed collision#avoidance systems,
although not fully tested to discover potential
malfunctions, must be installed immediately in
passenger planes. %heir mechanical warnings enable
pilots to avoid crashes.
3ilots< 3ilots will not fly in planes with collision#
avoidance systems that are not fully tested.
0alfunctioning systems could mislead pilots, causing
crashes.
%he pilots ob&ection is most strengthened if which of
the following is true?
!A" /t is always possible for mechanical devices to
malfunction.
!$" >et engines, although not fully tested when first put
into use, have achieved e-emplary performance
and safety records.
!'" Although collision#avoidance systems will enable
pilots to avoid some crashes, the likely
malfunctions of the not#fully#tested systems will
cause even more crashes.
!(" 0any airline collisions are caused in part by the
e-haustion of overworked pilots.
!)" 'ollision#avoidance systems, at this stage of
development, appear to have worked better in
passenger planes than in cargo planes during
e-perimental flights made over a si-#month
period.
,. Fuitar strings often go
GdeadH

become less
responsive and bright in tone

after a few weeks of intense

use. A researcher whose son is
a classical guitarist
hypothesiAed that dirt and oil,
rather than changes in the
material properties of the
string, were responsible.
7hich of the following
investigations is most likely to
yield significant information
that would help to evaluate the
researchers hypothesis?
!A" (etermining if a metal
alloy is used to make the
strings used by classical
guitarists
!$" (etermining whether
classical guitarists make
their strings go dead
faster than do folk
guitarists
!'" (etermining whether
identical lengths of string,
of the same gauge, go
dead at different rates
when strung on various
brands of guitars.
!(" (etermining whether a
dead string and a new
string produce different
ualities of sound
!)" (etermining whether
smearing various
substances on new guitar
:1
strings causes them to go dead
.. 0ost consumers do not get much use out of the sports
euipment they purchase. 8or e-ample, seventeen
percent of the adults in the 9nited States own &ogging
shoes, but only forty#five percent of the owners &og
more than once a year, and only seventeen percent &og
more than once a week.
7hich of the following, if true, casts most doubt on the
claim that most consumers get little use out of the
sports euipment they purchase?
!A" >oggers are most susceptible to sports in&uries
during the first si- months in which they &og.
!$" >oggers often e-aggerate the freuency with which
they &og in surveys designed to elicit such
information.
!'" 0any consumers purchase &ogging shoes for use in
activities other than &ogging.
!(" 'onsumers who take up &ogging often purchase an
athletic shoe that can be used in other sports.
!)" >oggers who &og more than once a week are often
active participants in other sports as well.
1. %wo decades after the )merald
;iver (am was built, none of
the eight fish species native to
the )merald ;iver was still
reproducing adeuately in the
river below the dam. Since the
dam reduced the annual range
of water temperature in the
river below the dam from 12
degrees to : degrees, scientists
have hypothesiAed that sharply
rising water temperatures must
be involved in signaling the
native species to begin the
reproductive cycle.
7hich of the following
statements, if true, would most
strengthen the scientists
hypothesis?
!A" %he native fish species were
still able to reproduce only
in side streams of the river
below the dam where the
annual temperature range
remains appro-imately 12
degrees.
!$" $efore the dam was built,
the )merald ;iver
annually overflowed its
banks, creating
backwaters that were
critical breeding areas for
the native species of fish.
!'" %he lowest recorded
temperature of the
)merald ;iver before the
dam was built was ,.
:+
degrees, whereas the lowest recorded temperature
of the river after the dam was built has been .,
degrees.
!("Nonnative species of fish, introduced into the )merald
;iver after the dam was built, have begun competing
with the declining native fish species for food and
space.
!)" 8ive of the fish species native to the )merald ;iver
are not native to any other river in North America.
:. /t is true that it is against international law to sell
plutonium to countries that do not yet have nuclear
weapons. $ut if 9nited States companies do not do so,
companies in other countries will.
7hich of the following is most like the argument above
in its logical structure?
!A" /t is true that it is against the police departments
policy to negotiate with kidnappers. $ut if the
police want to prevent loss of life, they must
negotiate in some cases.
!$" it is true that it is illegal to refuse to register for
military service. $ut there is a long tradition in the
9nited States of conscientious ob&ection to serving
in the armed forces.
!'" /t is true that it is illegal for a government official to
participate in a transaction in which there is an
apparent conflict of interest. $ut if the facts are
e-amined carefully, it will clearly be seen that there
was no actual conflict of interest in the defendants
case.
!(" /t is true that it is against the law to burglariAe
peoples homes. $ut someone else certainly would
have burglariAed that house if the defendant had
not done so first.
!)" /t is true that company policy forbids supervisors to
fire employees without two written warnings. $ut
there have been many supervisors who have
disobeyed this policy.
6. /n recent years many
cabinetmakers have been
winning acclaim as artists. $ut
since furniture must be useful,
cabinetmakers must e-ercise
their craft with an eye to the
practical utility of their
product. 8or this reason,
cabinetmaking is not art.
7hich of the following is an
assumption that supports
drawing the conclusion above
from the reason given for that
conclusion?
!A" Some furniture is made to
be placed in museums,
where it will not be used
by anyone.
!$" Some cabinetmakers are
more concerned than
others with the practical
utility of the products
they produce.
!'" 'abinetmakers should be
more concerned with the
practical utility of their
products than they
currently are.
!(" An ob&ect is not an art
ob&ect if its maker pays
attention to the ob&ects
practical utility.
!)" Artists are not concerned
with the monetary value
of their products.
5. Although custom prosthetic
bone replacements produced
:,
through a new computer#aided design process will cost
more than twice as much as ordinary replacements,
custom replacements should still be cost#effective. Not
only will surgery and recovery time be reduced, but
custom replacements should last longer, thereby
reducing the need for further hospital stays.
7hich of the following must be studied in order to
evaluate the argument presented above?
!A" %he amount of time a patient spends in surgery
versus the amount of time spent recovering from
surgery
!$" %he amount by which the cost of producing custom
replacements has declined with the introduction of
the new techniue for producing them
!'"%he degree to which the use of custom replacements
is likely to reduce the need for repeat surgery
when compared with the use of ordinary
replacements
!(" %he degree to which custom replacements
produced with the new techniue are more
carefully manufactured than are ordinary
replacements
!)" %he amount by which custom replacements
produced with the new techniue will drop in cost
as the production procedures become standardiAed
and applicable on a larger scale
B. )-tinction is a process that
can depend on a variety of
ecological, geographical, and
physiological variables. %hese
variables affect different
species of organisms in
different ways, and should,
therefore, yield a random
pattern of e-tinctions.
