Luigi Luigi Massimino Massimino SENA SENA

Clinical Clinical Pathology Pathology

Faculty Faculty of Medicine of Medicine
University University of of Turin Turin (Italy) (Italy)
THE THYROID IN ART THE THYROID IN ART
1
Art and science are different aspects
of human creativity.
Over the centuries, artists have
TAKE ART AND PUT IT IN SCIENCE TAKE ART AND PUT IT IN SCIENCE
2
Over the centuries, artists have
made use of the expressive power of
images to awaken both emotions
and empathy, which are often
universal.
The thyroid gland (tireos, oblong "shield" , but which in reality meant big
stone used as a door or for shutting the wooden door: cover, defend with the
shield) is located in a part of the human body, i.e., in the neck, making it
clearly visible in the throat when enlarged (goiter from Latin guttur).
The prevalence of goiter was already known in ancient times, but the writings
that described it were almost always devoid of explanatory drawings.
The representation of the goiter is illustrated in the numerous depictions of
goitrous men, women and children in coins, sculptures, paintings, simple craft
objects and even in forms of folklore that involved persons not engaged in the
3
objects and even in forms of folklore that involved persons not engaged in the
medical art.
The depictions were the works of artists living in endemic areas, or of
travelers who illustrated the reality they encountered.
The size of the goiter has always provoked amazement or fear, feelings that
are associated with the mystery surrounding its origin and function. Over the
centuries, it has stimulated the imagination of people, while at the same time
it has paved the way to understanding the historical relationship between
disease and society (pathocoenosis).
PATHOCOENOSIS PATHOCOENOSIS
In 1969, Mirko Drazen Grmek (1924-2000)
created the neologism pathocenose or
pathocoenosis, that is a community of
4
pathocoenosis, that is a community of
diseases: the collection of pathological
states present in a given population in a
certain time and space.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL and GEOGRAPHICAL REFERENCE VALUE
SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL VALUE
The characters represented with goiter mainly belong to the LOWER
SOCIAL CLASSES: SHEPHERDS, PEASANTS, WORKERS, MAIDS,
THE STUDY OF GOITER THROUGH ART THE STUDY OF GOITER THROUGH ART
5
SOCIAL CLASSES: SHEPHERDS, PEASANTS, WORKERS, MAIDS,
WANDERING MINSTRELS (26%)
ONLY 3% of the representations are PORTRAITS OF IMPORTANT
INDIVIDUALS.
Considering all the works of art that have been studied, 33% of the
characters had OBVIOUS SIGNS of CRETINISM and in 5% of cases it
is possible to DIAGNOSE the CAUSE of GOITER.
1) Negative Characters in 46% of cases: ) Negative Characters in 46% of cases:
Evil people
Grotesque people
MEANING OF DEPICTIONS OF THE MEANING OF DEPICTIONS OF THE
GOITROUS OVER THE CENTURIES GOITROUS OVER THE CENTURIES
6
2) Positive Characters in 6%: 2) Positive Characters in 6%:
Cretins with expressions of kindness, quiet, ecstatic
Women with mild goiter, attributes of beauty
Erotic Accessories
3) Autobiographical Significance 3) Autobiographical Significance
Bas Bas- -relief relief dated dated 785 A.D. 785 A.D.
Carved Carved on the on the left left side of the back of a side of the back of a monumental monumental seat seat called called Throne Throne 1 1
(Musem of Archeology and Ethnology of Guatemala City, Guatemala)
Toni R, Ghigo E, Roti E, Lechan RM. Endocrinology and art.
Acromegaly and goiter in the Pre-Columbian, Mesoamerican population.
J Endocrinol Invest 30: 169 - 170, 2007
7
PRE PRE- -COLOMBIAN COLOMBIAN
SCULPTURE SCULPTURE
Figure with prominent goiter (Quechua word coto, that
meas mound, protuberance) pertaining to the Colorado
people who once resided in the Andean Region of
Ecuador, in the basin of the Guallabamba river.
8
Ecuador, in the basin of the Guallabamba river.
(50 Cm High-Now in the Anthropologic Museum of Quito)
In Fierro-Benitez R et al, Endemic Goiter and Endemic
Cretinism in the Andean Region.
NEJM 1969, 280 (6) : 296-302
Early Woodland period, 500 BC 1 AD
The Ohio Historical Society Archaeology Collection
Excavated from the Adena Mound in Chillicothe,
Ross County (Ohio) in 1901
HUMAN HUMAN- -EFFIGY PIPE EFFIGY PIPE
ADENA CULTURE ADENA CULTURE
9
The craftsman carved a goitrous man (dwarf) with a
large head and a trunk longer than his legs.
The posture of the legs is characteristic of a
hypothyroid cretin with ataxic gait and spasticity of the
legs.
Ross County (Ohio) in 1901
ENDEMIC CRETIN ENDEMIC CRETIN
in Western New Guinea in Western New Guinea
A 14 yr old boy whose thyroid is twice the
normal size, with one palpable nodule.
Deaf mutism, amentia, neuromotor disability,
squinting. Normal development of femoral
epiphyses
10
Delange F, Costa A, Ermans AM, Ibbertson
HK, Querido A, Stanbury JB. A survey of the
clinical and metabolic patterns of endemic
cretinism
In Human Development and the thyroid gland.
Ed JB Stanbury and RL Kroc. Plenum Pub
Corp New York, 1972. pp 75-187
Second Second century century AD AD carved carved schist schist frieze frieze
( (Freer Freer Gallery Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. (No. 49.9 A of Art, Washington, D.C. (No. 49.9 A- -G) G)
From an ancient area of Gandhara (including what is now Peshawar, in the region of
West-Northwest Pakistan) showing the future Buddha in human aspect beset by the
forces of Mara, the Evil One. To disturb his profound meditations attaining enlightment
he is being distracted by loud noise from bells and from a barrel drum.
To the left of the seated Buddha, the figure carrying the barrel drum on his back (?)
has an enormous goitre.
(Blumberg BS. Goiter in Gandhara. A representation in a second to third century AD
Frieze. JAMA 189:1008-12, 1964)
11
SICILIAN SICILIAN
RED RED- -FIGURED FIGURED
PHLYACIC CRATER PHLYACIC CRATER
ca. 350 ca. 350 bC bC
Archeologic Museum in Lipari,
ascribed to the painter Asteas
(o Assteas) from Paestum and
manufactured in Paestum
12
manufactured in Paestum
Seated divinity, Dyonisus and 2 actors
called phlyakes (Gossip Players,
Clown, Chatterer) watch an acrobatic
performance
One of the actors, a hunchback with goiter, is a grotesque figure that bizarrely
exaggerates certain parts of the body in an effort to make everybody laugh.
ILLUSTRATION ILLUSTRATION
(ca. 1420)
for Ulrich Boners book der Edelstein (ca. 1349)
Fable n. 76: The hunchback and the tollman
Univ. Library Heidelberg. Cod. Pal. Germ. 794
13
SMALL SCULPTURE SMALL SCULPTURE
(15 cm high)
in the last of the in the last of the
Eighteenth Eighteenth Century Century
From Quito
( now in the Convent El Carmen Alto, Quito)
14
( now in the Convent El Carmen Alto, Quito)
In Fierro-Benitez R et al,
Endemic Goiter and Endemic Cretinism in the
Andean Region.
