Biology f211 Mixed Question Paper

1.
State the maximum magnification that can be achieved by a light microscope and a
transmission electron microscope.
Select your answers from the list below.
10x
40x
100x
400x
1500x
25 000x
50 000x
light microscope
................................... x
transmission electron microscope
................................... x
500 000x
[Total 2 marks]
2.
Describe what is meant by the term resolution.

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[Total 2 marks]
3.
The figure below is an electron micrograph of xylem tissue in the stem of a plant.
pit
spiral band
(i)
State one function of xylem tissue.

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[1]
(ii)
The spiral band in the xylem vessel shown in the figure above contains a
substance called lignin.
State the function of this spiral band of lignin and explain why it is important that
the xylem vessel becomes lignified in this way.
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[3]
(iii)
Explain the function of the pits seen in the figure above.

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[2]
[Total 6 marks]
4.
(i)
Explain what is meant by the term tissue.

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[2]
(ii)
Name one type of epithelial tissue found in the lungs.

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[1]
[Total 3 marks]
5.
Explain why the lungs can be considered to be an organ.

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[Total 2 marks]
6.
In the lungs, goblet cells secrete mucus. The mucus is then moved by cilia.
Name one cellular structure from the list below that is associated with each of the
following functions. You must select a structure once only.
mitochondria
ribosome
cytoskeleton
Golgi vesicle
centriole
nucleus
(i)
release of energy .......................................................................................
(ii)
movement of cilia .......................................................................................
(iii)
secrete mucus ............................................................................................

[Total 3 marks]
7.
Complete the passage below.

Membranes have a variety of functions in cells. All membranes are .......................
permeable. This means that they allow the passage of certain substances by
processes such as active transport or ............................... through the membrane.
The cell surface membrane, also known as the ............................... membrane,
surrounds the cytoplasm.
The cell surface membrane consists of a bilayer of .............................. . To stabilise the
structure of the membrane and keep it fluid, molecules of ................................ are also
found in this bilayer.
[Total 5 marks]
8.
Membranes contain a variety of proteins. Some of these proteins are combined with
carbohydrates to form glycoproteins.
Describe the functions of glycoproteins in the cell surface membrane.
In your answer you should use appropriate technical terms, spelt correctly.
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[Total 5 marks]
9.
The figure below shows a potometer, a piece of apparatus used for estimating the rate
of transpiration.
leafy shoot
water
reservoir
capillary tube
air-water
meniscus
(a)
screw
clip
rubber tubing
State one essential component of the apparatus, not shown in the figure above,
that must be added before any results can be recorded.
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[1]
(b)
Describe three steps a student should take when setting up the potometer to
ensure that the apparatus works correctly.
1 ......................................................................................................................
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2 ......................................................................................................................
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3 ......................................................................................................................
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[3]
(c)
A student used the apparatus shown in the figure above to investigate how
transpiration rates vary during the day. The student placed the potometer on a
window ledge in the laboratory and estimated the rate of transpiration four times
during the day.
The results are shown in the table below.
rate of transpiration (arbitrary units)
time of day
(i)
replicate 1
replicate 2
replicate 3
mean
10.00
32
29
31
30.7
12.00
37
35
38
36.7
14.00
23
26
25
24.7
16.00
25
27
24
Calculate the mean value for the rate of transpiration at 16.00 hours.
Give your answer to one decimal place.
Answer = ...................................................
[1]
(ii)
Explain why, for each time of the day, the student carried out three
replicates to calculate a mean.
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[2]
(iii)
Suggest two possible reasons, other than light and temperature, why the
rate of transpiration was lower in the afternoon than in the morning.
1 .............................................................................................................
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2 .............................................................................................................
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[2]
(iv)
Explain why the potometer only gives an estimate of the rate of

transpiration.
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[2]
[Total 11 marks]
10.
(i)
The figure below represents a transverse section of an artery and a vein.

Draw a line to show the relative position of the endothelium of the vein.
endothelium
artery
vein
[1]
(ii)
State two other ways in which the wall of an artery is different from the wall of a
vein.
1 ......................................................................................................................
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2 ......................................................................................................................
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[2]
[Total 3 marks]
11.
(i)
Blood in the arteries has a high hydrostatic pressure.

State how this hydrostatic pressure is generated in the heart.
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[1]
(ii)
Explain why the hydrostatic pressure of the blood drops as blood moves away
from the heart.
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[2]
(iii)
Capillaries have walls that are one cell thick.

The figure below shows how the hydrostatic pressure of the blood changes as it
moves through a capillary.
The figure below also shows the water potential of the blood, due largely to the
plasma proteins, which tends to move water into the blood.
relative pressure
A
arterial
end
distance along capillary
venous
end
Key:
hydrostatic pressure
water potential of blood
Describe and explain what happens to the blood plasma at point A along the
capillary in the figure above.
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[3]
[Total 6 marks]
12.
Carbon dioxide is produced in tissues as a waste product of respiration.

The majority of carbon dioxide is carried as hydrogencarbonate ions (HCO3) in the
plasma.
The figure below shows the chemical pathway in which carbon dioxide is converted into
HCO3 in a red blood cell.
red blood cell
capillary
wall
CO2 + H2O
CO2 in
tissue
X
Y
Z + HCO3
HCO3 in
plasma
Identify the following:

enzyme X
......................................................................................................
substance Y
......................................................................................................
ion Z
.......................................................................................................
[Total 3 marks]
13.
The figure below is a diagram of a spirometer, a piece of apparatus used to measure

some aspects of breathing, such as breathing rate and vital capacity.
chamber of air
T
hinge
mouthpiece
water
valve
direction of
air flow
(a)
(i)
Outline the mechanism of inspiration.

In your answer you should use appropriate technical terms, spelt correctly.
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[3]
(ii)
A person breathes through the mouthpiece of a spirometer.

State what happens to the air chamber in the figure above during
inspiration.
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[1]
(iii)
Chamber T contains a chemical that absorbs carbon dioxide.

Suggest a chemical that could be used in chamber T to absorb carbon
dioxide.
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[1]
(b)
Explain why a person using the spirometer to measure their vital capacity should
wear a nose clip.
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[2]
(c)
State two other precautions that should be taken when using a spirometer to
measure vital capacity.
1 ......................................................................................................................
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2 ......................................................................................................................
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[2]
[Total 9 marks]
14.
The figure below is a diagram of an animal cell as seen using a transmission electron
microscope.
F
20 m
(i)
Name the structures of the cell labelled A, B, C and D.

A ....................................................................
B ....................................................................
C ....................................................................
D ....................................................................
[4]
(ii)
Structures C and E are examples of the same organelle.

Suggest why E looks so different to C.
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[2]
(iii)
Calculate the actual length of structure C.

Show your working and give your answer in micrometres (m).
Answer = .................................................. m
[2]
[Total 8 marks]
15.
The figure below is a diagram of an animal cell as seen using a transmission electron
microscope.
F
20 m
Proteins are produced by the structure labelled F. Some of these proteins may be
extracellular proteins that are released from the cell.
Outline the sequence of events following the production of extracellular proteins that
leads to their release from the cell.
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[Total 3 marks]
16.
The figure below shows diagrams of four cells that have been placed in different
solutions.
K
(a)
In the table below, write the letter K, L, M or N next to the description that best
matches the diagram. One has been done for you.
description
letter
an animal cell that has been placed in distilled water

an animal cell that has been placed in a concentrated sugar solution
a plant cell that has been placed in distilled water
M
a plant cell that has been placed in a concentrated sugar solution
[3]
(b)
Explain, using the term water potential, what has happened to cell M.
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[Total 6 marks]
17.
Small non-polar substances enter cells in different ways to large or polar substances.
Outline the ways in which substances, other than water, can enter a cell through the
plasma (cell surface) membrane.
In your answer, you should use appropriate technical terms, spelt correctly.
small, non-polar substances ....................................................................................
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large substances .....................................................................................................

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polar substances .....................................................................................................

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[Total 5 marks]
18.
The division of stem cells by mitosis produces cells that are genetically identical.
(i)
State what is meant by the term stem cell.

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[2]
(ii)
Name one tissue in plants that contains stem cells.

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[1]
[Total 3 marks]
19.
State three reasons why mitosis is important to organisms.

1 ...............................................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................................
3 ...............................................................................................................................
[Total 3 marks]
20.
Explain, using the term surface area to volume ratio, why large, active organisms
need a specialised surface for gaseous exchange.
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[Total 2 marks]
21.
The table below describes some of the features of the mammalian gas exchange
system.
Complete the table by explaining how each feature improves the efficiency of gaseous
exchange. The first one has been completed for you.
feature of gas exchange

system
many alveoli
how feature improves efficiency of gaseous exchange

this increases the surface across which oxygen and
carbon dioxide can diffuse
the epithelium of the alveoli is

very thin
there are capillaries running
over the surface of the alveoli
the lungs are surrounded by
the diaphragm and intercostal
muscles
[Total 3 marks]
22.
Outline how the diaphragm and intercostal muscles cause inspiration.

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[Total 4 marks]
The figure below shows the trace from a spirometer recorded from a 16-year-old
student.
4
volume of air in spirometer (dm3)
23.
0
0
10
20
30
40
time (s)
50
60
70
(i)
Label on the trace, using the letter X, a point that indicates when the student
was inhaling.
[1]
(ii)
At the end of the trace the student measured his vital capacity. This is indicated
by the letter Y.
State the vital capacity of the student.
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[1]
[Total 2 marks]
24.
Fish have a single, closed circulatory system.

State the meaning of the terms single circulatory system and closed circulatory system.
single circulatory system .........................................................................................
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closed circulatory system ........................................................................................

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[Total 2 marks]
25.
The heart of a mammal contains four main chambers. The action of these chambers is
coordinated by electrical activity in specialised tissues.
The figure below shows where these tissues are found in the heart.
(i)
Name the tissues labelled T, U and V.