Iowever, the fossil record
shows that e-tinction occurs in
a surprisingly definite pattern,
with many species vanishing
at the same time.
7hich of the following, if
true, forms the best basis for at
least a partial e-planation of
the patterned e-tinctions
revealed by the fossil record?
!A" 0a&or episodes of
e-tinction can result from
widespread
environmental
disturbances that affect
numerous different
species.
!$" 'ertain e-tinction
episodes selectively affect
organisms with particular
sets of characteristics
uniue to their species.
!'" Some species become
e-tinct because of
accumulated gradual
changes in their local
environments.
!(" /n geologically recent
:.
times, for which there is no fossil record, human
intervention has changed the pattern of e-tinctions.
!)" Species that are widely dispersed are the least likely
to become e-tinct.
12. Neither a rising standard of living nor balanced trade,
by itself, establishes a countrys ability to compete in
the international marketplace. $oth are reuired
simultaneously since standards of living can rise
because of growing trade deficits and trade can be
balanced by means of a decline in a countrys
standard of living.
/f the facts stated in the passage above are true, a
proper test of a countrys ability to be competitive is
its ability to
!A" balance its trade while its standard of living rises
!$" balance its trade while its standard of living falls
!'" increase trade deficits while its standard of living
rises
!(" decrease trade deficits while its standard of living
falls
!)" keep its standard of living constant while trade
deficits rise.
11.'ertain messenger molecules
fight damage to the lungs
from no-ious air by telling
the muscle cells encircling
the lungs airways to
contract. %his partially seals
off the lungs. An asthma
attack occurs when the
messenger molecules are
activated unnecessarily, in
response to harmless things
like pollen or household
dust.
7hich of the following, if
true, points to the most
serious flaw of a plan to
develop a medication that
would prevent asthma
attacks by blocking receipt
of any messages sent by the
messenger molecules
referred to above?
!A" ;esearchers do not yet
know how the body
produces the messenger
molecules that trigger
asthma attacks.
!$" ;esearchers do not yet
know what makes one
persons messenger
molecules more easily
activated than anothers.
!'" Such a medication
would not become
available for several
years, because of long
lead times in both
development and
:1
manufacture.
!(" Such a medication would be unable to distinguish
between messages triggered by pollen and
household dust and messages triggered by no-ious
air.
!)" Such a medication would be a preventative only
and would be unable to alleviate an asthma attack
once it had started.
1+. Since the routine use of antibiotics can give rise to
resistant bacteria capable of surviving antibiotic
environments, the presence of resistant bacteria in
people could be due to the human use of prescription
antibiotics. Some scientists, however, believe that
most resistant bacteria in people derive from human
consumption of bacterially infected meat.
7hich of the following statements, if true, would
most significantly strengthen the hypothesis of the
scientists?
!A" Antibiotics are routinely included in livestock
feed so that livestock producers can increase the
rate of growth of their animals.
!$" 0ost people who develop food poisoning from
bacterially infected meat are treated with
prescription antibiotics.
!'" %he incidence of resistant bacteria in people has
tended to be much higher in urban areas than in
rural areas where meat is of comparable uality.
!(" 3eople who have never taken prescription
antibiotics are those least likely to develop
resistant bacteria.
!)" ?ivestock producers claim that resistant bacteria
in animals cannot be transmitted to people through
infected meat.
1,. %he recent decline in the
value of the dollar was
triggered by a prediction of
slower economic growth in
the coming year. $ut that
prediction would not have
adversely affected the dollar
had it not been for the
governments huge budget
deficit, which must
therefore be decreased to
prevent future currency
declines.
7hich of the following, if
true, would most seriously
weaken the conclusion
about how to prevent future
currency declines?
!A" %he government has
made little attempt to
reduce the budget deficit.
!$" %he budget deficit has
not caused a slowdown in
economic growth.
!'" %he value of the dollar
declined several times in
the year prior to the
recent prediction of
slower economic growth.
!(" $efore there was a large
budget deficit, predictions
of slower economic
growth freuently caused
declines in the dollars
value.
!)" 7hen there is a large
budget deficit, other
::
events in addition to predictions of slower
economic growth sometimes trigger declines in
currency value.
1.. 7hich of the following best completes the passage
below?
At a recent conference on environmental threats to
the North Sea, most participating countries favored
uniform controls on the uality of effluents, whether
or not specific environmental damage could be
attributed to a particular source of effluent. 7hat
must, of course, be shown, in order to avoid
e-cessively restrictive controls, is that @@@@@@@@@@@.
!A" any uniform controls that are adopted are likely
to be implemented without delay
!$" any substance to be made sub&ect to controls can
actually cause environmental damage
!'" the countries favoring uniform controls are those
generating the largest uantities of effluents
!(" all of any given pollutant that is to be controlled
actually reaches the North Sea at present
!)" environmental damage already inflicted on the
North Sea is reversible
11. %raditionally, decision#
making by managers that is
reasoned step#by#step has
been considered preferable
to intuitive decision#
making. Iowever, a recent
study found that top
managers used intuition
significantly more than did
most middle#or lower#level
managers. %his confirms the
alternative view that
intuition is actually more
effective than careful,
methodical reasoning.
%he conclusion above is
based on which of the
following assumptions?
!A" 0ethodical, step#by#
step reasoning is
inappropriate for making
many real#life
management decisions.
!$" %op managers have the
ability to use either
intuitive reasoning or
methodical, step#by#step
reasoning in making
decisions.
!'" %he decisions made by
middle#and lower#level
managers can be made as
easily by using
methodical reasoning as
by using intuitive
reasoning.
!(" %op managers use
:6
intuitive reasoning in making the ma&ority of their
decisions.
!)" %op managers are more effective at decision#
making than middle#or lower#level managers
1:. %he imposition of uotas limiting imported steel will
not help the big American steel mills. /n fact, the
uotas will help Gmini#millsH flourish in the 9nited
States. %hose small domestic mills will take more
business from the big Americal steel mills than
would have been taken by the foreign steel mills in
the absence of uotas.
7hich of the following, if true, would cast the most
serious doubt on the claim made in the last sentence
above?
!A" Luality rather than price is a ma&or factor in
determining the type of steel to be used for a
particular application.