NEJM 1969, 280(6):296-302
JACQUES CALLOT JACQUES CALLOT
Le Bossu a la Canne
(the hunchback with walking-stick)
Etching of the Set:
The hunchbacks (1622)
SUMATRA SUMATRA (Indonesia) (Indonesia)
Photo taken on August 29, 2006
15
Nothing new under the sun
Both of them utilize a sling as a support to bear the weight of
the huge pendulous goiter
REUNER REUNER
MUSTERBUCH MUSTERBUCH
(Book of Samples) (Book of Samples)
ex Codex, Vindobonensis 507
(1208-13)
Austrian National Library, Vienna
THE FOOL
From the Cistercian Abbey of Reun near
Graz in Styria retained in Vienna
Oesterreichische Nationalbibliothek.
The album, painted by an unknown artist,
16
The album, painted by an unknown artist,
collects a set of abstract graphic subjects
developing cistercian themes utilized as
elaborate iconic patterns creating an
abstract visual language used to aid
meditation and to which symbolic meanings
today unknown to us were ascribed.
The folio depicts a cretin with three large
hanging goiters , brandishing a fools staff
(Narrenstab) in one hand and reaching up
with the other hand towards a toad.
PSALTER PSALTER from from St. St. Lambrecht Lambrecht (1346)
Codex 387 Univ. Library of Graz
Cretin with bilobated goiter: insipiens in the initial letter D of Psalm 52
(Dixit insipiens in corde suo non est Deus)
The fool is often depicted in the initial letter D and always with a cudgel
17
THE FOOL THE FOOL
(also known as The Spirit of the Aether)
in the famous Visconti-Sforza tarot deck
(1442-1447)
The Fool is usually depicted as a beggar or
a vagabond. In this card the Fool wears
ragged clothes and stockings without
shoes, and carries a stick on his back. He
has what appear to be feathers in his hair.
His unruly beard and feathers may relate to
the tradition of the woodwose or wild man.
18
the tradition of the woodwose or wild man.
In the minute detail the engraved gold leaf
burin is clearly shown in the background
THE FOOL THE FOOL
(Jolly, Joker) (Jolly, Joker)
The The Medieval Medieval Goiter Goiter
This image showing a large
19
This image showing a large
goiter is taken from a medieval
Biblical illustration for Psalm 52.
Endocrinesurgeon.co.uk
Supernatural and unnatural
THE ICONOGRAPHY OF DEFORMITY THE ICONOGRAPHY OF DEFORMITY
Maurizio Elettrico - Istituto Italiano di Studi Filosofici
In: Airesis, Sectio Aurea - il sacro nell'arte.
Mimesis Edizioni, Sesto San Giovanni (MI)
20
"Man's religious, artistic, dream-like imagination has always been
populated by monstrous, deformed, unnatural figures whose
symbolic roots sink into the deepest recesses of the psyche and into
the most archaic cultural and mythical structures."
Illustration by
Thomas of Cantimpr
De De monstruosis monstruosis
hominibus hominibus
Woman with giant goiter
Bibl. Naz. Paris. Ms f.franais
15106, fourteenth century
Jakob Van Jakob Van Maerlant Maerlant
Der naturen bloeme
including
Thomas of Cantimpr
De monstruosis hominibus
Royal Library Den Haag. Codex XVI, Second
half of thefourteenth century
21
THE THE
HUMAN MONSTERS HUMAN MONSTERS
in Konrad von Megenberg:
Das Buch der Natur (1349)
Printed edition, Augsburg, 1475
In the bottom row of the xylograph, the
second woman from the left, near the
bearded woman, has an elongated sack
hanging from the mandible region down to
22
hanging from the mandible region down to
the abdomen that, according to Choulant
and Merke is a large pendulous goiter.
Or, according to Ruggieri and Polizzi, she
has an isolated (diffuse) plexiform
neurofibroma (and therefore she would fit
the diagnosis of mosaic/segmental NF1)
once called von Recklinghausen disease.
The bicephalus, sciapod with webbed feet, the headless monster, the
cinocephalus, the bearded woman, the goitrous woman, the woman with six
arms and the Cyclops.
(Book of Samples) (Book of Samples)
ex Codex, Vindobonensis 507 (1208-13)
Austrian National Library, Vienna
THE FOOL THE FOOL
From the Cistercian Abbey of Reun near
Graz in Styria retained in Vienna
Oesterreichische Nationalbibliothek.
The album, painted by an unknown
artist, collects a set of abstract graphic
REUNER MUSTERBUCH REUNER MUSTERBUCH
23
artist, collects a set of abstract graphic
subjects developing cistercian themes
utilized as elaborate iconic patterns
creating an abstract visual language
used to aid meditation and to which
symbolic meanings today unknown to us
were ascribed.
The folio depicts a cretin with three large
hanging goiters, brandishing a fools staff
(Narrenstab) in one hand and reaching
up with the other hand towards a toad.
This is the first demostration of difficulties that are
encountered in the correct interpretation of the clinical
analysis of individuals depicted in the paintings
(icono-diagnostics)
24
(icono-diagnostics)
since signs of illness may not necessarily have been
reproduced in realistic forms, but rather, may have been
idealized
Illustrations from a book:
DESCRIPTIONS DESCRIPTIONS
DES MALADIES DES MALADIES
DE LA PEAU DE LA PEAU
(I st ed. 1806, IInd ed.1835) by French
dermatologist Baron Jean Louis Alibert
(1768-1837).
25
Total cretinism
(1768-1837).
Oil painting reproductions by Salvadore
Tresca (1750-1815)
Alibert JLM (1806)
Descriptions des maladies de la peau
observes a lHopital
Saint-Louis et exposition des meilleurs
mthodes suivies pour leur traitment.
Paris: Barrois lain.
Illustrations from a book:
Descriptions Descriptions des des maladies maladies de la de la peau peau
(I st ed. 1806, IInd ed. 1835) by French dermatologist Baron Jean Louis Alibert
(1768-1837). Oil painting reproductions by Salvadore Tresca (1750-1815).
Alibert JLM (1806). Descriptions des maladies de la peau observes a lHopital
Saint-Louis et exposition des meilleurs mthodes suivies pour leur traitment.
Paris: Barrois lain.
Endemic Scrofula
26
Young Cretin of Valais
Semi-cretin of Valais
SCROFULA SCROFULA
Wax model showing old scrofula - made by Jules Talrich in Paris 1890. (M-550 10070)
National Museum of Health and Medicine. Washington, D.C.
27
Scrofula refers to tuberculosis of the skin (cervical tuberculous lymphadenopathy).
Scrofula is manifested by the development of painful swelling that evolves into cold
abscesses, ulcers, and draining sinus tracts
A
A A neck neck enlargement enlargement is is not not always always a a goiter goiter
28
Ampollini L. Carbognani P. Images in clinical medicine.
Madelung's disease. N Engl J Med. 2011 Feb 3;364(5):465.
Diffuse, non encapsulated fatty deposits in the subcutaneous and deeper fascial
compartments of the neck, upper trunk, and back in a 45-year-old man presenting
with a 3-year history of a painless, soft, and slow-growing swelling of the neck,
upper trunk, upper back, and shoulders (Panels A and B).
The patient had a history of heavy alcohol consumption and was a nonsmoker.
A follower of
ANDREA MANTEGNA ANDREA MANTEGNA
Madonna and Madonna and child child
Boston Museum of Fine Arts
Suspected cretinism or Down syndrome
This is obviously a painting of a child with
Down syndrome and the goitrous mother:
the child has a flattened mid-face, small
eyes, epicanthal folds, upslanted
29
eyes, epicanthal folds, upslanted
palpebral fissures, small and upturned tip
of the nose, open mouth and adenoidal
expression, larger than normal
space between the big toe and the
second right toe.
Ruhrah J. Cretin or mongol, or both
together. Am J Dis Child 1935; 49:477-8,
Stratford B. Down's syndrome at the Court
of Mantua. Journal of Family Medicine:
Maternal and Child Health 1982;7:250-254
.