T ....................................................................
U ....................................................................
V ....................................................................
[3]
(ii)
Describe how the action of the heart is initiated and coordinated.

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[5]
[Total 8 marks]
26.
Translocation is the movement of the products of photosynthesis within a plant.

Translocation occurs in the phloem and involves sources and sinks.
Using the outline below, draw in the position of the phloem in the root of a
dicotyledonous plant.
root
[Total 1 mark]
27.
Research using carbon dioxide containing a radioactive label, C14, has revealed the
following evidence about the mechanism of translocation:
A
labelled carbon can be observed in the phloem soon after being supplied to a
well-lit plant;
the rate of movement of sugars in the phloem is many times faster than could be
achieved by diffusion alone.
Different research has revealed that:

C
an insect such as an aphid feeds by inserting its proboscis (mouth parts) into the
phloem;
the pH of the phloem companion cells is lower than surrounding cells;
the phloem companion cells contain many mitochondria.
Using the letters A, B, C, D and E, select two pieces of evidence from the list above
which support the theory that translocation occurs in the phloem.
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[Total 2 marks]
28.
State what is meant by the terms source and sink.

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[Total 2 marks]
29.
When the bark is removed from a tree, the phloem is also removed. If a complete ring
of bark is removed, the tree trunk can be seen to swell above the cut.
Suggest two reasons why the trunk swells above the cut.
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[Total 2 marks]
30.
Fig. 1 (a) is a diagram of a part of a mammalian lung.

Fig. 1 (b) is an enlargement of part of the lining of the bronchus.
Fig.1 (a)
Fig.1 (b)
(i)
Name the two types of cell, A and B, shown lining the bronchus.
A .............................................................................................................
B .............................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
Describe how cell types A and B work together to keep the lung surface clear of
dust and other particles.
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[3]
(iii)
The bronchus wall also contains smooth muscle fibres.

State the function of the smooth muscle fibres.
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[1]
[Total 6 marks]
31.
The picture below is a diagram of a part of a mammalian lung.
(i)
Explain why blood capillaries and alveoli are very close together.
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[2]
(ii)
The walls of the alveoli contain elastic fibres.

State the function of these elastic fibres.
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[1]
[Total 3 marks]
32.
The figure below shows the structure of a plasma (cell surface) membrane.
(a)
(i)
Name the components of the plasma (cell surface) membrane labelled D, E

and F.
D .............................................................................................................
E .............................................................................................................
F .............................................................................................................
[3]
(ii)
State one function for each of the components D, E and F.

D .............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
E .............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
F .............................................................................................................
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[3]
(b)
Glycoprotein molecules are positioned in the plasma (cell surface) membrane

with the carbohydrate chain outside the cell.
This is to allow the glycoproteins to act as receptors in the process of cell
signalling.
(i)
Explain what is meant by the term cell signalling.

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[2]
(ii)
Explain how a glycoprotein can act as a receptor.

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[2]
[Total 10 marks]
33.
A student investigated the effect of temperature on the release of pigment from pieces
of beetroot.
She cut a fresh beetroot into four pieces and placed each piece into water at a different
temperature.
After 10 minutes she removed the beetroot and used a colorimeter to test how much
pigment had entered the water.
She placed the coloured water into the colorimeter and measured the percentage
transmission of light through the water. Her results are shown in the table below.
(i)
temperature of water (C)
percentage transmission of light
10
85
30
87
50
78
100
The results show that below 50 C little pigment had entered the water.
Explain why there was no transmission of light after the beetroot had been placed
in water at 100 C.
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[2]
(ii)
Suggest three ways in which the student could have improved her investigation.
1 ......................................................................................................................
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2 ......................................................................................................................
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3 ......................................................................................................................
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[3]
[Total 5 marks]
34.
(a)
Complete the following paragraph about the loss of water from plants.
The loss of water from the aerial parts of a plant is known as
.......................................... .
The majority of water is lost from the leaves. Water is transported up the stem in
the .......................................... and passes into the mesophyll cells of the leaf by
.......................................... . Water evaporates from the surface of these cells.
From the air spaces in the leaf, the water vapour diffuses out of the leaf through
the ...........................................
[4]
(b)
(i)
Explain why water loss from the leaves of a plant is unavoidable.

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[2]
(ii)
Name the type of plant adapted to reduce water loss from its leaves.
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[1]
(iii)
State and explain two adaptations of leaves that reduce evaporation.

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[5]
[Total 12 marks]
35.
The table below compares the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Complete the table.
prokaryotic
eukaryotic
no true nucleus
genetic material held in a nucleus
genetic material consists of naked DNA

average diameter of cell 0.5 5 m
ribosomes about 22 nm in diameter
cell wall sometimes present
[Total 4 marks]
36.
The cytoskeleton is an important component in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells.

(i)
Name one structure, associated with the cytoskeleton, which can bring about
cell movement.
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[1]
(ii)
Suggest two processes inside cells that rely on the cytoskeleton for movement.
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[2]
[Total 3 marks]
37.
The figure below shows some drawings of a cell during different stages of mitosis.
Place stages P, Q, R, S and T in the correct sequence.

The first stage has been identified for you.
S
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[Total 4 marks]
Mitosis is part of the cell cycle.

The figure below shows a diagram of the cell cycle.
INTERPHASE
G1
(i)
sis
is
es
G2
ito
k in
yto
38.
Name one process that occurs during stages G1 and G2.

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[1]
(ii)
During stage S, the genetic information is copied and checked.

Suggest what might happen if the genetic information is not checked.
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[2]
[Total 3 marks]
39.
During meiosis a cell undergoes two divisions.

Suggest how cells produced by meiosis may differ from those produced by mitosis.
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[Total 2 marks]
40.
(i)
Name the type of muscle found in the walls of the heart chambers.
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[1]
(ii)
Name the process that creates pressure inside the heart chambers.
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[1]
[Total 2 marks]
41.
The figure below shows the changes in pressure inside the heart chambers during one
heart beat.
16
14
12
10
8
pressure 6
(kPa)
4
X
2
0
2
0
time (s)
0.80
Key:
aorta
left ventricle
left atrium
(i)
Calculate the heart rate from the information in the figure above.
Show your working and give your answer to the nearest whole number.
Answer = ...................................... beats min1

[2]
(ii)
Describe and explain what happens immediately after X on the figure above.
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[4]
[Total 6 marks]
42.
The table below compares features of typical eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
(i)
Complete the table by placing one of the following, as appropriate, in each empty
box of the table.
a tick ( )
a cross (
the words sometimes present
Some of the boxes have been completed for you.

eukaryotic cell
cell wall
sometimes present
nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
ribosomes
flagellum
sometimes present
prokaryotic cell
(ii)
Outline the roles of the Golgi apparatus and the ribosomes.

Golgi apparatus ..............................................................................................
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[4]
Ribosomes ......................................................................................................
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[2]
[Total 6 marks]
43.
The figure below is a diagram of a mammalian sperm cell.
Explain how the structure of the sperm cell is specialised for carrying out its role.
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[Total 3 marks]
44.
(i)
Explain the meaning of the term tissue.

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[2]
(ii)
Name one example of a plant tissue.

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[1]
[Total 3 marks]
45.
The diagram below represents the structure of a plasma (cell surface) membrane.
(a)
(i)
Name molecules A, B and F.

In your answer you should spell the names of the molecules correctly.
A ............................................................................................................
B ............................................................................................................
F .............................................................................................................
[3]
(ii)
E represents the width of the plasma (cell surface) membrane in a typical

animal cell.
State the approximate width of the membrane.
................................................................................................................
[1]
(b)
(i)
Describe the structure of molecule A.

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[2]
(ii)
State one function of molecule C.

................................................................................................................
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[1]
(iii)
Molecule D is a glycoprotein. This molecule consists of a protein embedded

in the membrane with a branched carbohydrate chain projecting out from
the surface of the cell.
Outline three roles of glycoproteins in membranes.
1 .............................................................................................................
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2 .............................................................................................................
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3 .............................................................................................................
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[3]
[Total 10 marks]
46.
A student investigated how the surface area of a single-celled organism is related to its
volume. The student used two spheres, A and B, as models of two organisms. The
surface area and volume of each sphere was calculated.
sphere A
sphere B
diameter / cm
surface area / cm2
3.14
28.27
volume / cm3
0.52
14.14
(i)
The student calculated the surface area: volume ratio of sphere B as 2:1.
Calculate the surface area: volume ratio of sphere A. Show your working.
...............................................
[2]
(ii)
How does the surface area: volume ratio of sphere B differ from that of
sphere A?
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
Single-celled organisms generally have a surface-area to volume ratio more like

that of sphere A than sphere B.
Explain why.
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[2]
[Total 5 marks]
47.
The lungs in the mammalian body are well developed to allow effective exchange of
gases.
Describe the features of the lungs that make them effective organs for the exchange of
gases.
In your answer, you should use appropriate technical terms, spelled correctly.
[Total 5 marks]
48.
The diagram below shows the trace from a spirometer. A spirometer is a device
designed to measure the volume of air entering and leaving the lungs. A chamber in
the spirometer contains soda lime to absorb the carbon dioxide released by respiration.
The measurements shown were recorded from a healthy 17-year-old student at rest.
4
volume of air
in spirometer
/ dm3
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
time / s
(i)
Explain why the volume of air in the spirometer drops slowly over the first minute.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
After one minute, the student was asked to breathe in as deeply as possible and
then breathe out as much as possible.
The resulting change in the trace is shown in the figure above as X.
State the term given to measurement X.
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 3 marks]
49.
The transport system in mammals is a double circulatory system driven by a pump

(the heart).
Explain what is meant by a double circulatory system.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]
50.
The diagram below gives information about the relative thickness of the walls of three
chambers of the heart:
left ventricle
right ventricle
right atrium
16
14
12
thickness/ 10
mm
8
6
4
2
0
D
(i)
E
chamber of heart
State which of these chambers are identified by the letters D, E and F.