!$" 8oreign steel mills have long produced grades of
steel comparable in uality to the steel produced
by the big American mills.
!'" American uotas on imported goods have often
induced other countries to impose similar uotas
on American goods.
!(" (omestic Gmini#millsH consistently produce
better grades of steel than do the big American
mills.
!)" (omestic Gmini#millsH produce low#volume,
specialiAed types of steels that are not produced by
the big American steel mills.
16. 'orrectly measuring the
productivity of service
workers is comple-.
'onsider, for e-ample,
postal workers< they are
often said to be more
productive if more letters
are delivered per postal
worker. $ut is this really
true? what if more letters
are lost or delayed per
worker at the same time that
more are delivered?
%he ob&ection implied above
to the productivity measure
described is based on doubts
about the truth of which of
the following statements?
!A" 3ostal workers are
representative of service
workers in general.
!$" %he delivery of letters is
the primary activity of the
postal service.
!'" 3roductivity should be
ascribed to categories of
workers, not to
individuals.
!(" %he uality of services
rendered can
appropriately be ignored
in computing
productivity.
!)" %he number of letters
delivered is relevant to
measuring the
productivity of postal
:5
workers.
15. 0ale bowerbirds construct elaborately decorated
nests, or bowers. $asing their &udgment on the fact
that different local populations of bowerbirds of the
same species build bowers that e-hibit different
building and decorative styles, researchers have
concluded that the bowerbirds building styles are a
culturally acuired, rather than a genetically
transmitted, trait.
7hich of the following, if true, would most
strengthen the conclusion drawn by the researchers?
!A" %here are more common characteristics than
there are differences among the bower#building
styles of the local bowerbird population that has
been studied most e-tensively
!$" Joung male bowerbirds are inept at bower#
building and apparently spend years watching their
elders before becoming accomplished in the local
bower style.
!'" %he bowers of one species of bowerbird lack the
towers and ornamentation characteristic of the
bowers of most other species of bowerbird.
!(" $owerbirds are found only in New Fuinea and
Australia, where local populations of the birds
apparently seldom have contact with one another.
!)" /t is well known that the song dialects of some
songbirds are learned rather than transmitted
genetically.
1B. A greater number of
newspapers are sold in
%own S than in %own %.
%herefore, the citiAens of
%own S are better informed
about ma&or world events
than are the citiAens of
%own %.
)ach of the following, if
true, weakens the
conclusion above )=')3%<
!A" %own S has a larger
population than %own %.
!$" 0ost citiAens of %own %
work in %own S and buy
their newspapers there.
!'" %he average citiAen of
%own S spends less time
reading newspapers than
does the average citiAen
of %own %.
!(" A weekly newspaper
restricted to the coverage
of local events is
published in %own S.
!)" %he average newsstand
price of newspapers sold
in %own S in lower than
the average price of
newspapers sold in %own
%.
+2. *ne analyst predicts that
Iong Cong can retain its
capitalist ways after it
becomes part of mainland
'hina in 1BB6 as long as a
capitalist Iong Cong is
:B
useful to 'hinaD that a capitalist Iong Cong will be
useful to 'hina as long as Iong Cong is prosperousD
and that Iong Cong will remain prosperous as long
as it retains its capitalist ways.
/f the predictions above are correct, which of the
following further predictions can logically be derived
from them?
!A" /f Iong Cong fails to stay prosperous, it will no
longer remain part of mainland 'hina.
!$" /f Iong Cong retains its capitalist ways until
1BB6, it will be allowed to do so afterward.
!'" /f there is a world economic crisis after 1BB6, it
will not adversely affect the economy of Iong
Cong.
!(" Iong Cong will be prosperous after 1BB6
!)" %he citiAens of Iong Cong will have no
restrictions placed on them by the government of
mainland 'hina.
CRITICAL REASONING
TEST SECTION 8
30 MINUTES 20
QUESTIONS
1. A drug that is highly effective
in treating many types of
infection can, at present, be
obtained only from the bark of
the ibora, a tree that is uite
rare in the wild. /t takes the
bark of 1,222 tree to make one
kilogram of the drug. /t
follows, therefore, that
continued production of the
drug must inevitably lead to
the iboras e-tinction.
7hich of the following, if
true, most seriously weakens
the argument above?
!A" %he drug made from ibora
bark is dispensed to
doctors from a central
authority.
!$" %he drug made from ibora
bark is e-pensive to
produce.
!'" %he leaves of the ibora are
used in a number of
medical products.
!(" %he ibora can be
propagated from cuttings
and grown under
cultivation.
!)" %he ibora generally grows
in largely inaccessible
places.
62
+. Iigh levels of fertiliAer and pesticides, needed when
farmers try to produce high yield of the same crop year
after year, pollute water supplies. )-perts therefore
urge farmers to diversify their crops and to rotate their
plantings yearly.
%o receive governmental price#support benefits for a
crop, farmers must have produced that same crop for
the past several years.
%he statements above, if true, best support which of the
following conclusions?
!A" %he rules for governmental support of farm prices
work against efforts to reduce water pollution.
!$" %he only solution to the problem of water pollution
from fertiliAers and pesticides is to take farmland
out of production.
!'" 8armers can continue to make a profit by rotating
diverse crops, thus reducing costs for chemicals,
but not by planting the same crop each year.
!(" New farming techniues will be developed to make
it possible for farmers to reduce the application of
fertiliAers and pesticides.
!)" Fovernmental price supports for farm products are
set at levels that are not high enough to allow
farmers to get out of debt.
,. Shelby /ndustries
manufactures and sells the
same gauges as >ones
/ndustries. )mployee wages
account for forty percent of
the cost of manufacturing
gauges at both Shelby
/ndustries and >ones
/ndustries. Shelby /ndustries is
seeking a competitive
advantage over >ones
/ndustries. %herefore, to
promote this end, Shelby
/ndustries should lower
employee wages.
7hich of the following, if
true, would most weaken the
argument above?
!A" $ecause they make a
small number of precision
instruments, gauge
manufacturers cannot
receive volume discounts
on raw materials.
!$" ?owering wages would
reduce the uality of
employee work, and this
reduced uality would
lead to lowered sales.
!'" >ones /ndustries has taken
away twenty percent of
Shelby /ndustries
business over the last
year.
!(" Shelby /ndustries pays its
employees, on average,
61
ten percent more than does >ones /ndustries.
!)" 0any people who work for manufacturing plants
live in areas in which the manufacturing plant they
work for is the only industry.
