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    Lecture 1 - Chemical Kinetics

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    Rooth Adajet
    This document provides an overview of lecture 1 of the course CHEP 424: Chemical Reaction Engineering. The key topics covered include: 1) Classifications of chemical reactions and factors that affect reaction rates such as the nature of reactants, presence of catalysts, concentrations of reactants, and temperature. 2) The rate law equation and how reaction rates depend on concentrations according to the orders of the reactants. 3) The Arrhenius equation and how temperature affects reaction rates through the activation energy and pre-exponential factor. 4) Examples of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions and how mass and heat transfer influence heterogeneous reaction rates. Problem examples are provided to help with understanding chemical kinetics concepts.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lecture 1 - Chemical Kinetics

    Uploaded by

    Rooth Adajet
    180 views25 pages
    This document provides an overview of lecture 1 of the course CHEP 424: Chemical Reaction Engineering. The key topics covered include: 1) Classifications of chemical reactions and factors that affect reaction rates such as the nature of reactants, presence of catalysts, concentrations of reactants, and temperature. 2) The rate law equation and how reaction rates depend on concentrations according to the orders of the reactants. 3) The Arrhenius equation and how temperature affects reaction rates through the activation energy and pre-exponential factor. 4) Examples of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions and how mass and heat transfer influence heterogeneous reaction rates. Problem examples are provided to help with understanding chemical kinetics concepts.

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    -Lecture 1 - Chemical Kinetics

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    This document provides an overview of lecture 1 of the course CHEP 424: Chemical Reaction Engineering. The key topics covered include: 1) Classifications of chemical reactions and factors that affect reaction rates such as the nature of reactants, presence of catalysts, concentrations of reactants, and temperature. 2) The rate law equation and how reaction rates depend on concentrations according to the orders of the reactants. 3) The Arrhenius equation and how temperature affects reaction rates through the activation energy and pre-exponential factor. 4) Examples of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions and how mass and heat transfer influence heterogeneous reaction rates. Problem examples are provided to help with understanding chemical kinetics concepts.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    180 views25 pages

    Lecture 1 - Chemical Kinetics

    Uploaded by

    Rooth Adajet
    This document provides an overview of lecture 1 of the course CHEP 424: Chemical Reaction Engineering. The key topics covered include: 1) Classifications of chemical reactions and factors that affect reaction rates such as the nature of reactants, presence of catalysts, concentrations of reactants, and temperature. 2) The rate law equation and how reaction rates depend on concentrations according to the orders of the reactants. 3) The Arrhenius equation and how temperature affects reaction rates through the activation energy and pre-exponential factor. 4) Examples of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions and how mass and heat transfer influence heterogeneous reaction rates. Problem examples are provided to help with understanding chemical kinetics concepts.

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    CHEP 424: CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING

    LECTURE 1:
    INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL KINETICS
    Engr. Michael Allan Ramos
    Department of Chemical Engineering
    Technological Institute of the Philippines

    Lecture Outline
    Classifications of Reactions
    Rate of Reaction
    Rate Law Equation
    Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction
    Nature of Reactants
    Presence of Catalyst
    Concentration of Reactants
    Temperature

    Classifications of Reactions
    Homogenous or Heterogeneous
    Batch or Continuous Flow
    Irreversible or Reversible
    Simple or Complex
    Elementary or Non-Elementary
    Catalyzed or Non-catalayzed

    Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction


    Definition of Rate of Reaction
    Consider the following reactions:
    1.

    A + B C

    2.

    2A + B 3C + D

    Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction


    Speed of Chemical Reactions

    Magnitude of Rates of Different Reactions [moles/m3.s]

    Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction


    1) Nature of Reactants
    based on degree of dispersion of reactants

    Reactivity: Gases > Liquids > Solids

    Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction


    2) Presence of a Catalyst
    Catalysts lowers the activation energy (Ea) needed for the reaction

    to proceed by providing alternative pathway.