D .....................................................................................................................
E .....................................................................................................................
F .....................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii)
Explain, with reference to its function, why the wall of chamber F is much thicker
than the walls of chambers D and E.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 6 marks]
51.
Use the most appropriate terms to complete the paragraph below about the role of
haemoglobin in the mammalian blood.
Haemoglobin, a pigment found in the blood of mammals, has an important role in the
transport of respiratory gases. Each haemoglobin molecule contains haem groups. In the
lungs, oxygen binds with the atom of in each haem group. The
maximum number of molecules of oxygen that can be carried by one molecule of
haemoglobin is . In areas like muscle tissue where the partial
pressure of oxygen is low, oxygen dissociates from the haem group. This dissociation is
increased by the presence of carbon dioxide; this is called the
. Most of the carbon dioxide produced in respiring tissues diffuses
into the red blood cells where the enzyme
catalyses a reaction leading to the production of hydrogen ions and hydrogen carbonate
ions. The hydrogen ions combine very readily with haemoglobin to form a compound
known as . The effect of this is to increase
the release of oxygen from haemoglobin.
[Total 5 marks]
52.
Transpiration is the loss of water from plants by evaporation. The diagram below shows
a potometer, an apparatus used to estimate transpiration rates.
water
reservoir
leafy
shoot
screw clip
air bubble
scale
(a)
Transpiration itself is not measured directly by a potometer.

State what is measured by this apparatus.
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(b)
Describe how the apparatus should be set up to ensure that valid measurements
can be made.
In your answer, you should make clear how the steps in the process are
sequenced.
[7]
[Total 8 marks]
53.
A student investigated the transpiration rates of two different plants A and B.

The results of the investigation are shown in the table below.
reading
(i)
estimate of transpiration rate / arbitrary units

plant A
plant B
45
107
39
99
41
106
46
101
38
103
mean
42
Calculate the mean estimated transpiration rate for plant B.

Express your answer to the nearest whole number and write it in the shaded box
in the table.
[1]
(ii)
The student prepared a temporary slide of a transverse section through one of

the leaves. The figure below shows a diagram the student drew of the lower
epidermis from one of the leaves.
State from which plant, A or B, the leaf was taken. Explain your answer.
Plant ...............................................................................................................
Explanation .....................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 4 marks]
54.
In coastal regions, unusually high tides can cause flooding of land that is not normally
covered by sea water.
Explain how plants living in these regions would be affected by the change in water
potential () of the soil caused by such flooding.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[Total 4 marks]
55.
The diagram below represents the structure of the plasma (cell surface) membrane.
(i)
State the name given to the model of membrane structure shown in the diagram.
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Name the parts labelled A to D.

A .....................................................................................................................
B .....................................................................................................................
C .....................................................................................................................
D .....................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 5 marks]
56.
In this question, one mark is available for the quality of spelling, punctuation and
grammar.
Outline the roles of membranes at the surface of cells and within cells.
[9]
Quality of Written Communication [1]
[Total 10 marks]
57.
The diagram below is an electron micrograph of part of a cell from a human liver.
This cell is responsible for converting glucose in the body into glycogen for storage.
The glycogen can be seen as granules in the cytoplasm.
(i)
Identify the organelle labelled X in the diagram above.

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Suggest why liver cells of the type shown in the diagram contain many of these
organelles.
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 2 marks]
58.
The haploid number of chromosomes for a human is 23.

(i)
State the number of chromosomes present in the nucleus of the liver cell.
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Name the type of nuclear division that produced this liver cell.
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 2 marks]
59.
A student was studying the surface area to volume ratio of three unicellular organisms,
A, B and C, from the same habitat. The diagram below shows the three organisms and
some of the calculations the student made.
A
surface area / mm2
0.28
3.1
23
volume / mm3
0.02
0.59
11.3
surface area to
volume ratio
14:1
scale:
0.075 mm
2:1
Adapted data M Jones and G Jones, Advanced Biology, 1997, Cambridge University Press
(a)
(i)
Calculate the surface area to volume ratio for organism B to the nearest
whole number.
Write your answer in the shaded box in the table.
[1]
(ii)
By how many times does the surface area to volume ratio for organism C
differ from that for organism A?
................................................................................................................
[1]
(b)
The student determined the rate of oxygen uptake for the three organisms in cm3
of oxygen g1 h1. The student found that the results were:
1.0 cm3 g1 h1
0.5 cm3 g1 h1
7.0 cm3 g1 h1
State which of the three figures is most likely to be the value for the rate of
oxygen uptake for organism C.
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(c)
None of the organisms A, B or C has a transport system.

Explain why organisms larger than organism C need to have transport systems.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 6 marks]
60.
The diagram below shows the detailed structure of a small part of the mammalian lung.
(i)
State the name of the structure shown between lines D and E.

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
List three features of the structure which you have identified in (i) which make it
suitable for gas exchange.
1 ......................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
2 ......................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
3 ......................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 4 marks]
61.
The table below contains some terms or names of structures related to the mammalian
heart and circulatory system.
Complete the table by selecting the statement from the list A to I below that best
matches the term or structure in the table.
The first one has been done for you.
You may use each letter once, more than once or not at all.
term or structure
statement
a closed system
a double circulation
Purkyne tissue
fibrous tissue between the atria and the
ventricles
atrioventricular node (AVN)
sinoatrial node (SAN)
coronary artery
the blood flows in vessels
the left and right side of the heart contract at different times
transmits waves of excitation to the base of the heart
initiates the cardiac cycle
is unable to conduct waves of excitation
carries oxygen to the heart muscle
conducts waves of excitation over the walls of the ventricles
blood passes twice through the heart for one complete circuit of the body
delays transmission of the waves of excitation by about 0.1 s

[Total 6 marks]
62.
Below is a diagram of blood showing both red and white blood cells.
Complete the table below to give the name and function of the white blood cells
labelled J and K.
cell
name
function
[Total 4 marks]
63.
grammar.
Below is a diagram of blood showing both red and white blood cells.
Describe how red blood cells, such as those shown in the photograph, are adapted for
their function.
[6]
[Total 7 marks]
64.
Transpiration may be defined as the loss of water vapour by diffusion from a plant to its
environment.
The diagram below shows apparatus that can be used to estimate transpiration rates of
a leafy shoot.
water loss by transpiration
reservoir syringe
apparatus filled with water
capillary tube
graduated scale
meniscus
(i)
State the name of the apparatus shown in the diagram.

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
A student was told that any results gained by using the apparatus shown in the
diagram above are not measures of the actual transpiration rate, but only give
values from which transpiration can be estimated.
With reference to the definition of transpiration and the apparatus in the diagram
above, explain why the results gained by using the apparatus are not measures
of the actual transpiration rate.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
(iii)
Describe the precautions you would take when setting up and using the
apparatus shown in the diagram above in order to get valid readings from which
the transpiration rate can be estimated.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 8 marks]
65.
The diagram below shows the results gained from an experiment to compare the rates
of transpiration in two species, P and Q. Both species were kept under the same
conditions during the course of the experiment.
P
rate of
transpiration
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
midday
time of day / h
(i)
Give two possible explanations for the increase in the rate of transpiration in
both species P and Q over the course of the experiment.
1 ......................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
2 ......................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[4]
(ii)
Species P has smaller leaves than species Q. The student had predicted that the
rate of transpiration would be lower in P than in Q due to its smaller leaves.
Suggest and explain one possible reason why the results are not as the student
predicted.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 6 marks]
66.
Explain why it is important that red blood cells are stored in a solution with a suitable
water potential.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]
67.
(a)
The diagram below is a drawing of a vertical section of part of a dicotyledonous

leaf.
X
xylem
(i)
Use label lines and the letters P, E and C to indicate the following on the
diagram.
P
a palisade mesophyll cell
a lower epidermal cell
cuticle
[3]
(ii)
The distance XY represents an actual distance of 0.7 mm.

Calculate the magnification of the drawing. Show your working.
Answer = .........................................
[2]
(b)
Explain why xylem is described as a tissue.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 7 marks]
68.
Complete the table to show three ways in which prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
differ in the structure of their cells.
prokaryotic
eukaryotic
1 ...............................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
2 ...............................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
3 ...............................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
[Total 3 marks]
69.
(a)
Name the stage of the mitotic cell cycle in which each of the following takes
place:
(i)
chromosomes become visible as two chromatids

................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
DNA replicates
................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
nuclear envelope reforms.

................................................................................................................
[1]
(b)
During mitosis, chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell.

Describe what happens to chromosomes after this, until the nuclear envelope
reforms.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 7 marks]
70.
The different parts of the gaseous exchange system, such as the bronchi, show
structural adaptations to their functions. The diagram below shows a section through
the wall of a bronchus as seen with a light microscope.
(a)
(i)
State one function for each of the following components of the bronchus
wall.
goblet cell ...............................................................................................
................................................................................................................
cartilage .................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
State two ways in which the structure of the wall of the bronchus would be
different in a long-term smoker.
1 .............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
2 .............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[2]
(b)
Gaseous exchange occurs across the walls of the alveoli.

Explain why the walls of the alveoli contain elastic fibres.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
(c)
One feature of the disease emphysema is that the alveoli lose their elasticity.
Explain the effects of this loss of elasticity on the gaseous exchange system of a
person with emphysema.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 10 marks]
71.
The diagram below shows an artery lying on the surface of living heart muscle as seen
by an instrument called an endoscope. The lumen of the artery has become narrowed
at the point labelled Y.
The Forum on Ischaemic Heart Disease.

Reproduced by kind permission of Dr Graham Jackson,
Cardiology Unit, Guys and St Thomas Hospital.
(i)
Name the artery shown in the diagram.