.. Some communities in 8lorida are populated almost
e-clusively by retired people and contain few, if any,
families with small children. Jet these communities are
home to thriving businesses specialiAing in the rental of
furniture for infants and small children.
7hich of the following, if true, best reconciles the
seeming discrepancy described above?
!A" %he businesses specialiAing in the rental of
childrens furniture buy their furniture from
distributors outside of 8lorida.
!$" %he few children who do reside in these
communities all know each other and often make
overnight visits to one anothers houses.
!'" 0any residents of these communities who move
freuently prefer renting their furniture to buying
it outright.
!(" 0any residents of these communities must provide
for the needs of visiting grandchildren several
weeks a year.
!)" 'hildrens furniture available for rental is of the
same uality as that available for sale in the stores.
1. ?arge national budget deficits
do not cause large trade
deficits. /f they did, countries
with the largest budget deficits
would also have the largest
trade deficits. /n fact, when
deficit figures are ad&usted so
that different countries are
reliably comparable to each
other, there is no such
correlation.
/f the statements above are all
true, which of the following
can properly be inferred on the
basis of them?
!A" 'ountries with large
national budget deficits
tend to restrict foreign
trade.
!$" ;eliable comparisons of
the deficit figures of one
country with those of
another are impossible.
!'" ;educing a countrys
national budget deficit
will not necessarily result
in a lowering of any trade
deficit that country may
have.
!(" 7hen countries are
ordered from largest to
smallest in terms of
population, the smallest
countries generally have
the smallest budget and
trade deficits.
6+
!)" 'ountries with the largest trade deficits never have
similarly large national budget deficits.
:. G8ast cycle timeH is a strategy of designing a manu#
facturing organiAation to eliminate bottlenecks and
delays in production. Not only does it speed up
production, but it also assures uality. %he reason is
that the bottlenecks and delays cannot be eliminated
unless all work is done right the first time.
%he claim about uality made above rests on a ues#
tionable presupposition that
!A" any flaw in work on a product would cause a
bottleneck or delay and so would be prevented
from occurring on a Gfast cycleH production line
!$" the strategy of Gfast cycle timeH would reuire
fundamental rethinking of product design
!'" the primary goal of the organiAation is to produce a
product of une-celled uality, rather than to
generate profits for stockholders
!(" Gfast cycle timeH could be achieved by shaving
time off each of the component processes in
production cycle
!)" Gfast cycle timeH is a concept in business strategy
that has not yet been put into practice in a factory
6. 0any breakfast cereals are
fortified with vitamin
supplements. Some of these
cereals provide 122 percent of
the recommended daily
reuirement of vitamins.
Nevertheless, a well#balanced
breakfast, including a variety
of foods, is a better source of
those vitamins than are such
fortified breakfast cereals
alone.
7hich of the following, if
true, would most strongly
support the position above?
!A" /n many foods, the natural
combination of vitamins
with other nutrients
makes those vitamins
more usable by the body
than are vitamins added
in vitamin supplements.
!$" 3eople who regularly eat
cereals fortified with
vitamin supplements
sometimes neglect to eat
the foods in which the
vitamins occur naturally.
!'"8oods often must be
fortified with vitamin
supplements because
naturally occurring
vitamins are removed
during processing.
!(" 9nprocessed cereals are
naturally high in several
6,
of the vitamins that are usually added to fortified
breakfast cereals.
!)" 'ereals containing vitamin supplements are no
harder to digest than similar cereals without added
vitamins.
5. 7hich of the following best completes the passage
below?
%he more worried investors are about losing their
money, the more they will demand a high potential
return on their investmentD great risks must be offset by
the chance of great rewards. %his principle is the
fundamental one in determining interest rates, and it is
illustrated by the fact that

.
!A" successful investors are distinguished by an ability
to make very risky investments without worrying
about their money
!$" lenders receive higher interest rates on unsecured
loans than on loans backed by collateral
!'" in times of high inflation, the interest paid to
depositors by banks can actually be below the rate
of inflation
!(" at any one time, a commercial bank will have a
single rate of interest that it will e-pect all of its
individual borrowers to pay
!)" the potential return on investment in a new
company is typically lower than the potential
return on investment in a well#established
company
B. A famous singer recently won
a lawsuit against an
advertising firm for using
another singer in a
commercial to evoke the
famous singers well#known
rendition of a certain song.
As a result of the lawsuit,
advertising firms will stop
using imitators in
commercials. %herefore,
advertising costs will rise,
since famous singers
services cost more than
those of their imitators.
%he conclusion above is
based on which of the
following assumptions?
!A" 0ost people are unable
to distinguish a famous
singers rendition of a
song from a good
imitators rendition of the
same song.
!$" 'ommercials using
famous singers are
usually more effective
than commercials using
imitators of famous
singers.
!'" %he original versions of
some well#known songs
are unavailable for use in
commercials.
!(" Advertising firms will
continue to use imitators
to mimic the physical
6.
mannerisms of famous singers.
!)" %he advertising industry will use well#known
renditions of songs in commercials.
12. A certain mayor has proposed a fee of five dollars per
day on private vehicles entering the city, claiming
that the fee will alleviate the citys traffic congestion.
%he mayor reasons that, since the fee will e-ceed the
cost of round#trip bus fare from many nearby points,
many people will switch from using their cars to
using the bus.
7hich of the following statements, if true, provides
the best evidence that the mayors reasoning is
flawed?
!A" 3ro&ected increases in the price of gasoline will
increase the cost of taking a private vehicle into
the city.
!$" %he cost of parking fees already makes it
considerably more e-pensive for most people to
take a private vehicle into the city than to take a
bus.
!'" 0ost of the people currently riding the bus do
not own private vehicles.
!(" 0any commuters opposing the mayors plan
have indicated that they would rather endure
traffic congestion than pay a five#dollar#per day
fee.
!)" (uring the average workday, private vehicles
owned and operated by people living within the
city account for twenty percent of the citys traffic
congestion.
11. A group of children of
various ages was read
stories in which people
caused harm, some of those
people doing so
intentionally, and some
accidentally. 7hen asked
about appropriate
punishments for those who
had caused harm, the
younger children, unlike the
older ones, assigned
punishments that did not
vary according to whether
the harm was done
intentionally or accidentally.
Jounger children, then, do
not regard peoples
intentions as relevant to
punishment.
7hich of the following, if
true, would most seriously
weaken the conclusion
above?
