Introduction to Reservoir

Stimulation

Kellyville Training Center

1
Well Stimulation
Stimulation is a chemical or mechanical method of increasing flow capacity to a well.

• Dowell Schlumberger is mainly concerned with three methods of stimulation:

• 1. Wellbore Clean-up : “ Fluids not injected into formation”

• a. Chemical Treatment
• b. Perf Wash
• 2. Matrix Treatment : “ Injection below frac pressure”
• a. Matrix Acidizing
• b. Chemical Treatment
• 3. Fracturing “ Injection above frac pressure”
• a. Acid Frac
• b. Propped Frac

2
Stimulation Techniques
• Restores Flow Capacity:
• Wellbore Clean-up
• Matrix Treatment

These procedures are performed below fracture pressure.

• Create New Flow Capacity:

• Hydraulic Fracturing (Acid and Sand)

These procedures are performed above fracture pressure.

3
Areas Where Reduction in Flow Capacity May Occur
• 1. Wellbore:
• Scale Damage
• Sand Fill
• Plugged Perforations
• Paraffin Plugging
• Asphalt Deposits
• Etc.

• 2. Critical Matrix:
• Drilling Mud Damage
• Cement Damage
• Completion Fluids
• Production
• Native Clays/Fines

4
WELLBORE

• Primary Purpose :
Restore flow capacity by removing restrictive damage to
fluid flow in the wellbore.

• Methods :
• Mechanical
• Chemical Treatment
• Acidizing Treatment

5
Critical Matrix
• What is It?
• The area of formation that is 3' to 5' from the wellbore.
• Why is it critical?
r % Pressure Drop
(Drainage Radius) P (psi) ∆ P/ft (Pe - P) (Pe - Pwf) * 100

(Pe) 2,000 ft 5,000 0.07 psi/ft 0

1,000 ft 4,934 2.5
100 ft 4,719 10.8
50 ft 4,654 1.3 psi/ft 13.3
20 ft 4,568 16.6
10 ft 4,503 6.5 psi/ft 19.0
5 ft 4,439 21.5
3 ft 4,391 23.3
2 ft 4,000 850 psi/ft 24.8
1 ft 3,150 27.3
(Pwf) 0 ft 2,000 1,150 psi/f 100

6
Major Goals of Matrix Treatment

• 1. Restore Natural Permeability

• By Treating the Critical Matrix

• 2. Minor Stimulation

• 3. Leave Zone Barrier Intact

7
Matrix Acidizing
• 1. Sandstone:
• Major Effects:
■
Dissolves/Disperses Damage
■
Restores Permeability
• Minor Effects:
■
Minor Stimulation

• 2. Limestone:
• Major Effects:
■
Enlarge Flow Channels/Fractures
■
Disperse Damage by Dissolving Surrounding Rock
■
Creation of Highly Conductive Wormholes

8
Applications For Matrix Treatment

• High Permeability Formation with Damage.

• Unproppable Formations.

• Treating Limitations.

• Thick Zones.

• To Supplement Fracturing.

9
Low Permeability Reservoir
• Increase well productivity by creating a highly conductive path
compared to the reservoir permeability.

Damage

XL = Fracture half length

XL
• The fracture will extend through the damaged near wellbore area.
• The fracture size is limited to two criteria :
• Drainage Radius
• Cost
• Fracturing is : Pumping fluid into the formation above fracture pressure.

10
Darcy’s Equation

Oil Well : Gas Well :

kh (P e - P wf) kh (Pe 2 - P wf2 )

q= q=
141.2 β µ (In rrw
e + S)
1424 µzT (In rrw
e
+ S)

11
 Skin (s)
• The total Skin (ST) is the combination of mechanical and pseudo-skins. It is
the total skin value that is obtained directly from a well-test analysis.