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Explain how the lumen of the artery has become narrowed at point Y.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 3 marks]
72.
(i)
Suggest how doctors might treat a patient with narrowing of the arteries that
supply the heart muscle.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
Suggest two pieces of advice that a doctor might give to such a patient to try to
reduce the likelihood of further narrowing of the arteries.
1 ......................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
2 ......................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
73.
The diagram below shows the changes in the pressure of blood as it flows through
various parts of the mammalian blood system.
20
15
pressure
/ kPa
10
0
arteries
(a)
arterioles capillaries
venules
veins
The diagram shows that the pressure rises and falls in the arteries.
Explain what causes this rise and fall in pressure.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
(b)
The diagram shows that:
the rise and fall in pressure seen in the arteries is not evident by the time
the blood enters the capillaries
the pressure is much lower by the time the blood enters the capillaries.
Explain what causes the changes described above.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
(c)
Explain why it is important that the pressure is lower by the time blood reaches
the capillaries.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
(d)
The pressure in veins is very low. Explain how the blood in veins is returned to
the heart.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 9 marks]
74.
The figure below is a diagram showing some of the cells in the root of a dicotyledonous
plant.
A
root hair
several cells omitted
xylem vessel
(a)
Complete the table below by indicating which of the letters A to E indicates:
a cell from the endodermis
a cell from the phloem.

letter
endodermis
phloem
[2]
(b)
State two features of root hair cells which adapt them for water uptake.
1 ......................................................................................................................
2 ......................................................................................................................
[2]
(c)
grammar.
Plants absorb water from the soil via their roots.
Describe the pathways and mechanisms by which water passes from the soil to
the xylem vessels in the root.
[6]
(d)
After water has entered the xylem vessels in the root, it passes through them to
the rest of the plant.
Describe how two features of xylem vessels adapt them for water transport.
1 ......................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
2 ......................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 15 marks]
75.
The diagram below is a vertical section of the heart to show the position of certain
structures. The diagram also shows a minor heart defect called patent foramen ovale
(PFO).
atria
G
F
PFO
ventricles
Purkyne tissue
(a)
State the names of structures F and G.

F ......................................................................................................................
G .....................................................................................................................
[2]
(b)
The statements below were made to a group of students.

Explain why each statement is true.
(i)
The difference in thickness of the walls of the chambers, as shown by the

letters X, Y and Z, is related to the functions of the different chambers.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii)
Without the Purkyne tissue, blood would not be pumped out of the heart
efficiently.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[2]
(c)
Recent research has shown that there may be a link between migraines (severe
headaches) and the minor heart defect PFO. In PFO the small flap shown in the
diagram fails to close completely at birth.
Suggest how PFO might lead to a migraine.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 10 marks]
(a)
Two slightly different types of haemoglobin are found in mammals. Fetal

haemoglobin is found in the developing fetus, but is replaced by adult
haemoglobin. In humans, this replacement is completed by the time a baby is six
months old.
The diagram below shows the change in the percentage of each type of
haemoglobin for six months before birth and for eight months after birth.
100
fetal or adult haemoglobin / %
76.
80
60
40
20
0
6
0
birth
time before or after birth / months
State the percentage of adult haemoglobin present when the baby is two months
old.
Answer = ........................................%
[1]
(b)
(i)
Explain why it is essential that the fetus has a different type of haemoglobin
from the adult.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
(ii)
Explain why the change from fetal to adult haemoglobin seen in the
diagram above is essential after birth.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[5]
[Total 6 marks]
77.
Use the most appropriate terms to complete the paragraph below about the transport of
gases in the blood.
Respiring tissues in the body produce carbon dioxide which diffuses into the blood.
Most of it then enters red blood cells where an enzyme named ......................................
................................................ catalyses a reaction to produce .................................... .
This dissociates rapidly into hydrogen ions and ...................................................... ions.
The hydrogen ions combine very readily with haemoglobin to form a compound known
as ........................................................ . There are two effects of this reaction.
1
Hydrogen ions are removed from the blood making it less acidic.
As haemoglobin picks up the hydrogen ions it releases ....................................... .

[Total 5 marks]
78.
The table below shows the approximate size and number of stomata in the leaves of
three plant species.
The data were collected by taking photographs of pieces of leaf placed under a
microscope. The length and width of a large number of stomata visible on the
photographs were measured.
mean
number
of stomata
per
mm2 on
lower
epidermis
mean length
of fully open
stomata / m
mean width of fully

open stomata / m
mean area
available for
water loss
through fully open
stomata / m2
per mm2
Phaseolus
vulgaris (bean)
281
5 901
Hedera helix
(ivy)
158
11
6 952
Triticum sp.
(wheat)
14
18
1 764
species
(a)
(i)
Explain why a large number of stomata are measured in order to calculate

a mean.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
Suggest two ways in which photographing the leaf surfaces makes

measuring the stomata easier.
1 .............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
2 .............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
79.
The diagram below is a drawing of an organelle from a ciliated cell as seen with an
electron microscope.
A
20 000
(i)
Name the organelle shown in the diagram.

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
State the function of this organelle.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii)
State why ciliated cells contain relatively large numbers of these organelles.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(iv)
Calculate the actual length of the organelle as shown by the line AB in the
diagram. Express your answer to the nearest micrometer (m).
Show your working.
Answer = ........................................... m
[2]
[Total 6 marks]
80.
The diagram below is a drawing of an organelle from a ciliated cell as seen with an
electron microscope.
A
20 000
An image drawn to the same magnification as in the diagram could be produced using
a light microscope.
Explain why such an image would be of little use when studying cells.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]
81.
The figure below is a diagram showing the transport of a protein-rich solid particle into
an animal cell.
plasma (cell surface) membrane
1
protein-rich solid particle
2
cytoplasm
nucleus
lysosome
vacuole
(i)
Name the method of transport shown in stages 1 to 4 in the figure.

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Describe what happens within the vacuole after it fuses with the lysosome.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 4 marks]
82.
Ovary cells contain large amounts of endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

Suggest the importance of this in using these cells for the production of Factor VIII.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]
83.
The diagram below shows drawings of nuclei, A to D, from two different plant species
seen in the prophase stage of mitosis.
(a)
On drawing A, one of a pair of homologous chromosomes has been shaded.

Shade in the other member of the pair.
[1]
(b)
(i)
Name the stage in mitosis that immediately follows prophase.

................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Describe the behaviour of the chromosomes in this stage.

................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[2]
(c)
The diploid number for crocus, Crocus balansae, is 6 and the diploid number for
broad bean, Vicia faba, is 12.
State which of the drawings, A, B, C or D, shown in the diagram, represents the
following:
haploid cell of broad bean ..............................................................
root tip cell of crocus
..............................................................
[2]
[Total 6 marks]
84.
(a)
Fig. 1 represents the appearance of a plant cell in salt solutions of three different
concentrations.
Fig. 1
(i)
State which of the diagrams, J to L, represents a fully plasmolysed cell.

................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Suggest why the vacuole in K is smaller than that in L.

................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
Region S contains salt solution. State what this indicates about the
permeability of the cell wall.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[1]
(b)
(i)
The list below shows three different values for water potential () in plant
cells. Underline the water potential () which has the lowest value.
=0
= 1300 kPa
= 1150 kPa
[1]
(ii)
Fig. 2 is a diagram that shows four neighbouring spongy mesophyll cells

from the leaf of a dicotyledonous plant. The water potential of the
cytoplasm of the cells is shown in each case.
Fig. 2
Draw arrows on Fig. 2 to show the net flow of water between the cells.
[3]
[Total 7 marks]
85.
State three features of the lung, visible in the photograph below, that permit efficient
exchange of gases.
1 ...............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
3 ...............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[Total 3 marks]
86.
The diagram below shows the trace from a spirometer. A spirometer is a device
designed to measure the volume of air entering and leaving the lungs. A chamber in
the spirometer contains soda lime to absorb the carbon dioxide released from
respiration. The measurements shown were recorded from a healthy 16 year old
student at rest.
4
3
volume of
air in
spirometer
/ dm3 2
0 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
time / s
(i)
Calculate the mean tidal volume in the first 20 seconds.

Express your answer to two decimal places. Show your working
Answer = ............................................... dm3

[2]
(ii)
At a certain point, the student was asked to breathe in as deeply as possible and
then breathe out as much as possible. The resulting change in the trace is shown
in the diagram as X.
State the term given to measurement X.
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 3 marks]
87.
A student was told by a teacher that the surface area to volume ratio (SA:V ratio) of an
organism varies according to its size. The student decided to investigate this using two
spheres, A and B, as models of organisms of different sizes. These are shown in the
table below. The surface area and volume of each sphere were calculated.
sphere A
sphere B
diameter/ cm
surface area/ cm2
3.14
28.27
volume / cm3
0.52
14.14
(a)
(i)
The student calculated the SA:V ratio of sphere B as 2:1. Calculate the
SA:V ratio of sphere A. Show your working.
Answer = ...............................................................
[2]
(ii)
Describe how the SA:V ratio changes as the size of the sphere increases.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[2]
(b)
The teacher also told the student that differences in the SA:V ratio, such as those
seen between sphere A and sphere B, have influenced the need for transport
systems.
Explain how such differences have influenced the need for transport systems in
mammals.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
(c)
There are several parts of the mammalian body where the surface area is
relatively large to allow effective functioning.
State one example of such a part of the mammalian body.
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 8 marks]
88.
The diagram below shows the pressure changes in the aorta, left ventricle and left
atrium during one cardiac cycle.
key
16
14
aorta
left ventricle
left atrium
12
10
8
H
blood 6
pressure
/ kPa 4
E
C
0
2
0.80
time / s
In the table below, match up each statement with an appropriate letter from A to H on
the diagram. One has been done for you.
You may use each letter once, more than once or not at all.
statement
semilunar (aortic) valve starting to open
letter
A
atrio-ventricular (bicuspid) valve about to open

semilunar (aortic) valve about to close
atrio-ventricular (bicuspid) valve about to close
left ventricle starting to contract
both left atrium and left ventricle relaxing
minimum blood volume in left ventricle
[Total 6 marks]
89.
Complete the following paragraph on the control of the cardiac cycle using the most
appropriate word or words.
Heart wall muscle is a special type of muscle called .............................. muscle. This
muscle can contract or relax without nervous stimulation and is thus described as
..................................................... . To ensure that the cardiac cycle stays in sequence
there is an in-built control mechanism. The wall of the right atrium contains a special
region of muscle called the .................................................... which sets up a wave of
electrical activity causing the atrial walls to contract almost simultaneously. There is a
band of fibres between the atria and ventricles which ........................................ the
wave of activity passing to the ventricle walls. The wave of activity is picked up by the
.......................................................... situated in the septum at the junction of the atria
and ventricles. The wave of activity then passes down the septum in the
.............................................................. causing the ventricles to contract.
[Total 6 marks]
90.
The changes in electrical activity that occur in the muscle of the heart wall during the
cardiac cycle can be recorded as an electrocardiogram (ECG).
Fig. 1 shows a normal ECG.
P represents activity in the atrial walls.
R represents the contraction of the ventricles.
T represents the recovery of the ventricle walls.
Fig. 2 shows an ECG from a person who has entered a condition known as fibrillation.
Fibrillation should be treated rapidly to increase the chances of survival.

