Dennis G. Dalton, Ph.D. ‘Aon Whiney Olin Profesor of Pica Scene Barnard Cole Columbia University Demis G. Dalton, Ph.D recived bis bacbelr's degree fom Ras University in 96D and did porate work athe Univers of Chica. I 1963 he ‘hnod hs PD. an pola tory rom the Univer of London. Profesor Dalon has tee honored with numerogs whoa ad rans, nll ‘Pantin I9TS fom he American Council of Leureed Societe fr is research a Sout Aa, sno llowshp in 975 wid the America TnsiueofIndan Stas for is oseathin Ina anda Gand Peace Foundation Gratin 1970 fo is pation nn Iteratona Sensi it Deh nia. Betwecn 1964 ‘1986 he wae review eto forthe Journal of Developmental Sais {Londo} aod bewsen 1969 an 1975 be served 22 US. conespondea forthe ‘South Asian Review (London). Profesr Datos lds of interest incade politcal ory (cassia and mod ‘er, Wester and Ai) he oles of South Asa parca the Indian ‘trons movement aed dclapes of modem ple! movements wih {eve oEarpe Indl, Chinn and Aficn, Hear writen amerous aches outa a hn ubjet Profesor Dalion ha edited and conte 0 meee ‘hana doves publctons, nde te athor of The Indian lea of Freedom (983) He iva merber ofboth he Arion Polen Since Association and ‘he Anoeition or Asin Stes (8 Te Tea Company Ln Peery 1‘TABLE OF CONTENTS Profesor Bigeye (Co 5.09 nnd Recommended Reading 0 ACCOMPANY the LECIUFES enn [Lecture One: The Hinds Vision of enn Lecture TwerThocyde nd the Ploponnsa Wannnmnne nn ‘ExcerpsframThuyades, History of he Peloponniat Fehon nc Greve a ‘Lectre Tree: Law and Raf Sophocles AMO nnn Lecture Fear: Socrates a the Sorte Qt anne ‘Lectre Five: Plat: Keli an Pov, Pat eer “Lector Sx Plato: Iain and Poet, Part even 3? Phibophial Bacground to Plt's Republic Plato's det of ow: ry 3 Plato's Sl in The Republic. 0 Plates Three Cie. or ‘Thvee Forms of Leadership and Types of Rule in Pat's Repub. Lecture Seven: Arisa’ Clq of Plates Repl nnn Lecture Hight Machiavli's Theory of Power Pollet nnn Firerel Charge set dle tepenno 7 Italy, Florence and Machivell 2 Te Generel Canmnts on ay of Ts Period. o Comparison nd Contrasts Between Machivl and Plato. 61 (Crt cnn er) 2 (© Te etn Congny ind erp Power over People: Classical and Modern Political Theory Scope: Any political theory canbe analyzed and evaluated onthe basi of wo ‘oheence ofits sponses those guests Tus te fs two |oeron tha we ak of any polical tel ze thes: Does he theory ‘over the eset and eedring questo of pola thoy? How ‘ysemacc rete responses to those quesins? “These lecres examine ome ofthe fndamentlqueston that ane shaped West poea huphtsace Us inception a Aten a entry together wih some ofthe mos sna answers hat politcal tears ave proposed. The ists aes in hee FEcres—and in Wester pola theory rerally—fal ito tee wos enegors. The ist volves te esse characesics of mas ate and the good Sei Ibu ature essen} Spit or ‘mur? It deta by eon o omit by passion? Ist ed or ‘allele? Iie) sil aggzessive, and ween o sit fname benign, cooperative and noviole? Wil he good sockeye charetrvd by perfect harmony ory continued conf? I ‘fics nevable inthe good sci, ms tbe contd ough the leaders dcretonary we of conrie power ects ibe conan onseutvely within pola sitting? Ave socal unity and ‘emony achievable oy ven deeb? Do the popes and igo of society depen, by cones, pon some forma sug? ‘The second set of fundamental questions nlves the easonip ‘exwoen be nvidul and society. What she ph reabonsp of te adil osc? What the relatonsi of ivi 0 ‘oc and pli abort? What onus legis poliesl, ‘uot? Docs i come ulimssy om God the sate, rhe Individual? Are hae eng andamentalyegul or neqa!? “The le of guetion involves hore of hang. Wha are he fundamental dacs change? What le plage by iseetnary leadership or orl values in effectng change? Ave er inexorable laws of sy tha rogue change? lean unchanging emarng, unr ym of til values pou? Man sch system be ‘rounded theory of abot th If an edung, several ert fae pose what recily are hve vals nd wba hie ‘elvan fr plc and cil ae? Should tosfrmative Tears be based on te Hard farts of pla ely a man ‘weaker on tb knowledge of asl iT he most ‘nde Change dele, economic, or pychaogial rate? © 194 he Teadhig Compa Ln Pei aShoo ages of change pre reform throvgh grad evlsonary Teo shld hey puch wl wanformation of sol ad aman natre rough evolution? Should rad! cange be prs though vtolenceoreovilene? Shou irl ail om spotaaly ‘rom autortrianoguizaton? “Tho questions ein our study of a wide range of theories of power dis au, We const Pat's dslon with Arn’ els, Mars optimism with Fret’ pessimism, and Hie'sexcusnis. {ed exalton of wnleace wih Gandhi's acusone and issece 00 rovioene or centuries such questns hae lade fia solutes ‘ed we should no expect answer ther defavely he. The ‘orton shuld pomp us, however. tik mare sep about ‘Sunes, te standards tha ude our tehaior and ouabain, f nyse ‘Objectvs: Upon completing these lecture, th stent soul beable do te lowing: 2 ‘a deny the fundamental questions and concerns tht shape classi! snd moder poll theory. Explain the essen ferences brween the “ai an “elt” trations in plitcal theory, and deny same ofthe ros nent Deseriethe innce of one's undentanding of han rare upon gfe vison of aod yang pce teow the ‘Compare nd contrast he views of tose theorising the purpose (fay) of teste the relationship between politics and bis, and he ‘paliicaans ian) for exrcsig pia power Compare and const the views of edig pola! heodss seeding the meaning of feedom, the souees of pina politcal auhaiy, tbe lepimay fda rence saint contd abort, and ‘he otgatons Gf any of invdol to these or oc. Disingish ning he fering ates towed he we of lnc tht tucheldby he horas examined in ti couse Compare aod cova the views of those theorist regarding te omlties for fname tarsfrmation of hunth nati. td Society, wel atthe means by which that tansormation ean Be rough abot © 198 Te eng Campy Une Pacey Recommended Readings to Accompany the Lectrest ‘The Bhagavad Git, Taplte by Barbra Milt, Basta, Sophocles. Amigone. Harper Pao. 1969. The Last Days Socrates, Tense by Hugh Tredenisk. New Yor Penguin Pato, 145. The Republic, Tranlited by FM, Coro. London: Oxford Universi Pres. Arise 1988. The Polis, Translated by Ernest Bake, Loon: Oxfort Univesity Pes Rows, eu-asqes. 1987. The Ras Poa! Writings dinate: Mace Fromm, Eich, Mares Concept of Man, New York: Use ‘red, Sigmund, 1961 Chilsatin and Its Discntonts New York: Norton, “Toren, Henry David 1960, Walden an "Cis Disobedience." New York Sie. Dostcrky, Fyodor Notes rom he Underground an the “The Grant Ieguito,i The Brothers Karanasor. Daton Goldman, Ema. Ling My Life nd My issonment in Rusia Shutan Alix Red noma Spe Al ie. 1971 Mein Kam: Boston: Hoxton Min Sey. “Mobandas Keramchand Gandhi, Basic Poll Wing Ininapls: Hack. * The books in his reading is appear inthe xr hat hey are escssedin tbe dec,Lecture One ‘The Hindu Vision of Life Scopes We begin hse ecaes by examining the Hi vision fie as exposed in wo ofthe sed tls of Hinds The Bhagavad Gita ‘the Chandogve Upanishd. Hin ideals preiures Socratic and Psonic thot nr empha on selma. uphoing of Seah ‘inn of conduct td flocs ca eaching by example. Aula ‘ocr, be Hind txts portray ison and gnrance as the source of fen and he pt of knowlege sits coectve bration rom ignorance and fea rings pecepon of the highest eth of Hinds {he meconnetenes a il bei The Hinds depart om the ‘Wecern clanical wacion, however, inthe distat of poles and he te atiough we shal sc that dstst elected inthe ings te Ther uch ean Jsgurs Rowen and Emin Goldman (Objectives: Upon completion of his acre, he studet sould beable do he ‘olowng 1. Oatine he ental nets of he Hind vision of ile, and esrb bow to what xen hey prego tent of Sorat nl Pitonie though 22 ese the four stages inthe Hinds journey of fe, und esrb he objective of that our. 3. Outi the Hinds theory of haus nar, and elt the His ‘ow othe elaontip bance nid a oct Outline 1. The Hindu ration focuses idea. [AL Inte Hind ton, one mes fst egies mastery hoop ell Sgwee in dra he qualified io exerts power over other 1 "The theory of ation holds tht her ariel stars f condi by which humans soul guide the behav. 1, "Tow dal andar o ot hve oe reliable order tobe vali, 2. Hind deatism gives context for undetndig the elem of + The idea of educaon part ofthe Hind aon, 1 nda teacher (gr) soph teach by xa 2. InPrenppostion of nda's Philouophies, Kat Potr exis ‘at te Inn eduction ea bane on he each’ ned to 6 © Te Tete Cn Unit Pere sow th stdetaan nv andto be alts cognizant of he ‘een nnermon nods 1 tthe Hida tion, ection sinned to impart ceri eal vals |A. The Hind ducal idea hae onthe conviction tht far rises ‘rom lan, which in tar i inpele by education 1. "Thro action, we become svar lean si aeons ‘hat ame fom our seme of fea and at 2 By seding ight on the object of our sey we as overcome ‘ur fea fad, by extension, ou separation fama amas eng Trough sellin, we perceive the unto ig, which isthe highest th, 1. destin should impart the lowing values in ascending onde of smponance 1. Ara te valu of wea and property. Ana comveys he ilason {hat wealth and propery ae import and hs ts he lowest ‘Kame: sees, especialy seu pease. ‘Dharma: lous dates, which impart a Sese of ihtousness. ‘Moka: spietul iteration Moss bigs eedom om sion fear and ignorance, od teeny lends percepon oF ey of ti bing bee TIL. Tenia pases ough he flowing ou el stages fie [Ae Brahmacharya sade age, encompassing he fis 25 ye of life. The brabmachany devoted sing al know and desta te sored exo indus, 1. Grikasha te hoashode sage (ages 25 55), whic involves Stabling and proving for aly od rang clen (C. Vanaprash: erally “forest hemi.” oa solar seer of th 1. “Thisnge can begin when one ee Whe an of on." ensuring the far’ s contin. The ini ben begins @ Search foreknowledge and eedom, which must iavlve Icvig al aly esponslies ehind 2 These of ngprsta unde Hn suspicion of polis, nd t conics with th Platonic nd Aislin vison of he sae {ete loa of vue Sanna: he nal ste meaning “saints. tat depends upon the ‘ul eanaprasa 1. The porn seu to seit afer having preety fall ing Thos enlightened by height knowlege, the samranin ‘moves oughout oily et eascens ures (feats) nt temas (wealth, propery ore) © Wet Tag Campy Lint Peep 712 The bean ofthe sna sockeye sre onion ecase te orae as eae th esr connection beweon te isbest {rt he deity of al eng and monlence (ana). Ta ‘Soencton est On he premise tai weiner on acter, ‘ve aces harm curses. 1¥. The Hina vision of thie eationsipbetwees he indivi nd society ited ona har of human are ah sh understanding of bow ‘ur (eden bold develo one's ae. ‘A. The Hind theory ofthe pari sl pall the iar Hinde social yer, 1. Taetman personaly i compe of sete (tdom or pode): aus (courage Fe) a amas (Gest oF {ppt Evry pervn posseses hve quate bat in ayn ‘portions, 2, Socal organization recs th predominance of tose quaies amon diferent clases of peopl, Brahmans he pilowopher and ‘st cast) dominate because hey possess reat wisdom ad ass Kihara ibe pial ad mary eae) excl in ‘ourage and cory. Vasa be commercial wd isa ase are characterized by ese and appetite |B, Ine origins, te Indian cate tm was aed om met ot erty (Ghogh subsequently depeertd ito an exploit system bse ‘on piilege adhere. Te uneton of edseston io marr evlop he individuals nate gualiies naira pits, Troe ‘luca, the inividal sce he soil unt or Wich oF ‘Shes best aed CC. The Hindu and Plone systems canbe compare 1.” Int eliance on education to discern the soil oe for which an ‘dividual by etre best sited, be Hindu system resembles 2 Plt nde nd atone nr iw fps, Pato Ils ht a pope can weld poe wisely and safely. ile the Hinds view pois a conamining ines tate wise ‘mt voi nce ven them fom ir pan qe fn. ‘oaiy sora vison, Recommended Reading: ‘The Bhagavad Gi. Transat by Barbara Mls Basta. 