!A" /n interpreting these
stories, the listeners had
to draw on a relatively
mature sense of human
psychology in order to
tell whether harm was
produced intentionally or
accidentally.
!$" /n these stories, the
severity of the harm
produced was clearly
stated.
61
!'" Jounger children are as likely to produce harm
unintentionally as are older children.
!(" %he older children assigned punishment in a way
that closely resembled the way adults had assigned
punishment in a similar e-periment.
!)" %he younger children assigned punishments that
varied according to the severity of the harm done
by the agents in the stories.
1+. 7hen hypnotiAed sub&ects are told that they are deaf
and are then asked whether they can hear the
hypnotist, they reply, GNo.H Some theorists try to
e-plain this result by arguing that the selves of
hypnotiAed sub&ects are dissociated into separate
parts, and that the part that is deaf is dissociated from
the part that replies.
7hich of the following challenges indicates the most
serious weakness in the attempted e-planation
described above?
!A" 7hy does the part that replies not answer,
GJesH?
!$" 7hy are the observed facts in need of any special
e-planation?
!'" 7hy do the sub&ects appear to accept the
hypnotists suggestion that they are deaf?
!(" 7hy do hypnotiAed sub&ects all respond the same
way in the situation described?
!)" 7hy are the separate parts of the self the same
for all sub&ects?
Luestions 1,#1. are based on the
following.
%he program to control the entry
of illegal drugs into the country
was a failure in 1B56. /f the
program had been successful, the
wholesale price of most illegal
drugs would not have dropped
substantially in 1B56.
1,. %he argument in the passage
depends on which of the
following assumptions?
!A" %he supply of illegal
drugs dropped
substantially in 1B56.
!$" %he price paid for most
illegal drugs by the
average consumer did not
drop substantially in
1B56.
!'" (omestic production of
illegal drugs increased at
a higher rate than did the
entry of such drugs into
the country.
!(" %he wholesale price of a
few illegal drugs
increased substantially in
1B56.
!)" A drop in demand for
most illegal drugs in 1B56
was not the sole cause of
the drop in their
wholesale price.
1.. %he argument in the passage
6:
would be most seriously weakened if it were true that
!A" in 1B56 smugglers of illegal drugs, as a group,
had significantly more funds at their disposal than
did the countrys customs agents
!$" domestic production of illegal drugs increased
substantially in 1B56
!'" the authors statements were made in order to
embarrass the officials responsible for the drug#
control program
!(" in 1B56 illegal drugs entered the country by a
different set of routes than they did in 1B5:
!)" the countrys citiAens spent substantially more
money on illegal drugs in 1B56 than they did in
1B5:.
11. )-cavation of the ancient
city of Courion on the
island of 'yprus revealed a
pattern of debris and
collapsed buildings typical
of towns devastated by
earthuakes. Archaeologists
have hypothesiAed that the
destruction was due to a
ma&or earthuake known to
have occurred near the
island in A.(.,:1.
7hich of the following, if
true, most strongly supports
the archaeologists
hypothesis?
!A" $ronAe ceremonial
drinking vessels that are
often found in graves
dating from years
preceding and following
A.(.,:1 were also found
in several graves near
Courion.
!$" No coins minted after
A.(.,:1 were found in
Courion, but coins minted
before that year were
found in abundance.
!'" 0ost modern histories
of 'yprus mention that an
earthuake occurred near
the island in A.(.,:1.
!(" Several small statues
carved in styles current in
'yprus in the century
66
between A.(.,22 and .22 were found in Courion.
!)" Stone inscriptions in a form of the Freek
alphabet that was definitely used in 'yprus after
A.(.,:1 were found in Courion.
1:. Sales of telephones have increased dramatically over
the last year. /n order to take advantage of this
increase, 0ammoth /ndustries plans to e-pand
production of its own model of telephone, while
continuing its already very e-tensive advertising of
this product.
7hich of the following, if true, provides most support
for the view that 0ammoth /ndustries cannot increase
its sales of telephones by adopting the plan outlined
above?
!A" Although it sells all of the telephones that it
produces, 0ammoth /ndustries share of all
telephone sales has declined over the last year.
!$" 0ammoth /ndustries average inventory of
telephones awaiting shipment to retailers has
declined slightly over the last year.
!'" Advertising has made the brand name of
0ammoth /ndustries telephones widely known,
but few consumers know that 0ammoth /ndustries
owns this brand.
!(" 0ammoth /ndustries telephone is one of three
brands of telephone that have together accounted
for the bulk of the last years increase in sales.
!)" (espite a slight decline in the retail price, sales
of 0ammoth /ndustries telephones have fallen in
the last year.
16. 0any institutions of higher
education suffer declining
enrollments during periods
of economic slowdown. At
two#year community
colleges, however,
enrollment figures boom
during these periods when
many people have less
money and there is more
competition for &obs.
)ach of the following, if
true, helps to e-plain the
enrollment increases in two#
year community colleges
described above )=')3%<
!A" (uring periods of
economic slowdown,
two#year community
colleges are more likely
than four#year colleges to
prepare their students for
the &obs that are still
available.
!$" (uring periods of
economic prosperity,
graduates of two#year
community colleges often
continue their studies at
four#year colleges.
!'" %uition at most two#year
community colleges is a
fraction of that at four#
year colleges.
!(" %wo#year community
colleges devote more
resources than do other
65
colleges to attracting those students especially
affected by economic slowdowns.
!)" Students at two#year community colleges, but not
those at most four#year colleges, can control the
cost of their studies by choosing the number of
courses they take each term.
Luestion 15#1B are based on the following.
Iardin argued that graAing land held in common !that is,
open to any user" would always be used less carefully
than private graAing land. )ach rancher would be tempted
to overuse common land because the benefits would
accrue to the individual, while the costs of reduced land
uality that results from overuse would be spread among
all users. $ut a study comparing +16 million acres of
common graAing land with .,, million acres of private
graAing land showed that the common land was in better
condition.
15. %he answer to which of the following uestions would
be most useful in evaluating the significance, in
relation to Iardins claim, of the study described
above?
!A" (id any of the ranchers whose land was studied
use both common and private land?
!$" (id the ranchers whose land was studied tend to
prefer using common land over using private land
for graAing?
!'" 7as the private land that was studied of
comparable uality to the common land before
either was used for graAing?
!(" 7ere the users of the common land that was
studied at least as prosperous as the users of the
private land?
!)" 7ere there any owners of herds who used only
common land, and no private land, for graAing?
