Die and Die Systems

LAB PROCEDURES
INVOLVED IN THE
FABRICATION OF FPD
INTRODUCTION
Fabrication of a fixed partial denture involves
the fabrication of the wax pattern, casting,

soldering and finishing. Here we shall study in
detail about these procedures.
MODELS,CAST,& DIES
MODEL:
It a positive replica of the teeth and adjacent
structures used primarily for observation and diagnosis.
CAST:
DIE:
A working model, master cast.
Die is a positive replica of the individual pre-pared tooth
on which the inlays,crowns,bridges are made. These are individual
tooth replicas prepared for easier handling during wax pattern

fabrication and finishing of inaccessible areas of the cast
TYPES OF CAST AND DIE

MATERIALS
GYPSUM:
a) Type IV-Dental stone, Highstrength
b) Type V-dental stone ,High Strength, high Expansion
c) Dental stone+lignosulphonates
METALS:
a) Electroformed/Eletroplated.
b) Sprayed metals.
c) Amalgam.
POLYMERS;
a) Metal-filled resins or inorganic filled resins.
b) Epoxy.
CEMENTS:
a) silicophosphate or polyacrylic acid bonded cements.
CERAMIC OR REFRACTORY DIE MATERIALS:

a) For direct baking of porcelain crown or preparation of wax
pattern for casting.
Type IV& Type V Stone dies, Electroformed dies, Epoxy
resins , Refractory or materials are recommended die
materials.
IDEAL PROPERTIES OF DIE

MATERIALS
1. It should be dimensionally accurate.
2. It should have high abrasion resistance, should possess
good strength,& have smooth surface .
3. Toughness to allow burnishing of foil & resist breakage.
4. Ability to reproduce all fine details in the impression.
5. Compatibility with all impression materials.
6. Colour contrast with wax, porcelain & alloys.
7. Easy & quick manipulation & rapid fabrication.
8. Non-injurious to health by touch or inhalation.
9. Economic.
IDEAL REQUIREMENTS OF A DIE

SYSTEM
The die should be easy to remove and replace
in its original position.
The die must be stable when placed in the
cast.
It should be easy to mount in the articulator
TYPES OF DIES
Based on the design, die systems can be classified into:
1
WORKING CAST WITH SEPARATE DIE SYSTEM
WORKING CAST WITH REMOVABLE DIE SYSTEM.

There are three commonly used removable die systems,
they are:
a)Dowel pin system

-Straight
-Curved
b)Di-lok tray system
c)Pindex system
ACCUTRAC SYSTEM
WORKING CAST & SEPARATE DIE

SYSTEM
Here, two casts are poured from a single impression and one cast is
sectioned and used as a die and the other is not sectioned and is used
as the working cast. The wax pattern is prepared on the die and later
transferred to the working cast. The die is shaped and finished using an
acrylic trimmer and the portion of the die below the cervical line is
finished using a scalpel. Sharp undercuts in the base should be
avoided.
ADVANTAGE
Simplest and easiest method
DISADVANTAGE
The wax pattern may get distorted while transferring it from the die to
the cast.
Proximal margins tend to get overcontoured.
WORKING CAST WITH A

REMOVABLE DIE SYSTEM
In this system a special type of working cast is prepared and the dies
are carefully sectioned so that the individual dies can be removed
and replaced in their original position in the cast. Dowel pin
systems, di-lok tray systems and the pindex systems come under
this category.
DOWEL PIN SYSTEMS

Dowel pins may be straight or curved:
1. STRAIGHT DOWEL PIN SYSTEMS
They are prepared using two techniques,
namely
the pre-pour and post-pour techniques.
PRE-POUR TECHNIQUE
Here the die pins are positioned in their
appropriate places within the impression using
The dowel pin is positioned within the

impression using sticky wax
bobby pins and sticky wax.

After positioning the pins, the impression is
poured up to the level of the alveolar process
of the remaining teeth.
First pour is poured upto the level of the

alveolar process
Separating medium is applied over the first
pour and die pin and the remaining portion of

the cast is poured.
Separating medium is applied and the

base is poured
After the cast is set, the dies are sectioned by

placing vertical sections on the interproximal regions
of the cast using a die sectioner or a manual saw.
Vertical sections at the inter proximal regions should
be made without damaging the contour of the
adjacent teeth.
Since the separating medium was applied before pouring the

second half of the cast, the dies can be easily separated with
vertical sections alone.
The die is carefully separated from the cast without chipping. After
removing the die, a small hole will be visible in the cast. This indexing
hole will guide the pin into position while replacing the die.
POST-POUR TECHNIQUE
Here, the cast is poured upto the level of the
crowns of the teeth in the impression.
Subsequently, small holes are drilled within
the first pour in the required places and the

dowel pins are cemented into the holes The
remaining part of the cast is poured and the
dies are sectioned as described in the prepour technique.

