ch-1 SM Basic Cncpts of Chem

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Ch-1 Some basic concepts of chemistry
JEE CHEMISTRY - XI
Objective of this lesson
Understand & appreciate the role of chemistry in deferent spheres of life.

Explain the characteristic of three states of matter.
Classify different substances into elements, compounds and mixtures.
Define SI base units and list some commonly used prefixes.
Use scientific notations and perform simple mathematical operations on number.
Differentiate between precision and accuracy.
Determine significant figures.
Convert physical quantities from one system of units to another.
Explain various laws of chemical combination.
Appreciate significance of atomic mass, average atomic mass, molecular mass and formula mass.
Describe the term mole and molar mass.
Calculate the mass percent of different elements constituting a compound.
Determine empirical formula and molecular formula for a compound from experimental data.
SUMMERY & key points-
Anything which has mass and occupies space is called matter.

Matters exist in three physical states viz. solid, liquid and gas.
In solids, these particles are held very close to each other in an orderly fashion and there is
not much freedom of movement. In liquids, the particles are close to each other but they can
move around. However, in gases, the particles are far apart as compared to those present in
solid or liquid states and their movement is easy and fast.
Solids have definite volume and definite shape.
Liquids have definite volume but not the definite shape. They take the shape of the container
in which they are placed.
Gases have neither definite volume nor definite shape. They completely occupy the
container in which they are placed.
A mixture contains two or more substances present in it (in any ratio) which are called its
components.
A mixture may be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
In a homogeneous mixture, the components completely mix with each other and its
composition is uniform throughout. Sugar solution and air are thus, the examples of
homogeneous mixtures.
In heterogeneous mixtures, the composition is not uniform throughout and sometimes
the different components can be observed. For example, the mixtures of salt and sugar,
grains and pulses along with some dirt (often stone) pieces, are heterogeneous mixtures.
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The components of a mixture can be separated by using physical methods such as simple
hand picking, filtration, crystallization, distillation etc.
Pure substances have characteristics different from the mixtures. They have fixed
composition, Copper, silver, gold, water, glucose are some examples of pure substances.
Glucose contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a fixed ratio and thus, like all other pure
substances has a fixed composition. Also, the constituents of pure substances cannot be
separated by simple physical methods.
An element consists of only one type of particles. These particles may be atoms or
molecules. Sodium, copper, silver, hydrogen, oxygen etc. are some examples of elements.
They all contain atoms of one type. However, the atoms of different elements are different in
nature. Some elements such as sodium or copper, contain single atoms held together as their
constituent particles whereas in some others, two or more atoms combine to give molecules
of the element. Thus, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen gases consist of molecules in which two
atoms combine to give their respective molecules.
When two or more atoms of different elements combine, the molecule of a compound is
obtained. The examples of some compounds are water, ammonia, carbon dioxide, sugar etc.
the atoms of different elements are present in a compound in a fixed and definite ratio and
this ratio is characteristic of a particular compound.
The SI system (System International Units abbreviated as SI) has seven base units
Base physical
quantity
Length
Mass
Time
Electric current
Temperature
Amount of substance
Luminous intensity
Symbol for
quantity
l
Name of SI unit
Metre
Symbol for SI
unit
m
Kilogram
kg
Second
Ampere
Kelvin
Mole
mol
Iv
candela
cd
Mass of a substance is the amount of matter present in it while weight is the force exerted
by gravity on an object. The mass of a substance is constant whereas its weight may vary from
one place to another due to change in gravity.
Volume has the units of (length)3 . So in SI system, volume has units of m3 . A common unit,
litre (L) which is not an SI unit, is used for measurement of volume of liquids. 1 L = 1000 mL,
1000 cm3 = 1dm3
Density of a substance is its amount of mass per unit volume SI units of density kgm3 . This
unit is quite large and a chemist often expresses density in g cm3 .
There are three common scales to measure temperature C (degree celsius), F
(degree Fahrenheit) and K (Kelvin). Here, K is the SI unit.
The Kelvin scale is related to Celsius scale as follows :K =C+273.15
The F scale is related to Celsius scale as follows:
F = +
In scientific notation (exponential Notation) any number can be represented in the