Goiters are common here, and the
mask draws gusts of laughter from
the crowd as it prances around,
hacking away with an adze in midair,
unable to bend down to the ground.
MASK DANCES WITH GOITER MASK DANCES WITH GOITER - - Dogon Dogon (Mali) (Mali)
30
Wooden and Iron Carved Wooden and Iron Carved Grainery Grainery Door Locks Door Locks
Mali ethnic group Bamana (Bambara)
Door locks (called konbalabala) were a prized gift for young brides, and
passed down from generation to generation. The goiter figuration
symbolizes the word.
On the left: Origin(Kolokani area). Mid 19
th
century, Material: wood, iron, fine deep black
aged patina
In the middle: (Bougouni area). 18- 19
th
century wood, fine deep black aged patina
On the right: (Bougouni area). 19
th
century wood,fine deep black aged patina
31
From ARTHEOS African art virtual gallery
www.artheos.org/eng/contents.html
NIGERIAN SCULPTURE NIGERIAN SCULPTURE
Female with Goiter
32
Female, with a goiter-like growth, Yoruba, Nigerian,
19th century - tattooone.dr.ag
A rare
IDOMA DEFORMITY IDOMA DEFORMITY
MASK, MASK,
depicting a goiter depicting a goiter
Idoma, Nigeria
Of unusual and rare form, the mask is
33
Of unusual and rare form, the mask is
painted and represents an individual
with a goiter.
The face is well carved and shows fine
age and use.
Copyright 2011 Antique Helper. Dan Ripley's Antique Helper Auctions. Site by Small
Box Web Design & SEO, Indianapolis. Provenance: Irwin Cernic, NY. H. 11 1/4"
LOBI BATEBA LOBI BATEBA
SCULPTURE SCULPTURE
Men with Goiter
The Lobi, a tribe living in Burkina
Faso, Ghana & Ivory Coast.
The most common examples of
figures carved by the Lobes are
34
Lobi Bateba
Sculpture of a Man
with Goiter
barakatgallery.com
the so-called Bateba (or
Buthiba), statues of medium size
which, in their different forms,
represent the Thila (sing. Thil), a
sort of embodiment of spiritual
entities of animist nature. On the
Lobi the term "bateba" translates
to a "wooden carved figure.
Lobi Bateba Phuwe
Figure. Carved wood,
22 cm, deep patina.
Collection William Nocetti,
Modena, Italy.
www.libroafricano.blogspot.com
NEPAL MASK NEPAL MASK
Nepal goiter mask
Himalayan folk art
35
ETHNOFLORENCE
PHOTO ARCHIVE -
www.flickr.com
THARU MASK THARU MASK
with goiter
Himalayan Art 19th century
Wood top-painted
36
Wood top-painted
with vegetable color
Tharu are an ethnic group living in
the southern foothills of the
Himalayas in Nepal near the Royal
Chitwan national Park bordering
upon India.
HIMALAYAN MASK HIMALAYAN MASK
Face with a Goiter
37
Blackened wood. Height 11 1/2 inches. liveauctioneers.com
The Mughal Empire, Mogul (also Moghul)
Empire in former English usage, was an
imperial power in Southern Asia that ruled a
large portion of the Indian subcontinent.
The name Mughal derives from the original
homelands of the Timurids, the Central Asian
steppes once conquered by Genghis Khan
and hence known as Moghulistan , "Land of
Mongols".
Although early Mughals spoke the Cagatai
language and maintained some Turko-
Mugal Mugal Noble Noble
with Goiter
38
Watercolor Painting on Paper Artist: Kailash
Raj 5.8 inch X 8.8 inch. Mughal Paintings
Gallery exoticindiaart.com
language and maintained some Turko-
Mongol practices, they became essentially
Persianized and transferred the Persian
literary and high culture to India, thus forming
the basis for the Indo-Persian culture.
FEMME AU GOTRE FEMME AU GOTRE
( Inde)
39
Monique Joly - moniquetdany.typepad.fr
Biographie Monique Joly
Enseignante la retraite. Elle rside
Paris et autorise l'utilisation de ses
images titre personnel et non
commercial.
EASTER ISLAND EASTER ISLAND
RAPA RAPA- -NUI NUI
Carved wooden objects
40
From: Stephen-Chauvet. Easter Island and its
mysteries. First published in 1935. Translation
from french prepared 2004 by Ann M. Altman,
Shawn McLaughlin Editor
.
Fig. 128
The birdman, tangata-manu,
which is a wonderful piece
found by Pierre Loti during his
stay on Easter Island in 1872,
with the head of man and the
body of a bird.
Fig. 131
Fig. 115
HANDICRAFT HANDICRAFT
sculpture sculpture from from the the
Aosta Valley Aosta Valley - - Italy Italy
Goitrous devil
(circa 1970)
Bequeathed by the late
41
Bequeathed by the late
prof. Aurelio Costa, M.D., Ph.D.
to the endocrinology branch of
Mauriziano Hospital, Turin, Italy.
Photo supplied by Dr. Marco
Migliardi, head of Clinical
pathology laboratory , Mauriziano
Hospital, Turin, Italy.
Cover of Cover of
LABORATORY LABORATORY
INVESTIGATION INVESTIGATION
Vol.53, N. 2, February 1985
Goitrous peasant
and
42
and
his wife
Taken from an antique French
print College of Physicians of
Philadelfia (USA).
Historical Collections
THE "GOLLUTS" DWARFS THE "GOLLUTS" DWARFS
OF THE PYRENEES OF THE PYRENEES
43
From "Els nans de la Vall de Ribes" di Ramon Ferrerons Ruiz,
in "Annals 1993-1994", Centre dEstudis Comarcals del Ripolls, 1995, p. 91
Drawing representing a "gollut
of the Ribes Valley
Noble Italian garden of
Villa Buonaccorsi
originally owned by the
family of Buonaccorsi
Counts in Potenza
Picena (MC).
Statue in Istrian white
COMMONER WITH PITCHER, GLASS, COMMONER WITH PITCHER, GLASS,
GOITER AND NECKLACE GOITER AND NECKLACE
(Villa Buonaccorsi, Italy)
44
Statue in Istrian white
soft stone, height circa
90 cm, workshop of
Marinali, Bassano del
Grappa, circa 1710.
Photo supplied by Dr.
Luciano Zaccari of
Osimo, Ancona
(published in Stampa
medica 4 October 1991)
GARDEN STATUES GARDEN STATUES
( (Dwarves Dwarves Garden of Garden of Mirabell Mirabell Castle Castle- -Salzburg Salzburg) )
45
Courtesy of Steffi Asmus
AOSTA AOSTA (Italy)
Bas-relief of the band of the Facade of the Palace built at the beginning of the 20
century (Nicol of Bard House) in Monseigneur de Sales 29/31 street.
Woman with two boys. They both have a large multinodular goiter.
(Sena LM, unpublished photograph,1980)
46
THE CORBELS OF THE HANGING ARCHES THE CORBELS OF THE HANGING ARCHES
Lombard bands - outside the Cathedral in Milan
A sculpture of a goitrous man
Picture by Giovanni Dall'Orto, WikiCommons, January 14, 2007
47
ANTHROPOMORPHIC GARGOYLE ANTHROPOMORPHIC GARGOYLE
ON A GOTHIC PALACE ( ON A GOTHIC PALACE (Whale Whale House) IN House) IN
FREIBURG FREIBURG (Germany)
48
Courtesy of prof. Dario Roccatello, August 2011
WOODEN STALLS OF THE CATHEDRAL WOODEN STALLS OF THE CATHEDRAL
CHOIR OF AOSTA CHOIR OF AOSTA (Italy)
Carved (ca. 1469) by Giovanni Vion di Samoens and Giovanni di Chetro
49
Grotesque face of goitrous people
under the seat of the stall.