1B. 7hich of the following, if
true and known by the
ranchers, would best help
e-plain the results of the
study?
!A" 7ith private graAing
land, both the costs and
the benefits of overuse
fall to the individual user.
!$" %he cost in reduced land
uality that is attributable
to any individual user is
less easily measured with
common land than it is
with private land.
!'" An individual who
overuses common graAing
land might be able to
achieve higher returns
than other users can, with
the result that he or she
would obtain a
competitive advantage.
!(" /f one user of common
land overuses it even
slightly, the other users
are likely to do so even
more, with the
conseuence that the
costs to each user
outweigh the benefits.
!)"%here are more acres of
graAing land held
privately than there are
held in common.
+2. /n tests for pironoma, a
serious disease, a false
6B
positive result indicates that people have pironoma
when, in fact, they do notD a false negative result
indicates that people do not have pironoma when, in
fact, they do. %o detect pironoma most accurately,
physicians should use the laboratory test that has the
lowest proportion of false positive results.
7hich of the following, if true, gives the most
support to the recommendation above?
!A" %he accepted treatment for pironoma does not
have damaging side effects.
!$" %he laboratory test that has the lowest proportion
of false positive results causes the same minor side
effects as do the other laboratory tests used to
detect pironoma.
!'" /n treating pironoma patients, it is essential to
begin treatment as early as possible, since even a
week of delay can result in loss of life.
!(" %he proportion of inconclusive test results is
eual for all laboratory tests used to detect
pironoma.
!)" All laboratory tests to detect pironoma have the
same proportion of false negative results.
CRITICAL REASONING
TEST SECTION
30 MINUTES 20
QUESTIONS
Luestions 1#+ are based on the
following.
'ompanies * and 3 each have
the same number of employees
who work the same number of
hours per week. According to
records maintained by each
company, the employees of
'ompany * had fewer &ob#
related accidents last year than
did the employees of 'ompany
3. %herefore, employees of
'ompany * are less likely to
have &ob#related accidents than
are employees of 'ompany 3.
1. 7hich of the following, if
true, would most strengthen
the conclusion above?
!A" 'ompany 3 manufactures
products that are more
haAardous for workers to
produce than does
'ompany *.
!$" 'ompany 3 holds more
safety inspections than
does 'ompany *.
!'" 'ompany 3 maintains a
more modern infirmary
than does 'ompany *.
!(" 'ompany * paid more for
new &ob#related medical
claims than did 'ompany
52
3.
!)" 'ompany 3 provides more types of health#care
benefits than does 'ompany *.
+. 7hich of the following, if true, would most weaken the
conclusion above?
!A" %he employees of 'ompany 3 lost more time at
work due to &ob#related accidents than did the
employees of 'ompany *.
!$" 'ompany 3 considered more types of accidents to
be &ob#related than did 'ompany *.
!'" %he employees of 'ompany 3 were sick more often
than were the employees of 'ompany *.
!(" Several employees of 'ompany * each had more
than one &ob#related accident.
!)" %he ma&ority of &ob#related accidents at 'ompany
* involved a single machine.
,. /n comparison to the standard
typewriter keyboard, the
)8'* keyboard, which places
the most#used keys nearest the
typists strongest fingers,
allows faster typing and results
in less fatigue, %herefore,
replacement of standard
keyboards with the )8'*
keyboard will result in an
immediate reduction of typing
costs.
7hich of the following, if
true, would most weaken the
conclusion drawn above?
!A" 3eople who use both
standard and )8'*
keyboards report greater
difficulty in the transition
from the )8'* keyboard
to the standard keyboard
than in the transition from
the standard keyboard to
the )8'* keyboard.
!$" )8'* keyboards are no
more e-pensive to
manufacture than are
standard keyboards and
reuire less freuent
repair than do standard
keyboards.
!'" %he number of businesses
and government agencies
that use )8'* keyboards
is increasing each year.
!(" %he more training and
e-perience an employee
51
has had with the standard keyboard, the more
costly it is to train that employee to use the )8'*
keyboard.
!)" Novice typists can learn to use the )8'* keyboard
in about the same amount of time it takes them to
learn to use the standard keyboard.
Luestions .#1 are based on the following.
Ialf of the sub&ects in an e-periment

the e-perimental
group

consumed large uantities of a popular artificial

sweetener. Afterward, this group showed lower cognitive
abilities than did the other half of the sub&ects

the
control group

who did not consume the sweetener. %he

detrimental effects were attributed to an amino acid that is
one of the sweeteners principal constituents.
.. 7hich of the following, if true, would best support the
conclusion that some ingredient of the sweetener was
responsible for the e-perimental results?
!A" 0ost consumers of the sweetener do not consume
as much of it as the e-perimental group members
did.
!$" %he amino acid referred to in the conclusion is a
component of all proteins, some of which must be
consumed for adeuate nutrition.
!'" %he uantity of the sweetener consumed by
individuals in the e-perimental group is
considered safe by federal food regulators.
!(" %he two groups of sub&ects were evenly matched
with regard to cognitive abilities prior to the
e-periment.
!)" A second e-periment in which sub&ects consumed
large uantities of the sweetener lacked a control
group of sub&ects who were not given the
sweetener.
1. 7hich of the following, if
true, would best help e-plain
how the sweetener might
produce the observed effect?
!A" %he governments analysis
of the artificial sweetener
determined that it was
sold in relatively pure
form.
!$" A high level of the amino
acid in the blood inhibits
the synthesis of a
substance reuired for
normal brain functioning.
!'" $ecause the sweetener is
used primarily as a food
additive, adverse
reactions to it are rarely
noticed by consumers.
!(" %he amino acid that is a
constituent of the
sweetener is also sold
separately as a dietary
supplement.
!)" Sub&ects in the e-periment
did not know whether
they were consuming the
sweetener or a second,
harmless substance.
:. Adult female rats who have
never before encountered rat
pups will start to show
maternal behaviors after being
confined with a pup for about
seven days. %his period can be
considerably shortened by
disabling the females sense of
5+
smell or by removing the scent#producing glands of the
pup.
7hich of the following hypotheses best e-plains the
contrast described above?
!A" %he sense of smell in adult female rats is more
acute than that in rat pups.
!$" %he amount of scent produced by rat pups increases
when they are in the presence of a female rat that
did not bear them.
!'" 8emale rats that have given birth are more affected
by olfactory cues than are female rats that have
never given birth.
!(" A female rat that has given birth shows maternal
behavior toward rat pups that she did not bear
more uickly than does a female rat that has never
given birth.
