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    DSP Lab 2

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    fahadsaeed93
    This document discusses sampling of analog signals to convert them to digital form for digital signal processing. It describes the key steps in analog-to-digital conversion as sampling, quantization, and coding. Periodic or uniform sampling is introduced, where the continuous-time signal is sampled at regular time intervals to create a discrete-time signal. The relationship between continuous-time and discrete-time frequencies is defined, showing that sampling maps the infinite frequency range of continuous signals to a finite range. Exercises are provided to generate and analyze sampled signals at different sampling rates.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    DSP Lab 2

    Uploaded by

    fahadsaeed93
    166 views4 pages
    This document discusses sampling of analog signals to convert them to digital form for digital signal processing. It describes the key steps in analog-to-digital conversion as sampling, quantization, and coding. Periodic or uniform sampling is introduced, where the continuous-time signal is sampled at regular time intervals to create a discrete-time signal. The relationship between continuous-time and discrete-time frequencies is defined, showing that sampling maps the infinite frequency range of continuous signals to a finite range. Exercises are provided to generate and analyze sampled signals at different sampling rates.

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    Digital Signal Processing

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    This document discusses sampling of analog signals to convert them to digital form for digital signal processing. It describes the key steps in analog-to-digital conversion as sampling, quantization, and coding. Periodic or uniform sampling is introduced, where the continuous-time signal is sampled at regular time intervals to create a discrete-time signal. The relationship between continuous-time and discrete-time frequencies is defined, showing that sampling maps the infinite frequency range of continuous signals to a finite range. Exercises are provided to generate and analyze sampled signals at different sampling rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    166 views4 pages

    DSP Lab 2

    Uploaded by

    fahadsaeed93
    This document discusses sampling of analog signals to convert them to digital form for digital signal processing. It describes the key steps in analog-to-digital conversion as sampling, quantization, and coding. Periodic or uniform sampling is introduced, where the continuous-time signal is sampled at regular time intervals to create a discrete-time signal. The relationship between continuous-time and discrete-time frequencies is defined, showing that sampling maps the infinite frequency range of continuous signals to a finite range. Exercises are provided to generate and analyze sampled signals at different sampling rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Digital Signal Processing Lab S2

    2.SamplingofAnalogSignals:

    Mostsignalsofpracticalinterest,suchasspeech,biologicalsignals,seismicsignals,radarsignals,
    sonar signals, and various communications signals such as audio and video signals, are analog.
    Toprocessanalogsignalsbydigitalmeans,itisfirstnecessarytoconvertthemintodigitalform,
    that is, to convert them to a sequence of numbers having finite precision. This procedure is
    called analogtodigital (A/D) conversion, and the corresponding devices are called A/D
    converters(ADCs)

    Conceptually, we view A/D conversion as a three step process. This process is illustrated in
    figure2.1

    1. Sampling
    Thisistheconversionofacontinuoustimesignaltoadiscretetimesignalobtainedbytaking
    samplesofcontinuoustimesignalatdiscretetimeinstants.Thus,ifx
    a
    (t)istheinputtothe
    sampler,theoutputisx
    a
    (nT)x(n),whereTiscalledthesamplinginterval.

    2. Quantization
    Thisistheconversionofdiscretetimecontinuousvaluedsignalintoadiscretetimediscrete
    valued (digital) signal. The value of each signal sample is represented by a value selected
    from a finite set of possible values. The difference between the unquantized sample x(n)
    andthequantizedoutputx
    q
    (n)iscalledthequantizederror.

    3. Coding
    Inthecodingprocess,eachdiscretevaluex
    q
    (n)isrepresentedbyabbitbinarysequence.




    Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology










    x
    q
    (n)
    x(n) x
    a
    (t)

    Coder Quantizer Sampler
    01010...

    Analog
    signal
    Discrete
    time signal
    Digital
    signal
    Quantized
    signal

    Figure2.1:Basicpartsofananalogtodigital(A/D)converter.

    Therearemanywaystosampleananalogsignal.Welimitourdiscussiontoperiodicoruniform
    sampling, which is the type of sampling used most often in practice. This is described by the
    relation

    ( ) < < = n n x n x
    a
    , ) (

    Digital Signal Processing Lab S2

    Where x(n) is the discrete time signal obtained by taking samples of the analog signal ( ) t x
    a

    every T seconds. This procedure is illustrated in figure 2.2. The time interval T between
    successive samples is called the sampling period or sample interval and its reciprocal 1/T=F
    s
    is
    calledthesamplingrate(samplespersecond)orthesamplingfrequency(hertz).

    x
    a
    (t)