The harsh realism annoyed the
Bishops of the nineteenth century,
who judged them scandalous and
wanted to remove them.
Detail of the satirical representation
of a sacristan (or bursar) with a
bilobated goiter.
LEONARDO DA VINCI LEONARDO DA VINCI
Often sketched portraits from life, looking for his models among
the lower classes and peasants, not disdaining the caricatural and
grotesque aspect. Vasari, in his Lives of the Artists
(Florence,1550), remembers that he very much enjoyed seeing
50
bizarre heads or heads with beards or with natural hair.
LEONARDO DA VINCI LEONARDO DA VINCI
Caricature Study of
the head of a man
with curly hair with a
large nodular goiter,
who can be identified
with Skirmish, a
soldier of fortune,
51
soldier of fortune,
captain of the gypsies
remembered by
Vasari at Giambullari
house in Florence,
(circa 1505), black
chalk on paper.
390 x 280 mm.
Christ Church
College, Oxford
Study of the five grotesque heads
(1494) pen and ink on paper
261 x 206 cm.
Royal Library, Windsor Castle
LEONARDO DA VINCI LEONARDO DA VINCI
Drawing representing an old man with an obvious widening
of the thyroid gland (cyst?)
Barbieri LL. Esempi di Patologia tiroidea nellarte
Minerva medica, 84: 151-154, 1993
52
JOSEPE DE RIBERA JOSEPE DE RIBERA
Nicknames: Lo Spagnoletto, meaning the little Spaniard,
(Xativa, 17 February, 1591 - Naples, 2 September, 1652)
A Man with a Goiter
(The Wellcome Library London)
The drawing by Ribera, of which there is more than one version, shows a man with
a large nodular and pendulus goiter.
The aim of the goiter may have been to mock or caricaturize the unfortunate owner.
53
JOSEPE DE RIBERA JOSEPE DE RIBERA
Grotesque man with pointed ears and bilobular goiter
54
He often painted grotesque subjects and the strange components of contemporary life
Escholarship. org UC press E-Book collection - Univ. Calif.
JOSEPE DE RIBEIRA JOSEPE DE RIBEIRA
Grotesque heads with a goiter, etchings 1622
A farmer
Head with a cap
55
CAMILLO PROCACCINI CAMILLO PROCACCINI
(Parma 1561 - Milano 1629)
Drawing of three men
The man on the left has a large
goiter and the endemic cretin face.
(Barbieri L L. - Esempi di Patologia
tiroidea nellarte. Minerva medica,
84:151-154,1993)
The grotesque lovers
56
www.oldmasterdrawings.com
MICHELANGELO MERISI MICHELANGELO MERISI (Caravaggio) (Caravaggio)
The Crucifixion of St Andrew, 1606 -1607
Oil on canvas cm. 202.5 x 152.7
The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C Hanna Jr.,Fund 1976.2
57
Detail
The goiter is
rounded and there
is clear cervical
lymphadenopathy
(metastatic thyroid
carcinoma)
LOUIS FINSON LOUIS FINSON (Bruges 1580 - Amsterdam 1617)
Judith and Judith and Holofernes Holofernes
(Oil on canvas cm 140x160)
Museo Diego Aragona Pignatelli Cortes Museum, Naples
It is one of the great 16
th
century masterpieces in
the collection of the Banco
di Napoli.
It is considered the original
copy from a lost
58
copy from a lost
Caravaggio, dating back to
the years of his first
Neapolitan stay in 1606-
1607, painted by Louis
Finson after 1610.
The maid has a large
multinodular goiter. Goiter
was common among the
poor in the mountainous
areas around Naples.
SUPERINTENDENT SUPERINTENDENT
PAYING THE WORKERS PAYING THE WORKERS
(with a frowning "Superintendent" and a pair of dissatisfied workers )
GIROLAMO GIROLAMO DI DI ROMANO ROMANO
also known as the Romanino.
Brescian painter (1484 - 1566),
between 1531 and 1532 was
59
between 1531 and 1532 was
entrusted with the decoration of
the loggia of the Magno
Palazzo (the Great Palace), the
sixteenth-century part of castle
Buonconsiglio built by Prince -
Bishop Bernardo Clesio in
Trento (Trentino - Alto Adige,
Italy)
CRIBS YESTERDAY CRIBS YESTERDAY
The most ancient is on the banks of the River Adda (Rivolta d'Adda,
Cremona, Italy). It is one of the oldest Gothic-Renaissance Nativity of Lombardy
(1480), commonly called "the crib of the Paladin" from the place (Oratory) in
which it was guarded for five centuries, and is now owned by the parish of
Revolt.
60
Wooden crib called of the goitrous, at the beginning of the 16th century
(1515) Sacristy of Collegiate Church of St. Martin and St. Mary Assumpta,
Treviglio (Bergamo)
Tyrolean Crib, eighteenth century, at Diocesan Museum of Bressanone-
Brixen, (BZ)
Detail
B BONGIOVANNI (DE) LUPI OF LODI ONGIOVANNI (DE) LUPI OF LODI
61
Ancona (Altarpiece) of the Nativity, 1480, carved wood, gilded and painted, Rivolta
dAdda (Cremona), Church of Santa Maria Assunta and San Sigismondo. Goitrous
but in ecstasy. It presents one of the pastors of the crib di Rivolta d'Adda, with
obvious signs of disease, but with his magical eyes turned towards the Comet .
Courtesy of parish of Revolt, Don Alberto Pianazza
WOODEN CRIB WOODEN CRIB
CALLED OF THE GOITROUS CALLED OF THE GOITROUS
Sacristy of Collegiate Church of St. Martin and St. Mary Assumpta
Treviglio (Bergamo Italy)
Detail
Carved by Giovanni Angelo Del Maino at the beginning of the 16th century
(circa 1515), carved wood, polychrome and gilt.
The goitrous of Treviglio were famous because of how they enter the
compositions of the nativities almost by bullying.
62
Detail
Photo by L. Sena and M. Angeri, Courtesy of Central parish of Treviglio
Shepherds with the city in
the background wearing
regional costumes
(Tyrolean).
THE DIOCESAN MUSEUM THE DIOCESAN MUSEUM IN BRESSANONE IN BRESSANONE- -BRIXEN BRIXEN
63
Circa 1760, from baroque
Nativity from Prati, Val di
Vizze, (Pfitscher Tal),
Bolzano-Bozen (Italy).
In the Neapolitan Nativity scenes: PRESEPI PRESEPI
The craftsmen placed emphasis on a very hard realism. There was a fury
towards the boors (cafoni) coming from the provinces around Naples and
poor neapolitan alley commoners.
Characters of every type were the object of compassion and not constant
solidarity, but of mockery. Among the numerous female characters, the peasant
with goiter and the widow with the crew-cut head appeared.
64
A young woman with goiter
Old man with crew-cut head
Funny Funny character character of a of a neapolitan neapolitan crib crib
(modern copy)
Cicci Bacco ncopp a votte
The drunk man traditionally
represented unstably balanced
on a barrel with a flask of wine
In the neapolitan crib of the
65
In the neapolitan crib of the
eighteenth century, the goiter is
usually depicted as a single
large and round swelling
(vozza/vozzola) wrapping the
lower part of the neck.
The National The National Museum Museum
of San Martino of San Martino
(Certosa di San Martino, (Certosa di San Martino, St. Martin's Charterhouse)
on the hill of SantElmo (Vomero)
In the Museum of San Martino there are several collections of crches
(Presepio or Presepe, o'Presebbio in dialect), and shepherds.
