Flame test

1 Clean end of platinum/nichrome wire with(conc)HCl, burning off impurities in a roaring bunsen flame until
theres no persistent flame colouration
2 Moisten the end of the clean wire with (conc)HCl and then dip into the sample to be tested
3 Hold the sample at the edge of a roaring bunsen flame
Lithium
Carmine red
Calcium
Brick red
Sodium
Yellow
Strontium
Crimson
Potassium
Lilac
BariumApple green
Gas
Test
Ammonia
Pungent smell, Moist litmus paper red blue, (conc)HCl at mouth of bottle, white
NH3
smoke forms
Carbon dioxide
Pass through lime water, turning lime water milky
CO2
CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Ca(HCO3)2(aq)
Limewater CO2 test Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) White ppt + H2O(l)
Chlorine
Swimming pool smell, moist litmus paper blue red bleached
Cl2
Hydrogen
Lighted splint, burns with squeaky pop
H2
Hydrogen chloride Moist litmus paper blue red
HCl
Nitrogen(IV)oxide Brown gas, acrid smell, moist litmus paper blue red
NO2
Oxygen
Glowing splint, relights
O2
Water vapour H2O White anhydrous copper(II) sulphate white blue
CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l)
CuSO4.5H2O(s)
Or dry blue cobalt chloride paper blue pink
Sulphur dioxide
Acrid smell, moist litmus paper blue red
SO2
Or potassium dichromate(VI) solution/paper from orange green
Cation
Test
Add NaOH(aq)
Add NH4OH(aq)
Ammonium NH4+ Heat, ammonia evolved, moist litmus paper red blue
H+
Moist litmus paper blue red
Add a carbonate, pass gas through lime water, CO2 evolved turning lime water milky
Copper(II)
Cu2+ A little, blue ppt forms
A little, blue ppt forms
In excess, insoluble
In excess, dissolves and a dark blue
solution forms
Iron(II)
A little, green ppt forms
A little, green ppt forms
Fe2+
In excess, insoluble
In excess, insoluble
Iron(III)
A little, brown ppt forms
A little, brown ppt forms
Fe3+
In excess, insoluble
In excess, insoluble
Calcium
A little, milky suspension forms
A little, milky suspension forms
Ca2+
In excess, insoluble
In excess, insoluble
Distinguish Mg from Ca through flame test
A little, milky suspension forms
A little, milky suspension forms
Magnesium
Mg2+ In excess, insoluble
In excess, insoluble
3+
Aluminium
Al
A little, white ppt forms
A little, white ppt forms
In excess, dissolves giving colourless
In excess, insoluble
solution
Lead
Pb2+ No ppt with (dil)H2SO4/cold(dil)HCl/(dil)KI/(dil)Na2S Sodium sulphide
A little, white ppt forms
A little, white ppt forms
In excess, dissolves giving colourless
In excess, insoluble
solution
White ppt with (dil)H2SO4
White ppt with cold(dil)HCl
Yellow ppt with (dil)KI
Black ppt with (dil)Na2S Sodium sulphide
Zinc
Zn2+ A little, white ppt forms
A little, white ppt forms
In excess, dissolves giving colourless
In excess, dissolves giving colourless
solution
solution
Anion
Test
Carbonate
Add (dil)HCl(aq)
Pass gas through lime water, CO2 evolved turning lime water
pH>10 CO32 milky

universal indicator
Hydrogen
carbonate
HCO3
pH 8-9
Chloride
Cl
Bromide
Br
Iodide
I
Nitrate

