Convection IIT INDORE

Heat Transfer
ME 301
Discipline of Mechanical Engineering

IIT Indore
Heat Transfer
ME 301
Indian Institute of Technology Indore
14-09-2015
Turbulent flow
u u u
v v v
P P P
T T T
The eddying motion in turbulent flow causes significant

fluctuations in the values of velocity, temperature, pressure,
and even density (in compressible flow).
t u v
Heat Transfer
ME 301
u
t
y
14-09-2015
Random eddy motion of groups of particles resembles the random

motion of molecules in a gas-colliding with each other after traveling
a certain distance and exchanging momentum and heat in process.
Therefore, momentum and heat transport by eddies in turbulent
boundary layers is analogous to the molecular momentum and heat
diffusion.
t u v t
t -
u
y
qt C p v T kt
T
y
Turbulent viscosity - momentum transport by turbulent

eddies
kt - Turbulent thermal conductivity - thermal energy transport
by turbulent eddies.
Total shear stress and total heat flux can be expressed
conveniently as
total
u
u
t
M
y
y
qtotal k k t
T
T
C p H
y
y
M t
H kt C p
La min ar :
Turbulent :
Heat Transfer
xcr
v,x
Cf
La min ar :
1
Cf
L
v,x
5x
Re1x 2
0.382 x
Re1x 5
1.328
Re1L 2
and
and
Re 5 105
C f ,x la min at dx C f ,x turbulent dx
xcr
ME 301
C f ,x
C f ,x
0.664
Re1x 2
0.0592
Re1x 5
Turbulent :
Cf
, 5 105 Rex 107
Cf
0.074 1742
Re1L 5 ReL
, Rex 5 105
0.074
Re1L 5
5 105 ReL 107
5 105 ReL 107
14-09-2015
h
Cf
hx or C f ,x
T ,V
x
Turbulent
Laminar
x
Transition
hx x
La min ar : Nu x
0.332 Re 0x.5 Pr1/ 3 Pr 0.60
k
hx x
Turbulent : Nu x
0.0296 Re 0x.8 Pr1/ 3 0.60 Pr 0.60
k
5
7
5 10 Re x 10
Heat Transfer
ME 301
14-09-2015
Average Heat Transfer Coefficient

xcr
L
1
h
hx,la min ar dx hx,turbulent dx
L 0
x
cr
hx, turbulent
Nu
haverage
hL
0.037 Re0L.8 - 871 Pr1 3
k
0.6 Pr 60
5 105 ReL 107
hx, laminar
Laminar
0
Heat Transfer
xcr
ME 301
Turbulent
x
L
14-09-2015
Uniform Heat Flux
La min ar :
Nux 0.453 Rex0.5 Pr1 3
Turbulent :
Nux 0.0308 Rex0.8 Pr1 3
Q qs As
Heat Transfer
ME 301
qs hx Ts x T
qs
Ts x T
hs
14-09-2015
The Cylinder in Cross Flow
Heat Transfer
ME 301
14-09-2015
Separation occurs when the velocity gradient reduces to zero
Heat Transfer
ME 301
14-09-2015
Nucyl
12
13
0.62 Re Pr
hD
0.3
14
k
1 0.4 Pr 2 3
Re 5 8
1

282
,
000

45
Nu is relatively high at the stagnation point

Decreases with increasing as a result of the
thickening of the laminar boundary layer.
Nu reaches a minimum at
80, which is the
separation point in laminar flow.
Nu increases with increasing as a re-sult of the
intense mixing in the separated flow region (the
wake).
The curves at the top corresponding to Re =
140,000 to 219,000 differ from the first two
curves in that they have two minima.
The sharp increase at about 90 is due to the
transition from laminar to turbulent flow.
The later decrease is again due to the thickening
of the boundary layer.
Nu reaches its second minimum at about 140,
which is the flow separation point in turbulent
flow, and increases with as a result of the
intense mixing in the turbulent wake region.
Heat Transfer
ME 301
14-09-2015
10
Gas
Heat Transfer
Gas or
liquid
ME 301
Gas
0.4 4
4 40
40 4000
4000 40,000
40,00 400,000
5000 100,000
5000 100,000
Nu 0.989 Re0.330 Pr1 3

Nu 0.911 Re0.385 Pr1 3
Nu 0.683 Re0.466 Pr1 3
Nu 0.193 Re0.618 Pr1 3
Nu 0.027 Re0.805 Pr1 3
Nu 0.102 Re0.675 Pr1 3
Nu 0.264 Re0.588 Pr1 3
14-09-2015
11
Gas
Gas
Nu 0.153 Re0.638 Pr1 3
5000 100,000
Nu 0.160 Re0.638 Pr1 3
5000 19,500
19,500 100,000
Gas
4000 15,000
Gas
2500 15,000
Nu 0.0385 Re0.782 Pr1 3
Nu 0.228 Re0.731 Pr1 3
Nu 0.248 Re0.612 Pr1 3
sphere
D
Heat Transfer
ME 301
3.5 Re 80,000
0.7 Pr 380
14
Nusph

hD
2 0.4 Re1 2 0.06 Re2 3 Pr 0.4

k
s
14-09-2015
12
Flow Across Tube Banks

A common geometry for
two-fluid heat exchangers.
Aligned and Staggered Arrays:
Aligned: Vmax
Staggered:
or,
Heat Transfer
ME 301
ST
V
ST D
ST
Vmax
V if 2 S D D ST D
ST D
ST
Vmax
V if 2 S D D ST D
2 SD D
14-09-2015
13
Grimsons correlation
For finding C2
Heat Transfer
ME 301
14-09-2015
14
Zhukauskass correlation
For finding C2
Heat Transfer
ME 301
14-09-2015
15

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Heat Transfer

Discipline of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Indore

The eddying motion in turbulent flow causes significant

Indian Institute of Technology Indore

Random eddy motion of groups of particles resembles the random

Turbulent viscosity - momentum transport by turbulent

Indian Institute of Technology Indore

, 5 105 Rex 107

5 105 ReL 107

5 105 ReL 107

Indian Institute of Technology Indore

Average Heat Transfer Coefficient

Indian Institute of Technology Indore

Uniform Heat Flux

Nux 0.453 Rex0.5 Pr1 3

Nux 0.0308 Rex0.8 Pr1 3

Indian Institute of Technology Indore

The Cylinder in Cross Flow

Indian Institute of Technology Indore

Separation occurs when the velocity gradient reduces to zero

Indian Institute of Technology Indore

Nu is relatively high at the stagnation point

Indian Institute of Technology Indore

Indian Institute of Technology Indore

Nu 0.989 Re0.330 Pr1 3

Nu 0.102 Re0.675 Pr1 3

Nu 0.264 Re0.588 Pr1 3

Nu 0.153 Re0.638 Pr1 3

Nu 0.160 Re0.638 Pr1 3

Nu 0.0385 Re0.782 Pr1 3

Nu 0.228 Re0.731 Pr1 3

Nu 0.248 Re0.612 Pr1 3

2 0.4 Re1 2 0.06 Re2 3 Pr 0.4

Indian Institute of Technology Indore

Flow Across Tube Banks

Aligned and Staggered Arrays:

Indian Institute of Technology Indore

Indian Institute of Technology Indore

Indian Institute of Technology Indore

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