66
However, some units, such as the Carrara legacy, include rare
examples from the first half of the eighteenth century known as the
deformed, since there was, in shepherding, the complacency in
playing on the physical defects of the poor: goitrous, moron, hunchback,
crossed, blind, crippled, rowdy.
The father and the
mother (No.23494-
1957) are goitrous,
their daughter (No.
23502-1957) is a
dwarf and has a
hypoevoluted,
THE DEFORMED SHEPHERDS THE DEFORMED SHEPHERDS
Four distinct statuettes for a crche assembled to form a family. Unknown carver of
18th century (circa 1700 -1749). Collection of Counts Domenico e Gustavo Carrara
(Carrara legacy, 1957). National Museum of Certosa di San Martino - Napoli.
67
hypoevoluted,
cretin and
myxedematous
appearance.
The old woman
N0. 23510 -1957)
on the right does
not have goitre.
DEFORMED DEFORMED
YOUTH YOUTH
WITH BERET WITH BERET
Early mid-nineteenth Century
Also known as of deformed
shepherd.
The young man has a huge
68
The young man has a huge
bilobated goiter .
Collection of Counts Domenico
e Gustavo Carrara (Carrara
legacy, 1957).
National Museum of Certosa di
San Martino - Napoli.
(inv.n.23500-1957)
WOMAN WITH GOITER WOMAN WITH GOITER
Various collections, Export Office Fund, Milan 1923
Archives of San Martino Museum - Naples
Detail
69
Commoner Commoner with with goiter goiter
(or scrofula?)
Crche of nineteenth century
Various collections, Export Office Fund,
Milan 1923
Archives of San Martino Museum - Naples
70
Beside the shepherd
Detail
An old woman with goiter.
Neapolitan Crib of 18th century
carver Nicola Fumo (?).
Convent of the Sisters of our Lady of
Refuge on Mount Calvary, Genoa,
commonly known as Brignoline.
71
Courtesy of Carla Federica Marchetti,
ww.macalu.it, 2004.
GELINDO GELINDO, , Piedmont Piedmont
Good Shepherd.
Early Christian Sculpture,
marble, 92 cm high, the legs
are restored.
Vatican Museum, Rome,
circa 300 AD.
72
Wooden figure (farmer) of the creche in
the Church of Annunciata to Boccioleto
(Valsesia - XVIII sec.) depicted as the
Good Shepherd.
Wooden Wooden figure figure
(trumpet horn player)
of creche in the Church
of Annunciata to Boccioleto
(Valsesia - XVIII century)
73
Courtesy of
Don Luigi Guglielmetti, Parish
of Boccioleto
THE THE NATIVITY NATIVITY - - Artwork by Simone Peterzano, born in Bergamo in
around 1540 (master of Caravaggio). From 1578 to 1582 he executed frescoes in
the the presbytery, apse and dome of Garegnano Charterhouse considered one of
his masterworks. The Nativity is to the left of the altar.
The Garegnano Charterhouse is a monastery situated in the suburbs Northwest of
Milan, a time in the open countryside (parish of Saint Maria Assunta). Courtesy of
the Certosa di Garegnano in Milan. Parish Priest Don Giuseppe La Rosa.
Detail
74
Examples Examples taken taken from from the the
pictorial pictorial cycle cycle of of gothic gothic realism realism
where where representations representations of of
goitrous goitrous men men are are always always
75
goitrous goitrous men men are are always always
present present among among the the characters characters
of of sacral sacral mystery mystery plays plays..
Rural Rural Chapel Chapel of Saint Bernardo di of Saint Bernardo di Mentone Mentone
in Castelletto Stura, Cuneo (Fifteenth-century frescos)
76
GIOVANNI MAZZUCCO GIOVANNI MAZZUCCO
The Arrest of Jesus - Judas Kiss
A curious goitrous farmer holding a pitchfork is among the soldiers surrounding
Christ being kissed by Judas . Fresco (1488) from the rural chapel of Saint
Bernardo from Mentone in Castelletto Stura (CN) after restoration in 2001.
77
Affresco attribuito a
GIOVANNI GIOVANNI
MAZZUCCO MAZZUCCO
la "Derisione di Cristo" (1472)
Church of San Fiorenzo di
Bastia Mondov (CN)
78
Fresco with two goitrous men.
On the left a man looks up
and another, on the right,
participates in whipping Christ
Photo sent by Mr. Aldo Clerico
dell'Associazione Culturale
San Fiorenzo.
GUGLIELMETTO FANTINI GUGLIELMETTO FANTINI
(Guglielmo da Chieri)
The Scourging of Jesus at the column.
High band of the baptistery of the Cathedral of Chieri.
First half of the 15th century
79
Detail
The stable-boy (?) with goiter, a saddle nose and a cretin face offering Jesus a
sponge soaked in vinegar as a gesture of mercy (or to sharpen his torments).
LA CROCIFISSIONE LA CROCIFISSIONE
Painters school Giacomo Jacquerio (1440 circa)
Abse of the Little Church of the Castello della Manta (Saluzzo)
80
Detail
In the village of Caravaggio (BG) in the old church of St. Bernardino, there is a
fresco attributed to Francesco Prota (1531), but in fact actually by the local
painter Firmo Stella, which shows a crucifixion.
81
To the feet of the crucifix, dressed as
a Roman, appears a "bigoitrous
person in the act of alleviating the
suffering of Jesus.
82
Detail
ANDR ANDR
PALLUEL PALLUEL- -GUILLARD GUILLARD
Goitreux et crtins des Alpeset
dailleurs. Lhistoire en Savoie. Socit
savoienne dhistoire et darchologie.
Chambry. 2003 - nouv. srie, n5, 127
p., nombr. ill.
The introduction of the book begins with
the insult "Stupid Alps pronounced by
83
the insult "Stupid Alps pronounced by
the no less famous Captain Archibald
Haddock, a friend of Tintin. Hero created
by Belgian cartoonist Herg (Georges
Remi).
The Adventures of Tintin
(Les Aventures de Tintin) is a series of
comic strips created by the Belgian artist
Georges Rmi (19071983), who wrote
under the pen name of Herg.
Chapel n.36: Ascent to calvary earthenware, polychrome,
Goitrous Jew (circa 1599) who hits Christ to rise again is masterly portrayed with a
hideous and fierce cretin face and other clinical details. Carved by Jean de Wespin
known as Tabaguet with highly realistic anatomical structures
VARALLO SESIA (VC) VARALLO SESIA (VC) SACRO MONTE SACRO MONTE
84
Detail
These particular places and pilgrimage routes rose between the end of the
XV and the first half of the XVII century in the northeastern part of present-
day Italy. First of all, a 'Sacred Mount' consists in an itinerary which goes
through isolated buildings, such as chapels, characterized by a
particular architectural design, inside which life-size terracotta statues, in
pictorial settings, tell either Biblical or Gospel facts belonging to the Rosary
UNESCO World Heritage List:
SACRED MOUNTS OF PIEDMONT SACRED MOUNTS OF PIEDMONT
AND LOMBARDY AND LOMBARDY
85
pictorial settings, tell either Biblical or Gospel facts belonging to the Rosary
chronology, or to the lives of Saints.
Sacred Mounts are examples of the use of figurative arts for
evangelizing mankind. Since all the figurative arts preserved within
churches have always been useful means of communication to acculturate
illiterate people, pilgrimages to Sacred Mounts became educational
moments, a particular form of visual catechism (Biblia pauperum (Bible
of the poor).)