8 © ene Teating Company ne Pesetp Lecture Two ‘Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War Scope: Thuydie’dagnoss of the cams ofthe Peloponnesian War provides ‘he hinircal context for understanding Plo’ ptwopy.Thucyer ‘esis Peles “Panera Orion” in which he “Fit Cizen™ ‘wlll sme of he ery fates of Aen sole a Pit ter Dame for Athen oso Spur Aes" mishandling o power under Parl leadersip served Pato an cjet leon of wba to voi in ‘onnracng wal ordered epublc. Thurjldes: pessimistic view of ‘ote man ature ad eospes forte wise use power ies SSuply om Pat's oe optimistic sesment, wick we wil ‘taine more ley in masequnt tes. ‘Objectives: Upon completion of hie ectr, he tet shou able odo he 1. Describe Pail’ pony of Athenian democracy an his view of| lisa power speed is his "Paneal Oration" and eval the accuracy of tose portrayals in th ight of subsequent evens. 2 Describe Plt’ of Atenan democracy, swell tis ignos ofthe reasons forts deine 3. Compare an conrast te views of Thy an Pit rearing he alley, or perfec, of human are apd he aby to wield power wisely Outline The Tragedy of Athens. [AL Assan democracy was both mor and les extensive has modern ‘emocray. 1. iexceodod dem sandr of democracy by ving very alt tle ren usar in et re. The Atbenian sembly et Oe ‘rey mom member volved ory or pen) ‘eaientone an any ctzen could aes th sembly dell ‘nd propos policy 2, However, Athenian democracy was highly resiive by moert standard because it denied pola gh to womes, mies (sien alles) and slaves Dect ue was enti by some £0.00 mae lazens (ut of ul population of some 350.00). ‘Aeian pbl Iie was dominate by arse Pla was, ‘cere abou theses ofpoesonliem in Atenao polis © te Teg Comp Uses Pater °1B. Thnyes recounts Aen” war with Spars rom 43110 4063.6 in| Iie tory ofthe Peloponnesian War ‘Analysis of Thuy’ aso of Pers “Funeral Oration” [A Perces dominated Atenian public ie etwen 461 and 429 ‘ing Aten’ "Golden Age.” He was Aon leading general 28 the ‘now prominent pli ener daring owe 30 yea [Bevis “Panera Oration” sete forth be eas by which Athos ‘omed ist at te ost ofthe Peloponnesian War in 431 Bc 1. "Peecles exo the Athenian values of ono, courage, and eedom, tnd he caleba the power of the Athenian emp 2 Heidenies Athens’ pli system asthe cs retest achievement He poays Athenian democracy ass mode forall (Greece, since iis asd on freedom forall under la. ‘A. Pericles comrats Athens pola stem wit Sparta’ Lacking te Athenian cent pnt, Spurans re capable al of “lat-indoced courage” ects of ter stats sry emg on nila isepine He praises Atenan versity and spontaneity. ‘lies tht Plat viewed ar wees 44 Perce exo th resies of Aten’ empire, which he atribtes tobe state's unabashed exercise of power He wes Athens “alin ve” with he se. ‘5. Peres believes that women oud avoid public dates and sive sotto be spoken about by ea Pie’ proud testament Atos’ lory conta with Thuy’ ‘bse acount of ow the Pelopoesian War comaped Athens. The ona emerges most clearly in Thbyse’ecouting ofthe ci wa in Corea [As Corcya was driven bys hres betwee vl facto of pro- Atheiin and pro-Spran Frees 4 "Inte ensuing sanier, "People went every extreme ant ‘yond it” Fuhr le on, ad people were in win he precincts of reliious empl -War”Thacyees sy, i "en cacer” Both Pan and Arse nw he violence td ‘xem acssond by war ax comoiv of uma aie an he fe sci 2. -As words changed thir aaa menings civilization began 0 Seger. Character bean dco people were sep say by ther ungovernable passions. |. Thaydes contest "Tove of power, opersingtrath rod nd persona ambition, was th case ol ese es” He tee oss the problem Dat wil peacepy Pla in The Republic fin power be ded wise) 'B. Theysder’ eli and Plato's iealism compared © 90 The Thing any il ase “Theyies des nor blo tht human nar can be improve ‘rough education or any ober casi orde o prevent ieee, ‘rar and th corpo hat stl fm the exes of power 2, Tecan Plo asc hat pope aod heise can in jisce dough edn, Unie Tepes, Pla an opis wo believes inthe perfedilty of human nt. He argue in ‘The Repub ht power cn ented wisely and ht policy, ‘heer, eed aot neatly be carp Recommended Reading: eile’ “Funeral Orton” depict the lay and achievements he ener tl sapere, ht Atos ad ane by 43 Be. Rests be ‘net of kes saces. The revolution in Cory portrays Gree as Being gle oa pound eis fhe pn rnin om te Breakdown of al (rer. The ci demonstrated the els of any, whe people went 0 every ‘xeme tn beyond How could Aten and the Greck word clas so ‘dss? Toys pots tosevera cates. Ft, cil war salen ‘eats ince pope babar bebo, tang them it saa ‘xem Second dterration in language marked te dete of carer tbe words ha change th sal ang” an onder rans ‘score and atid of moderation, Above all owever, he "ove of oe, ‘Speing tog pred and rough peronal abo, was he uae ol tees" The eof power encouraged "olen faint coripted leadership onal sds, Thcyes implies in Peril’ "Fanral Orion tht ‘Nberins ha ead ow exercise power. Tha false ondence was 2 ign of Atenas ropes, or ube ‘We ae once wih he histor conet Beas oft infsence os Pst tn ‘The Republi, Pt reponde to he rosem of powers he viewed bin Uhocontxt ofthe Peloponnese Wa od te spistal corpo tht power engendered, Plat believed atthe chalngs faced by any get cur is 0 Jeu ow ous power wisely Fer Bao dca. adr fa poll system ‘mantbe ws, ano hve wise ears, tb educaond sytem mus be igh ‘Sins. Athns aed to wield poe wisely case vale system wat ‘orale. essemed courage bao nl epee tan eason or Wid, ‘The elm nas sruped by Perce sir command, er tun by 8 ‘Plsopber Only fit dueston ad the cnosequent development ofa Ioligen sn eponsieederap igh have saved th remshably ged tdeatveevanton Pericles “Funeral Oration onthe deals of Athens” (trom Thueydides, History ofthe Peloponnesian War) tal bg yspeig ot urns, sine ty ah 19 Te Thing Comp Uinta ene "‘epi fom res nein pil many ‘oy Thy staal escrow pease Ever meso Jour ‘ibe dvr a Forte hens ey had ai ey so ‘Sltiecnpse eu whe now nd nto ad nd ‘sth iy heed tr ror he pret peer. ‘hen we cua, are fre ly, who se mst pine ‘sie ave ost eons, sso he power of or ene nave ean or Suen sh amy is pet We ‘lt ok ef sel in bh pee dn at "haven who mak log secon tet air oo a: ‘otal ming bot ewe ey wc we cued ‘poner rte uch we oof stay eed ‘revs rekon, Wh wat tds eth ls ‘eases pete we we ae or a as our ‘Sawin ne wy of ie wc a new ea Aer i ‘Sal gan po he ea bling at kind of psc oi st oo a whe Sarna Oe ‘ewe people When sa gestion o etn pia dts, ‘rege equ tefre ew hen eon of ting 0 ‘mbes nar pone 0 pl eps what ‘Son insotmenhetpo spun bre sty Serco aie in pia ocr oer ‘dsj ant peal ieee and enor nny Tieton late ihe eer Wed no gti tae wah tu ex dor sei cys mel nove wa. or eve hin te dof ck ok ich, tong iy 0 ml door peop’ ois Wee fe he ou vn or pe fase ep tel‘ ce cand ot op ene We ive our bee o ose whe we pli sions of aera we oy laws leet se mich "or pron afthe pee lovin as ‘thes anand ame ea ate mati it Wn ah oe ea in ‘Sesrbones we fad ateuy aio ctchapta ey ay and ch re sy tees Ten pe of ot ‘Shap hat a eB ings ane ewe (©1986 Cen ind set ow ita ht to sce 8 ra eso reg pea onan pode, “Ton ea pte bees organo {ut vray ese, Hae seme xara oy ‘nose movant chem pil eporatens oer) ‘even pl bien ridin ou rth pt br a Seer tevyos bron ar al courage a uy Tee ‘Site nur econ em Te Sparano er ‘tnd st tot ie ig Snare sedanger ey re Hee pot | ewe nner ey came Inch tack hd tc jb utes wd oes Shang fogs sa do ma fen a ew opponent who me ing ‘mss ere etn cnn hare ce ‘sown whch ope sean el Ye renner ‘Senge fear read fe ey He temas ‘cir arg owe back ur nite army rift vee) ‘Stare nebo yw nl seg Ths al ‘Sages hn ore of eg dpe volute SOV etal oro sabnoos eee re ae fa mh stnesnted cope We onthe pd ne Freising wm ates wich ae a ner no ‘Soya xml gon ewe ow ounces stone ws ese ‘thea wh weve in set ia, Thi soe pon wach, ‘Sak au eros tobe de There ak oer (he ing a he al stot mu ot Were wea se Sting oe poe tah a someting bons ‘Bont Atfor prey, a8 ae nt estan oat hea ‘hans noting prt meer eee Fon Bee ach ‘Sisal ima sol ts owen a bn sf tesnes we cxtency wlan on el pers, eo fare at sy atm eso een ‘Stee ata We Aten or own pone, our (Scio py osha proper ete owe 32 ‘eh rhe wn ncpasiny bees words and {nrg rd Oe wt ie ee Taig Coma Lint Peep« Ags. in ucons of gner aod eigen pes come ‘Sisco dnote pape We make easy ing on (Shona ymecig pod om he Tis mas or esi. ‘ile mere rea se we wa hep liveth gosto of ‘ho ry win si eto en ‘emo e payne bcs en igs Stosuncouly Weare igor ns Wee Goines 1 ‘ther ed ot doo outers ptt rrr we do ‘em hu urbane eng on ot ery. Taking ‘Scar ei try an cao ‘hdd woth ni icc ag rn oan fe ge sok ee ony dow oy gues ns Se ‘Sinn ges tye wreath aber Sooo oe ‘mowers four empe whch te ave Fae il ‘ronderatus ath eset ape nodes eno Wed ted fe bctmonra tt show emt of faci fl of rat Sree eran it nfl yt {Sac mem po don ns ig ‘Tite. the Rnd iy fori here mo cole eae ought of ig er oy fog nd ny ed only ‘acgo hips eaeeAo ws ese a ‘epee ch eh tot ty, eee waned oe Sle for ue mee an ors ck ou anges a wanted my orf pa or Sead toe et ‘he ign of ene Aad nowt mt inperntf ese ‘ors en pen. have sng hepa fa cy ba wat ‘ieee and ply of te ne, of epee en, sce pn ar wey td en ee of ah Oe to wer cede (©1996 Taig any iil ae ciety 2 ‘etic me wre coomonmel yO St ae ‘ranted topo nesjyng ea bo cme pu oh fa ays ‘Beep tt he mi ne seg hs pve por hh Mee ‘ebe doe ta ch ings ty hse check o's pie ‘Tan othem warark mot pos andy arp ng ‘Gate down be cman ings eveyting ce As or ‘sen ota hy tan te Saal an a pe, nd (iS thereat war fore as thy pt ot ‘ic own ees Tn he ing. hy oe oe homo ‘nd hr grou nd fer eat hn geod ave he ‘ne Soe dn eos en ig we nd Te rt oe ues mal mot of eh ‘Sime of or nes acm of glory, ate, wee sept say toms, So nds ey were, es mot fy. Ne ho ‘nn ch may pe se ed he bt mat oe a orumang he nanan Te el ou son ty {Ged ou kw sar elas 1) aon Sato ete singh enemy tack Wht would tert ou or xe ‘ey en te peas of Alene ead ou ‘tow wants Whew yostnlas har rate ce Gt ‘tte ergo wat mc hap of aden, me ho Tew th iy nen tho wer scamel fal Slow cra ‘dy he fled in an ener, ey mae op in {taatay ate ey old dcr kn {Sud pve hora bet corbin at ey cl They ae et thei het an al of han ford own sere 08 Freese po al mos pend of paces the {Splenic es des ae a where el po ‘incre e's and, ay eon he igh oc ‘Snort psc or en For anna neve the wh a Srna teeny be nerf ger {yb fon btn epi ar heey side ad (pow Io yor ty oe ie hr Make op our mine at ‘rps eens ng end atom pn on sos apes et rn eo ee ‘redhoandulomun, who ne ss hope of ie we or ‘Gemeente te copa vee nc ‘cat wrong rho. Any egal ee haaion ‘Si=Zy row ata more pit ewe sbForse sl cmt with Bae pf be ‘suru we pet ie Ina! sl yt come hem Tay Stel ae tat hey have gown spins ned whe ae ae ny changes end chats Bat god oan end ‘eves wi oor re have ose fr sou nay Sout hie When you seat people happy you wl en be ‘Seino a wed nlc you py tos dcr fe ed ‘rch aren ene ose a Soh oon nro hg mo op nde ete pth mre cs nour aes ‘eno mores wl babel the tb ing he ‘Sep los din suring esc Fors imposie on rear dhe sain vor you bese mom old hae Cae, wel yu ‘oun spn eer of ore wich ou ane en ‘or, and encom enon yar ‘eau, when oe worn ou wih ges 98a the Pot Si, ‘SSS faery tthe te ope of co eow he Asfotbos of ou ee ho ae sn or bt ofthe da. an ‘Setar srg in nto yu Evens sve pss wel Sebastain ie rete itn oi nex options, at mon oe cao (Sey br ae macerated caged Paap hl ya won on he asf women se {nour yorsno we ew wowed teansy alt nyins te eh wl espera expe ‘al hey cameo Tine mand pe wah sh oath en uo th hen fhe eres wi eae fae Whee the va of slr ah pee he you wil od Sohbet and bane yrs ng el An wen Jhae mare rr deren ou at pat ‘The Revolution (or Civil War In Coreyra (from Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian Wan: ‘Afr dexerhing the sex of Grek politcal uae in Peres “Funeral Orson," Toye now recounts he disastrous decline of te Greek welds is chaptr on he revolute Corcya He lls ow ie Pelopootsan War {eached the tiny land