    Ratecatalyzed > Rateuncatalyzed

    Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction


    The Rate Law Equation
    Consider a single phase reaction:

    aA

    bB

    cC

    dD

    Law of Mass Action states:


    The rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the active
    masses of the reactants each raised to a certain power .

    - rA = -rB = +rC = +rD = k CAp CBq


    Where:
    p = order of reaction w.r.t. A
    q = order of reaction w.r.t. B
    p + q = over-all order of reaction

    Concentration
    Dependency Term
    Temperature
    Dependency Term

    Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction


    3) Concentrations Dependency
    Consider a reaction:

    A + B P

    The rate controlling mechanism involves collision or interaction of a


    single molecule of A with a single molecule of B.

    Rate of Reaction

    Number of Collisions

    Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction


    4) Temperature Dependency
    Rate of chemical reaction is observed to increase with increasing

    temperature. (usually 10 deg C doubles the rate of reaction)

    Arrhenius Equation:

    Svante Arrhenius

    k: rate constant
    k0: frequency / pre-exponential factor
    Ea: activation energy
    R: Universal Gas Constant
    T: Temperature in Kelvin

    Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction


    Collision Theory
    Rate of reaction is governed by the number of energetic collisions between

    reactants. Assumes the intermediate breaks rapidly.

    k = k0 T1/2 e-E/RT
    Transition-state Theory
    Rate of reaction is governed by the rate of decomposition of the intermediate.

    Assumes the rate of formation of the intermediate is very rapid.

    k = k0 T e-E/RT

    Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction


    General Equation:

    k = k0 T m e-E/RT

    For Arrhenius Law:


    Collision Theory:
    Transition-state Theory:

    m=0
    m = 0.5
    m = 1.0

    Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction


    Temperature Sensitivity of Reaction Rate
    k = k0 T m e-E/RT

    Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction


    Temperature Sensitivity of Reaction Rate
    Temperature Rise Needed to Double the Rate of Reaction for Activation
    Energies and Average Temperatures Shown:

    Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction


    1. Homogeneous Reactions
    rate = f ( T, P, Composition)

    2. Heterogeneous Reactions
    rate = f ( Heat Transfer, Mass Transfer)

    Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction


    Heterogeneous Reactions
    More than one phase is involved
    Materials may have to move from one phase to the other
    Distribution of temperature results into different rates of reaction at

    various points.
    Examples:

    Burning of coal
    Exothermic reaction in a porous catalyst pellet

    - END For next meeting:


    Problem Solving involving Chemical Kinetics

    SAMPLE PROBLEMS

    PROBLEM 1
    Given the reaction, what is the relation between the rates

    of formation and disappearance of the three reaction


    components?
    2 NO2 +

    O2

    N2O5

    PROBLEM 2
    What will be the unit of the rate constant for a reaction with
    the following over-all order if the rate of reaction is in moles
    per cubic meter per second?
    a) Zero Order
    b) First Order
    c) Second Order

    PROBLEM 3
    For a gas reaction at 400 K the rate is reported as

    a. What are the units of the rate constant?


    b. What is the value of the rate constant for this reaction if

    the rate equation is expressed as

    PROBLEM 4
    The pyrolysis of ethane proceeds with an activation energy
    of about 300 kJ/mol. How much faster is the decomposition
    at 650C than at 500C?

    PROBLEM 5
    The maximum allowable temperature for a reactor is 800 K.
    At present our operating set point is 780 K, the 20-K margin
    of safety to account for fluctuating feed, sluggish controls,
    etc. Now, with a more sophisticated control system we
    would be able to raise our set point to 792 K with the same
    margin of safety that we now have. By how much can the
    reaction rate, hence, production rate, be raised by this
    change if the reaction taking place in the reactor has an
    activation energy of 175 kJ/mol?

    PROBLEM 6
    On doubling the concentration of reactant, the rate of
    reaction triples. Find the reaction order.

    PROBLEM 7
    Calculate the activation energy for the decomposition of
    benzene diazonium chloride to give chlorobenzene and
    nitrogen. Use the following information for this first-order
    reaction:

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