• Mechanical Skin:
• Mathematically defined as an infinitely thin zone that creates a steady-
state pressure drop at the sand face.
• S>0 Damaged Formation
• S=0 Neither damaged nor stimulated
• S<0 Stimulated formation

• Pseudo Skin:
• Includes situations such as fractures, partial penetration, turbulence,
and fissures.
• The Mechanical Skin is the only type that can be removed by stimulation.

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Skin Example
• Pseudo Skin:
• Producing at high rates --> turbulence
• Collapsed tubing, perforations
• Partial penetration / Partial perforation
• Low Perforation Density (Shots/ft)
• Etc.

• Formation Damage:
• Scales
• Organic/Mixed Deposits
• Silts & Clays
• Emulsions
• Water Block
• Wettability Change

13
 Example
• An oil well produces 57 B/D under the following reservoir and producing
conditions:
k = 10 md
h = 50 ft
ßo = 1.23 res bbl/stb
µo = 0.6 cp
Pr = 2,000 psi
Pwf = 500 psi
rw = .33 ft
re = 1,320 ft

• What is the Skin Factor?

• Is there potential for Stimulation?

14
INTRODUCTION TO MATRIX
TREATMENT

15
Formation Damage

• Damage Definition :

• Partial or complete plugging of the near wellbore area

which reduces the original permeability of the formation.

• Damage is quantified by the skin factor ( S ).

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Types of Formation Damage
• Emulsions

• Wettability Change

• Water Block

• Scale Formation

• Organic Deposits

• Mixed Deposits

• Silt & Clay

• Bacterial Slime

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Areas of Damage

Tubing Gravel Pack Perforations Formation

Scales
Organic deposits
Silicates, Aluminosilicates
Emulsion
Water block
Wettability change

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 Emulsions
• Definition:
• Formed by invasion of filtrates into oil zones or mixing of oil-based filtrates with
formation brines.
• Any two immiscible fluids

• Keys to Diagnosis:
• Sharp decline in production
• Water breakthrough
• Production of solids
• Fluid samples
• Injection of inhibitors

• Treatment:
• Surfactants
• Mutual solvents

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Wettability Change
• Definition:
• Oil wetting of rock from hydrocarbon deposits or adsorption of an oleophilic
(attracts oil) surfactant from treating fluid.

• Keys to Diagnosis: (Normally difficult to diagnose)

• Rapid production decline
• Casing leak
• Water breakthrough
• Water coning
• Decrease or disappearance of gas

• Treatment:
• Mutual solvent followed by water-wetting surfactant.

20
Water Block
• Definition:
• Caused by an increase in water saturation near the wellbore which decreases the
relative permeability to hydrocarbons.

• Keys to Diagnosis:
• Rapid oil or gas production decline
• Casing leak
• Water breakthrough
• Water out
• Abnormally high water cut through lower perforations

• Treatment:
• Mutual solvents or surfactants

21
 Scale Formation
• Definition:
• Scales are precipitated mineral deposits. Scale deposition occurs during
production because of lower temperatures and pressures encountered in or
near the wellbore.
• Keys to Diagnosis:
• Sharp drop in production
• Visible scale on rods/tubing
• Water breakthrough
• Treatment:
• Carbonate (Most Common)
■
HCl, Aqueous Acetic
• Sulfate ■ Iron
■
EDTA » HCl with various iron control agents
■
NARS ■ Silica
• Chloride » Mud Acid
■
1 - 3% HCl

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Keys to Diagnosis of a Sample
Yes
Floats in H2O 2 Organic

No

Yes
Soluble in H 2O NaCl (probably)

No

Yes Odor of
Soluble in HCl rotten eggs
Yes
No
FeS (possible)

FeCO 3
CO 2
Fe 2 (CO 3 ) 3
Evolves
No CaCO 3
MgCO 3
Ca(SO 4 ) 2 slowly soluble
(also soluble in U42)

Soluble in hot HCl

Yes
No
Yes
Iron Oxide Soluble in hot HCl/HF Silica Base (sand/clay)

No

Magnetic
Yes Yes
Magnetite Soluble in U42 SrSO 4 (slow)
FeCo 3 BaSO 4 (very slow)