    1 23 4 5 6 7 8 9

    T 2T 5T9T t=nT
    t
    x
    a
    (t)
    x(n)=x
    a
    (nT)
    n
    0
    x(n)

    Figure2.2:Periodicsamplingofananalogsignal

    Periodic sampling establishes a relationship between the time variables t and n of continuous
    timeanddiscretetimesignalsrespectively.Indeed, thesevariablesarelinearlyrelatedthrough
    thesamplingperiodTor,equivalently,throughthesamplingrateF
    s
    =1/T,as

    s
    F
    n
    nT t = =


    There exists a relationship between the variables F (or ) for analog signals and the frequency
    variable (or ) for discrete time signals. To establish this relationship, consider an analog
    sinusoidalsignaloftheform


    ( ) ) 2 cos( + = Ft A t x
    a

    Which,whensampledperiodicallyatarate =1/Tsamplespersecond,yields
    s
    F

    ( ) ) 2 cos( ) ( + = FnT A n x nT x
    a

    )
    2
    cos(

    + =
    s
    F
    nF
    A

    ThefrequencyvariablesFandarelinearlyrelatedas

    s
    F
    F
    f =
    (2.1)
    or,equivalently,as

    T =
    (2.2)

    Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology


    Digital Signal Processing Lab S2

    Therelationin(2.1)justifiesthenamerelativeornormalizedfrequency,whichissometimes
    usedtodescribethefrequencyvariable .As(2.1)implies,wecanuse todeterminethe
    frequencyFinhertzonlyifthesamplingfrequency isknown.
    f f
    s
    F

    TherangeofthefrequencyvariableForforcontinuoustimesinusoidsare

    < < F


    < <
    (2.3)

    However,thesituationisdifferentfordiscretetimesinusoids.
    2
    1
    2
    1
    < <

    < <
    (2.4)

    Bysubstitutingfrom(2.1)and(2.2)into(2.4),wefindthatthefrequencyofthecontinuoustime
    sinusoidwhensampledatarateFs=1/Tmustfallintherange

    T
    F
    F
    F
    T
    s s
    2
    1
    2 2 2
    1
    = =
    (2.5)

    Or,equivalently,

    T
    F F
    T
    s s

    = =
    (2.6)

    Fromtheserelationsweobservethatthefundamentaldifferencebetweenthecontinuoustime
    anddiscretetimesignalsisintheirrangeofvaluesofthefrequencyvariablesFand ,orand
    . Periodic sampling of a continuous time signal implies a mapping of the infinite frequency
    rangeforthevariableF(or)intoafinitefrequencyrangeforthevariable (or).Sincethe
    highest frequency in a discrete time signal is =
    f
    f

    or =1/2, it follows that, with a sampling


    rateFs,thecorrespondinghighestvaluesofFandare
    f

    T
    F
    F
    s
    2
    1
    2
    max
    = =

    T
    F
    s

    = =
    max




    Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology
    Digital Signal Processing Lab S2

    Exercise:

    Task#1:Writeascripttogenerateacontinuoustimesinusoidsignalwithamplitude=2foratime
    0to1secandtakenthefrequencyasauserinputbyusinginputcommand.

    Task#2: Writeascripttoconvertcontinuoustimesignaloftask#1toadiscretetimesignaland
    take the sampling frequency as input which should be less than twice the maximum
    signalfrequencyinHertz.

    Task#3: Writeascripttoconvertcontinuoustimesignaloftask#1toadiscretetimesignaland
    take the sampling frequency as input which should be equal to twice the maximum
    signalfrequencyinHertz.

    Task#4: Writeascripttoconvertcontinuoustimesignaloftask#1toadiscretetimesignaland
    takethesamplingfrequencyasinputwhichshouldbegreaterthantwicethemaximum
    signalfrequencyinHertz.

    Task#5: Write a script using subplot command to generate task #1, task#2, task#3 and task#4
    plots.Analyzethefourplots,whathappenbyincreasingthesamplingfrequency?

    Task#6:Considertheanalogsignal

    ( ) ) 100 cos( 3 t t x
    a
    =

    (i) Determinetheminimumsamplingraterequiredtoavoidaliasing.
    (ii) Suppose that the signal is sampled at the rate Fs=200 Hz. What is the discrete
    timesignalobtainedaftersampling?Plotthediscretetimesignal.
    (iii) Suppose that the signal is sampled at the rate Fs=75 Hz. What is the discrete
    timesignalobtainedaftersampling?Plotthediscretetimesignal.
    (iv) What is the frequency 0<F<Fs/2 of a sinusoid that yields samples identical to
    thoseobtainedinpart(iii)?GiveyourobservationregardingAliasingeffect.

    Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology

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