ADVANTAGES
Easy to prepare
No special equipment is necessary
DISADVANTAGES
The pins may get displaced while pouring the cast.
2. CURVED DOWEL PIN SYSTEM

This is similar to straight dowel pin technique except that curved pins
are used. The curved pins will project from the sides of the base of the
cast. When the projecting pins are pressed, the die unit attached to
the respective pin will pop out from its place.
Curved dowel pin system (pushing the pin from the side pops the die out).
B) DI-LOK TRAY SYSTEM

This technique uses a special tray to pour the cast. This special tray has
orientation grooves on the inner aspect. Actually the tray is made of multiple
components, which can be assembled or dismantled as required (Fig. 33.7).
Impression is poured using a two-pour technique. The first pour is poured up
to the level of the impression and the second or base pour is poured after
positioning the rim of the di-lok tray over the impression. Before the second
pour is set, the base of the di-lok tray is assembled and the cast is allowed to
set. Later, the di4ok tray is dismantled and the grooves on the base of the cast
formed by the di-lok tray is used as a guide to do die sectioning.
Advantages
Simple and easy to prepare
The cast can be mounted in an articulator
Disadvantages
Requires special equipments.
C) PINDEX SYSTEM
This system is similar to the post-pour dowel pin technique. Here a special drill
press equipment is used to do die sectioning. The drill press has a platform with a
slot like opening through which the drill pin will project during the procedure. The
entire platform is spring mounted and when pressed down automatically starts
the drill, which will project through the slot. The unit has a red pilot light lamp on
top, which will shoot a point exactly on the drill. This red pilot pointer will act as a
guide while drilling (Fig. a).
Fig - guide to drill holes in the base of the cast. The

platform of the pindex machine is spring loaded. When
the cast is passed against the platform, the motor will
get activated and drill a hole in the casta. The cast is
placed on the pindex machine and the pilot light is used
as a
Die sectioning procedure is simple wherein the cast

of 15 mm base is placed on the drill press and drill
holes are prepared in the under surface of the base
of the cast using the pilot light as a guide. After
making the drill holes to the required depth, sleeved
die pins are placed and cemented using
cyanoacrylate adhesive. Remember that the holes
will not be very deep. Hence a portion of the pins will
be projecting from the base of the cast.
After cementing the pins, a base is poured over the base of drilled
cast. Consecutively the dies are sectioned but not upto the base as
described in the dowel pin system.
ADVANTAGES .
Allows accurate placement of the die pins.
DISADVANTAGES .
Special equipment is required.
THE ACCUTRAC SYSTEM

These dies are exclusively used in the fabrication of
laminate veneers. Basically this system involves the fabrication of
two casts as described in the working castwith separate die system.
One cast (master cast) is sectioned into dies and used to prepare
the coping. After preparing the wax pattern, the sectioned dies are
reassembled in the master cast.
The master cast is blocked out with wax (filled with wax to
seal the crevices). The second cast (refractory cast) is
duplicated from the blocked out, sectioned, die master cast
using addition silicone. The second cast is poured using
specially
formulated
stone,
whose
expansion
will
compensate for the shrinkage of porcelain when fired in the

furnace.

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LAB PROCEDURES

Fabrication of a fixed partial denture involves

the fabrication of the wax pattern, casting,

detail about these procedures.

It a positive replica of the teeth and adjacent

structures used primarily for observation and diagnosis.

A working model, master cast.

Die is a positive replica of the individual pre-pared tooth

on which the inlays,crowns,bridges are made. These are individual

tooth replicas prepared for easier handling during wax pattern

TYPES OF CAST AND DIE

CERAMIC OR REFRACTORY DIE MATERIALS:

IDEAL PROPERTIES OF DIE

IDEAL REQUIREMENTS OF A DIE

WORKING CAST WITH SEPARATE DIE SYSTEM

WORKING CAST WITH REMOVABLE DIE SYSTEM.

a)Dowel pin system

WORKING CAST & SEPARATE DIE

WORKING CAST WITH A

DOWEL PIN SYSTEMS

the pre-pour and post-pour techniques.

The dowel pin is positioned within the

bobby pins and sticky wax.

First pour is poured upto the level of the

Separating medium is applied over the first

pour and die pin and the remaining portion of

Separating medium is applied and the

After the cast is set, the dies are sectioned by

Since the separating medium was applied before pouring the

the first pour in the required places and the

dies are sectioned as described in the prepour technique.

2. CURVED DOWEL PIN SYSTEM

B) DI-LOK TRAY SYSTEM

Fig - guide to drill holes in the base of the cast. The

Die sectioning procedure is simple wherein the cast

THE ACCUTRAC SYSTEM

reassembled in the master cast.

compensate for the shrinkage of porcelain when fired in the

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