Critique On Maslow Rogers

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The Failure of Self-Actualization Theory

A Critique of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow


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Leonard Geller1

+ Author Affiliations
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230 Arno Road, Venice, Florida 33595.

Abstract

This inquiry critically examines the self-actualization theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham
Maslow. Neither theory, it is argued, is correct. The fundamental claims of each, especially about
the self and the human condition, are shown to be radically mistaken. Rogers's theory is
unacceptable insofar as his conception of the touchstone or standard of self-actualization is false,
incoherent, and unworkable in practice. Maslow's theory must be rejected because of an
inadequate anthropodicy (theory of evil) and ontology. First, Maslow's explanation of one major
form of human diminution, what he calls the "metapathologies" of contemporary life, undermines
the normative foundations of his theory. Second, the logic of human development upon which the
entire edifice of his theory rests is shown to be essentially reductionist and radically mistaken.
Because of this commitment to a reductionist logic, Maslow is unable in principle to offer an
adequate account of the origin and nature of the self and human needs. Beyond considerations of
truth, each theory is exposed has having a strong ideological character insofar as it expresses
and supports relationships of dehumanization. Beyond critiquing Rogers and Maslow, I attempt to
establish the general presumption that self-actualization theory as such has very little to offer
toward understanding and improving the human condition within late-twentieth-century Western
society

Toward a Humanistic-Phenomenological Spirituality


Definition, Description, and Measurement
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David N. Elkins,
L. James Hedstrom,
Lori L. Hughes,
J. Andrew Leaf and
Cheryl Saunders1

+ Author Affiliations
1.

Pepperdine University

Abstract

This is an account of research on spirituality being conducted by a group of professors and


students at the Graduate School of Education and Psychology of Pepperdine University. The
article presents a humanistic definition and description of spirituality based on the writings of
Abraham Maslow, John Dewey, William James, Carl Jung, and others. A preliminary report is also
made on the development of the Spiritual Orientation Inventory, a measure of spirituality based
on the humanistic model and designed to assess the spirituality of those not affiliated with
traditional religion.

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