R
electrical change
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
time/ s
Fig. 1
electrical change
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
time/ s
Fig. 2
Using the information in Figs. 1 and 2, suggest why a person with a fibrillating heart is
unlikely to survive for long if not treated.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]
91.
The diagram below is a vertical section through part of a leaf of a dicotyledonous plant.
Reproduced by kind permission of D.G. Mackean
Complete the table below to identify xylem and phloem from the tissues labelled E to I.
tissue
letter
xylem
phloem
[Total 2 marks]
92.
(i)
Define the term transpiration.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
Explain why transpiration in plants cannot be avoided.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
(iii)
The leaves of xerophytes show a variety of modifications that are not shown in
the diagram below.
For instance, they may be covered in epidermal hairs.
Reproduced by kind permission of D.G. Mackean
Explain how a covering of leaf epidermal hairs helps xerophytes survive in their
habitat.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 7 marks]
93.
grammar.
Explain how water travels up the stem and into the leaf of a dicotyledonous plant.
[6]
[Total 7 marks]
94.
Fig. 1 shows the effect of two different partial pressures of carbon dioxide on the
dissociation curve for haemoglobin.
100
80
partial pressure CO2

5.3 kPa
% saturation of
haemoglobin 60
with oxygen
partial pressure CO2
10.7 kPa
40
20
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
partial pressure of oxygen / kPa
Fig. 1
11
12
(a)
(i)
Name the effect illustrated by the two curves.

................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
The steepest part of each curve in Fig. 1 is between the oxygen partial
pressures of 2 and 5 kPa.
Explain why it is important that this is so.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii)
Explain how the effect of increasing the partial pressure of carbon dioxide
from 5.3 to 10.7 kPa ensures a greater delivery of oxygen to exercising
muscle tissue.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[2]
(b)
The effect shown in Fig. 2 also increases the delivery of oxygen to exercising
muscle tissue.
100
temperature 37C
80
60
% saturation of
haemoglobin
40
with oxygen
temperature 45C
20
0
10
12

Taken from 'Advanced Human Biology' by J. Simpkins and J.I. Williams
Fig 12.21, p233 (ISBN 0713527692)
Fig. 2
Suggest how exercising muscle tissue can bring about the changes seen in
Fig. 2.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 7 marks]
95.
The figure below shows several stages in the life cycle of the water flea, Daphnia.
C
male
gametes
mitosis
growth
meiosis
zygotes E
meiosis
mitosis
female mitosis
gametes
B
D
female
eggs
favourable conditions
In favourable conditions, all the individuals in a population are females, A.
These females produce eggs, B, by mitosis which develop into further females.
In unfavourable conditions, eggs are produced by meiosis and develop without

fertilisation into either males, C, or females, D.
Gametes are produced by mitosis from C and D.
The resultant zygotes, E, develop a protective case which enables them to

survive unfavourable conditions.
When favourable conditions return, these zygotes develop into young females.
(i)
State which of the stages, A to E, contain individuals with the diploid number of
chromosomes.
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Explain why the females in stage A show greater variation than the females in
stage D.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii)
Explain why gametes are produced by mitosis from males C and females D.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 5 marks]
96.
The diagram below is a drawing of an alveolus together with an associated blood

capillary.
(i)
State a feature, visible in the diagram, which shows that squamous epithelial
cells are eukaryotic.
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
State why squamous epithelium is described as a tissue.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
State two features of a gas exchange surface, such as the lining of the alveolus.
1 ......................................................................................................................
2 ......................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
97.

capillary.
The line AB in the diagram represents an actual distance of 1.5 m.

Calculate the magnification of the drawing. Show your working.
Answer = .................................................
[Total 2 marks]
98.

capillary.
grammar.
When passing from the alveolus to cell X, oxygen diffuses through cell membranes.
Describe how other molecules or ions cross a plasma (cell surface) membrane by
active transport and facilitated diffusion.
You should refer to the structure of the plasma (cell surface) membrane in your
answer.
[7]
[Total 8 marks]
99.
Complete the following passage by inserting the most suitable terms in the blank
spaces.
Mitosis is a type of nuclear division and can be observed using a light microscope. In
the first stage, known as ................................................. , the chromosomes become
visible. Each chromosome is seen as two chromatids joined at the
................................................. .
The nuclear ................................................. breaks down, a spindle is formed and the
.......................................... line up at the equator.
During the stage known as ................................................. the chromatids separate, one of
each pair moving to opposite ................................................. of the spindle.
Separate nuclei are formed. The cytoplasm is then shared between the daughter cells
in a process known as ................................................. .
These two cells are ................................................. identical.
[Total 8 marks]
100. A number of definitions are listed in the table below.

In the right hand column, write a term that best matches the definition in the left hand
column. The first one has been done for you.
The type of B cell which secretes antibodies.
plasma cell
The term which refers to any organism that causes

infectious disease.
Diseases which cause a progressive deterioration of part
of the body.
The type of exercise that uses the heart and lungs to
provide oxygen for respiration in muscles.
The volume of air breathed in or out during a single
breath.
A term used to describe a disease that spreads across
continents.
[Total 5 marks]
101. Below is a diagram of a cross section of an organ from a dicotyledonous plant showing
some of the tissues.
A
B
C
D
(i)
Name the plant organ shown in the diagram above.

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
State which of the regions A to D is phloem tissue.

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 2 marks]
102. (a)
From the list below, circle the carbohydrate that is transported in phloem.
auxin
fructose
glucose
glycine
glycogen
starch
sucrose
[1]
(b)
Phloem is responsible for the transport of carbohydrate in plants. The diagram

below shows the structure of the cells in phloem.
A-level Biology, page 362 Fig. 31.10A,

by W D Phillips and T J Chilton,
published by Oxford University Press,
1989. (ISBN 0 19 914089 8)
(i)
Name the cells P and Q in the diagram.

P .............................................................................................................
Q ............................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
Outline how P and Q are involved in the transport of carbohydrate in

phloem.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 6 marks]
103. Carbohydrate moves from regions of plants called sources to regions called sinks.
Explain how, at different times, the same plant root may be a source or a sink.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]
104. (a)
The diagram below shows some mammalian blood vessels in cross section.
Vessel X is an artery. Its magnification is given on the diagram.
Calculate the actual width of the vessel in mm between points E and F. Show
your working and express your answer to the nearest whole number.
Answer = mm
[2]
(b)
In this question, one mark is available for the quality of use and organisation of
scientific terms.
Describe how the structure of an artery is related to its function.
You may refer to features visible in the diagram above to help in your answer.
[6]
[Total 9 marks]
105. Complete the following passage on water uptake by the root using the most
appropriate word or words.
Water moves from the soil to the xylem in the root down a ..............................................
gradient.
The root hairs provide a large surface area for water uptake and once water has been
taken up it crosses to the xylem by two pathways. The ..............................................
pathway goes via the cell walls but is blocked at the .............................................. by
the ........................................................................... . The other route involves the water
crossing cell membranes by the process of osmosis and entering the cytoplasm. This is
called the .............................................. pathway.
[Total 5 marks]
106. The table below contains information about various components of the mammalian
circulatory system.
blood in
aorta
red blood cells
tissue
fluid
many
white blood cells
some
glucose concentration
high
high
pressure
high
low
(a)
(i)
lymph
blood in
vena cava
none
many
some
many
high
low
Complete each of the shaded boxes in the table with the most appropriate
word.
[4]
(ii)
Explain the differences recorded in the table for glucose and pressure.
glucose ...................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
pressure .................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[4]
(b)
The blood also contains hydrogen carbonate ions (HCO3). Describe how these
ions are formed in the blood.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 11 marks]
107. The diagram below shows an external view of a human heart as seen from the front.
aorta
S
T
U
(i)
Name the structures T and U.

