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    1 Blood Typing Student

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    The document discusses blood typing and its importance in forensic science. It describes the components of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. It explains that blood typing involves identifying proteins on red blood cells, such as antigens A and B, which determine the blood type. The document also discusses the Rh factor protein and how antibodies react with antigens to agglutinate or clump blood cells during typing. Blood typing is useful as class evidence to include or exclude suspects in criminal investigations.

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    1 Blood Typing Student

    Uploaded by

    api-217623200
    177 views21 pages
    The document discusses blood typing and its importance in forensic science. It describes the components of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. It explains that blood typing involves identifying proteins on red blood cells, such as antigens A and B, which determine the blood type. The document also discusses the Rh factor protein and how antibodies react with antigens to agglutinate or clump blood cells during typing. Blood typing is useful as class evidence to include or exclude suspects in criminal investigations.

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    The document discusses blood typing and its importance in forensic science. It describes the components of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. It explains that blood typing involves identifying proteins on red blood cells, such as antigens A and B, which determine the blood type. The document also discusses the Rh factor protein and how antibodies react with antigens to agglutinate or clump blood cells during typing. Blood typing is useful as class evidence to include or exclude suspects in criminal investigations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    177 views21 pages

    1 Blood Typing Student

    Uploaded by

    api-217623200
    The document discusses blood typing and its importance in forensic science. It describes the components of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. It explains that blood typing involves identifying proteins on red blood cells, such as antigens A and B, which determine the blood type. The document also discusses the Rh factor protein and how antibodies react with antigens to agglutinate or clump blood cells during typing. Blood typing is useful as class evidence to include or exclude suspects in criminal investigations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Blood and Blood Types

    Chapter 8

    Introduction and History


    o
    o

    Blood typing - class evidence


    DNA profiling - individual evidence

    Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 8

    Blood Function
    o

    Transport of
    substances (O2, CO2,
    nutrients, waste, heat,
    hormones)
    Regulation (pH,
    temperature, hydration)
    Defense (blood loss,
    microbes, toxins)

    Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 8

    JP Wilson

    Composition of Blood
    o

    Red blood cells - carry oxygen to the bodys cells


    and carbon dioxide away
    White blood cells - fights disease and foreign
    invaders and, alone, contain cell nuclei
    Platelets - aids in blood clotting and the repair of
    damaged blood vessels
    Plasma - a liquid suspending other blood
    components

    Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 8

    Composition of Blood

    Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 8

    Types of Blood Cells

    Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 8

    Cellular Components of Blood

    Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 8

    Blood TypingProteins
    o
    o
    o

    Discovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner


    Proteins embedded in the cell
    Quicker and less expensive than DNA profiling

    42%

    12%
    3%
    of the population in the United States

    Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 8

    43%

    Rh Factor
    85% of the population has a protein called
    RH factor on their blood cells

    Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 8

    Blood TypingAntibodies
    o

    10

    Antibodies are Y-shaped


    proteins that attach to
    antigens to clump the cells
    together
    Antigens are foreign
    molecules that react to
    antibodies (found on
    outside of red blood cells)

    Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 8

    Antigens and Blood Types


    o

    Type A Blood has Antigen A on the surface of the


    Red Blood Cell
    Type B Blood has Antigen B on the surface of
    the Red Blood Cell
    Type AB Blood has both Antigen A and Antigen B
    on the surface of the Red Blood Cell
    Type O Blood has neither Antigen A nor Antigen
    B on the surface of the Red Blood Cell

    Blood Typing - Antibodies


    o
    o

    12

    Antibodies attach to antigens and clump


    Antigens molecules that react to
    antibodies
    Blood Type

    Antigens

    AB

    A, B

    none

    Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 8

    Antibodies

    Blood Typing - Antibodies


    o
    o

    13

    Antibodies attach to antigens and clump


    Antigens molecules that react to
    antibodies
    Blood Type

    Antigens

    Antibodies

    Anti-B

    Anti-A

    AB

    A, B

    None

    none

    Anti-A & Anti-B

    Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 8

    Blood Typing
    o

    14

    If you mix A blood & B blood, what will


    happen?

    Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 8

    Blood Typing
    o

    15

    Agglutination clumping of
    RBCs
    Immune reaction occurs when
    antibodies react with unknown
    blood type
    http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/m
    edicine/landsteiner/images/fig8-aggl.swf

    Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 8

    Blood typing
    o

    17

    How could you use agglutination to help you


    blood type accurately?

    Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 8

    Blood typing
    o

    Place unknown blood on a surface with


    different antibodies (Anti-A, Anti-B, and AntiRh)
    - Anti-Rh is to test for the Rh factor (+/-)

    Blood Type

    18

    Anti-A

    Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 8

    Anti-B

    Anti-Rh

    Control

    Figure 14.10 Multiple alleles for the ABO blood groups

    Blood Enzymes
    o

    20

    Enzymes are complex proteins that catalyze


    different biochemical reactions
    Many enzymes and proteins have been found in
    the blood that are important for identification
    purposes

    Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 8

    Blood Typing
    Probability and Blood Types
    o

    The probability of a blood type equals the product of


    probabilities for each protein group
    If Type A = 42% and Rh Factor = 85%
    Then A+ = .42 x .85 = .357 (35.7%)
    Knowing additional proteins and enzymes in the
    blood sample

    21

    Narrows the population group


    Increases the probability of identifying a suspect

    Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 8

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