of Crean 128 c- Creya Became he vic of Tg srugpeberween the wo est powers Athens and Sparta he an tres pli into ro vl fico, one siding with Athos ade oer ith Spare Thcydes viewed Corea as mirocomm of Oreck civlizaton at Sresoveraten by war The wa ok isons ow lat of pole! ‘Greases for pws, ad feerlSetrraton of character" hat mak the Jwotound spite ens of ances Gece nthe mid ofl war, In he Repub, Plt denis te esis wih the breakdown of Atbenian demecray. and he hols emery responsible forts cos ‘Whe the Crean eld at th Ate Ds as ‘posching a tees i ny ont te ‘Meson wo al ply ee Be wal ne cy Teodor lt ih ey ho ann al od nto he ‘Santos am yd pede pea wr be ng ‘Seva nest ey enn ep of eran ual shout iy fh opin herent al They [Ben condnacd vty on of em eas Secing ta as ‘pein mont te ae opp, aed a ei, ‘iesead ober terest empe ome ged ewes on ‘ers oes fend vou sheen of coming ie Bg een de at En ed i wah ty ‘tras cu ee hemes Tee Tinuraa ld on pods of pons ae che by ee ‘cos ce of money ey owed. Th a athe) ‘Bipinde Ad teal bpp chun ge ‘wotivey extent byod Thee wer ters who ied ‘iron es wee ged rom the tp or Baber 08 he Spe wey cede a ‘cure pty the woth voi wa ova ‘vl pre ney neem ner ying ge TBeenon andthe osc nya bong ne Spun Feat te wld hte brn 2 xu dn ee orale ‘mn btn of war ben exch pry col alas coun on ‘ine tegen eo potion bere natura ir anyone © 198 The ety Cony ts Pep ”shea ne ve lin hl i ‘unten and ay il appen wh hana ae Si Song io no ay ‘ro ns peace ad progres a nda ‘lope andar, rae hy went oe toe ‘hen ated wa hey not want to du waa leecher cpg ta of power af ea sine the uy as ings people's ans down te vel of Sarees ok ut icy afer hy andi placer were feos are ite knight pnd pres) ‘Sater places ce il sm exe epances vay ze ‘Sm byeeraon th met af ing power ony ‘ber aoctsn rsenge To ii ih be change fee ‘or oo ha change mening What ed whe ‘sre haps of apposed ae Sewage toc wold epee tid ns pary ete oa tthe {Strela ayes yf ange nt cen {Sy teat more arnt ge oem ‘Shear sy wud queen om a ier meat ak Say en i ok Pest legume elton Argos tae wl opis foul ales ese. joee who objeto eae 8 ‘Sipe To paces wa gn of nace, tae ‘Bilseererio eats lt ns acing one ast Froie sunt hein doar oe wes png te ny of ‘Sepa nd eng ou feo ie oppose acon ae uly paseo o's on swoon wo ‘rs nny do wrong, tlw denonc somone wo ha wo eon ig ny tong wall ral ellos wee a weaker fiom oxen orn eon whatever Ts per 8 ‘emo ejy te tenei nti vet ee wcry vertvowng xing rpms he mer ese nce conone nxt bce of nylons regi conmnin bt rau thy wore pater nme. a “yposent ne enna sch pry power i (Bhagat, ok cry pecan eat hd bo pes et tal ety wee mae hey ee ee ie by te pate {lyme ome empery sty and ema feels ‘hing ate wr nother weapon lie When ean ard enjoyed eepe tha ar al he mcr sng ee then ot open, rte of aah ah els Oo sy ita consid nd a he se ie ary wo by iisey prvaneseor sprrilipene Ain mot ep ot mee ey allay eer te seg ‘Bee Ty as oct uo wane Lone pe opering rough red an eon bin as [Eseries nb ts hal propane ich ape rae ne epic eat fr be ruses 0 ease ‘Sal ed sun permet of racy” arn poten Tovar ul ce hey were eng to i te pes ar ‘omehet Inrange {ee doed wet tessa wich cone mies, bing evengethy went ate Thee te wee deere ‘iby cane ofc ny ares he thee ‘She nndal wate pete of en ry a ht err ‘end dry an condemning het ences ah egw by aig pve net ey ee ‘ho col ede nine guna tos we real ‘Rn Arties win eld motes ey wee ‘sayy tech eeme paren er iy part in Be Sa or ney pony hey mah ee. Asari tse evans he maa ener terrain of ‘atu oughoa be Gest wel Te ge ooking a ‘ings eid so mach te mak of woe sue Wh ep ‘due qty sno ceed ext Sekt Done ‘Sdn oe esa elec. eat ed ‘tier ih spon Aerie hs ate of fla no me saben tha wok este xh ar at {fae hopeless oexpest permanent semen and tad of ‘gabe tcc! ey Sel he ener ‘oming pn lng mes emacs Arsen who Were evr ge owe pa mht Incl fons ing hey mine nace (ind hms ou anevere mts by gk te hems iy nce sigh no on wh ei ‘Sec ner cf te belt hey won a Wt ‘SEpcingn avec, and ot king ncn toby fare ‘wy oud ey py were the mec esc einethey ne oft ‘Cerny mas in Cora th ter ocd ht sap tetova eer Tere wath revenge ah et foot of wing by ene wio dint pt oe spy2» pred niea f wil gov he eee wc ‘eons he ow who, era dere pes of bra, ses eeape om hel pve dnd ‘Soper of tlenpors he wee hg a es ite eichnen sew arid wat ch fr es Shatin mci ay {hie own ni cof, an te, ea ttendeen ston esx showed el ons enor seth eneny to anyting ape tl hat tot en fre ess ower a ey. wold ve ‘tad vengnce shove iancece nd ri above ice nd, {stu ie tee evenge on odes en ae IepoR "Romano ein he rcs feeling ne er a of ‘ey ernest oan ls mei oth pce Fact Sheet on Ancient Greece in Plato's Era (ith and Fourth Centuries 8c) Anica wa the leading Greet” during he ith ceomy 8. nd ‘Aes wast pcp ity. Aria’ aes was roughly eqal a ze Rhode hand Aten has ees ened a "demanray” and Sparta ab “ligt tr tenia demecacy wan very nite, wih politcal igs ested to alt mle iene Aes poplition (ie Zimmern pp 17-178 comitedof te cases: + Cazes conpoed of ome 160,000 men. women and cide. Among the ‘ion, nl adi les (abt 40,00) could exes oll gh + Resien bens o¢ “ould” composed of sme 9600 many nos ‘Nenitn Gres nd some Phoenicians ud ewe, Alen salt aes abou 200 aid not have pic igs, although some were elavely weal, td ecmomicaly were sm stpa pat of Anca. ‘+ Staves composed of soe 100,00 me women, nd eilren Slaves were ‘ese al poli iphe Pino an Aristotle sa slavery fat of mate ‘As Asst sted, "The lower sot of mashing are by sure slaves.” Most ‘aves were “ipod barbarians” who served dames evn 8 ‘Scns nbs, raf indy, and workshops ‘The cyst of Sparta known a Laconia onthe Feloponsesan pina tal population f 30009 0 400,00. The populations of Athens and Sparta ‘rere oughly the sae In conrasto Sparta where pois were dominated by Thea, Athos aan extardnany igh avant by ts izes in uff (The Grek ter or “yt” wasps, o poly) The Cons of Aen povided for more than 20700 mao Be on he poi papal, ther esvig pubic sina udges ew oer ‘Sil ors ember ofthe army ard nay (6000 me) “The ling instnon in Athens was the sembly. wich was composot of all tat Athenian mae No propery or Beary qulifeations wee reared. The ‘Assembly was he sl leislitie body an aol met once a month, with 2 {uoram of 600 being necessary to conduc buns. Any ciizen oul dress the Assembly and propre policy. Mont of is agenda and business, HVE. was repaed by cere Counc of Five Hundred (cle the Boul nd chosen by st) ora "inner oul!” execaive comer) of 0 men, Te supremacy of the Awebly was vigpoutymsitied. According 6 FLD. F. Kit, te ‘Avesnly“comled nt oly egiiaton and admiistatn, bat justice os tet The Atbenian court ystems Cons fu, wbich ved ose fom TO1 to 1.00 men, and were ram far poi, by amas. Te professional wis vena i scope spose. Pao was a severe cic of [Rhein decay ad complied ave al abou ak of poessonalism. © 190 Te Ting Cpa i ep 2He contrac his Republic on he rain of rey professionals not ‘Souret: DF. Kita, The Grech: Alfa Zimera, The Greek Commonweal Sars. Pooerey. Goddesses, Whore, Wher and Slave ‘Ststn M_ Okt, Women ix Wester Polical Though, anon Pinto and ‘Ansiole MLL iy, Denocracy, Ancient and Moder, Chapters 1. Lecture Three Law and Rule in Sophocles’ Antigone Scope: Sophocles gi pay Antigone offers erty contest for Piata's Pilwphy. The lay faodacs cranky problems ta wil occur Troghout ths cts (1) whether and uner what eumsanes ‘eghiat to sist consid authori, (2) hom o weigh confiting ‘hms of scorer and india ontience, ad (3) Bow 0 ema ‘compa between pose law and ma er ivin (Objectives: Upo completion of his ee the sent sould be able to do be 1. Compare and conta he vastus undesandings of law tat are [pened or ingle in Sopcle Amgen, 2. Compare and coast tbe pes of pot re represented by Cran, Perl, and Pat's plosoperng: an rete bse types to each rotagni' vew of women Outline Sophocles 495-406.) ws ne of the eang dramatists pion Gree. [AsO is 120 plays, 96 won fis prin rama competion guest ‘one of be resent playin nary amon he Earp, ‘Accs and Aviano, 1B Sopoct’ play Antigone soe part of ogy that also ices (eins ee and Oedipus at Cooma Antigone was popale with ‘Ntvtian nen tht earned Sophoctes the igh ona of Bing sumed ene Hee is apot summary. |A. Thepliy open in the city of Thebes ie the aftermath fa ae in which Antigone’ wo biere,Plyics and Eels, have led . Creo, he despotic rue of Thebes and uncle of Plies and Boson fas dere hat Etoles be Bosred wih fii bus ect fi vat t Croom Creo has alo dered hat Antigone ‘ier baer Poles, be trwn the dogs Dena he had tacked eck in an efor 1 overtvow Ceon ‘The ply open with Ansigone speaking ober sister, en, ad sowing ta bury ts ther Payices i dence of Creon's ore,IML, Ox nays of te pola ies in Antigone focuses oo concepts of law and fear [AL Tie ides aa cxpesed by Aigo. 1. Andgone invokes the iden of vine or unui” aw 0 Sly er dfans of wha the rears te profi and gitiate ects f ron 2 Inberimeriew with Ceo, Amigoe oes oe ofthe fist lms toc duaedione of postive aw on he bai of ihe I 3 Arigne'andetanding of nw foreshadows the concep of| ‘ra aw as expend by Martin ater King fo example) 1B Cron very diferent undersadng of aw 1. Croom assent is words aw. He ages thatthe ruler mst be ‘obeyed whee bie laws ae just orm. 2. Creon jute vew by noting that he hts rovided pole ubiliy and tat tance of const ator wl bing rey and rin 4. Repestating the peopl of Thebes the Coors at fst acces (icons unerstanding of aw, When Crow's despot os lea {08S downfl however. the Chorus ees ods a” punisting ‘icon fri ub oF agape I conceals est. Sow god sese and moderato: they masta display abr oF sebe pit egos cons tan The eae. Plat cers aural or ihe nw of ight and jase which ‘ets eel standart wich conventional cma ede” aw ‘oaldconorm. 22. Round stem of ection allows plsopers to ring ‘onvendonl aw ito aco wi ui la, 1, The following ar oneetons ofa or leader. [A. Raleof Creo, he dsp 1 Cron’ en of ae tyranny it presupposes he se flaw 0 ‘nfore and egtinize the ras iva and dsp power 22. Groans concept of pola ule parle hie atte owed women, He sss tat women mist be kept under sat contol he "esther a bjs be dominated apd aed completely [Anigon incur ie wrath Bec she sa woman who refses 0 be comin. B. Rule o Pees, the iltary commander. 1. Pericles ifs fom Creon in espousing democrat leadership and ‘Meru of la, which Perle so he primary vals ‘stess. 22 Perices doe it share Cron contempt for women, but Peis ‘eretyes th rol ego wives and moter sad srs th thoy coc exec poe pone Rule of Plato, he pilose. 1 Pl argc hr pwophers wil exercise poll ale he ie! ste, Leader shold be hinkrs th son fh higher 2 Hinrevoltionary view of eaership wat accord with radia one of he le of women, Those women who ca femora equ intelligence to men sald ere equal with them serie of is Repablc ‘Recommended Reading: Sophocles Antigone. Harper tte ahg Compr Linn Pele asLecture Four ‘Socrates and Socratic Quest Scape: Inti str, Profesor Dallon reviews te tought and eatin rtd of Sera, the founder ofthe Wester nelecsal wae, ‘That great teacher Innogrted Wes piel piles by ‘rowiegetroupoat hs e's jure) and he so sought ring t Soca explains nd justifies his i's quest in Pas Apology He ‘offer an sncomventonlunertanding of oth tha metho rather Thun possesion and wisdom as avarenes of nes own ignores In don othe Apology, Prfesso Dalion cscuses Pat's Symposn ‘Theaubjet of hs alogue—ihe meaning of lve—ie also an objet of the Socrates qust fora stnwedge The poo Sacre aches, ‘ould be the objet moony of a= knoe Bats of ove ‘Objectives: Upon completion ofthis leer the tent sould beable do he ‘atowing: 1, Describe te Socratic metho or parang knowledge of he ah 2 Compare Socrates respons ths condemaation bythe Ahan jury ith Atgoe's response te condemnation by Cre. 3. Describe Soca’ views ofthe pepo of if the origins of fear, and ‘Relimitequetons tht soa coocers human sings, a the cee hn ew cnr fe ins oi 44 Describe the ts definition of love st fh in Pat's Spo. ‘Desert Socrates view of the reliionship between knowledge and love Outtine 1. Socrates (70-399 9.) was Plato's echo andthe preeminent pilsopher ‘otc ewe |A. Socre’purpos i epg ina soy fom Psa slope Gorgias, in which Sorts asks oe ofthe mos enduring Je gett _oesons in philosophy: "What couse of fe s best” 'B._ Socrates ecomments the poopie ie (th part of ath He deserts is pilwphial ques a2 "plpinage” for tra In The Apologs, Pinto explo meaning of Sorts ques and dexrbes bow his teacher pursed atthe cont unl of his nif The ie of thishalopu fers to Soca defense of Ms ie and miso ele uy ‘thus Ania ets in 399 In efnding biel apie charges of ‘hpi ad conrping the youth of Aten, be made he lowing pins |A.