T ......................................................................................................................
U .....................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
Suggest the consequences of a blockage at point S as shown on the diagram.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
108. Figs. 1 and 2 are diagrams to show the internal structure of the heart and its associated
circulatory system in a simplified form. Fig. 1 represents the system for a mammal and
Fig. 2 that for a frog (an amphibian).
capillaries in
lungs
capillaries in
lungs
capillaries in
rest of body
capillaries in
rest of body
mammal
frog
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Both systems are described as closed systems. The mammalian system is also
described as a complete double circulation but the frog as a partial double circulation.
(i)
State what is meant by a closed system.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Use the information in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 to suggest why the mammalian system is
called a complete double circulation whilst that of the frog is called a partial
double circulation.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
(iii)
Suggest why the system shown for the frog may be less effective at supplying the
body tissues with oxygen.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 6 marks]
109. Lugworms are common animals that burrow in the sand of the seashore, just above the
low tidemark. They are found where there is mild wave action and where the sand is
rich in organic matter. The main external features of a lugworm are shown in Fig. 1.
mouth
gills
Fig. 1
Each lugworm makes a U-shaped burrow which reaches the surface in two places, as
shown in Fig. 2.
arrows show the direction of
water movement
yellow sand
dark sand
mouth of the lugworm
Fig. 2
While the beach is covered by the tide, the lugworm moves its body so that a current of
seawater passes down the burrow, over the worm and up through the porous sand, in
the direction shown. These ventilation movements allow water to flow slowly past the
tufts of gills. The gills are feathery outgrowths of the body wall and appear dark red
because they contain many small blood vessels.
A lugworms blood plasma has a high concentration of haemoglobin dissolved in it.
There are no red blood cells. Fig. 3 shows dissociation curves for lugworm
haemoglobin and for human haemoglobin.
100
% saturation
90
of
haemoglobin
with oxygen 80
lugworm
haemoglobin
human
haemoglobin
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
11
12
13
14
partial pressure
of oxygen / kPa
Fig. 3
(a)
Describe and explain one way in which the dissociation curve for lugworm
haemoglobin differs from that for human haemoglobin.
difference ........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
explanation ......................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
(b)
grammar.
Describe the similarities and differences between the adaptations for gas
exchange and transport of oxygen in mammals and lugworms.
You will gain credit for using information given in question 4.
[7]
[Total 12 marks]
110. Below is a drawing of an animal cell as seen under an electron microscope.
Complete the following table by:
identifying the parts of the cell A to E
naming the part of the cell responsible for the function stated.
The first one has been done for you.

function
controls activities of the
cell
part of cell
label
nucleus
carries out aerobic

respiration
attaches to mRNA in
protein synthesis
produces secretory
vesicles
contains digestive
enzymes
[Total 8 marks]
111. Plants take up nitrate ions and water from the soil into the roots.
(i)
State one way in which root hairs are adapted to increase uptake.
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
State one method used by root hairs to take up nitrate ions.

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
Outline the process by which water enters the cells of the root from the soil.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
112. Four light micrographs of onion cells undergoing mitosis are shown below.
Biophoto Associates
In this question, one mark is available for the quality of the use and organisation of
scientific terms.
Outline what happens to chromosomes during the mitotic cell cycle.
You will gain credit if you refer to the labelled cells in the micrographs.
[9]
[Total 10 marks]
113. The diagram below is a drawing of a transverse section of part of a bronchiole from a
healthy lung.
(i)
Name tissues X and Y.

X ......................................................................................................................
Y ......................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
Identify structure Z.
Z ......................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 3 marks]
114. In this question, one mark is available for the quality of spelling, punctuation and
grammar.
Describe how the tissues in the gaseous exchange system contribute to the functioning
of the lungs.
[8]
[Total 9 marks]
115. Flowering plants have two tissues to transport materials, xylem and phloem. The
diagram below shows the outline of a transverse section of the root of a
dicotyledonous flowering plant.
Sketch in and label the areas occupied by the xylem and phloem.
[Total 2 marks]
116. The diagram below is a scanning electron micrograph of some xylem vessels.
Biophoto Associates
Select two features that are visible in the electron micrograph and explain how
these features help with the functioning of xylem vessels.
feature 1 ...................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
feature 2 ...................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[Total 4 marks]
117. Various hypotheses for the mechanism of transport in phloem have been suggested.
One hypothesis proposes that movement between sources and sinks occurs entirely
passively by the process of mass flow.
The diagram below shows a physical model to illustrate the principle of mass flow.
tube
water
sugar
solution
(i)
sink
rigid partially permeable

membranes
water
Give an example in plants of:

a source ..........................................................................................................
a sink ...............................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
Use the information in the diagram to explain how mass flow of materials
between the source and the sink would be brought about.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 6 marks]
118. There is evidence that sugar transport from sources to sinks in plants does not only
involve passive movement by mass flow. There is also an active part to the
mechanism.
(i)
State one piece of evidence for the involvement of an active process.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Describe an active mechanism which could possibly be involved in the transport

of sugars from sources to sinks.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 4 marks]
119. Use the most appropriate terms to complete the paragraph below about the role of
haemoglobin.
Haemoglobin is a pigment found in the blood of mammals which has an important role
in the transport of respiratory gases. Each haemoglobin molecule contains haem
groups. In the lungs, oxygen binds with the atom of in each
haem group. The maximum number of molecules of oxygen that can be carried by one
molecule of haemoglobin is . In areas like muscle tissue where
the partial pressure of oxygen is low, oxygen dissociates from the haem group. This
dissociation is increased by the presence of carbon dioxide; this is called the
. Most of the carbon dioxide produced in
respiring tissues diffuses into the red blood cells where the enzyme
catalyses a reaction leading to the production of hydrogen ions
and hydrogen carbonate ions. The hydrogen ions combine very readily with
haemoglobin to form a compound known as .
The effect of this is to increase the release of oxygen from haemoglobin.
[Total 5 marks]
120. The diagram below shows a mammal and a unicellular organism. The transport system
in mammals is a double circulatory system driven by a pump (the heart), whilst
unicellular organisms have no need for special transport systems.
(i)
Explain what is meant by a double circulatory system.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
Explain two reasons why mammals need a circulatory system whilst unicellular
organisms, such as that shown in the diagram, do not.
first reason ......................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
second reason ................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 6 marks]
121. The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events which makes up one heart beat. The
diagram below shows the events in the heart during one heart beat. The heart is
viewed from the side.
X
grammar.
Using the information in the diagram, describe the sequence of events involved in one
heart beat.
You may annotate X, Y and Z in the diagram to help your answer. (Do not describe
how the beat is initiated and controlled.)
[6]
[Total 7 marks]
122. (a)
Fig. 1 shows the changes in blood pressure as blood flows through various parts
of the mammalian blood system.
25
pressure / kPa
20
15
10
0
A
region of blood system
Fig. 1
(i)
Calculate the drop in blood pressure from the start of region B to the end
of region D. Show your working.
Answer = kPa
[2]
(ii)
Explain what brings about the drop in pressure between B and D.

................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii)
Suggest why it is important that the pressure in region C is not as great as

the pressure in region A.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[2]
(b)
Fig. 2 shows the structure of part of a capillary.
Fig. 2
(i)
State which of the regions A to E shown on Fig. 1 represents the

capillaries.
................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Select two structural features of capillaries and explain how each feature
helps with the exchange of materials between the blood and the tissue
fluid.
feature ....................................................................................................
role in exchange .....................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
feature ....................................................................................................
role in exchange .....................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 11 marks]
123. The diagram below is of a plant cell.
Name the parts of the cell labelled A to D.

A ..............................................................................................................................
B ..............................................................................................................................
C ..............................................................................................................................
D ..............................................................................................................................
[Total 4 marks]
124. An experiment was carried out in which an artificial membrane was used to form the
boundary of a model of a cell. A solution of different sugars was placed inside this cell,
which was then placed in a beaker containing a solution of sucrose and glucose.
The artificial membrane is:
permeable to monosaccharides (e.g. glucose and fructose) and water;

not permeable to disaccharides (e.g. maltose and sucrose);
flexible.
The diagram below shows the cell, together with the concentrations of the sugars
inside the cell and in the surrounding solution. The figures represent the concentration
in mol dm-3.
'cell'
sucrose
glucose
fructose
maltose
0.20
0.01
0.01
0.01
surrounding
solution
sucrose
glucose
(a)
(i)
0.65
0.04
State which sugar or sugars will show a net movement out of the cell.
................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
State which sugar or sugars will show a net movement into the cell.
................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
Name the method by which these sugars cross the membrane.

................................................................................................................
[1]
(iv)
Explain why the volume of the cell would change during the experiment.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[4]
(b)
The artificial membrane used in this experiment does not resemble a plasma
(cell surface) membrane in all respects.
State one method by which substances would be unable to cross the artificial
membrane.
................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 8 marks]
125. State two functions of mitosis.

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]
126. Name the stage of mitotic cell division during which each of the following takes place.
(i)
Nuclear envelope reforms.

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Chromosomes align at equator.

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
Chromosomes become visible.

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(iv)
Chromatids move towards the poles.

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(v)
Spindle microtubules shorten.

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 5 marks]
127. Many human proteins are attached to specific sugars that are important in the
functioning of the protein. Some of these proteins are found in the plasma (cell surface)
membrane. The diagram below represents a protein of this type.
Key:
chain of sugars
amino acid
outside
phospholipid
bilayer
inside
(i)
What name is given to proteins with sugars attached?

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
State one function of this type of protein in plasma (cell surface) membranes.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 2 marks]
128. Transpiration is the loss of water from plants by evaporation. The diagram below shows
water
reservoir
leafy shoot
screw clip
air bubble
scale
(i)
Describe how the apparatus should be set up to ensure that valid measurements
can be obtained.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[4]
(ii)
Transpiration itself is not measured by the potometer. State precisely what is

measured by using the apparatus.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 5 marks]
129. Transpiration is the loss of water from plants by evaporation. The diagram below shows
water
reservoir
leafy shoot
screw clip
air bubble
scale
(a)
A student investigated transpiration rates of a plant under two conditions, A and

B, in the laboratory using a potometer. In both cases the temperature, the
humidity, and the duration were the same. A fan was placed next to the
potometer and was turned on for condition B, but not for condition A.
reading
(i)
estimate of transpiration rate / arbitrary units

condition A
condition B
45
107
39
99
41
106
46
101
38
103
mean
42
Calculate the mean estimated transpiration rate for condition B. Express your
answer to the nearest whole number and write it in the table above.
[1]
(ii)
Explain why the mean estimated transpiration rate for condition B is greater than
that for condition A.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
(b)
The student wanted to compare the rates of transpiration of two species of plant
using the potometer shown in the diagram.
Suggest what the student would need to do in order to get a valid comparison of
the rates of transpiration of the two species.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 6 marks]
130. (a)
Oxygen is carried around the bodies of mammals, bound reversibly to the

pigment haemoglobin. The pigment is found in both adult and fetal red blood
cells.
The graph below shows the dissociation curves for maternal and fetal
oxyhaemoglobin.
100
80
fetal
60
saturation of
haemoglobin
with oxygen / %
40
maternal
20
0
0
10
12
(i)
State the difference in the percentage saturation of haemoglobin with

oxygen between the fetal and the maternal blood at an oxygen partial
pressure of 3 kPa.
................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Explain why the difference between the two curves is essential for the
survival of the fetus.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[4]
(b)
After birth, the adult form of haemoglobin gradually replaces the fetal form of
haemoglobin.
Suggest why this is necessary.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 7 marks]
131. The diagram below shows the internal structure of the mammalian heart and
associated blood vessels.
A
vena cava
septum
Purkyne tissue
(i)
State the name of structures A and B.