form N 10n where n is an exponent having positive or negative values and N can vary
between 1 to 10. Thus, we can write 232.508 as 2.32508 102 in scientific notation. Note that
while writing it, the decimal had to be moved to the left by two places and same is the
exponent (2) of 10 in the scientific notation. Similarly, 0.00016 can be written as 1.6 104 .
Here the decimal has to be moved four places to the right and ( 4) is the exponent in the
scientific notation.
Significant figures are meaningful digits which are known with certainty. The uncertainty
is indicated by writing the certain digits and the last uncertain digit. Thus, if we write a result
as 11.2 mL, we say the 11 is certain and 2 is uncertain and the uncertainty would be 1 in the
last digit. Unless otherwise stated, an uncertainty of +1 in the last digit is always understood.
There are certain rules for determining the number of significant figures. These are
stated below:
a) All non-zero digits are significant. For example in 285 cm, there are three significant
figures and in 0.25 mL, there are two significant figures.
b) Zeros preceding to first non-zero digit are not significant. Such zero indicates the position
of decimal point. Thus, 0.03 has one significant figure and 0.0052 has two significant figures.
c) Zeros between two non-zero digits are significant. Thus, 2.005 has four significant figures.
d) Zeros at the end or right of a number are significant provided they are on the right side of
the decimal point. For example, 0.200 g has three significant figures. But, if otherwise, the
terminal zeros are not significant if there is no decimal point. For example, 100 has only one
significant figure, but 100 has three significant figures and 100.0 has four significant figures.
Such numbers are better represented in scientific notation. We can express the number 100
as 1102 for one significant figure, 1.0102 for two significant figures and 1.00102 for three
significant figures.
e) Counting numbers of objects, for example, 2 balls or 20 eggs, have infinite significant
figures as these are exact numbers and can be represented by writing infinite number of zeros
after placing a decimal i.e., 2 = 2.000000 or 20 = 20.000000
f) In numbers written in scientific notation, all digits are significant e.g., 4.01102 has three
significant figures, and 8.256 103 has four significant figures.
Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed.
Law of Definite Proportions states that a given compound always contains exactly the
same proportion of elements by weight.
Law of Multiple Proportions states that if two elements can combine to form more than
one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other
element, are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
Gay Lussacs Law of Gaseous Volumes: This law was given by Gay Lussac in 1808. He
observed that when gases combine or are produced in a chemical reaction they do so in a
simple ratio by volume provided all gases are at same temperature and pressure.
In 1811, Avogadro proposed that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and
pressure should contain equal number of molecules.
In 1808, Dalton published A New System of Chemical Philosophy in which he
proposed the following :
a) Matter consists of indivisible atoms.
b) All the atoms of a given element have identical properties including identical mass.
Atoms of different elements differ in mass.
c) Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in a fixed ratio.
d) Chemical reactions involve reorganization of atoms. These are neither created nor
destroyed in a chemical reaction.
e) Daltons theory could explain the laws of chemical combination.
One atomic mass unit is defined as a mass exactly equal to one twelfth the mass of one
carbon - 12 atom.
Molecular mass is the sum of atomic masses of the elements present in a molecule. It is
obtained by multiplying the atomic mass of each element by the number of its atoms and
adding them together.
The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities
as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12; its symbol is mol. When the mole is
used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons,
other particles, or specified groups of such particles. This number of entities in 1 mol is so
important that it is given a separate name and symbol. It is known as Avogadro constant,
denoted by NA in honor of Amedeo Avogadro.
An empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of various atoms
present in a compound whereas the molecular formula shows the exact number of different
types of atoms present in a molecule of a compound.
Many a time, the reactions are carried out when the reactants are not present in the amounts
as required by a balanced chemical reaction. In such situations, one reactant is in excess over
the other. The reactant which is present in the lesser amount gets consumed after sometime
and after that no further reaction takes place whatever be the amount of the other reactant
present. Hence, the reactant which gets consumed, limits the amount of product formed and
is, therefore, called the limiting reagent.
Mass per cent = Mass of solute per 100 g of solution
=
mass of solute
100
mass of solution
It is the amount of solute in grams dissolved per 100 g of solution. e.g., 10% solution of
sodium chloride means 10 g of solid sodium chloride present in 100 g of solution.
Mole Fraction: It is ratio of number of moles of a particular component to the total number
of moles of all the components.
Mole fraction of solute =
No. of moles of solute
No. of moles of solute + No. of moles of solvent
Molality (m). It is defined as number of moles of solute (B) per 1000 g or 1 kg of solvent.
No. of moles of solute WB
100
Molality (m) =
=
Kg. of solvent
MA WA in grams
where WA is mass of solvent.
Molarity (M). It is expressed as the number of moles of solute per litre of solution.
No. of moles of solute WB
100
Molarity (M) =
=
Litres of solution
MB vol. of solution in ml
where WB is mass of solute, MB is molar mass of solute

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Genius Academy

Scripting success stories

Ch-1 Some basic concepts of chemistry

Objective of this lesson

Understand & appreciate the role of chemistry in deferent spheres of life.

Anything which has mass and occupies space is called matter.

The F scale is related to Celsius scale as follows:

In scientific notation (exponential Notation) any number can be represented in the

No. of moles of solute

No. of moles of solute + No. of moles of solvent

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