GAUDENZIO FERRARI GAUDENZIO FERRARI
(1513)
Church Church of of Santa Maria delle Grazie Santa Maria delle Grazie
Varallo Sesia, Italy
Scenes from the frescoes
of the life of Christ
Designed to fulfil the function of
pedagogical Biblia pauperum
(Bible of the poor).)
86
The gaudenziana wall in Santa Maria delle Grazie, Varallo Sesia.
Wall scenes: gaudenziana . Annunciation, nativity, Adoration of the
Magi, Flight into Egypt, Baptism of Jesus, Resurrection of Lazarus,
Jesus entering Jerusalem, Last supper, Footwashing, Prayer in the
garden, Capture of Christ, Jesus before Herod, Jesus before Pilate,
Flagellation, Pilate washing his hands, Ascent to Calvary, Preparation
of cross, Late, Descent into Limbo, The risen Christ, CrucifixionCenter.
Medallions with figures of St. Francis and San Bernardino da Siena.
(Bible of the poor).)
Church of Santa Church of Santa
Maria delle Grazie Maria delle Grazie
Varallo Sesia, Italy
Fresco by Gaudenzio Gaudenzio Ferrari Ferrari
(1508 - 1513)
87
Note the figure of thegoitrous that
appears in the Ascent to Calvary: it
will later be taken almost literally by
Tabaguet from the homonymous
Chapel.
Sacro Monte di Sacro Monte di Brissago Brissago
al Lago Maggiore (CH al Lago Maggiore (CH- -TI) TI)
88
Around the red Christ, three Jews
make up a slow carousel: repulsive
and goitrous with mongolian
mustaches, large hats worthy of
bandits and cropped hair flying,
screaming Victim with a bunch of
wicker, a spear and with the late-
medieval flail lethal called "morning
star" (Morgenstern).
The chapel of the Jews. (Chapel IX of
passion, the flagellation of Christ) in painted
wood, probably by Domenico Gelosa
of Intra (Lago Maggiore), circa 1767.
SACRO MONTE SACRO MONTE DI DI VARESE VARESE
(Santa Maria del Monte)
Details of chapel VIII: the crowning with thorns
(Francesco Silva, sculptor, n. p. Morbio Inferiore, 1568 - m. Mendrisio, 1641)
89
SACRO MONTE SACRO MONTE DI DI VARESE VARESE
(Santa Maria del Monte)
(Dionigi Bussola 1615-1687)
On the left, details of chapel IX: went to Calvary
On the right, Chapel X: crucifixion
90
But the very strong and involving
91
But the very strong and involving
scene its the one of the VIII CHAPEL
SACRO MONTE di OSSUCCIO SACRO MONTE di OSSUCCIO (Como)
Sculture di Agostino Silva Sculture di Agostino Silva from 1663 to 1668
VIII CHAPEL -THE CROWNING WITH THORNS
92

The scene is set in the ground floor of the arcade of Pilate's residence. Two
executioners place Christ's Crown of thorns, two soldiers stand guard. The goitrous
man shows cunts and mocks Christ by holding his hat in front of him.
Ignorant and disrespectful,
with the physical and moral
curse of a prominent goiter.
93
For scenes as these the ecclesiastical authority
didnt remove but banned the execusion of
paitings like these and even changed the idea of
the goitred as a bad man.
94
the goitred as a bad man.
GIOVANNI MARTINO SPANZOTTI GIOVANNI MARTINO SPANZOTTI (1455- 1528)
Between 1485 and 1490 frescoed the large partition of the fifteenth
Chiesa of San Bernardino in Ivrea.
95
At the sides of the arches of the dividing screen
Scenes of the Last Judgment
(The damned in Hell)
96
A damned goitrous, nude (the symbol of the abandonment of the old life and
of despair given by damnation), with his eyes covered by injury bandage
and with hands tied, its representative to the materiality of world slavery.
97
Detail
Goiter in art did not always represent a
negative view of the individual that was
affected. The case of Gioppino the
bergamasca mask with three boats
which symbolises the crude, but positive
peasant values, and Berthold who was
98
peasant values, and Berthold who was
considered intelligent and crafty.
A man with clever, rude ways but with an
acute mind, takes pleasure in the simple
life of the peasants and he passes for a
rude but wise farmer with common sense.
OL GIOP OL GIOP
99
OL GIOP OL GIOP
(GIUP, GIOPPINO)
Bergamasque Mask
BERTHOLD BERTHOLD
From : Bertoldo, con Bertoldino
e Cacasenno in Ottava Rima
a popular short story
Bologna 1620. Stamperia Lelio dalla
Volpe.
Civica raccolta delle Stampe Achille
Bertarelli, Milano - Castello Sforzesco
Engraving on drawing by G. Maria
Crespi
100
On the right - color drawing modified by P. Zoda
CRETINS CRETINS
WITH EXPRESSIONS OF KINDNESS, WITH EXPRESSIONS OF KINDNESS,
QUIET, ECSTATIC QUIET, ECSTATIC
101
QUIET, ECSTATIC QUIET, ECSTATIC
Sacro Sacro Monte of Monte of Orta Orta (Novara Italy)
Chapel of St. Francis of Assisi who returns from Verna.
A goitrous man
Dionigi Bussola and school - second half of the 17th century
102
Detail
THE CHAPEL OF THE MARQUIS THE CHAPEL OF THE MARQUIS
Old church of Cemetery - San Maurizio Canavese (Torino)
Fresco of the Madonna della Misericordia "
International Gothic style 15th century
103
THE CHAPEL OF THE MARQUIS THE CHAPEL OF THE MARQUIS
Old church of Cemetery - San Maurizio Canavese (Torino)
Fresco of the Madonna della Misericordia "
International Gothic style 15th century
104
Detail of the prayng goitrous person
VELAZQUEZ VELAZQUEZ
Christ after the Flagellation Contemplated by the Christian Soul (1628)
The National Gallery London
It is unusual for such a
large goiter at such a
young age to be
caused by iodine
deficiency. It is
suggested that the
goiter may have
105
goiter may have
resulted from a form of
dyshormonogenesis
THE NATIVITY THE NATIVITY
Tympanum of the portal of Aosta Cathedral (Fresco 1522-1526)
On the right side there is a goitrous bagpipe player in an expression of adoration, with a
benevolent and enraptured expression (chestnut-colored, the maroons)
106
Detail
In the lower part,
Raphael depicts the
Apostles
unsuccessfully
attempting to free
RAFFAELLO RAFFAELLO
The transfiguration (1518-1520)
Vatican Museums
tempera grassa" on wood, cm. 410 x 279
107
attempting to free
the possessed boy
of his demonic
possession
lindemoniato
with the father and
his family
Piero della Francesca Piero della Francesca
Piero used himself as a model and this figure
is of him in the Resurrection of Christ.
The artist is portrayed between the sleeping
Roman soldiers leaning against Jesus grave,
(fresco of 1463-1465 displayed in the
Pinacoteca comunale of Sansepolcro, Arezzo).
Piero shows the central soldier (himself)
108
Piero shows the central soldier (himself)
asleep at the tomb with his head turned up and
backwards, as they say hyperextended, in
order to make the thyroid visisble.
The smoothly defined midline swelling in his
neck is too high and too central to be a lesion
of a glandular thyroid.
Due to the size and location, the most likely
explanation for the lemon-sized mass is that of
a benign thyroglossal duct cyst.
PIERO DELLA FRANCESCA PIERO DELLA FRANCESCA
Polyptyc of the Misericordia
109
Piero is the second
man from the right,
under the mantle of
the Virgin mary.
The same swelling
is clearly seen.
Piero della Francesca Piero della Francesca
Polyptyc of the Misericordia
110
is clearly seen.