23
Scales : Inorganic Mineral Deposits

Types of Usual Treating

Scale Occurrence Fluids Comments

Very
Carbonates CaCO3 HCl
Common

CaSO4•2H 2 O
EDTA Common
(gypsum)
Sulfates
BaSO 4 /SrSO4 EDTA Rare

Chlorides NaCl H 2 O/HCl Gas Wells

HCl + EDTA CO2 /H 2 S

Fe S
Iron Possible
Fe 2 O 3 HCl + Sequestering
Produced
Agent

Silica SiO 2 HF Very Fine

Hydroxides Mg/Ca(OH) 2 HCl

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 Organic Deposits
• Definition:
• Organic deposits are precipitated heavy hydrocarbons (parrafins or
asphaltenes). They are typically located in the tubing, perforations and/or
the formation.
• The formation of these deposits are usually associated with a change in
temperature or pressure in or near the wellbore during production.

• Keys to Diagnosis:
• Sharp decline in production
• Visual parrafin on rods and pump
• Operator is "hot oiling"

• Treatment:
• Aromatic Solvents (Xylene, Toluene)
• Mutual Solvents

25
Keys to Diagnosis of Actual Organic Deposit
Floats in water Yes Organic Deposit

1. Burns evenly with clean flame Yes Paraffin/wax

No

Black sooty flame Yes Asphaltene

2. Soluble in pentane Yes Paraffin

No

Asphaltene

3. Soluble in Toluene/Xylene Yes Paraffin/

Asphaltene

26
Silts & Clays
• Definition:
• Damage from silts and clays includes the invasion of the reservoir permeability
by drilling mud and the swelling and/or migration of reservoir fines.
• Keys to Diagnosis:
• Sharp drop in production
• Lost circulation during drilling
• Production tests
• ARC tests
• Treatment:
• HCl: Carbonate Reservoirs
• HF Systems: Sandstone
• Quaternary Amine Polymers (L55)
• Cationic Surfactant (M38B)
• Fusion (Clay Acid)

27
Bacterial Slime

• Definition:
• Anaerobic bacteria grows downhole without oxygen up
to 150°F. Bacteria may chemically reduce sulfate in a
reservoir to H2S.

• Treatment:
• M91 (Bleach+Caustic soda)

28
Sources of Formation Damage
• Drilling

• Cementing

• Perforating

• Completion and Workover

• Gravel Packing

• Production

• Stimulation

• Injection Operations

29
30
Successful Matrix Treatment
• REQUIREMENTS :

• Enough Treating Fluid Volume

• Correct Reactive Chemicals

• Low Injection Pressure

• Total Zone Coverage

31
INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURING

32
Applications For Hydraulic
Fracturing

• If wells natural permeability is low ( Ke < 10 md )

• Natural production is below economic potential

• Skin By-Pass “ HyperSTIM “ or higher permeability and soft

formations.

The injected fluid is pumped at a rate above the fracture

pressure of the reservoir to create cracks or fractures
within the rock itself.

33
Hydraulic Fracturing Treatment

• Primary Purpose :
• To increase the effective wellbore area by creating a fracture
of length XL whose conductivity is greater than that of the
formation.

Dimensionless Conductivity ( Fcd ) = Kf Wf / Ke Xf

• Two Methods :
• Sand Frac
• Acid Frac

34
 Propped Frac & Acid Frac

fracture tends to close

open fracture 1/2" once the pressure has been
during job released

sand used to
prop the acid etched frac
frac open walls

35
Propped Fracture Optimization
• Optimize the reservoir deliverability by balancing fracture characteristics
and reservoir properties
• Analyze the effect of production systems :
• Perform => Nodal Analysis
• Determine the pumping parameters :
• DataFRAC
• Tailor the fracturing fluid and proppant to the reservoir
• Determine treatment size (Fluid & proppant amount)
• Calculate XLand FCD
• Calculate the benefit of the treatment => $
• FracNPV

36
Acid Fracture

• Bottom hole pressure above fracturing pressure

• Acid reacts with the formation

• Fracture is etched

• Formation must retain integrity without fracture collapse

37
Hydraulic Fracturing Accomplishes:

Creates Deep Penetrating Fractures to :

• Improve productivity
• Interconnect formation permeability
• Improve ultimate recovery
• Aid in secondary recovery
• Increase ease of injectivity

• A hydraulic Fracture has to be cost effective to the

customer.