-Wiador coin of “owing hat one doesnt know." One sould gh search orth in pit of ity aad wih awarene of oes own gnomes, “Truths vale toe pursed, ot an objeto he possessed witha ai onal 1. Pilsophy ies fom religion i elsiming only o purse the {eth not psies i 2 Soot defines the prt frat nan of desc rtd, Pus of teh sa eolsorsve eerie, which pao epi Plato's sof he dialog Forse 2. The Socrates sa search fra vale, fo waye © ders en of goods, bay are and ear, “the unexamined if isnot wot ing” 1. "Sours declares th hip obigaton compel i to practice Bhlowophy and exhort sek he ath, even meas bis own death, 2 Like the Hid, Soraes views th uma questions the most Spot ings ne ‘The Socratic uot seks Inowledeof oe ax wll a fra. The meas oflve ithe subjert of Pio dlogus, Phe Symposium, which eouns 2 nvr among Socrates and in ends aout love, wth each detaing love in iret tems |A. Pausini define love pimanly a pyscal oes, Lave seks ony te ‘atfcton of pyial enies |B Arsophanes eines love in omic ems as a seuch for one's ther alt 1. Homansin thc orginal state combine male and female within ‘one individu eso of Parmar hapiness in hat ia, Zeus split species in bal. 22. Love ons ac as easing forthe ter a rom which thas ben severed. Lovee he pari of he ther part hat will ‘Soles andl oar ens Soot refer both of hse efnion of love fers noe. 1. Passi’ destin pores the rman quali of ov. and ‘Aimophanes’ deiion doesnot ecognze that we ove aly what fessor pos. 22 Alla pereivd as god evi hs no ely: Wht we Darcie ns go Deore th objec ut ove © 100 Thing Coney in ein n3 Socrates desis heer of love” benning wih physical Jove tea aceding oom lov, a culmataingi fove for the good or wha we know ar Platonic love" We elie the ‘object ut ove: we dono alin oe wit its elo wicked ‘quale, but with what we pereive a god. We wsko know apd Tove th which good. 1. Socratic and Hind philosophy canbe compared. [A Like Soortes, the Hind gras reps kam, o physi ove, at inefficient ix rpersosd by bighe levels of ove. Evils ition; we purse slowed, which we eg good in ‘onder to achieve stay C. We disp seltmasty by loving what noble nd te Recommended Reatiog: Plo, 1969, The Last Da of Serates (especialy "The Apology” Tasted ‘by Hugh Treeanck New York: Peguin. = (0199 Thing Copy int eet Lecture Five Plato: Idealism and Power, Part 1 In hae te fllowing lecture, we examine Plato's Republi, ‘Seminal ext ofthe West plowphial aon ed epi of ‘Spur frou std of oer over people. As Professor Dalton ‘spay, The Repl aes indamenta ses ee he uct and lls of hun etre, rg of ik conduct qualifications fo ‘rere poita poner, eau fr obedience oe In and ‘isons of divans andthe wt) hat ee prameisfr ‘seqace! Wester pli her Alioagh Pio cho cosnon wih he Hinds don be ‘ep rm tin epg he sate nota coe force ut an Spun tue. The sate cn prove nial etn ud ‘hthaing trough bteaton” herbs quis. The question hat ‘rete dlogu in The Republi sth mening of je nde s008 trea ight conduct” According Soo, sce consists eer in waoral elgsous wages os Polaco gue. ain the wil of the sronge ss Thresymahos contended. Intend, Socrates xpi at |sce inh he individ on the consis eat ordering ‘te wl, do prt warping the ines ay et ar ed ‘ates ing ove al Acconing Plo, contemporary Aten id ntti Scrat Fer jt. Poof pei equ of Atlan dexay ins ‘capo of the ship of te," ic realy sre by ademas ia ral tw dmagopi rew ad ele fe une navigates vie Jason goers sista pptie ihn he jst ind ‘il, othe sane te by the wh enjoy tue knowledge aber Than hse wbo ae milly paso and docsne yon. Pao ‘voi anew educational syste by which th sae can ies and ‘Slt aural aes wc atin keg of emt rand uso i commen god th joe eran rows parca ‘Objectives: Upon completion of his acre an the next th set sould be 1 2 leo do the following Compare od conta Pato and the Hin aon onthe rle of te ‘end ability to wild power ws. Compare an contrat he dfn fuse, "ight coms." ‘offered by Plemarchus, Tesyuchs laor and Sora in The Repl. 5 98 Te etn Campy Line Pentip »‘plete Plo's pall hetaeon jasc in be ini nd esc in ‘tote 4 Deserve the the “waver frevlutonay change advocated by Pio, and explin ow they wl lp to being abo te del oc. 5. Deserbe Pat's rque of democratic government, ak ecapsed in ‘ie metphor of he "ahp of inte, "and en wt he repr tbe ‘tert qualtcaton fr wielding polteal power, {6 Explain Piao's theory ofthe sages of cognition as peseated in is smuapors othe dived lise and the eave Outtine Pato seks in The Republi deine right conduct, oth for he inva and te ci, [AL While Hindar sc the snes an gent of ine, Pao ses is ‘moral forceat an pen of ise nd a means of education, Hinds believe tht political power ile the wise ‘The Republi takes ie frm ofa loge betwen Serats ad a sexes of inert cash of whom oes eintion of ight conduct o jc, [A Polemarchus ser the watna definition fight conduct 1 He argues ta ight conduct means “ving each na i ue." Ie form of asibuve jase and tae om thee of “ane or 2, Socrates espns tht ican ener just akhough tight be ‘expedient to hrm acter penn 1. Trasymachs fer novel definton futon 1. "Herpes that might kes ight the drone party defines as "jos what sin hat pary’s eres. "asc" ings Hapa, east thse who pace 2, Soc esponds by anaogzing the rule tapi Just x ‘hepsi qua pyscan seks to Benet ot Ras bt is atents the lr gure cls Bones i abjerts. The ale, ke he physician, mt posses the nif kowiedge htt ‘roperio his raf, The tel ale hinks ofthe common ners, [C Glacon press Scrtes tn offers more convincing refitation of 1. Ghaaon ares Oat josie arses nt om amoral imperative or stealth but om expedince. Tse ss cgi inthe esi ofthe weaker for ser api the stonger Given he ‘pperty. al pople il pari their mn ef neres eile (flow or sce Clason cher beh of Gypeet suppor the (6199 me Teg amy nb i soci conc hear of jase. He challenges Socrates o defend Jisce ua pod nll, spurt Hom is praca bene 22 Inreply to bch Trsjnachus and Glcon, Soc oes is ‘ison of ese The sn, ke th individual personaly, ‘Sompoed of son, spit and dsr or apps sie consis ‘fib ph odio hse hee lemon, with reson ring IM, Socrates goes hat peopl can beled trough eduction wo gin el ‘owed her than me opin, and live according a reason. The ‘le of renon rogues tee "waver of evolaionry ange a Athens ‘A. Qualified women mus te alowed tol political power. The nce fami and private propery anions ke ing lass mus be hth in dro rehnfore adhrence to the comon inte C.Phiosophers shoul ie Plato, 1985. Te Republi, Books I-V. Trad by F. M Corner. Lando Ofer Universy PressLecture Six Plato: Idealism and Power, Part 2 Outline ‘ilosophical determinations |A. Hs prtonal experience with Aesan democracy proved rilasion ing He saw it comuped by he gnorane of the mob and te cshoneny fs ade. He telleved tht corapon of mi nd spit ed dey tothe condemnation of his teacher, Sores. Athens displayed he oughesses and igporanc tht were ake ‘impo eal rer ot foster nse of cve doy. ‘3 Deora are governed by mere opis ater than by emule Crowle 1 Piao offers he parable of he “ship of sat” deeb the defines of emctacy andthe need for mestocae le [Ax The ship's maser presenting te demos) is physi imposing but somewtat ignorant, shor sight, and oa 'B. The masters subued by he rew (erecting the comp pois ‘ho manipulate and donate he demas) Assering that navigation ‘eques no special il he crew member seize caso fhe ship and ‘pert in iow tres. Both hy ad te mast re ie by ‘pao aber than knowledge (C. Only so navigator preset he posophe) underside ‘cite of tow oa the sip corey, buh ined byte ce He's ot coupled by power, sinc be understands hat oly knowledge of is sience can ens th he sip reaches ts exintion. The Parable each tha the sip of sat shold be ied by those who sess rel knowledge, ot mee opin IL In presenting his theory ofthe stages f cognition Pata elaborates te ‘heres tnd to vow human ara benign nd suscepable of Improvement Tey look asance competion weldh disparities, and ‘er manifecation of akarmony and su ‘The iterences, however, eas sig asthe siiates—tetweon Rossa and Mar, wel btweeaboh of them and Pao. Rootes an Mare view icguiy as th rod of eomapr an Into espe pea propery), we lo ses ura Delgs tinny oneal Rowson tnd Mare forth pr ave ie ‘ewvf uaa nalre,the rgin of sce and ma el Rare {ine od urge fundamental astrmaton finials and sei ‘Sycbuttcy oe fa very fren terme Boh he mechan Of a ‘etuionary change nt is eooin ‘Objective: Upon competion ofthis lecture the sae sould be able wo do the 1. Compare nd cons the poopie asumpsons and conlsions of Plc and Rowse, especially reading bunan ature, the elo betwen thie and pos andthe eal ste 2 Summarize Roses’ erg of iow society andthe anes © which be aie is sci igs 3. Compare an contrast Machel an Routes vision af amas Outline 1. Rosse and Pato she sina bai [A Bothare idealist lo cre of heir own ois. Both oo ‘lactone means oesapebunan tre 0d thereby comet tester scien Both sea close enionsip between ets and polis. Cot see private propery aa ce of mts, avarice and sequal. 1, Rouse ies rom la in npn man equity. Rowena everbs tee el scan, : (©1901 Thing Cy nt ae AL Rowe's san of the pt set fori ine cry a the tte 1. The pst isthe word of mua man who as wo nis esr apd repgnue st sing vig tings ule 2 Taman antares ensamenaly bei, | Huma beings tae an ate compassionate mpl tha prevent ‘hen om baring ther, Ross's vison ofthe pretence hy cmap cone Tr Aca conequene of urbanization and modern ecology, hums beings in contemporary society are deburnied and lead ‘ommeach ober, That dbumaticaton lsd by he fare of ity Genovesesneightors to come oer eae orev all he 2 Meatsibucs he enason and cpuraon among human beings 10 ‘ubanzaon,commeriaionafaalyedscaona 5m and ‘he insitton of private proper. Cara social istiions en Prive propery brings inequity, wk promotes ay aad In The Social Contract, Routes se fois ideal vison of fre society characte by use, eed an equal. IM, Rowse’ prescription for il moni et oth Te Socal Contract. |A. The insiin of private pope leptimize soil inequaiy, whic eter he mind a anaes poole rom each oe 1B, Through edustion and anew manger of scion, ham can ‘vero ter fear of exch other tnd develop anew ene of ‘omni. ‘The ow sens of commit wil confer sone ecu 1. Equality rng suey and protect by fostering community spit tnd taconite. 