Due to the size and
location, a more
likely explanation
for the lemon-sized
mass is that of a
benign thyroglossal
cyst.
Mixed technique on Panel of 1445-
62 exposed in the Civic Museum of
San Sepolcro (Arezzo) Florence.
Michelangelo Buonarroti Michelangelo Buonarroti
Fresco painted in 1512 on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
The Creator separating light from darkness. The Creator exhibits a multinodular goiter.
Michelangelo, known as Il Divino, perhaps made God in his own goitrous image.
111
I'ho gi fatto un gozzo I'ho gi fatto un gozzo
in questo stento in questo stento
I've grown a goitre by dwelling in this den...
Michelangelo Buonarroti (1509)
Michelangelo painted the Sistine chapel in incredibly harsh Michelangelo painted the Sistine chapel in incredibly harsh
conditions ( conditions (resupinus resupinus, bent backward) , bent backward)
112
Michelangelo Buonarroti (1509)
Poem sent to Giovanni da Pistoia
Even Even the the gods gods had had goiter goiter
The diagnosis of goiter from numismatic material (coins) requires the exclusion of two
common anatomical features: a prominent horizontal fold in the cricothyroid region
and a prominent sternomastoid muscle.
G. D. Hart. Canad. Med. Ass J 96: 1432-1436, 1967
Athena from Corinth Athena from Athens Apollo from Myrina Hera from Elis
113
Arsinoe wife of Antiochus of Siria Nicomedes II Philatereus(the eunuch)
Ptolemy VIII (?) adolescent goiter King of Bithynia King of Pergamus
The Temple of Hathor was built between 54
and 20 BC and 14 AD, making it one of the
youngest Egyptian temples.
Hathor, wife of Horus, was the goddess of
the sky, fertility and love and healing, and
DID CLEOPATRA DID CLEOPATRA (69-30 a.C.) have have a a goiter goiter? ?
Relief of Cleopatra on greek-roman
Dendera temple (between 54 and 20 BC)
dedicated to the goddess Hathor.
Cleopatra is depicted as the
goddess-Queen Isis (greek Demeter)
114
Author: Pascal Sbah, (attr.) (1823-1886), principal
photographer
Place and date of shooting: Dandara, Egypt, 1860-
18/02/1887
Material/technical: albumin/paper
Measures: n/a
Location: Villasanta (MI), Biblioteca Civica, Camperio
Found, series 0128 (1887), Egypt
the sky, fertility and love and healing, and
the rituals performed by her priestesses
included the use of a sistrum, or rattle.
Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator "the goddess who loves her father"
IN CHRISTIAN ICONOGRAPHY: IN CHRISTIAN ICONOGRAPHY:
ANGELS, SAINTS, AND EVEN JESUS ANGELS, SAINTS, AND EVEN JESUS
AND OUR LADY HAVE GOITERS. AND OUR LADY HAVE GOITERS.
115
AND OUR LADY HAVE GOITERS. AND OUR LADY HAVE GOITERS.
RAFFAELLO RAFFAELLO
SANZIO SANZIO
Angelo Angelo
Oil painting on canvas
31 27 cm, made between
1500 and 1501
Civica Pinacoteca Tosio
Martinengo in Brescia.
116
Martinengo in Brescia.
It was part of the Altarpiece
of San Nicola da Tolentino,
that should be placed at
Andrea Baronci's Chapel
in the Church of
Sant'Agostino in Citt di
Castello.
JACOPO CARRUCCI JACOPO CARRUCCI
KNOWN AS IL PONTORMO KNOWN AS IL PONTORMO
Decoration of the Cappella Capponi
Tondo di San Luca (diam. cm. 70) - Church of Santa Felicita, Florence
117
ALBRECHT DRER ALBRECHT DRER
Jesus among the Scribes, 1506
Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid
Detail
118
Christ Christ Pantocratoras Pantocratoras
Icon of Christ Icon of Christ
119
Christ Christ Pantocratoras Pantocratoras
Great nodular goitre. Byzantine Museum,
Athens (early 14th century).
Icon of Christ Icon of Christ
Diffuse goiter of the right lobe
of the thyroid, St. Catherines
Monastery, Mount Sinai
(7th century).
Lszl G. Jzsa.Goiter depicted in Byzantine artworks HORMONES 2010, 9(4):343-346
CIMA DA CONEGLIANO CIMA DA CONEGLIANO
The Virgin and Child (1505)
The National Gallery, London
120
Venice is an iodine rich area,
the child is about 1 year old.
The depicted woman has a
simple (non-autoimmune)
goiter or postpartum
thyroiditis.
ROGIER ROGIER
VAN DER WEYDEN VAN DER WEYDEN
known as Rogier de La Pasture,
(1399-1464)
Virgin and child, Madonna in trono
or Madonna di Durn
circa 1435-40
121
circa 1435-40
cm. 99.5 x 50.4
He unwittingly depicted the link between
thyroid problems and pregnancy by
showing a woman with goiter after
childbirth (motherhood)
Prado, Madrid
ROGIER VAN DER WEYDEN ROGIER VAN DER WEYDEN
known as Rogier de La Pasture (1399-1464)
Madonna with child and Saint Catherine in a landscape (diptych of Vienna)
oil on wood, 18.8 x 12 cm. - Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
122
VIRGO HODEGETRIA VIRGO HODEGETRIA
Greek: , literally: "She who shows the Way
123
13th century, icon. Philotheou Monastry, Mount Athos. Both the Virgin and Christ
are portrayed with diffuse goiter. The Child probably has congenital goiter.
Lszl G. Jzsa.Goiter depicted in Byzantine artworks HORMONES 2010, 9(4):343-346
SO THEN, IS THE GOITER SO THEN, IS THE GOITER
SOMETHING NASTY OR NICE? SOMETHING NASTY OR NICE?
124
SOMETHING NASTY OR NICE? SOMETHING NASTY OR NICE?
Miniature tabular of Missal
Prior Giorgio di Challant once
in the oratory of Issogne
Castle, 1499. Private
CRUCIFIXION CRUCIFIXION
125
Castle, 1499. Private
collection -Turin .
At the foot of the cross are
likely his cousin Louis of
Challant with his wife
Countess Margarethe de La
Chambre. In:Viale V, Viale
Ferrero M. Aosta Romana e
medievale. Ist. Banc. San
Paolo. Turin, 1967, p. 85.
(reported by Sena LM).
Detail
Giovanni Battista Giovanni Battista
MORONI MORONI
(1524-1578)
Abbess Lucrezia Agliardi Vertova
Depicted with a large goiter and a
veil of a type often worn by widows,
came from one of the most
important families in Bergamo.
126
important families in Bergamo.
She was the daughter of nobleman
Alessio Agliardi and the wife of
honored Francesco Cataneo
Vertova .
She went on to found the Carmelite
Convent of SantAnna in Albino
(BG), 1556. Oil on canvas.
Metropolitan Museum of Art New
York.
Theodore M.Davis Collection
FRIEDRICH DIETLER FRIEDRICH DIETLER
(1804-74)
Portrait of Swiss novelist
Jeremias Gotthelf (1797-1854),
with a well concealed goiter
(WHO grade III).
Portrait painted by Friedrich Dietler
(1804-74).
127
(1804-74).
Photo by G Howald, Kirchlindach,
Switzerland
From: Als C, Stussi Y, Boschung U,Trhler U, Wber H.
Visible signs of illness from the 14
th
to the 20
th
century:
systematic review of portraits. Brit Med J 2002; 325:1499-501
Between Between the the 15 15
th th
and and the the 16 16
th th
century century
a a slight slight goiter goiter in in women women was was
considered considered to to have have a a particularly particularly
aesthetic aesthetic appeal appeal..