38
Fracture Penetration is influenced
by:
• FORMATION CHARACTERISTICS :
• Type
• Hardness
• Permeability
• Zone Height “ Presence of Barriers “
• Drainage Radius
• FRAC FLUID CHARACTERISTICS :
• Base Fluid
• Viscosity
• Volume
• Pump Rate
• Fluid Loss

39
40
Orientation Of The Fracture

• The fracture will extend perpendicular to the axis of the

least stress.
Overburden Pressure
• X - Y - Z Coordinate :

Favored Fracture Direction

Least Principal Stress

(i.e. Vertical Fracture)

41
Vertical Or Horizontal Fracture

Vertical fracture plane is perpendicular Horizontal fracture with a pancake like

to earth’s surface due to overburden geometry. Usually associated with
stress being too great to overcome shallow wells of less than 3,000 ft. depth

• Rule-Of-thumb :
• Frac Gradient < 0.8 psi / ft --------> Vertical Fracture
• Frac Gradient > 1.0 psi / ft --------> Horizontal Fracture

42
Fracture Propagation Models
• KGD
• XL < h

• PKN
• XL > h

• Radial
• XL = h/2

43
Rock Mechanical Behavior
• Young’s Modulus :
• E=δ / ε

• Poisson’s Ratio :
∀ υ = ε 2 /ε 1

ε 1 = L1 - L2 / L1
ε 2 = d1 - d2 / d1

D1
D2

44
Rock Mechanical Behavior

• Young’s Modulus :
• E=δ / ε

• Poisson’s Ratio :
∀ υ = ε 2 /ε 1

ε 1 = L1 - L2 / L1
ε 2 = d1 - d2 / d1

45
Fracture Width
• W = ( µ Q L) 1/4
PKN
E

• W = (µ QL2)1/4 KGD
EH

−µ = Viscosity of fluid
• Q = Injection Rate
• H = Gross Height
• L = Xf
• E = Young’s Modulus

46
Net Present Value FracNPV
• BENEFITS :
• Design lowest cost job
• Realize full production rate potential
• Forecast post treatment decline
• Study impact of treatment variables

• APPLICATION :
• Select optimum XL, W & proppant type
• Aid in determining whether or not to fracture a new well
• Determine size of production equipment
• Evaluation of the fracture treatment based on well performance

47
FracNPV

48
Design Execution Evaluation
DEE

49
Design

50
Design
1400

1200

1000

800
Pressure, psig

600

A
400

200

2 1 3
0
0 100 2 00 300 400 50 0 600 700

In flow @ S andface (1 ) N ot U sed

L iq u id R a te, B b l/D In flo w
In flow (1 ) O utflow (A) (1 ) 0 .0 0 0
In flo w
C a se 2 (2) C ase 2 (B ) (2 ) 1 0 .0 0 0
C a se 3 (3) C ase 3 (C ) R e s e rvo ir S kin
(3 ) -2 .0 0 0
N o t U sed N ot U sed
N o t U sed N ot U sed
N o t U sed N ot U sed
N o t U sed R eg: S chlu m berge r - C o m panies

Identify The Potential

51
 Design
FracCADE* W ell XXXX
1235.5//1249.5
08-26-1997
Ne t Pres e nt Va lue

6 00 000

5 00 000
N e t P re s e n t Va lu e - $ (U S )