2. Weiast define oorclves no interme of hings bt in ems four ‘eatonship with ther aman beng 2 Genane ecu requires individual and soil wansfomton; bua behave mut egovetd by jsice aber han tint, . The sril comract can elect the ded ching trough sation to eae anew verse of equi In parle edaonl system tnt seialc poop io apn of ommiy, Genin feed is ot ene bt the ability to st one ool —to erate oneself fom he sion f epson ad lation ao un see of oneness wits ber. ‘The idea seit 10 be govemed bythe genera wl“Th general wil int jroo wil Not all major Assision sein second with ene wl 2, The ener wil the rancendnt moral standard of aes ht ldeties a society tits best Tish shred vie spit hat wie ‘peopl nd leads thm to en wth each ter Recommended Reading: Rovsusu Je Segue, 1987, The Rane Poca! Wrinings: Idina: Hacker. : ©1984 e Thing Compu ite Pip Jean-Jacques Rousseeu (1712-1778) ‘ean-Jaoques Rouen was born in overt (bth eno tl emeton i (Geneva in 1712 He wandered tog Europe om 17280 174 then lived in sis unit 762, While in Parse publi his Discourse on he Slences and ‘Ara (1750), On he Origin of Inequality (1775) le (1962, she work on dustin), and The Social Conrac (1762)- Late, in Swit be pubis is Confersions (765) and Considerations on the Goveroment of Poland (1772) Rosen can enema the achat” ne evlaonary rodeo Pat ‘he religiou and cei developments of th sevencenth and eighteenth cote bey lence Roame's ugh. The Calva! aan in France helped shape is insistence onthe relonshipBeweon pits td ‘meaty (ne Fedrck Within’ lntoduction in Rosen's Bae Plica! ‘Winting) Altoaph bth Lock an Hobbes wore men fesnced by he Scaife discover f gues such esac Newion (612-1727. wo bls bis Mathomatea! Principe of Naar Phiosoph a1, Rouse ‘shot o Eaphcnment eas of etnce an aaa He devouneed ‘enc, wchtoog.indosralom, nd urbanization a being inhumane in ting wats of an nenngly hese word and being incapable fren The ales of community and eampasion tha he pied. Lack wecome st ‘ofthe mela changes oeung aroun bine Earope, among tem he Founding of Royal Soi of Landon (eve othe sce oes) 1662 and the Acaemy of Scenes in France ia 1665.Rowsea, by eons opposed the French Encjlopedists in Pas (1781-1768. apeiron Ike Dirt (1713-1788) ana Vive 1694-177, who pele hs Philosophical Dieomary in 68 98 Te eng Copy Lind Pep °Rousseau’s Three Visions of the Individual in Soctety: Past, Present, and Future (age numbers fer Rowse, Jean Jacque. 1987. The Basi Police Weng. Indaapois: Hacket!) ‘The Sate of Nature (pp. 35-36, 45-46, 52-85, 60-81, 150-51) Rosset conceived of "he conston of aural man thing had mo sible of aman are “ort reason self preservaion and compassion (ie. piyorsymathy, pp. 35-36, From the quay of compassion “alone Now sles vats" hat we posses (5), Rowsteat contrasts the ste of tate nthe Soll Contract pp 150-51) wah the cv sate os ince ‘Riow: Te civil state mat tanto, dough education nade. be "Contato of mtr mat ata czen mb soy "orl bey” ad eptimae equal” (pp. 151153), Rousseau's Moder State (pp. 25-26, 59-55, 68, 81, 141-56) Rousse ofr this impiciniiment of eson and hlsophy as exemplified ‘inte atnais f eigteonth century Earope: they ve use reason sie ‘nue sl (p18) He cites "he pilsopher™ who in contrast “av age ‘man ipnre th ligt flexing humanity y refusing to stn 18 apes (pr 545), That the col, eats reason” nd poopy” a moder ‘Oar moder society ad st nk compassion Desa ate’ wil impulses yan sympathy have Den suerte by moder scene and {tchonlogy, by te all of aonals” andy he at for private prope (Pp. (6: 1, Lacking commitment community, moder society bas degenerated Int aia of-pivat terents "fret mere" and "pvt lS” (PP 153-54), Ast ions onl the "wl of al” (pp. 155-5) People ee Inoem sate realy aay bye seston of pvt wil” (162). [Row al the moder states pl by sete of aenaton,esrangene. hd inaiiytocnpencace empaby wih ors, As ea fast vei the ‘The Chil tate (pp. 147-56, 160-65, 203-4) “The civil ates achieved rough he restion ofthe soil contract (pp. 147- 4), wich ead fo the pletion ofthe general wil (gp 153-56). The oma betnee th inte of stare and the vl ste smo! apart in Rosson’ chapter onthe i state (pp 150-51. Note especialy the sharply ripave words assigned fo cache: "asiee” versa” impulse" Taw" ver appetite," an eason” Yess he cise, poops experience 3 "nemarable change." suing a "oral quality” previously onknow,"esings are ennobled” and the "souls leated” The change from ari, sinal" (he ‘eat of estate of nae) tu teliget being” izes lowe hei tua” Herb acquire mor” oe" ier (p 151) They tas a © 194 he Teng Comma Lins Pep cen he ata” het, which "wo be diva by apes,” and gin ‘hesiens self reserbed aw. Tey lve "trl qual” bt gin“ moral td legate gai” fp 153). Thi se eles the yen wl” ane ommon good (p. 153 ried ofthe wil of ale leat belp in he ‘pe uk of "hanging han ate” (163), of schevng tough line ‘uote el cil ite, Rusia’ thery of el property public proper (pp. 151-52 tee sas sigicnt eae coma e ‘ist acumuation of private propery bythe few inte ror te ‘bain of propery ensures esti the vl at, Ths, tel ste ‘ut above bh ier and ent (p. 170 Finally te eal ii tae st ‘einer smal!” nty 100 eso), where cach ca aly Kowal the fen” cnet rer he stats Becomes, he ier here pp 73, 10),‘Summary: Three Perspectives on Political Theory Reallss and the Argument for Secuty (e.g, Machlavel) ‘The reas rot alone in wanting seer Ala the six theorist we have ted wast a stong polity tht can poets iizens, Fach ep vi or eratnal warfare a eat nal aie the ned for plc oder. Butthe reals argue tht secant sth paramount and oxeiing goal he ‘te: fill expectations nel Te puri irs 2 bogs sel for ‘ny sate chimer dangers nacton tht undemins rae hat ‘thane the et for sect. Machaelh wars hie prince th east prs ‘ony those policies hat ean "sve is ate,” Hefaheoe sys, "Hy ook ‘tmaters carly, yo il se something resembling vine, wich 3m follow fay be your ri, wl someting le resnbing vice wi ead, ‘00 flow i 0 yor sexrityand wel eng” (p49). Tat the pits of ‘io Realpolitik involves» determined, pragmatic eof power “rencuered by moral serps As Lao Suu sas in History a olical Phinophy,“Machaseli consciously lowes he stands of Sci acon” In ‘rer ony a fas pose ae premient goa ou ba eed Toesecury Reformers and the Argument fr Diversity (6. Aristotle) ‘Alps mo allow for some dere of cvs. Aristotle iow tht Pat's ideal epic wil ve prea very in ocupaion apd esestion But ‘Arie wants versity smoag te participants inthe proces of pial ‘econ malig. among those who Wield pltcl power. Aristotle's idea of ‘erst mean a broadening othe cize ass apis of “ee and ext ‘tizen” wo share ofc and shape pli, meaning that "some rl and ober feral”, ith “reat sort of rsa sume he esponsbliies of govering. Power must be concen inthe hands fw bu dsebued becuse of the“ equity of al he cizens (p41), Pht wou deplore this hod of pity as rule by amateurs, reminiscent ofthe ‘rank pprofesonlismof democratic Aten. Aristo respons thas ae ‘hat nity ito some extent noenay ake aa huseold and pols: bt tl ‘inky isn,» Ria if you mere ting hamony mere union, ort eds ‘heme to ingle bet (p. 5) Locke's fem of ives at oe ih Bs aes of ihe ers, much 8 Ars, cncention of power inte an of few “This redom fro abso, bar power is necessary td clay joined wih man’ preservation ate canst part with ba by ‘that orf preservation and if tops” (p17). ‘dealits and the Argument for Community ( Roussony) In suing ei cal for community, Pa and Rouse show higher expec tone han eter be alts oe eres They namo creat wall Plato and 7 © 199 Ta Tenn coapny ni Pep ow Kad of poli what Plat calls the Yepubli" and Rowen a he tan” Plo sagen is vison ofthat evelonny ply is metaphor of the "es waves” The second wave envisages ane! commun hat "most rary esos single person. Wheo oe of hur i finger, he mle ‘exentof those bil connections which ae gathered up nthe sole iid Typing clement mae ware and ial sacs sa whol ithe pin of te string pas; esc we sy tha te mu bass pain ni ings” Plo ‘once ta "he best organize ormunty come crest tha onion ‘because he ea poi wll beatae whee the commnsty "wil ocogsize sx {patois he mdiviualekizen o whom god or evil happen ed wil ‘Shr asa whole ins joy ad sotow” (p15) Plo sys that ach aa ideals mos achievable y the Guardians who, wi er aupen educa, “yen optir ad id st these en, cane the ae once ht al eke Stren sre sential” (p 166) ANough tat sp of nity ft primary ‘ng the Gora, fir example nfs th nie orm: Soo as ‘wl sect these ea [Guards] wil ive incomplete peace Wh oe hohe and if hey never gual among thesis, teen fer ofthe ret ofthe community beng dtd ether asia ham agin slp 168), pol “Ast this ts win oe body, one cam har (St ibe memiers without tacking the whole Body. Thos ty apne ‘qu ohge he wo pares come to one ana’ ais” (p 150). Even more ‘tncepton of haw the personal eae the polial “Every tn vious| ‘won sparc wil en al hing conformable tthe gen wil de Iss to Plato's homer Reese bo believe that he leer mt ecko transfor decor ste noun Mea comm. Rocca loiter” ‘Soul el himself abe "Wo change han sate to transform each nv no pat of rer woe fom wich hindu rocives oa ome i if ands being; ser mans contin in oder steages io subsea moral an ain extence forte independent and physi ‘xitece which we hae al eceved a are 169), Thus th tories of beh Plato and Rosina forse aoa transformation of the community 0 hat Catan ghar comeiusess and flr elton ft oman poetLecture Ten Marx's Critique of Capitalism and Solution of Communism ‘Objectives: Upon completion of tis acre, he ten should beable todo te Tolowing Compare and contrast Rowse’ nd Ma's vison of man’s aaturat Star ther Gagoses of the cis of contenporsry sae, er ‘expect visns of heel fre sei, and he cas y which ‘har sociy ito be achieved Describe Marys parte hear fhe ea his theory of work, and ‘plan hom his concept of “alenaton fer fom Rouen’. ‘Summarize Mars rgue of he cpt system of production. Outline Mars nese an extended he evoluonay srt of Rouen a Mars ie is summarized, 1. He was oro nelly fet iy: 2, Int you he bees involved sist polis and was eld {Par fom Germany in 185 13 Tn, he was xed to London, where ved ui Ns eu in Marx sup revoisinary chang even meaty than Rowseas Gi Hs projet seems to ave fle, bt soa we cela ais theory emai? ‘Like Plat, Maa proposes tripartite theory of he elf, camesponding a tire stag isin of acl evolton, [Av The aura slo nur soviet reprsents masini anal teed of ood, ex and Wook B, The second stag of hasan od soci evoatin ithe ened aia ceed soi. 1. Like Plt, Mars vowed his own society a profoundly comp it ‘went beyond buh Pht and Rowen in ring th he sei itataoms of mem scey alone man rom ther men ad om bine. ‘According o Mar, aptabi nsx men fom themselves and ftom cack eer. (Capitals and ukinaely private property—peverts burn ‘les, at haman beings comet vale ngs ver eac ber en Te Tentng Comp nie Pestp ocourages avarice, competion, nd inequality. The cash nexus teeomet he tern of al vale, 4. Capitalism enfores patriarchy and expats sd abodes ‘women. tenures domination a iu. esey ‘Rover etal hua ratnshp (eg of ove G Te id spose ses society of communion. 