Sulphate
SO42
Sulphite
SO32

NO3

Or add group II ions, white ppt or heat/add boiling water, no gas evolved
Add (dil)HCl(aq)
Pass gas through lime water, CO2 evolved turning lime water milky
Or add metal ions
no ppt but heating causes white ppt to form or Heat/add boiling
water, CO2 evolved
Acidify with (dil)HNO3(aq) Add AgNO3(aq)
Add (dil)NH3 to ppt
White ppt AgCl forms Ppt dissolves leaving colourless solution
Acidify with (dil)HNO3(aq) Add AgNO3(aq)
Add (conc)NH3 to ppt
Cream ppt AgBr forms Ppt dissolves leaving colourless solution
Acidify with (dil)HNO3(aq) Add AgNO3(aq)
Add (conc)NH3 to ppt
Yellow ppt AgBr forms Ppt insoluble
Add NaOH(aq) Add Devardas alloy (powdered Zn, Al) Heat & hold moist red litmus at
mouth of test tube
NH3 evolved, litmus paper red blue
Add Barium nitrate Ba(NO3)2(aq)/chloride BaCl2(aq)
Add HCl(aq)
White ppt
Insoluble
Add Barium nitrate Ba(NO3)2(aq)/chloride BaCl2(aq)
Add HCl(aq)
White ppt
Dissolves
Or add (dil)HCl(aq) Heat
SO2 evolved turning potassium dichromate(VI) solution/paper from orange
green

Synthetic Pathways(Series of reactions built up to convert one functional group into another)
Reactions of functional groups assumed to be the same whether molecules are simple or complicated
Synthesis of the product molecule possible because in any reaction of a functional group a product is
formed capable of conversion into other molecules

5.31 4.18 T
mass of G used (g)

Would the result for H be more accurate if the temperature of the solution were
known to 3dp?
mol1
Yes, temperature would then be known to a comparable precision to the other
factors in the equation
Plan an experiment to investigate concentration on rate of a reaction Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) +
H2(g)
Apparatus diagram/description/addition of Mg to acid in appropriate container
Weigh Mg/cut measured length and measure volume of acid, measure volume of H2 with time/time
how long it takes for Mg to dissolve repeat with different concentration(s) HCl repeat with same
mass/length Mg and same volume HCl
one axis labelled concentration/volume H2 and other axis time/t axis changed to 1/t
if measured volume H2 at least two curves showing increasing rate with conc
if measured time to dissolve Mg one line showing time decreasing with conc or 1/t increasing with conc
Acid irritant so wear gloves or hydrogen explosive - no naked flame or Build up of pressure in
syringe - attach plunger with string
(NH4)2CO3 reacts with both 1moldm(dil)HNO3 and 1moldm(dil)KOH in the ratio 1:2
H =

kJ

Devise an experiment to determine which of the two reactions is the more exothermic
Prepare solutions of known concentration of the solid
Suggestion of apparatus used e.g. lagged calorimeter or low mass polystyrene cup Use same
volume of each solution
Measure maximum temperature change Improve reliability of results, repeat experiment
Possible sources of error identified
Reaction with the greater temperature change is the more exothermic Since ammonia evolved
use a fume cupboard
M = Group 1 M2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2MCl(aq)+CO2(g)
+H2O(l)
Plan an experiment, results of which used to calculate
the relative molecular mass of the carbonate and identify
M
G a s s y rin g e
At temp of experiment 1 mole of CO2 occupies a volume
of 24dm3
Relative atomic mass: Li = 7, C = 12, O = 16, Na = 23,
K = 39, Rb = 85, Cs = 133
Add M2CO3 + acid and stopper flask/use suspended test tube in large flask
Mass of M2CO3 and (final)vol of CO2/when effervescence stops record volume of gas in syringe
Explain conversion volume of CO2 to moles by correct use of 24
Use of moles M2CO3 = mass M2CO3 Mr M2CO3 to find Mr Hence find identity of M
Escape of gas before bung replaced/solid did not all react/CO2 soluble in acid Eye protectionacid hazard

 Should not affect identification since even if Mr is slightly wrong it will still correspond to nearest
Group 1 metal atomic mass
Plan an experiment to identify an acidic compound, molar mass for an acid estimated to be 88 2 g
mol1
What simple test would allow butenoic acid to be distinguished from the other two? Devise a plan
based upon a quantitative experiment that would allow the other two to be distinguished
CO O H
CH2 = CH CH2 COOH 86 g
CH3 CH2 CH2 COOH 88 g
HC O O H 90 g mol1
mol1
mol1
3 structures proposed for this
acid
Alkene detected using bromine water, only 1 would show decolourisation
Fixed mass of acid, Standard named alkali, Controlled method of addition, To an identified end point of
a named suitable indicator, Calculation of mole ratio