!)" %he development of a female ratNs maternal interest
in a rat pup that she did not bear is inhibited by the
odor of the pup.
6. %he interview is an essential
part of a successful hiring
program because, with it, &ob
applicants who have
personalities that are unsuited
to the reuirements of the &ob
will be eliminated from
consideration.
%he argument above logically
depends on which of the
following assumptions?
!A" A hiring program will be
successful if it includes
interviews.
!$" %he interview is a more
important part of a
successful hiring program
than is the development
of a &ob description.
!'" /nterviewers can
accurately identify
applicants whose
personalities are unsuited
to the reuirements of the
&ob.
!(" %he only purpose of an
interview is to evaluate
whether &ob applicants
personalities are suited to
the reuirements of the
&ob.
!)" the fit of &ob applicants
personalities to the
reuirements of the &ob
was once the most
important factor in
5,
making hiring decisions.
5. An overly centraliAed economy, not the changes in the
climate, is responsible for the poor agricultural
production in 'ountry = since its new government
came to power. Neighboring 'ountry J has
e-perienced the same climatic conditions, but while
agricultural production has been falling in 'ountry =, it
has been rising in 'ountry J.
7hich of the following, if true, would most weaken the
argument above?
!A" /ndustrial production also is declining in 'ountry
=.
!$" 7hereas 'ountry J is landlocked, 'ountry = has a
ma&or seaport.
!'" $oth 'ountry = and 'ountry J have been
e-periencing drought conditions.
!(" %he crops that have always been grown in 'ountry
= are different from those that have always been
grown in 'ountry J.
!)" 'ountry =s new government instituted a
centraliAed economy with the intention of ensuring
an euitable distribution of goods.
B. 9seful protein drugs, such as
insulin, must still be
administered by the
cumbersome procedure of
in&ection under the skin. /f
proteins are taken orally, they
are digested and cannot reach
their target cells. 'ertain
nonprotein drugs, however,
contain chemical bonds that
are not broken down by the
digestive system. %hey can,
thus, be taken orally.
%he statements above most
strongly support a claim that a
research procedure that
successfully accomplishes
which of the following would
be beneficial to users of
protein drugs?
!A" 'oating insulin with
compounds that are
broken down by target
cells, but whose chemical
bonds are resistant to
digestion
!$" 'onverting into protein
compounds, by
procedures that work in
the laboratory, the
nonprotein drugs that
resist digestion
!'" ;emoving permanently
from the digestive system
any substances that digest
proteins
5.
!(" (etermining, in a systematic way, what enAymes
and bacteria are present in the normal digestive
system and whether they tend to be broken down
within the body
!)" (etermining the amount of time each nonprotein
drug takes to reach its target cells.
12. 'ountry J uses its scarce foreign#e-change reserves
to buy scrap iron for recycling into steel. Although
the steel thus produced earns more foreign e-change
than it costs, that policy is foolish. 'ountry Js own
territory has vast deposits of iron ore, which can be
mined with minimal e-penditure of foreign
e-change.
7hich of the following, if true, provides the
strongest support for 'ountry Js policy of buying
scrap iron abroad?
!A" %he price of scrap iron on international markets
rose significantly in 1B56.
!$" 'ountry Js foreign#e-change reserves dropped
significantly in 1B56.
!'" %here is virtually no difference in uality
between steel produced from scrap iron and that
produced from iron ore.
!(" Scrap iron is now used in the production of
roughly half the steel used in the world today, and
e-perts predict that scrap iron will be used even
more e-tensively in the future.
!)" 8urnaces that process scrap iron can be built and
operated in 'ountry J with substantially less
foreign e-change than can furnaces that process
iron ore.
11. ?ast year the rate of inflation
was 1.+ percent, but for the
current year it has been .
percent. 7e can conclude
that inflation is on an
upward trend and the rate
will be still higher ne-t year.
7hich of the following, if
true, most seriously
weakens the conclusion
above?
!A" %he inflation figures
were computed on the
basis of a representative
sample of economic data
rather than all of the
available data.
!$" ?ast year a dip in oil
prices brought inflation
temporarily below its
recent stable annual level
of . percent.
!'" /ncreases in the pay of
some workers are tied to
the level of inflation, and
at an inflation rate of .
percent or above, these
pay raises constitute a
force causing further
inflation.
!(" %he 1.+ percent rate of
inflation last year
represented a ten#year
low.
!)" Fovernment
intervention cannot affect
51
the rate of inflation to any significant degree.
1+. $ecause no employee wants to be associated with bad
news in the eyes of a superior, information about
serious problems at lower levels is progressively
softened and distorted as it goes up each step in the
management hierarchy. %he chief e-ecutive is,
therefore, less well informed about problems at
lower levels than are his or her subordinates at those
levels.
%he conclusion drawn above is based on the
assumption that
!A" problems should be solved at the level in the
management hierarchy at which they occur
!$" employees should be rewarded for accurately
reporting problems to their superiors
!'" problem#solving ability is more important at
higher levels than it is at lower levels of the
management hierarchy
!(" chief e-ecutives obtain information about
problems at lower levels from no source other than
their subordinates
!)" some employees are more concerned about truth
than about the way they are perceived by their
superiors
1,. /n the 9nited States in 1B5:,
the average rate of violent
crime in states with strict
gun#control laws was :.1
crimes per 122,222 persons

about 12 percent higher

than the average rate in the
eleven states where strict
gun#control laws have never
been passed. %hus one way
to reduce violent crime is to
repeal strict gun control
laws.
7hich of the following, if
true, would most weaken
the argument above?
!A" %he annual rate of
violent crime in states
with strict gun#control
laws has decreased since
the passage of those laws.
!$" /n states with strict gun#
control laws, few
individuals are prosecuted
for violating such laws.
!'" /n states without strict
gun#control laws, many
individuals have had no
formal training in the use
of firearms.
!(" %he annual rate of
nonviolent crime is lower
in states with strict gun#
control laws than in states
without such laws.
!)" ?ess than half of the
5:
individuals who reside in states without strict gun#
control laws own a gun.
1.. 'orporate officers and directors commonly buy and
sell, for their own portfolios, stock in their own
corporations. Fenerally, when the ratio of such inside
sales to inside purchases falls below + to 1 for a
given stock, a rise in stock prices is imminent. /n
recent days, while the price of 0)FA 'orporation
stock has been falling, the corporations officers and
directors have bought up to nine times as much of it
as they have sold.