1. Marys soil determin his conidence hat he onzascions of eptais wilincitbl ed 1 cami — represents dpa rom Rouse, 2, Mare doserier a The Communi Manifest ow the peed and searce encouraged by apa wl undermine ao eva ear th reine of pete propery, ‘A. Communist society is characterized by equity and josie, IL Mars pouphy of wok i examines ‘AL Marx agus tat capil soit dtr mes nat cdo Wook 1 Undeespitism, man denis rath than fl msl ough aor. 2 Incontemporry society, many pope ae ales fom hie Jabor, ich hey perform ony nde compulsion 1. Marx asses tat in communist ace, nodal willbe abe the fe development ofa 2. Communism il ring fensie umn ulfillnent th ea or ex wile aie in love, and the ee for work wl be xii in Iesnighl bor 3. Marrs ica society isa species scien which the ezens wi elo tenses ad realize Heir "spees"o ly haman ads ‘of esi ove and reine work IV. TeMar sill ean? ‘A. Mis program bas never ee plemented cerany notin he Soviet ‘Union Mark aver advocated ttaitaran or despot re 1. Abouph his stores eters has een aceite, hs soil 1. Thetncome gap betwee rich and poor has expanded inthe Sonera woe ring th past 30 year 12. Denmuacie often fa to provide ot bey and eli. |X Mars sci ertgue wl remain valida long he eset ond ‘oad sequal conesRecommended Reading: Fromm, Eich: Marys Concept of Man. New York: Ua, ‘19 Te Techn Company Ln Pep ‘Man's Theory of Human Nature and Society {Sell and System). ‘Kart Mare (1818-1883 sa humana and soy lores. The Indi xpress is neds in sce). Any sce wl neil have 8 ‘rofound noses on the aii of india win to all te nec ‘Alivia a soit are pr of» vas proces of isc change ‘As wecnolie, we experience tres pases of row, cach wt ts own at of ‘ees The spas th of tata socety an the ata sl Ths pase ‘Soni of pinay anal” node for ubltence oo, clothing. ele) ex. {procreation} and Work (be need engage in some frm Of mental ad physical ‘su. Eay fos of primitive societies also expeseace thas fundamental neds, hey aera in the seme that veneer lose theme erin Inviscooar ture bat ae nt informed by our esos toa high degre. They te instinctive and spontaneous ae han pled ad seit-consciows. Te this ‘ge of evelopment, the prt and fulline of te vee of ange and mx tue sesh nd works performed ina oie maner widow mach sense oF toci anarenesr or eeslntn. Yer thor tral oad ar este for Os {gown Tey ae iumatire inte narra pase, bu hey ea the patil for Se relzaton of ou spces being In Mae's wings. he aa thea phases frth ipey oly n Fromm pp. 99-103, 142-4, 150-51, 18 5. ‘The second pase of developments tht of he alienated andthe alieated soci wich she coneporary system in which wen Wester cvization Inno our tre bat they ae asl expres in» stored for because ofthe exploative sem of capalam, We experience our nature a allenaed esp we are dived asst ourselves, between our sence (wich wil be ‘ese aly when wereach he communis voce and our reset exsenc ‘nvias engaged min in exploring oaying to domint one sete Ost ‘tral ned are fen rnaed wr we re tracey illnry pete of money td proper (Pom exis and contra he es of ine eed verst. ils,” "sytte”nees on p. 62-63. He dicsses te concept zeny op. , 25-26, 5667 Mare addctae om pp a8) Those ‘dere ale “soy” beauty ae ike aictione we re ot ompele to consume or acim he amount of mney and prope that apis encourages, bu we ve Become aie oa ape for moe ‘had power. Out bebaor is bosoms compalive anda a ebved oat ‘our tur ms aod sat of pod eal a bes or bli. Jost ashe natural phase of and sci analogous wo cidod he Allenton phase can be compared aolscnc, In ou roth to re ‘loo if oe wore Betoet becomes bor. Adler cri bad Interme ofthe eno enter abd vaio aaons ats ©1998 The Tein Copy nid Pep ”wings Mart belies ht wea specs ar ina pas of adolescence and we tar om ealrng ou iy, At reset, epi 2 Western cles, ne five becom: booke on power ane nd wae fo manipulate or ext ots ‘We confine our imal deste wo accumulate things with ur el nets. We ‘mast note, however tha hi age of adolescence i essary 10 Avelopment ino mtr society tito he personal maturation of be ‘vidal cna. However ach Mar oedema capitalise sil ses is ‘Tress af desible wage in revlon to communism. Capitalism ‘romots rate thn impedes our propessveevolton ino the hid and a Sat ofthe species being Ase self and sytem move trough ioy the lane serves asthe msn ‘youn of growth, epi nh form he cogoic ments oF production Inte cai as, sytem response fer distorting the india. eds al ipling hit ber adicve, compulsive, as immature behavior. ‘The copia syste as perverted our reltnshipe to ers by absorbing hes {i e"cash pens” Capitan socialies inn eeaars who want possess lind aoe ahr osha and coopers Oar natural eed for es ‘Sonvertd ints ast to dominate, We wew ter at sox objet ater han as loved ones, The drive to protest naira the system of postu ino In thc capil rye nde and female like re ict of prostitution Decaase tn lation bans on domination il deform bots pares, eepng tem Iicnted fom one ater and fom scieving ely lash based on ‘tal respect nd hua ea. dt lesion i rn ou ve elainsips, then tao applies tour ‘titaes toward wor, be cpt tn oa ara ceo exes ‘ures in create ati transformed in inate aber Again, we ponte ourselves oie splem by sling our capacies tothe eash nes Te rola salen fe te aor beaut the worker i sbjced oahu Erploation ty te employers compulsve quest fer nereaning poi Yet the Stork inthe oly wc, Marx sesh "be possosing cas and he [oleate represent on abd ese human ef aan” (Rober Fucker, More Engels Reader 9133) Tat condition erected othe ways that money contol he eho ofthe apis system, We tend oe more ‘Someta cooperative, more cgustve han compassionate, becuse ll {heigl fur secetysogee hat or personal moi ms be mensaed by ow high we can ace the Ine of Gracia saces- Ou asks build & tev syn tha wl mre spew way of perceiving ourselves and ou soit. Such gal is inoviale boa our human destiny wo reize oul tei aur sings na foe ad an seit rater than In an able ‘stmt s bared on donation, “The hid sage of development of species self and species society —is tine when alent is ovecone by a orm revoaon and subset trout of he coeomie sem, The estan development of species 8 (100 Te Tc Camas nin Pee conscious enables so elize our neds ina matic, self ctu state of bhuranavarness Ths, he prime nur ces of subisene evel nos ‘ecure soae of beng able prove er fod an shel. Mar ingly contats the "eave dein” of the savage with the“ dweing” of te rolcartIn he ater, the poor ents vcinzed napalm tha is ‘esecureas iis uae to povie forthe tral ees ofl pp 142-83, 150-51) tna species society ll woul nd sect within tr ores Dcase the nyt prove atonal for meting the nes of land reverting any ar ofthe popultion fom Begg down nto Helens. Aes wr {ex and lve ae also wnsfred in specie sory the atl eve for sek ‘becomes expesed notin prosituon a word Ua symbolizes domination ad ‘tle in any unequal vlan but is lve, re over nd het spose ees reals tly cain and equal elation (18) Falls apace soy, we dsconer the ming of eatve nk In the ord, we come lo wezan works an ati tht bing esteem ater tocompleecommunin, hei concrned especialy wah te nar and ually ff work, wth be ways at people do dont engage in cing ceive forms of civiy- Work as natural ee i soca fst with animals who “pede only der he compulsion of dec phys ned" witout mach season of consioustess of wh hy engage it aoe (102). The propesion of onmcatiess ngs the pin of aleadon a unit economic systems emerge [Abented ior a paral, “lentes fom mas his eta fe an his ‘ena itp. 103), Te problem at wile we must valve aa species, the proves af growth euiesstugae. The major ack sto advan> fom he sate ‘talented abr n whic "work extemal othe worker” a ox "Forced labor" (p 98)" labor of sels, of mrision ot own work ‘ut ws foe someone ele (p98) 10 species society of communis in whieh ‘work il bs elfaling abd sang precy beet overcome ‘snton a eet the worker's own bite and apations ‘certs ison of wok thse th cetr of Mars idea communist or ‘poses soit He nays hat "issn his work upon he objective woe a In ely proves hime aa peceseing. This oduct hs ative Spee i By mean tec appeals sis work al seal” (0-102), Mar wats each ous takepart ceating a word in Which we Al sce ur specie sles eet or represated. We can do this best "hgh our wove “The jc aor herefore the objectification of man's ‘pecs fe be sos is on reflection ins woe which be has const” 100, ‘Te wor objection” soul ened Beate it igifis anil Mares oacptIt mens he presence fx pesos ati in he bjevive word: we Took ao eovitonnent an sce ourselves ellced int In Man's terms he 188 The Techn Compu ines ep »“subj” te divi repressed in he “objet (he worl of mate ‘wound ws with wich we const nat), The proses of objection ‘ut occur in any Soi) caps or comanis,bsae he word eat ‘st without punan iran. The question "What nd objection lta?” Wil we se ourselves reflected or epresenied in our word a alenaed (95) ora peie selves (pp. 153-34? Hour elecons dort. sie ‘ould ina fun house red mio he this aval aps We ‘ow no oar real esence othe representation of our ee eds ut the ry eds erened by ery system ‘Mares pape there, maybe exressd in singe imperative: ost Species voce that willow to obec our esence. Max exposed hat hate (pp. 127-45, 165-6), He Seman he ation of pate propery {Enea forthe creation of oman (pp. 127-32} rate pope Pre ‘ents te "tpeopriaion ofthe aman essence” because ots “eclste ‘ejyment” in porwsslon or hong ener han he “all acsivenes of « Specie sity "That heme wil reappear ler ese lect ine conta ‘ween Gans nctsvenss wich in any ays sir o Ma's ieal Sat of communis and e's exlaveness. Be Commun Manfeso (@ar 2, arn sap ha commana means hat "De fe develope ech the cons forte fee development of a” Inanoher wring, Mars describes ‘arher his sion of communist or species ot nse ems: Inpho commis sce he esting ‘iain fe inv eon fh, ad ern othe sess een eile br hs ined er abortis ome toa Me Wt H's rie wan {ete race ect hv ah noe ith heros ‘Ercan envied nig cooperate ‘rath fow or sda ony hen cnt robin of ‘ip ie coed nent and city rere ‘sce Pr rh acorng Rai ach acading oe ‘it dbo Tce Mar ingel Reter p53 n (©1906 Te Tig Copy ni Pe Mani’s Economie Determinimn (Page ambers ror Fon, Esch Man's Concept of Man, New Yor Ungar) Mu nmi ein ty sci wii ep (ee {evo wh wa Das Kaptan Conran oe Cig of Fra on) sdf ht cars, twee nea wes (Ce Te Corman ely 184] ad The Comma Mange 1848) ‘hy be ic reheat economics Sta sclogy and fol andere the pinay duis fhe dco nove a Tig. Tne eat an ms fant sen the ary cor on. You dicta ark) Marrs i of hiss may be esrb in hese ems: ny sity ‘aly a ving two main components olga "nest" and Ie eonomi "ursr.” Axed by Mar (p.217- te word supestucte™ ‘compasses hit ea of the wate (pp. 21, 217) an ideological forms” or “Seopa eens (p 198) exist ioe elm of “onslustess (pp 198, 21) Te superstar ay bave wo manflstabons fo pes of eo scounes. The fist ofthe manifestations “ase consciousness" the ‘eetopelatoealation of economies yt dominant clase Marx Sed ups concep i The Communit Manes “out vey det a atthe outgrowth te condion of your bourgeis producto ud ures Property In that ese, “burgeols ntions of feedom cults la” re "logcl onal of sono ness. Thos eas ar se” be- ‘hase hy ar ot deed at comet undetandg of sty bt ony at ‘aking tr om dominance and explain (197-98, 212) The second {frm of concours, enjoyed by Mar hinlf volver cent, empl, ‘nd loicly and srl valid avarenes of eat" (@ 199). Note Mars’ ‘epee oe ofthe erase” "eality” on p. 198-9, which oggess a (asf coniounee) For both false andre concious, th eal sypesictsderivave ‘or dependent on "tril producto ad materia sereoutse (P 198) The ‘Soncept of ideology” entracess bead spectrum of itllocual experience “pies reigns sextet, o pias” (218). "Mealy lon, ‘taps 158) a al nll undertone.” According o Marthe deoopcl superstars upon ands determined ty te “exonomie ste” (p21) mari ae, He ao refer that tractus te “ecnone foundation” (218) the "el bass eal foundation” of oi the “mod of production” (217), "the marl ife proven” and he sci exnence” (gp. 217-18) oppose "com {oumet” "ends ef ie." Eeopomi omtons or econo lations of sory my take forms The fst voles socal acti or rains ‘hin an ang cass (p28) The scan inves conosco “serirode fre (p 218, as called the “economical condition of existence” {the prevaing system indy oehnaogya found in pe of ‘Sconomy or mae of production sh as capi The mes re chartered by dvislon of aor or by organization and podusion ora mata sich a fl The modes express forces at operat “independent ars] wl” {p27 Accnding wo Mar, he second ofthe forms of econo lations ‘Recreate lectin deselopent of eomamic foresOvough soy te economic sacs has termined the coloical superseuce 7 on Te eatin Campy Ln Peep Lecture Eleven Freud's Theory of Human Nature and Civilization Scope: Sigmund Fee's pesimisic vison of ma, decid in Ciiltion ‘and Is Discontents consass vividly with he opts visions of ba ‘Rouse ani Mart As we have set, Roosseas believes hat human ate e hratro by ante propensity fr smnpasion ni Iaeieaton with others were cect al nd eens “se hat marl propensity cas bom repnat touphow sek Marx cies the dchmanisng pet of eps, b be Aspe ht he comment revelation wil ern an age of amon and peonl flies ee talent tht nslaves ‘nen in adsl capitalist sce Remove te peer nd alienating Infunce of private propery and amie wil above ts ata ovation of meg, and ne edo. Freud arbor 0 sich optimistic vow of human tr ro ss ily to achieve pines and contentment He ee he ara ‘eronaliy irene) slit among thre costae partite i po andapeegp tt nce fp ech oh fr domination, ‘Tae moat power of hse the, which manos ele par as The at for agresson an domition over ber. Acorn o Freud, u's nevis pain and sfferig, asin fos ov chalet ad fom his vitmiation By ober umn beng Hisefforso espe tom sfeing trough novietion, olan or ‘sblimaton we nevi Self defeating Objectives: Upon completion of his etre, the studet sho he ale do the 1. Dose Fetal’ tery ofthe iar ef and compre it with in ‘rhe held by Mar, Rowse, Pla, and he ind 2 Compare Feats concep of pyshic” aleation wth Marts ls ‘sed alcntion ad Rouse itrpersonl alent. 