(1)A sample of NaCl was thought to contain an impurity of Ba(NO3)2

A student suggested a flame
test
(a)(i)Suggest why a flame test on the mixture would not be a satisfactory way of detecting the
presence of barium ions in the sample
(i) yellow/stronger/persistent Na flame Obscures/Ba flame NOT makes it difficult to distinguish
between the two colours
(ii)Suggest a reagent that could be used to produce a ppt of a barium compound from a solution of the
sample
(ii) (conc)H2SO4(solution) of any soluble sulphate (MgSO4, (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4)
(2)(a)X(has OH group)decolourised cold potassium manganate(VII) acidified with (dil)H2SO4 acid,
structure of X suggested by this?
(a)carbon double bond
(b)Complete oxidation of X with potassium dichromate(VI) solution and (dil)H 2SO4 acid produces Y
C4H6O structure for Y?
H

H
C

C H

C H

CO

CH

(1 )

(2 )

O H H
O
H
(b) H
(c)Structural formula for X?(c) H
X must be a secondary alcohol because ketone formed on oxidation carboxylic acid is not formed
(3)(a)Write an ionic equation for the hydrolysis of 1-bromobutane by water
(a)CH4H9Br + H2O
C4H9OH + H+ + Br

(b)Suggest why ethanol was used in the experiment

(b)Solvent/silver nitrate solution in water and
bromobutane immiscible
(c)Suggest a reason for the use of a water bath (c)Reaction slow at RT/increases rate/flammable
(4)Describe tests you would use to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds including
results
(a)NaNO3 and ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 (a) Flame test, sodium salt gives yellow colour, ammonium
salt gives no colour
(5)(a)1-bromobutane Bt102 C may be prepared by the reaction C4H9OH + NaBr + H2SO4 C4H9Br
+ NaHSO4 + H2O
(a)Describe how you would use distillation apparatus to give a sample of pure 1-bromobutane
(a)Heat mixture(slowly), collect only distillate produced at around 102 C at Bt of 1-bromobutane
(b)Suggest 2 reasons why the actual yield was much lower than the max yield
(b)side reactions, reaction incomplete, product lost in purification/transfers
2 .0 0
(6)CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
+ CO2(g)
HCl acid

1 RT

50cm3 of 1moldm3

Small
pieces
Small
pieces

1 .5 0
M a ss lo s s /g

Experiment CaCO3

1 .0 0
E x p t.
50cm3 of 1moldm3
heated to 80C
3 RT
One large 50cm3 of 1moldm3
0 .5 0
piece
4 RT
Small
50cm3 of 2moldm3
pieces
5
10
15
(a)(i)Explain why there is a loss in mass as the
T im e /m in
reaction proceeds
Results of Experiment 1
(i)CO2(g) evolved
(ii)Explain the shape of the curve drawn for
Experiment 1
(ii)Reaction(fast at first then)slows down/gives
off less CO2 per min when line is horizontal, the
reaction has finished/after 6 or 7 minutes/when
1 g of CO2 lost
(b)Draw curves on the graph to represent the results you would expect for Experiments 2, 3 and 4.
Label the curves 2, 3 and 4
(b)Experiment 2 steeper than 1 and same mass loss Experiment 3 less steep than 1 and same mass
loss/reaction incomplete
Experiment 4 steeper than 1 and horizontal at twice mass loss

(7)Suggest one appropriate safety precaution that should be taken as ethanedioic acid is toxic
(7)Safety pipette filler
(8)In an experiment to find zinc CuSO4(aq) in a plastic cup Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) +
Cu(s)
Suggest reasons why a series of temp readings is taken rather than simply initial and final readings
(8) Reason 1 Any fluctuations in temperature smoothed out / minimises reading error/allows line of
best fit to be drawn
Reason 2 Able to allow for cooling effect/able to calculate more accurate temperature change/need to
find highest temperature