%he facts above best support which of the following
predictions?
!A" %he imbalance between inside purchases and
inside sales of 0)FA stock will grow even
further.
!$" /nside purchases of 0)FA stock are about to
cease abruptly.
!'" %he price of 0)FA stock will soon begin to go
up.
!(" %he price of 0)FA stock will continue to drop,
but less rapidly.
!)" %he ma&ority of 0)FA stock will soon be owned
by 0)FAs own officers and directors.
11. %he proposal to hire ten new
police officers in
0iddletown is uite foolish.
%here is sufficient funding
to pay the salaries of the
new officers, but not the
salaries of additional court
and prison employees to
process the increased
caseload of arrests and
convictions that new
officers usually generate.
7hich of the following, if
true, will most seriously
weaken the conclusion
drawn above?
!A" Studies have shown that
an increase in a citys
police force does not
necessarily reduce crime.
!$" 7hen one ma&or city
increased its police force
by 1B percent last year,
there were .2 percent
more arrests and 1,
percent more convictions.
!'" /f funding for the new
police officers salaries is
approved, support for
other city services will
have to be reduced during
the ne-t fiscal year.
!(" /n most 9nited States
cities, not all arrests result
in convictions, and not all
convictions result in
56
prison terms.
!)" 0iddletowns ratio of police officers to citiAens
has reached a level at which an increase in the
number of officers will have a deterrent effect on
crime.
1:. A recent report determined that although only three
percent of drivers on 0aryland highways euipped
their vehicles with radar detectors, thirty#three
percent of all vehicles ticketed for e-ceeding the
speed limit were euipped with them. 'learly,
drivers who euip their vehicles with radar detectors
are more likely to e-ceed the speed limit regularly
than are drivers who do not.
%he conclusion drawn above depends on which of
the following assumptions?
!A" (rivers who euip their vehicles with radar
detectors are less likely to be ticketed for
e-ceeding the speed limit than are drivers who do
not.
!$" (rivers who are ticketed for e-ceeding the speed
limit are more likely to e-ceed the speed limit
regularly than are drivers who are not ticketed.
!'" %he number of vehicles that were ticketed for
e-ceeding the speed limit was greater than the
number of vehicles that were euipped with radar
detectors.
!(" 0any of the vehicles that were ticketed for
e-ceeding the speed limit were ticketed more than
once in the time period covered by the report.
!)" (rivers on 0aryland highways e-ceeded the
speed limit more often than did drivers on other
state highways not covered in the report.
16. %here is a great deal of
geographical variation in the
freuency of many surgical
procedures

up to tenfold
variation per hundred
thousand between different
areas in the numbers of
hysterectomies,
prostatectomies, and
tonsillectomies.
%o support a conclusion that
much of the variation is due
to unnecessary surgical
procedures, it would be
most important to establish
which of the following?
!A" A local board of review at
each hospital e-amines the
records of every operation
to determine whether the
surgical procedure was
necessary.
!$" %he variation is unrelated to
factors !other than the
surgical procedures
themselves" that influence
the incidence of diseases for
which surgery might be
considered.
!'" %here are several categories of
surgical procedure !other than
hysterectomies,
prostatectomies, and
tonsillectomies" that are often
performed unnecessarily.
!(" 8or certain surgical
procedures, it is difficult to
determine after the
55
operation whether the procedures were necessary or
whether alternative treatment would have succeeded.
!)" 7ith respect to how often they are performed
unnecessarily, hysterectomies, prostatectomies, and
tonsillectomies are representative of surgical
procedures in general.
15. ;esearchers have found that when very overweight
people, who tend to have relatively low metabolic
rates, lose weight primarily through dieting, their
metabolisms generally remain unchanged. %hey will
thus burn significantly fewer calories at the new
weight than do people whose weight is normally at
that level. Such newly thin persons will, therefore,
ultimately regain weight until their body siAe again
matches their metabolic rate.
%he conclusion of the argument above depends on
which of the following assumptions?
!A" ;elatively few very overweight people who have
dieted down to a new weight tend to continue to
consume substantially fewer calories than do people
whose normal weight is at that level.
!$" %he metabolisms of people who are usually not
overweight are much more able to vary than the
metabolisms of people who have been very overweight.
!'" %he amount of calories that a person usually burns in
a day is determined more by the amount that is
consumed that day than by the current weight of the
individual.
!(" ;esearchers have not yet determined whether the
metabolic rates of formerly very overweight individuals
can be accelerated by means of chemical agents.
!)" $ecause of the constancy of their metabolic rates,
people who are at their usual weight normally have as
much difficulty gaining weight as they do losing it.
1B. /n 1B56 sinusitis was the
most common chronic
medical condition in the
9nited States, followed by
arthritis and high blood
pressure, in that order.
%he incidence rates for both
arthritis and high blood
pressure increase with age,
but the incidence rate for
sinusitis is the same for
people of all ages.
%he average age of the
9nited States population
will increase between 1B56
and +222.
7hich of the following
conclusions can be most
properly drawn about
chronic medical conditions
in the 9nited States from
the information given
above?
!A" Sinusitis will be more
common than either
arthritis or high blood
pressure in +222.
!$" Arthritis will be the
most common chronic
medical condition in
+222.
!'" %he average age of
people suffering from
sinusitis will increase
between 1B56 and +222.
!(" 8ewer people will suffer
5B
from sinusitis in +222 than suffered from it in
1B56.
!)" A ma&ority of the population will suffer from at
least one of the medical conditions mentioned
above by the year +222.
+2. 3arasitic wasps lay their eggs directly into the eggs of
various host insects in e-actly the right numbers for
any suitable siAe of host egg. /f they laid too many
eggs in a host egg, the developing wasp larvae would
compete with each other to the death for nutrients
and space. /f too few eggs were laid, portions of the
host egg would decay, killing the wasp larvae.
7hich of the following conclusions can properly be
drawn from the information above?
!A" %he siAe of the smallest host egg that a wasp
could theoretically parasitiAe can be determined
from the wasps egg#laying behavior.
!$" Iost insects lack any effective defenses against
the form of predation practiced by parasitic wasps.
!'" 3arasitic wasps learn from e-perience how many
eggs to lay into the eggs of different host species.
!(" 8ailure to lay enough eggs would lead to the
death of the developing wasp larvae more uickly
than would laying too many eggs.
!)" 3arasitic wasps use visual clues to calculate the
siAe of a host egg.
B2