3. Summarize Fri’ explassion othe causes of suing and of how uma eins acm o cope wit it 44 Compares const ead and Mans theories of wrk enti what Fred, Mars and Rowson eck regard a man's fundamental or st base, stn. Atay the Soil nd pial Implant sons of human fate and personaly 6 Compare and orate visions of manne ie held by Mar od ‘re nde the isons each hit’ espe view of Suan 998 Teg Comey Lined Pip 2Outline Marsan Feud have many smarts, but tie vews of aman mat nit soy ae very diferent ‘A. Both dace themseve rom tr ewish rote lion and tne pasonte moral popete 1B. They die profoundly, however, om man nace ‘Marx believes tht haan pate eapule finite evelopment lending fo the clades socey and the nd of ‘ination Fre dep posi sat human ates se sin, sullering, and unhappiness man's ier lo, ‘ike Mars (and Plt and he Hinds), Peo hs wit personaly. [A The dis the cemer for eral and aggresive natn, 1 The sels wo gain pleasure and avoid pit knows 90 ora alu jen 2 Aibough ts the unconscious pat of eur pee, he i neribly ‘omits he ote pars 2. Theid rodces rasan by cont making demands hat canotbe uli 1B. The ego inthe raion cnis, and commontete clement of he yeh ti concerod wih the exeral world of objective ely. go represents te exer word we. 22 go oes ong and coc rong the extra worl i, ad superego, but lial is dominate by da preg. Prestred byl tree, th ego peers ai ‘A. Therapy seks to seengen th po agi the press pon bythe dan siperego (© Te mpage represent conten and impos sans mel pefction ta ae imposible aan 1h Like te be sperego iol eto, bat i thes mn savesay 2 Thesaprego is more powerflhan he eg bt es power an thei sain weapon x gui Gleb oes paren the ‘in shapers of te sper). ‘The nda incurs abd suring by ying to I te reachable andar sey the sapere, eoryat ‘ML Fee exsist Soci contin and he xg of haan ‘fering in bs clasie wor, Chilzation an ha Dicom ©. Sullering comes rom ny of te sores ou ows bod, the exter ‘os and our reltionsips with ter people Altres are inevitable, Tih arr th mont pil Sutering ests the lament ofthe man personality suggle against enc te. 1h We ar inevitably doomed sue becse four iermeabe ‘Ou uch conaton makes ur want esperately ohare, tw como adi so ourselves ote mpeg il punish Froud describes thee ways in which humus ope wih sang 1. Ioxiston 2 elation ahough hin okion impractical for most peopl) 2X Stolimation (ie the expresion of omer arsine impulse Insc scepabie fain chs ough spots Wor). 1, Feu pucsves sity athe cllsve expression finial sagesion ‘The musi (he colt Inst for aggression and domination) stogges wth th mas superego (expres ine rysems and ‘elon. Gistizaion (embod inthe impossible stmt set bythe great ‘eligi camot hope 0 amp over te fre af mas Mor at inasly agressive: homo Romi apes nan aw 0 ru), The inclination oagrecrion stars our elatns wih soci, nd expnins he portent phenomena of war a persecution of Tr rod ejects Marts view that una nate i benign an hat ‘only privat propery ates pin The bame lie mo wih he ‘sem bt with human ate 2 Fred sees private property an ust one meas by which we register fur agaeson spin odes ‘Wats dim view of may, ed woul moths been sepesed by be Hoocas. Recommended Reading Fed Sigmund 1961, Cilsaton and fe Diconets New York: Nonon © 194 he Taig Comp Limit eenip caFreue's Theory Fro ike Mars, ha 2 hor of am nate that st frth concen of the ‘rpariterelt Alo ie Mar, be esis wats a concept ofthe mtr par oF the ‘aman sls ac of phys needs cling the eed for sex, However he ‘Sierences between Mart and red far ouweigh esas, Wher ‘Marc concen sth cat ex, Feu’ ste “bash next ces oa of money bu of agession, “The excerpt fom Frets New Invadaciory Lcares oat is theory ofthe pare elf. The st pa sth defined as a nde of isin aimed at {ning plese an avoiding pin. Unie Mar. Foul believes dat his marl via alway wilt ominan pial case ent asthe ‘ncomcnur prt four erent and We can Hever be aware fs rmoclypowefl rl shaping ur everday behavior. The isthe ‘poe bata each Sees demanding. pls, rational astcal els, and please seking. Whe ier pats ofthe personality 0 contin 4th id ser el in an uncon, url. ad ifn wa, making ‘Soni his desk vw of humanity, Maye he excepon oat adpneat the ‘ding of the joc, wen Cris na pit of infin companion and feivenens cons hs onconter witha Ks This peste of csvenes that ‘Soko embrace and wansform the embl caciieness ft Grand Irgustor {mips nse ses the esata betwen ie ad Gandhi nor ine “ © 194 Te Teg Comp Lint Peep Lecture Fourteen The Idea of Anarchism and the Example of Emma Goldman Scape: Inti sts, Profesor akon dscns nachism and one of its premier practioner, Emma Goldman. Te thor of archi Bes ‘king Soueties othe here of Toren and Rousea, expecily {sis benign view of human ae, stess open compassion snd somata human ngs, and is exten sts of ate power. We eamioe ste ois and easing of anarchy” which has ile vo do with be popular inge of anarchists svoene pone soaps [AsTormlad by thoes sch as Willa Goin. anarchism dsc ‘ranral and tonal oder at within soy adi bated ca Solar cooperation smog equal human beings ater tan co hierar and cowie state ower. ill, we review Ens Goldman's anderancing sl appliion of te onal pices of saris Aldsoogh anarchism wa evolutionary doce, the revolution tha it ought to achive had les to do wih Maras poian revolution dh ‘ith Thoreau’ ard Gandhi revelation of onion sancooperaton ‘wd ev, Aatchiss sought tansfom socieyby removing omit ‘he denning weight teat, therby Ue mes ncaa ‘ooperive spit Unlike Maciel and Mars. hy refed ‘value he reas of efectg that ansfomaton on he ass oF be [od to Be achieved. Sosequnt revoltonares, sich ae Ado Fer, ‘ould prove far les septa. Leasing Objectives: Upon compleon of this ec, he talent sould beable 1. Giveanesymogcldfnion of anarchy” and explain be meaning ofthe concept 2 plan he theory of amar mature that dels mde anarchism as ‘described by Willa Gein and George Woodcock. 4. Compare sn contrat Thoreau’ pica and cal oulook wih he thon of aera 44. Summarize he five rails of anarchism. 5. eseribe the pins or mechanism by wbich oil order wl he roe under codon of earch, scording to nari hry. 6. Desribe Eta Goldnan'sciqe of Marxism, pricy rence on lent mean effet he rere eolton Th Teing Company Ln Pep 67. Snare te anarchist concept of fresdom, an identify egies Outline 1. Theancie ides ofsnarchem, meaning irl “wit re” expressed {in moder ies by oad ange of tke, om nopilen Cissin ‘hrchists suchas Le Toso toilet anarchist vlan uch 2 ‘Miche Blan. |A.- Ancient Greeks sch x Cron and Thucydides vw sarchy athe ‘imate human ev 1B omever, 7200, he founder of Sticisminthe hind ceniry 8, sdvoeus aarti. He calls fora wales ity shat by rfc equality snd eos in which people cul ever thee ‘Saal poodnew and develops hanno and cosmopolitan soit . Ninetcent conidia encouraged he development of nar 1 Tae oder concept of anrcism |. Willa Godwin ie An Inui Concerning Politica utc (1793) ‘nbn tht anarchy resins ta sity intra rar, ‘Sun and harmonious '. George Woodcock Anrchiam propose tht manne wll tele he point ht goverment ino longs ees. Woodcock ‘kines anartnm a3 ryem of tout seetng andar ca ‘hangs an she eplacmet of ahora le y aongovee {men coopertion among fe individ ML, The ie of Bra Gola (1869-194 ‘A. Goldman was borin Russia and enigrattthe United Stes in 1986. '. nr asbiogphy, Living My Life, se desis bow be fahe's tortarianinm ntl ner he ese hel {C.She campaigned in New York Cit for improved working coalitions and was epee jal She advocated fe love abel, cons fxous objection and ir oat 1. The five lading principles of chs, ‘Acuna nate i bath andamentaly benign and dynamic. 1. One view 2p Machnvel al Feu) bos ht human ate lignan at people ae aggresive and ntmstwoty, The ate “ (198 Te Teng Campy Lint Paty 22. Amster view, pied by communism, ods that human ste Intel maleate according to the wil of power eal onary leer or par 1. The Fasc view. ype byte Ignorant, ss hun atresia alle and redo, 44. Rncistsvow human atarax beni but ot infil allele cr glib People wl doe pt hing goverment ‘B,_ Anurchst tet the inporanc of cooperation aber tha competion, ‘ping tat he fre ensues the survive a progres of the aan species 1 Peer Kropotkin rges in Mata Ald hat lor aos mst be ded by our seme of oneness with each ter The principe of ‘tal spor and defo x deeply rooted ial ving ings “Anarcital for naperaive forms of rpanizaion bad nat on ierarchy or ter forts fart but on share ners, CAs view he ne asa epresve an ‘hrc sol progres 1. Allcorsve power sei and desracive, whether wile by 30 tutortarian or a dette repime Aesoring © Golan the tyranny ofa majority wore thane tranny of tao. 2, The Camus old by contrast, ht he rca neds he ‘sti order ocala own oii nd detest he ores . Indvidlhery camo xis witout tia and economic gsi, 1. Frsdom is ncomplee widow econo oppor. 2, Freadom isa postive, ta negutve, concept People must be vente economie apprtay thy seed ned to be ee ._Aschissejecthe Marit principle ta any means re jsf 0 tatea ronson en 1 Some sarc endre vont methods, bt most init on the relionsipheteen means and ems 2 Accottingo Emma Goan, he means mst e decal in spi and endecy wit che end soap 2 x Recommended Reading: ovis, Ems Living My Lif and My Dislsionmen in ss, Shuman, Ale Red mma SpeaksFive Principles of Anarchism The fue ears so determine: determination denies he. Human atu ‘dyanic wih abundant apis fora wie range of bevioe— ‘leolent nd benign, cowarly nl eri, ral nd compote, Cooperative and compstine We rot locked ino Behaving i ‘dermieed manner, We can stage the ind of Bevin we wish hough he tree of hace, Community with diversi: copeation the way tain Cooperation ‘ate thn compesion the apa tht ats oud develop ana ‘eiforce. Our mal need of ltt o mul id ro elogueny ‘expres by Peter Kropkin wh args Mua Ad hat we ms be {ude nour ats by “our perception of neaess with ach human ing” foe the eel progres of ran, ial spor-—not ml sre — ‘ns dhe leading pa and wil conn o foster sch moral progres ‘we arable tata Socal orgaizaton secessaryt ure the Spc oF ‘soperation yet prance sversy. Kropekin al fers ike Ema (Golan an Erie Masters emphasize that sachin 9% oppose ‘rgnzton ony heracicl,sahrtarian form o Por Gelman, ‘rguszation mst be “based prima on feedom. Isa al an “olunary grouping nerpes to secre sus bei humanity” aes several forms of oraizaton, cha scien or pace soci nd compe, iteraions reseed Red Cro ‘han cumulation of owes Tey alow fo maximum vers. “The state is noble don vot rca voting encores the ne BLP. Wolf race is In Defense ofAnarchion that we defining mark of the sues auton, the pho rule The primary obgason of mane tutonomy. An anarchist may gent he necessity of complying Wi the Under cerain cecunstunces forthe ie bing, But he wll eer view the mands of testa a git, shaving abiding moral force." That prstoms taken by Tora Liner with eu: homes i ot ineviable Like mot modem ‘Senos, nacht indeed othe ales et fy th Preach ‘evoatin: ber. ea, termi More han Marksman Sess te vale finda! ibe) move thas bealis, eempases social equi cause of tht al emphasis anarchism has ilies i ‘ecinling bch tose vals withthe thi, fen, of he eed fer a ‘ring sharing sense of soil communty- Bute poblom of aig ‘Satta sith be tres conicing vals or ons is ot nig “urcisn i the major nk of aden pital tery Gand eps ‘oon he Oe vals wit conceptions of rade an rr, © 9 Te Ten aap Ln Petip ‘which suget tat sense of ba