128
aesthetic aesthetic appeal appeal..
In In art, art, the the goiter goiter (or (or simply simply an an
enlarged enlarged or or fat fat neck) neck) has has always always
been been celebrated celebrated as as a a sign sign of of beauty beauty..
Another remarkable example of an
allegorical goiter appeares in Holbeins
portrait of Eve tempting Adam.
Eve is shown holding an apple, the
quintessential symbol of temptation.
In addition to having a goiter, Eve
appears distinctly myxedematous, a
clue as to how Holbein viewed the
original sinner. Eve shows a diffuse
goiter whilst Adam has a nodular goiter.
The difficulty in differentiating between
a fat neck and a true goiter was
HANS HOLBEIN HANS HOLBEIN
THE YOUNGER THE YOUNGER
Detail from the painting
Adam and Eve (1517)
129
a fat neck and a true goiter was
achieved by examining various
paintings by the same painter using the
same model but from different
viewpoints.
Orlo Clark . Remarkables: endocrine
abnormalities in art ISS/IAES meeting
in Montreal 26-30 Agosto, 2007
(Australian and New Zealand
Endocrine Surgeons, August 2007
Newsletter)
Ktmuseum, ffentliche Kunstsammlung,
Basilea
MARIA DE MEDICI MARIA DE MEDICI
Princess Royal of Tuscany
Queen of France and Navarre (1575-1642) - with a small goiter
130
Pieter Paul Rubens (1622 - 1625)
Prado Museum
Frans Pourbus the Young (1610 - 1617)
Louvre Museum
PIETER PAUL RUBENS PIETER PAUL RUBENS
Venus at the bath or Venus at a mirror (1612-1615)
Vaduz, Frstlich Liechtensteinische Gemldegalerie
131
RAFFAELLO RAFFAELLO
The Woman with the veil
or
The Veiled
132
Oil on canvas , 82 x 60,5 cm
built between 1515 and 1516
Galleria Palatina
Palazzo Pitti
Florence
JACOPO JACOPO
CARRUCCI CARRUCCI
known as The Pontormo
Lady with a basket of spindles
133
Lady with a basket of spindles
76 x 54 cm.
Galleria degli Uffizi
Florence
SANDRO SANDRO
BOTTICELLI BOTTICELLI
Portrait of a young woman
Tempera on wood of 1475,
134
Tempera on wood of 1475,
61 x 40 cm,
Palazzo Pitti, Florence
Grade 2 Goiter with rounded
neck or hyperextended neck
from lordosis that accentuates
the Adams apple (Modigliani
syndrome?).
ALBRECHT ALBRECHT
DRER DRER
Portrait of Elsbeth Tuchers
(1499)
135
Wood of tiglio 29.1 x 23.3 cm
Kassel, Staatliche Museen
Kassel Alte Meister
PIERRE PIERRE- -AUGUSTE AUGUSTE
RENOIR RENOIR
(1841 (1841- -1919) 1919)
Naked in the sun
(Study. Torso, effect of Sun)
136
The painter outlines a diffuse goitre
on the neck of the young model Anne,
and with touches of light and shade
makes it similar to a butterfly.
Oil on canvas, cm 81 x 64,
made in 1875, housed in the Muse
dOrsay Paris
Dante Gabriel Rossetti Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882)
Bocca baciata (1859)
Oil on panel. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA
British painter, one of the founders of the Pre-raphaelite artistic movement. In
several womens portraits by Rossetti there are many slight signs of goiter.
He depicts a woman in a sensual
and languid pose; her hair is
naturally red, and a rose, the flower
of decadence par excellence, is
underlined by the chromaticity on the
figure Bocca Baciata is a quotation
137
figure Bocca Baciata is a quotation
from the 14th century Italian poet
and writer Giovanni Boccacio, The
Decameron, Second Day, Seventh
Story, which Rossetti inscribed on
the back of the painting; in full it
reads: The mouth that has been
kissed loses not its freshness; still it
renews itself as does the moon.The
model was Fanny Cornforth, born
Sarah Cox in 1824
DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI
(1828-1882)
llustration for the collection of poems Goblin Market and Other Poems (1862)
by his sister Christina Rossetti
138
GOITER AS AN EROTIC ACCESSORY GOITER AS AN EROTIC ACCESSORY
139
Francesco Francesco Furini Furini (1603-1646)
Santa Caterina dAlessandria (ca. 1620)
The Uffizi Gallery Florence
painting ascribed for many years to Artemisia Gentileschi
The Florentine painter, Francesco
Furini, was well-known for his
140
Furini, was well-known for his
sensual works. In this painting we
see a pretty young woman whose
smooth round goiter is used to
complement the curve of her
comely breasts.
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
Roger dlivrant Anglique (1819). Roger freeing Angelica
The Louvre, Paris, 1.47x 1.90. Presently not on display.
Depicts a scene of Orlando Furioso in which Angelica, a bound maiden, is being
saved from a sea monster by Ruggero, her knight in armour mounted on a
hippogriff .The goiter-like swelling in the neck, which has been likened to a third
breast, is pushing the larynx upward,thus producing a nipple-like effect.
141
THE GOITER THE GOITER
ALSO FASCINATES ALSO FASCINATES
MODERN ARTISTS MODERN ARTISTS
142
MODERN ARTISTS MODERN ARTISTS
The Doll Has The Doll Has Goitre Goitre
and Other Criticisms of
Howard Pyle (1853-1911),
Figure 4.
Catherine de Vaucelles, in her garden
from In Necessitys Mortar by James
Branch Cabell in Harper's Monthly
Magazine in October 1904
143
Magazine in October 1904
Turn to the frontispiece in the
October number.
Here we have a picture of a
Japanese doll, and - was ever such
a thing heard of? - the doll has goitre.
Karl Karl Wirsum Wirsum
(born 1939 in Chicago, where he still lives and works as a Full Adjunct
Professor at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago)
Goiter Girl 1976
12" x 20 3/4"
144
Big Goiter Girl 1976
21 1/2" x 19
acrylic, acetate and cardboard
Kambiz Kambiz Sharif Sharif
Born in Iran - Tabriz 1978
Resident of Vancouver, Canada
145
Construction and Installation of
Sculptures ( outdoor) " Goiter",
Elahiyeh Garden Art Museum, 2007,
Tehran- Iran 70 x 70 x 220 cm
Kara Kara Olsen Olsen Theiding Theiding
Anxieties of Influence: British
Responses to Art Nouveau,
190004 J Design Hist (Autumn 2006)
19 (3): 215-231
In the first four years of the twentieth
century, British designers, artists and
critics engaged in a heated series of
146
F5. small.gif
200 183 - ... textual metaphor of
the goiter, reminding readers that
art nouveau posed ...
jdh.oxfordjournals.org
critics engaged in a heated series of
debates about art nouveau.
The debates were also informed by
literature employing metaphors of
disease to describe social and aesthetic
change, and by uncertainty about how
to read art nouveau and to define a
particularly British visual, modern
aesthetic patrimony in the decorative
arts.
147
148
Good Good Goiter Goiter He He Has Has a a Goiter Goiter
Album di Rosenwald
Mots-cls: Crypticon. Crypticon 2010. Makeup. Zombie. Goiter. Makeup Contest.
Horror - lookfordiagnosis.com
THANK YOU FOR YOUR THANK YOU FOR YOUR
KIND KIND
ATTENTION ATTENTION
149
ATTENTION ATTENTION
Luigi Luigi Massimino Massimino SENA SENA
Email Email: :
150
Email Email: :
luigimassimino.sena@unito.it luigimassimino.sena@unito.it