4 00 000

3 00 000

2 00 000

1 00 000 Fluid Type

YF120LG
0
ClearFRAC (3

-10 0 00 0
0 10 0 20 0 3 00 4 00 50 0
H yd ra ulic H a lf-L e ng th - ft

Production tim e 1 year

*Mark o f Sch lu mb erger

52
 Design
FracCADE* W ell XXXX
Logs
08-26-1997
ACL Fra cture Profile and Proppa nt Conce ntra tion

1220

1230

1240
W ell D ept h - m

1250
< 0.0 lb/ft2
0.0 - 0.2 lb/ft2
0.2 - 0.4 lb/ft2
0.4 - 0.6 lb/ft2
0.6 - 0.8 lb/ft2
1260
0.8 - 0.9 lb/ft2
0.9 - 1.1 lb/ft2
1.1 - 1.3 lb/ft2
1.3 - 1.5 lb/ft2
> 1.5 lb/ft2
1270
0 2500 5000 -0.3 -0.1 -0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Stres s - psi AC L W idth at W ellbore - in F rac ture H alf-Length - m

*Mark of Sch lu mb er g er

53
 DataFRAC* Service
Closure Test Calibration Test

Fracture Net pressure Closure

extension
pressure
ISIP
Closure pressure

Rebound
BHP

pressure

Increasing Constant Constant Shut-in Constant rate Falloff

rate rate flowback

Time

*Mark of Schlumberger

54
 Execution PE22

4000 25

3500

20

Rate ( BPM ) - Proppant Concentration ( PPA)

3000

2500
15
Pressure ( PSI )

2000

10
1500

Treating_Pressure
1000
BHP-CADE
5
Slurry_Rate
500
Proppant_Conc

0 0
22:26 22:33 22:40 22:48 22:55 23:02 23:09
Time

55
Evaluation 1220
FracCADE*
ACL Fracture Profile and Proppant Concentration
Well XXXX
Logs
08-26-1997

1230

• Realdata fracture

W ell D ept h - m
1240

simulation, to adjust 1250

leak off and Young

< 0.0 lb/ft2
0.0 - 0.2 lb/ft2
0.2 - 0.4 lb/ft2
0.4 - 0.6 lb/ft2

Modulus.
0.6 - 0.8 lb/ft2
1260
0.8 - 0.9 lb/ft2
0.9 - 1.1 lb/ft2
1.1 - 1.3 lb/ft2
1.3 - 1.5 lb/ft2
> 1.5 lb/ft2
1270
0 2500 5000 -0.3 -0.1 -0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Stress - psi ACL Width at Wellbore - in Fracture Half-Length - m

• It can be performed in *Mark of Schlumberger

FracCADE*
ACL Fracture Profile and Proppant Concentration
PE22
1235.5//1249.5 mts Real Job
08-26-1997

Real Time.
1220

1230
W ell D ept h - m

1240

1250 < 0.0 lb/ft2

0.0 - 0.2 lb/ft2
0.2 - 0.3 lb/ft2
0.3 - 0.5 lb/ft2
0.5 - 0.7 lb/ft2
1260 0.7 - 0.9 lb/ft2
0.9 - 1.0 lb/ft2
1.0 - 1.2 lb/ft2
1.2 - 1.4 lb/ft2
> 1.4 lb/ft2
1270
0 2500 5000 -0.3 -0.1 -0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Stress - psi ACL Width at Wellbore - in Fracture Half-Length - m

*Mark of Schlumberger

56
Evaluation
PE22 Production

700

600 Pe22 Forecast

PE22 Bbl/d

500

400
BOPD

300

200

100

0
0
Forecast vs Actual Production
50 100
Days
150 200 250

57
Conclusion
• Three Types of Stimulation :
• Wellbore Clean-up
• Matrix Treatment
• Hydraulic Fracturing
• Well Candidate Selection :
• What is it ?
• How does Dowell Schlumberger use it ?
• What are some of the tools associated with it ?
• NPV
• What is it ?
• How can it be used to design a treatment ?
• How does the output benefit our customers and us ?

58