aman cai and community can ‘ergs ony rom nail guest or spl ian Te welfare of| [Mr depends on the ora development of exh ‘Mears end laos: wha goes round comes around The major debate ‘snoog anarchists is over he ase of lest or novolent methods of ‘shane For Michael Bakunin, olence is nent, wi or Tote “Tolstoy, nd Gani, rovilencerepresetsthe sper pth of rev ‘inary chang andthe ony eae ts nonsthortarian sci. Nowhere ia ial thoryeacal or made har is debate over ilence Or ‘onsen, and especial the inportanee of ain the ight meses, Teaches cher eression hin nance ought The ese fhe ‘pean reatontip in Mari Lenni eat wih he hore of | ‘ever ancien hl om Emma Golman® viewpoint ma ‘roblem with Maram sere aig Campy Ln erie °Emma Goldman's Theory nn Gotan (1869-1940, saci exrordnury, was bor in Rana and igs rm ret th Unied Sates in 186, Serle ers ‘ogrpy. Lng My Life, how ber astra ber led in er dee to ebe Her peal cater Dogan in New York Cay (eve nthe Village at 210 as 130 See, whee she joined anarchist ssh a Johns Most a ‘Alotanee Barkan o pro cases such Beer work conto or women Seamsreses, Goldman ql became oof he sw sping cats of hee time and has was regarded by te US. govercat ss spog Arias most angers radicals, She was impesoed In 1893 fora speech hat teed Ince the unempoyed of New York City age 1901 fo eng pica nthe ancinaion of resent McKinley an aly 1917 for ‘pponng Atericanivalvemeat in Word Wir Ste dlghe in heresy, Preaching "Te love to paras, aes to church, elon wo relomers tnd pacifism 9 slder She oe sai, "Te more oposion Lencoutere, he noe Twas in my clement” (Ale Shulnn's bgrapieaiodutono Red rma Speak) At slesing Goldman fom prison in 1919, he US. goverment eed er too dangerous fori county snd depored ert the Soviet Union. Goldman ‘tpt that she would sc in Rants, flowing Lenn’ Bolshevik revoition ‘1917, teenasmen of many of or ial eal nad se fond the euayal of evolution, sabe comments in he "ARerwerd 1 ber Bok My Disaionment in Rss (1923) _As er reponse fo the Hlsevk revolt shows, lds was capable of ‘hanging er ess stl. That nian evident an a bang tues ow the tof wlenoe for scl an pola evolution x ‘Shulman records th extent ofr cungng ides on vnlence Preface o Pat (ted Ena Speaks). A rt, Golan ssid othe des tt een stir the means a doctrine adpied bya wide ange of olical bess om ‘Mochi Mare Then, scare of aris of falres by ahs 0 se pila ole soscessfly. se began to donb fcc. By 1923, he ‘Souk write that "the oe hing am convinced ofa have never ben yi [stiarthe gan decides ning sal. Event scomplinis what te ou doch trae does—it bangs so many evils is wake a eas ‘gil aim” Stil ar, in 1928, Goldman Scere acknowledge te choice ‘hat mst be mde by elutonasies betwee lene an novileace when ‘he wrote that ether “we mt become alse ete ee od all implies, Become Toltoyan. Theres othr wa.” Ye, ot Al Salman ‘hse, se i nota fa aes ce On he one hands ced he necessary resinsip Between ms and ends, bu oe ther han, he ‘ese enouce al evan ole (rings ne pe. "Revesion iinet swe poses) Stuiman conclaes ht "inough Glan grew te! sout the valu of {nil act of olenc, ner eminng yar the ever Gould tht enlyofealciveevlutionay vols gaat epitaiom an ie" Thae ‘Se etsiscaly upped the nent sco of he Spnish nrc 1996. Athogh abe wre daring he period of Cans nonviolent movement n {nits she rly mentions Candi Se i ol apprecnte he potion of he rovltionay force of novilece that Cand dmonsaed. A lag ‘utscton mais in Goldman's thought onthe specie ste of sence 2 Salil means of revoltonary change. She sas atte“ ebia recep ft ars revoltin) sh en of means wed ad the ais sug. The ‘inate ed ofl revelasonary soil change to estblsh the abc of aman...” Yetshe lio sy nth sae pcsge tht lence inevitable tc necessary ise her adoption ofthe essential conaecton bween eas thd ends tose ropostions are nol compat © 190 Te ening Company nied Paty stLecture Fifteen Hitler's Use of Power Scope: Inti stu, Profesor alton examines Ads Hie’ polis of ‘chsion. He offers tee pose explanations of why Hier su coded in imposing his polis of excason. The ss pspcological Innanre and invokes evan analysis to argue at Hier used his emagosic powers ites he collie unconscious the Geen people and arial te ten aggressiveness. Te coed emp Sizes he economic devastation of Geena lowing Woe War nd ‘herd sees distil pia frescos ade, cig and as pry organization, ‘ogi, thes explanation el to atcount or Hite’ ew power Mc ite the Geand Ingustor Hier ceived hate Gers People sup economic and psjhologia seu. exchange foe ‘wich hey mou wilingl strvende tee eedom it He wed 0 rovide at seme of secur yunting Garman gato irl ‘hemy-—the Jews, wor he sigmatzed as sponse for Gea ‘Objectives: Upon completion of tis eer, he studet sou ese odo he Talowing 1, Evalue vious explanations af the seces of Hite’ pois 2. Deseibe te characteris and underiyingastmpions of He's “plies of excason” 3. Deseibe terol of militarism and ols in Hier del Outline ‘What acount apd and stunning suces of Hiter’s Nari movement nis polis of excision? [Ax Some anal propos psyhologis explantion 1." olloing Strasse’ ciague, his explanation ols fat Hier erated Germanys mass unconscious and gave vous ws ane ‘most aspzaons He ld ke Geran oople what ey wanted 0 Near and he proce the rn ett dss 22 tnFreaian rms the German peopl’ us superego was su merged in their mass whic ed thm give ful eno ee ‘Surclted dese Forogaression 1. Ober teri fer an eonomic explanation 2 Unsere Versa weary. he vitro als deprived Germany oft mos produce ees, erping roth pontia and ‘making imposible wo pay war repuations. The comegsnce was ge nition and mast snempoymen 2 Topeer wih peyeboopcal amet anda sense of deep ‘umn, tha economic deprivation ed the Geran pple ‘uo ler for economic an pscoloial sey. Profesor Balin propose thir explanation that emphasis plea THe’ pits of excision was freed shove al psn the ews, [As iter deserter is conversion to an Sortan in Mein Kampf ‘han aren, 2 Hedeow os longstanding Geman uation of an Semin, ‘spose by any respected German scholars. Hikers ols of excision eembles in xaggrted forthe de ‘manizaon of untouchable inthe Indian caresses. The excluded ts ply stigmatized a unclean, Hier perperaed the serorype ‘of densa physically nd morally unclean. The uniouhables were iter bots deburaized the Jews (and Communists) and porayed ‘them a superhuman, being everwhere and controling eveything . He porayed he Geman ope fener: hey ms be sed bythe Narn ble they ze ead bythe J iter etd tat he wat doing God's workin etrminting the Jews He invokes Gd an Cristini throughout Mein Kampf TL Hier glorifies the state, mrs, and violence [A. Heads eign ove with marie and bie stg 1. ier bold very dren iw of violence rom that of er theoriewhom we have examined ines etre 1 Pit and Aristo see violence as he in of sk se 2 Machavell ses viene a eptinats ol sate otic to be sed whe itis expedient 0 Goo, bat he does pot edese wation frexconive we of ene, 3 Murnseos lence a leptin instrument se in aacking {he bourgeois ate, bbe does no gli wiles 4 Hider however, glorifies volege an erage its red. 1, Heroes gender analysis [A ier views the mas payee a emia: iis move es by reason ‘aby deste for domionion bya more power fee. He esos 9m te Taig Compe ined tip 8‘he Geman pope oa woman who prefers to bow before strongman ‘ihe tan donate swelling 1, ier olds atthe mass, ike women have powerful emetonsbut low ronal capability, Nar propaga sought o exit simple bat Powerful emotion chords. I empbaszed quem epeiton of em onl slogans aera rasonl spurt. Recommended resing: ier, Ado 171. Mein Kamp Boston: Houghton Mifin Str. ‘Analysis of Hite'sWeology Adie (1889-195) was bon in Aust His fier was casos offi ‘he development of is ea, at we wl analye them inthe context of Men ongf COM Stage” writen i pion in 1928), canbe ddd into dee ses (pie nutes lero edn Kamp. ‘he fit phase encompasses Hie’ chidhoo (1889-1907), daring which he ferme is mpesions of ie om nracon wih his abe (who died in {903) an in schol (he send bigh coo! but dropped out before ga {avon Ear in ie he began to ares the inporane of sgl (pp. 11-12 id ner developments on 135,28, 295-96) He dpi sgl a masculine fore and eae st theres of natonals (pp. 410,13, 15-16, 124) and titans (pp 6,161 16-68), Al of is ater das are outgrowths of he ‘oral emphasis on tugs ‘Te second pase of Hier’sieologia evolution tok place rng his tie in ‘Venn (1907-1913) In September 1907, Hira age 18 et for Vieana 0 ‘Bn admisson othe Acalemy of Fie Ars He aed and was bitely ‘Esso. His mathe ded the folowing December ener ied agnn ‘mr the scary and aed. The next x years fh ie were erly eri fortis inten! develope As one of bogaphen 1. C: Fest burs, Hier spent i period in Vsona serving the egy of hums fom the [erpectveof wretched men's Rol: "By serpin mon excsvly ee Tigh of that wise experience a sein inher moves ting bat se, ‘hls, compton, rod ft for power, ry oer, he imagined wih ovincal complacency, tht he hd come close o ultimate knowledge wheres oul be wae mercy reveling hit wn desert and depeaved person” (ace tothe Tid Reich p10). In Men Kamp. ier that View wan he “ards, thoogh mot thorough whoa fy "wich he obtained he ‘oxndations fora philosophy nptera ands plc! view in paula wich Inter only nade to spplemet in dtai bt which evr le ms” (p 125). ‘Theo he ey component a is pilosopy were an Mare pp. 37-48 smuputinentatanism (pp. 76-108 and above all a-Si, te ai ‘tat remained tthe oro thug and persona (pp. 51-6, 300-29 “Toe third pha of He's evelopment comesponds with Word Wa whieh ‘da tenendos impact on his pesonaliy sd thought, Hier wrote ht when the wargaming 1914," wa dened by the nine peopl," an he fet ‘pecan of overfowngenhasin Berane reseed the “hardest fl ‘rugles alga srapale(p 161. AS an advocate of sgl nd ‘iar be welcomed the wa, eased te German amy, and served with ‘sgn a corpora uni be was gassed and bowpalzed jst efor the war ‘aed Hirde aout srg expr inthe conta of is respose ‘orld War pp 161-68, ar ested oh a Semen pp 169-70 ab 0 Is idae aout ocean lence (pp. 170-72). sconce of vilence ©1098 tenting Company Lind Fai sspci ter in hs chaps, ras ht "ny vice wih ecture Sixteen ‘does not spring from a firm, spiritual base, will be wavering and uecertain.” That fs . isles mt nthe cn thle sae btu be pe Gandhi's Use of Power sea cnn er span wpe a ‘cml a Hie ints nthe crear on "War Popagnds (Pp 17686) The emer ais ews ox propaga be mans ‘Seapets orien of violence a credo ie cases ot ony with ed elaosip (pp. 177-7) ad hin concept fe mass gp 180-8) tho else aon's vw of wee she mak of a dsordered import Hs view o te masses omission 42 and sac, bu lo with Machinvelis and Man's more eseined and reputed on. 1 Pragmatic endrsenent fhe se of vlc confit il mare ‘ih Gand’ sole ent of let mes achive oa {ls Lich ancien unite Machinel or Hilt Gandhi is hat a goed can ve juny uj mean. Tn his ocr, me ‘view Gans Toulon tees ofthe pipe of movies ‘The et of Men Kamp eserves close analysis because it seats wth sing larity andcandrthe ence of Hie thug Some of the wes rn ‘dean, enerzing fom ler phe of developmen just cue, ae des ‘The ea of genders connste io poll sug an lender, key statement of which occu np. 2! "Like a woman ey have Bem ‘handoned” Tat statement shouldbe elated he pasage op. 16 noted ‘hove, and also his ws om ant-Srtsm and ose evs se edacer of oar pope” (p61, 63,28). The Garman poops ned a “stong an" "commaner” prot hem from the "seduces" ‘The them of sug elas to wa, talon, God se Fat pp 161 64) ax ote shove bt also late in Mein Kamp thes of oan ss ‘necnay mode of racial progres and parton. Thus ought ‘sorte “Arye he "moder pusfisubjugaes “ower feopesand bons sem oh wil Though he stg ad oman, ensues he upd movement of peoples, te aondance of hood mane" and he need to preserve "ur lod” (p. 295-98). ‘Soncuoperaon, which oved mucho Thorea's eater theory a vt

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