A .....................................................................................................................
B .....................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
Use arrows on the diagram to show the direction of blood flow through the left
side of the heart.
[1]
(iii)
Suggest how the heart would be affected if the Purkyne tissue ceased to
function.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
(iv)
The septum shown on the diagram completely separates the left and right sides
of the heart.
Explain why it is important that the two sides of the heart are completely
separated.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 7 marks]
132. In this question, one mark is available for the quality of spelling, punctuation and
grammar.
The diagram below shows the internal structure of the mammalian heart and
associated blood vessels.
A
vena cava
septum
Purkyne tissue
Veins, such as the vena cava shown on the figure above, all have a similar structure.
Describe the structure of veins and explain how their structure is related to their
function.
[6]
[Total 7 marks]
133. Xerophytes are plants that are adapted for survival in areas where there is not much
water available in the soil.
Xerophytes are usually found in habitats where the soil water potential is about
50 kPa.
Explain why the cell contents of the roots of xerophytes must have a water potential
lower (more negative) than 50 kPa if the plants are to survive in these habitats.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]
134. Xerophytes are plants that are adapted for survival in areas where there is not much
water available in the soil.
Xerophytes have various modifications that reduce water loss from their leaves.
State two such adaptations that reduce water loss and explain how the reduction in
loss is achieved.
adaptation 1 .............................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
adaptation 2 .............................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[Total 4 marks]
135. Mammals exchange respiratory gases via their lungs, whose surface area is greatly
enlarged by the presence of many alveoli.
Below is a diagram showing part of the wall of an alveolus and an associated capillary.
Describe the mechanism by which oxygen gets from point X on the diagram to the red
blood cells.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]
136. Mammals exchange respiratory gases via their lungs, whose surface area is greatly
enlarged by the presence of many alveoli.
Below is a diagram showing part of the wall of an alveolus and an associated capillary.
(a)
Once in the red blood cells, the oxygen is picked up by haemoglobin. Explain
how two features of red blood cells, other than the presence of haemoglobin,
make them efficient in the collection of oxygen and its transport to the tissues.
feature 1 ..........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
feature 2 ..........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[4]
(b)
In addition to the red blood cells shown in the diagram, various types of white
blood cell can be found in the blood system. Some of these white blood cells are
lymphocytes.
Describe one feature that would allow you to identify a white blood cell as a
lymphocyte when viewed with a light microscope.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 5 marks]
137. Below is a plan diagram of tissues in a transverse section of a dicotyledonous leaf.

B
A
The actual thickness of the leaf along the line EF is 0.6 mm.
Calculate the magnification of the diagram. Show your working.
Magnification = ..................................
[Total 2 marks]
138. The diagram below represents the structure of the plasma (cell surface) membrane.
(i)
State one function of the parts labelled J to M.

J ......................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
K .....................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
L ......................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
M .....................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[4]
(ii)
Circle the most appropriate measurement for the actual width of this membrane.
0.07 m
7 nm
0.0007 mm
7 m
[1]
[Total 5 marks]
139. Endocytosis is one method by which substances enter cells.

Describe the process of endocytosis.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[Total 3 marks]
140. Some single-celled organisms live in estuaries where the concentration of salt changes
regularly.
Explain, in terms of water potential, the problem faced by these organisms.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]
141. Read the following passage carefully, then answer the questions below.
Rhizobium is a bacterium that is closely associated with the roots of certain

plants known as legumes. These plants produce chemicals to attract the
bacteria and extra root hairs are produced. The bacteria attach to the surface
of the root hairs. Chemical links are formed between a complex
polysaccharide on the bacterial surface and lectin, a protein, formed by the
plants. The bacteria penetrate the cell walls of the root hairs and enter the
cells. The presence of the bacteria stimulates the cells of the root to divide,
forming swellings known as nodules.
15
The bacteria produce an enzyme, nitrogenase, that is the catalyst for the
conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia. The bacteria use carbon compounds
manufactured by the plant to respire, making energy available for this
conversion. The ammonia is then used to form amino acids. Nitrogenase only
functions in low oxygen concentrations. The root cells produce a pigment,
leghaemoglobin, that is very similar to haemoglobin. Leghaemoglobin absorbs
oxygen, leaving low concentrations in the nodules.
(i)
Rhizobium is a prokaryotic organism.
10
State one characteristic that is typical of prokaryotes, but not of eukaryotes.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Lectin (line 5) and polysaccharides are compounds that are formed from small
molecules joined together by chemical bonds.
Explain how the small molecules are joined together to form these compounds.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
(iii)
Leghaemoglobin contains the same metal element as haemoglobin.

Name this metal element.
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(iv)
State the names of two proteins, other than lectin, mentioned in the passage.
1 ......................................................................................................................
2 ......................................................................................................................
[2]
(v)
Name the process that occurs in Rhizobium to convert nitrogen gas into
ammonia.
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(vi)
It has been suggested that oxygen is an inhibitor of nitrogenase.

Explain one way in which oxygen could act as an inhibitor.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 10 marks]
142. Many small animals rely on diffusion across outer surfaces of their bodies for gas
exchange. Mammals have lungs for gas exchange. The diagram below shows the
structure of part of a mammalian lung and associated airways.
Taken from 'Advanced Human Biology' by J. Simpkins and J.I. Williams

Fig 12.21, p233 (ISBN 0713527692)
(a)
(i)
Name structure X.
................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Describe the process by which gases are exchanged at X.

................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[3]
(b)
Explain why mammals have large numbers of structure X in their lungs.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 6 marks]
143. The diagram below shows the formation and drainage of tissue fluid in a mammal.
(a)
(i)
Complete the table to give three differences between tissue fluid and
blood.
tissue fluid
blood
[3]
(ii)
Name the type of vessel labelled P in the diagram.

................................................................................................................
[1]
(b)
In this question, one mark is available for the quality of written communication.
Describe how tissue fluid is formed at R and drained at S and T.
Credit will be given if you use information from the diagram.
[6]
(c)
Suggest what could happen in the tissues of a person if the drainage at S and T
was inefficient.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 13 marks]
144. Fig. 1 shows the distribution of some of the tissues in a transverse section of a plant
organ. Fig. 2 is a photograph showing details of two cells, D and E, from one of the
tissues.
A
B
D
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
(a)
Name the plant organ shown in Fig. 1

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(b)
Name the tissue shown in Fig. 2.

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(c)
State in which region, A to C of Fig. 1, you would expect to find the tissue shown
in Fig. 2.
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(d)
Complete the table below by:
stating three features or properties of cells D or E in Fig. 2 which adapt

them to their function;
explaining how the features or properties you have given help the tissue to
carry out its function.
Make it clear in your answer which cell, D or E, you are describing for each
feature you give.
feature or property
how the feature or property helps the tissue

to carry out its function
[6]
[Total 9 marks]
145. The photograph below shows some plants growing in desert conditions. Such plants
are known as xerophytes.
Suggest how each of the following features of xerophytic plants helps them to survive
in their habitat.
(a)
The stomata are shut during the day and open at night.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(b)
The leaves of some plants are reduced to spines or needles.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(c)
The epidermis may be covered by hairs.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[Total 6 marks]
146. Haemoglobin is a pigment which can combine with oxygen and is found in red blood
cells.
The graph below shows the sigmoid (S-shaped) dissociation curve for maternal
haemoglobin.
100
80
haemoglobin
saturation/%
60
40
20
9 10 11 12
partial pressure of
oxygen / kPa
Data from Exchange and Transport, Fig. 158, p.85, by ABAL.
Published by Cambridge University Press, 1984 (ISBN 0 521 2882 3).
(i)
Using the graph, state the likely partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary vein
leaving the lungs and in a vein leaving a muscle during strenuous exercise.
pulmonary vein ......................... kPa
vein leaving a muscle during strenuous exercise ................................. kPa
[2]
(ii)
On the graph, sketch the curve for fetal haemoglobin.

[2]
(iii)
Using the graph, explain why it is important that fetal haemoglobin and maternal
haemoglobin are different.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 7 marks]
147. Buffers are substances that regulate pH by releasing or accepting hydrogen ions (H+).
Haemoglobin acts as a buffer in the blood.
(i)
Describe how the production of carbon dioxide during respiration leads to a

higher concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(ii)
Describe how haemoglobin acts to reduce the concentration of hydrogen ions in

the blood.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[Total 4 marks]
148. State the word or phrase that best describes a structure made up of different types of
tissue working together to perform a particular function.
..................................................................................................................................
[Total 1 mark]
149. State the word or phrase that best describes the ability of a microscope to distinguish
between two separate points.
..................................................................................................................................
[Total 1 mark]
150. (a)
Describe the role of mitosis.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
Below is a diagram that shows the stages of the mitotic cell cycle.
(b)
(i)
Which processes must occur in a cell during interphase before mitosis can
take place?
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii)
Draw an arrow on the diagram to indicate the sequence in which the stages
occur during the mitotic cell cycle.
[1]
(c)
Name the stage of mitosis shown in the diagram in which each of the following
events occurs.
(i)
Chromosomes split at centromeres.

................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Chromosomes become visible.

................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
Nuclear envelope re-forms.

................................................................................................................
[1]
(iv)
Chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell.

