This document discusses looping, branch instructions, and subroutine calls in microprocessors. It focuses on the DECFSZ and BNZ instructions for looping and covers CALL and RETURN instructions for subroutines. The document explains how a stack is used to store return addresses for subroutines and how the stack pointer tracks the stack memory. It also provides examples of instruction timing delays based on clock frequency and instruction size.
This document discusses looping, branch instructions, and subroutine calls in microprocessors. It focuses on the DECFSZ and BNZ instructions for looping and covers CALL and RETURN instructions for subroutines. The document explains how a stack is used to store return addresses for subroutines and how the stack pointer tracks the stack memory. It also provides examples of instruction timing delays based on clock frequency and instruction size.
This document discusses looping, branch instructions, and subroutine calls in microprocessors. It focuses on the DECFSZ and BNZ instructions for looping and covers CALL and RETURN instructions for subroutines. The document explains how a stack is used to store return addresses for subroutines and how the stack pointer tracks the stack memory. It also provides examples of instruction timing delays based on clock frequency and instruction size.
This document discusses looping, branch instructions, and subroutine calls in microprocessors. It focuses on the DECFSZ and BNZ instructions for looping and covers CALL and RETURN instructions for subroutines. The document explains how a stack is used to store return addresses for subroutines and how the stack pointer tracks the stack memory. It also provides examples of instruction timing delays based on clock frequency and instruction size.
Looping in microprocessors Loopinginmicroprocessors Repeating Repeatingasequenceofinstructionsoran a sequence of instructions or an operationacertainnumberoftimes Commonlyusedinstructions Commonly used instructions DECFSZ BNZ
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DECFSZ instruction DECFSZinstruction decrementfileRegskipzero decrement file Reg skip zero Format DECFSZfileReg,d
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DECFSZ instruction example
DECFSZinstruction
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BNZ instruction BNZinstruction branch branchifnotzero if not zero Itbranches(jumps)backtothetargetaddress referred to by the label referredtobythelabel
Stackandstackpointer Stack Stackisanother21 is another 21bit bitLIFOmemory LIFO memory UsedbytheCALLinstructionstocomeback after execution of the called subroutine afterexecutionofthecalledsubroutine Stackpointerregisterstorespointertostack memory
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Stack and stack pointer
Stackandstackpointer
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Example CALLinstruction
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Example CALLinstruction
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Program execution timings
Programexecutiontimings
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Delay calculation Delaycalculation Twomajorfactors Two major factors Crystalfrequency Microprocessorinstructionexecutioncycles Microprocessor instruction execution cycles Pipelinevs nonpipelinedarchitecture Instruction size Instructionsize
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Pipelining
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Instruction cycle time for the PIC
InstructioncycletimeforthePIC One Oneinstructioncyclecorrespondstofour instruction cycle corresponds to four periodsoftheclock 2bytes/4bytesinstructionstake1/2 2 bytes / 4 bytes instructions take 1/2 machinecycles Branchinstructionsareexceptions B hi i i
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Appendix A Appendix A
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Example instructionsexecutiondelays Example instructions execution delays
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Example subroutineexecutiondelay Example subroutine execution delay Crystalfreq.=4MHz Crystal freq = 4MHz
Dropout Approaches For LSTM Based Speech Recognition Systems Jayadev Billa Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Marina Del Rey, CA 90292, USA
Dropout Approaches For LSTM Based Speech Recognition Systems Jayadev Billa Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Marina Del Rey, CA 90292, USA