................................................................................................................
[1]
(v)
Chromosomes line up along the equator of the spindle.

................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 12 marks]
151. The following table compares some of the features of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic
animal cells.
Complete the table by placing a tick ( ) or a cross (
been done for you.
prokaryotic cells
) in each box. The first one has
eukaryotic animal cells
DNA present
nuclear envelope
(membrane) present
cell wall present
plasmids present in
cytoplasm
naked DNA present
[Total 4 marks]
152. In this question, one mark is available for the quality of written communication.
Plant cells are also eukaryotic.
Outline the function(s) of each part of a plant cell.
(Allow one and a half lined pages).
[9]
[Total 10 marks]
153. Red blood cells of mammals respond to changes in the concentration of salts in the
fluid that surrounds them. If they are placed in a solution that has a lower concentration
of salts than blood plasma, they swell and may burst. This bursting is known as
haemolysis.
Explain why red blood cells may burst when they are placed in a solution that has a
lower concentration of salts than blood plasma.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[Total 3 marks]
154. An experiment was carried out in which red blood cells were placed in salt solutions of
different concentrations. The percentage of cells which were destroyed by haemolysis
was recorded. The results are shown in the graph below.
100
90
80
70
red blood 60
cells
destroyed
50
by
haemolysis
/%
40
30
20
10
0
2
3
4
salt concentration / g dm 3
The graph shows that the red blood cells do not all haemolyse at the same salt
concentration.
(i)
Using the graph above, state the salt concentration at which the percentage of
haemolysed red blood cells is equal to those that are not haemolysed.
.............................................................................................................. g dm3
[1]
(ii)
Suggest why different red blood cells haemolyse at different salt concentrations.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 2 marks]
155. An experiment was carried out to investigate the uptake of potassium ions by carrot
tissue. The experiment was carried out as follows:
a carrot was cut into discs of uniform size
the discs were divided into four groups
equal volumes of a solution containing potassium ions were added.
The temperature remained constant at 21 C and the experiment was carried out for
the same length of time in each case. The experiment was carried out in different
oxygen concentrations. The results are shown in the table below.
oxygen concentration /
arbitrary units
11
20
rate of uptake of potassium ions/

arbitrary units
27
92
100
(i)
Using the information given in the table, state the main process by which
potassium ions enter the carrot cells.
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Give a reason for your answer to (i).

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
Suggest an explanation for the uptake of potassium ions in the absence of

oxygen.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 3 marks]
156. The vital capacity and the forced expiratory volume of a person with asthma were
measured over a period of 23 days. The forced expiratory volume is the volume of air
that can be breathed out in one second. On day 4 of the investigation, the person
breathed in an allergenic substance.
The results are shown in the graph below.
vital capacity
3.5
3.5
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.5
vital 2.0
capacity
/ dm3 1.5
forced
expiratory
volume
forced
2.0 expiratory
volume
/ dm3 per
1.5 second
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
allergenic
substance
inhaled
0.0
time / days
Graph from ABC of Allergies, p28 top figure, edited by S.R.Durham.

The British Medical Journal, 1998 (ISBN 0727912364)
(i)
Calculate for day 1 the percentage of the vital capacity that was breathed out in
one second.
answer .................................. %
[2]
(ii)
Using the data in the graph, describe the effect of the allergenic substance on the
forced expiratory volume and the vital capacity.
forced expiratory volume .................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
vital capacity ...................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 5 marks]
157. The diagram below shows drawings made from cross sections of the upper bronchioles
of a non-asthmatic, X, and an asthmatic, Y. The sections were drawn from
observations made with a light microscope.
Upper bronchioles normally have an epithelium with a few, scattered, goblet cells.
(a)
Describe the function of the cells labelled P on the diagram in the gas exchange
system.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
(b)
Use the information given in the diagram to explain the following observations
made on the bronchioles of an asthmatic during an attack of asthma.
(i)
The bronchioles fill with mucus.

................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
(ii)
The cross sectional area of the air spaces in the bronchioles decreases.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 6 marks]
158. Fig. 1 shows the structure of a single-celled organism called Chlamydomonas which
shares many features with plant cells. Fig. 2 shows a cedar tree. The cells of both
organisms need water to carry out their metabolic functions.
5m
Chlamydomonas
Fig. 1
(a)
(i)
5m
cedar tree
Fig. 2
Chlamydomonas lives in fresh water ponds.

Explain how single-celled organisms like Chlamydomonas obtain water
from their external environment.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
Sea water contains a much higher percentage of salts than the fresh water
in which Chlamydomonas lives.
Suggest the changes that would take place in the Chlamydomonas cell if it
were transferred to sea water.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[2]
(b)
Chlamydomonas has no water transport system whereas the tree shown in Fig. 2
has a well developed system for water transport.
Explain why a large multicellular organism like a tree needs a water transport
system whilst Chlamydomonas does not.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 7 marks]
159. The graph below shows the results of an investigation to compare rates of transpiration
and water absorption by a plant during a hot day in summer. There was no shortage of
soil water available to the plant throughout the investigation, which was carried out over
24 hours starting at midnight.
(i)
Define the term transpiration.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
Using the graph above, describe how the rate of transpiration varied over the
24 hour period and compare it with the rate of water absorption.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[4]
(iii)
Calculate the percentage of the 24 hour day in which the rate of water absorption
exceeds the rate of transpiration.
Answer ......................... %
[2]
[Total 8 marks]
160. Explain how transpiration results in the movement of water up a plant stem.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[Total 4 marks]
161. Below is a simple diagram of a mammalian heart and associated blood vessels as
seen in front (ventral) view.
P Q
X
A
right
left
(a)
(i)
Draw arrows on the diagram to show the direction of blood flow through the
left side of the heart.
[1]
(ii)
State the name of vessel X and valve Y.

vessel X .................................................................................................
valve Y ...................................................................................................
[2]
(iii)
Explain why there are valves at P and Q.

................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[2]
(b)
The maximum thickness of the external wall of each of the four chambers was
measured. The measurements made are shown below.
2 mm
(i)
9 mm
16mm
2 mm
From the list of measurements, select the one most likely to correspond to
each of the chambers, A, C and D. Write your answers in the table.
chamber
thickness/mm
A
C
D
[3]
(ii)
Explain the differences in the wall thickness of chambers A, C and D.

................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[3]
(c)
In this question, one mark is available for the quality of written communication.
Describe how the heart beat is initiated and how the contractions of the four
chambers are coordinated.
(Allow one and a half lined pages).
[6]
[Total 18 marks]
162. Peru is a country in South America where people live at a wide range of altitudes. The
table below shows:
the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere at sea level

the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere at 4 500 m
the red blood cell count of an adult living at sea level
the red blood cell count of another adult, born at sea level, but who has lived at 4
500 m for many years.
altitude
partial pressure of
atmospheric oxygen/kPa
red blood cell count/ cells mm3
sea level
21
5.0 106
4 500 m
15
6.4 106
(i)
Explain what is meant by partial pressure of oxygen, using the figures in the table
to help you.
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[2]
(ii)
Describe what would be likely to happen to people who move to high altitude if
their red blood cell counts did not increase.
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[4]
[Total 6 marks]
163. The synthesis of red blood cells is stimulated by the hormone erythropoetin (EPO)
which is secreted by the kidneys. Some long distance athletes have been known to
take a course of EPO as part of a training programme.
Suggest why some athletes have taken erythropoetin.
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[Total 2 marks]

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1.

transmission electron microscope

Describe what is meant by the term resolution.

State one function of xylem tissue.

Explain the function of the pits seen in the figure above.

Explain what is meant by the term tissue.

Name one type of epithelial tissue found in the lungs.

Explain why the lungs can be considered to be an organ.

release of energy .......................................................................................

movement of cilia .......................................................................................

secrete mucus ............................................................................................

Complete the passage below.

Explain why the potometer only gives an estimate of the rate of

The figure below represents a transverse section of an artery and a vein.

Blood in the arteries has a high hydrostatic pressure.

Capillaries have walls that are one cell thick.

distance along capillary

Carbon dioxide is produced in tissues as a waste product of respiration.

Identify the following:

The figure below is a diagram of a spirometer, a piece of apparatus used to measure

Outline the mechanism of inspiration.

A person breathes through the mouthpiece of a spirometer.

Chamber T contains a chemical that absorbs carbon dioxide.

Name the structures of the cell labelled A, B, C and D.

Structures C and E are examples of the same organelle.

Calculate the actual length of structure C.

an animal cell that has been placed in distilled water

a plant cell that has been placed in a concentrated sugar solution

large substances .....................................................................................................

polar substances .....................................................................................................

State what is meant by the term stem cell.

Name one tissue in plants that contains stem cells.

State three reasons why mitosis is important to organisms.

feature of gas exchange

how feature improves efficiency of gaseous exchange

the epithelium of the alveoli is

Outline how the diaphragm and intercostal muscles cause inspiration.

Fish have a single, closed circulatory system.

closed circulatory system ........................................................................................

Name the tissues labelled T, U and V.

Describe how the action of the heart is initiated and coordinated.

Translocation is the movement of the products of photosynthesis within a plant.

Different research has revealed that:

the pH of the phloem companion cells is lower than surrounding cells;

the phloem companion cells contain many mitochondria.

State what is meant by the terms source and sink.

Fig. 1 (a) is a diagram of a part of a mammalian lung.

The bronchus wall also contains smooth muscle fibres.

The picture below is a diagram of a part of a mammalian lung.

The walls of the alveoli contain elastic fibres.

Name the components of the plasma (cell surface) membrane labelled D, E

State one function for each of the components D, E and F.

Glycoprotein molecules are positioned in the plasma (cell surface) membrane

Explain what is meant by the term cell signalling.

Explain how a glycoprotein can act as a receptor.

temperature of water (C)

percentage transmission of light

Explain why water loss from the leaves of a plant is unavoidable.

State and explain two adaptations of leaves that reduce evaporation.