a 5 THE STANDARD EDITION ‘OF THE COMPLETE PSYCHOLOGICAL WORKS OF SIGMUND FREUD ‘ranilated from he German wade the General Editrship of JAMES STRACHEY In Callaoration with ANNA FREUD sited by ALIX. STRAGHEY and ALAN TYSON VOLUME xIV (91-1916) On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement Papers on Metapsychology ed Other Works LONDON THE HOGARTH PRESS AND ‘THE INSTITUTE OF PSYCHO-ANALYSIS|MOURNING AND MELANCHOLIA neni oe pn a oa Soi te a Sera ae A Thatta eet ty aetna ts niente oat aries ite “Sper sonar viet Sette Se Sy nl seer ea cr ran Sie Sere eos Sine ser none Fan cece hlamt Wea gee Se Grae pert er eee STOR Se ete pee Sarin Sealey discover anything that was not typical, if not of a whole class of Sevier eatin ce An mie vy ie tee ea ib tes Re center toe ons orcas ee ieuay ines arieuteteenrs feiss SI oa fre Stora as pepe Sn ne ca et eth ct See ag Spl eee aa ednety Sie pat dence te matte wd eratosrtimmn spn ene Ge et ti eet Eee eee Pe erie ee estes sheets ate as Seni or Ber N20 she24 MOURNING AND MELANOHOLIA afer a certain lapec of time, and we look upon any taetocece aicee coaenr founaly painful dejection, cesation of interest fa the cubed Se iss irda ‘hee tomcat elcitmer joel cmtienas Meneses dinero ue cee of selfzegard is absent in mournings but tierbe the enone ers eine tilts cs gery tei lg cee cinecreepanee meet cose ect sce ret secant eral ern Fea rine cored Sean ep Groce ares acest een er gun Ee estan bee weno Pekar he Seesmic mere crate crate reeme pti , oh cage ean eps Sees rian cae ss? Udo not think there ie anything far-fetched in presenting SERB Corr ny eee ey erotic ior ieverasemt ee aa i io nm ‘Paden imitate nus ili ener eg hn mire Seder isla te “agement ene abject through the median ofa hallaciatony wi neces Se oe a aes ‘eee, MOURNING AND MBLANCHOLIA 145 order cannot be obeyed at ones. They are carted out bit by Wt at great expense of time and eathectic energy, and in che meantime the existence of the lot object pyehiallypro- longed. Each single one of the memories and expectations in which theibdo is bound to the objets brought up and hyper- Catheced) and detachment of the ibid is accomplished in respect of itt Why this compromise by which the command of reality is cased out plecmea should be so extaorizanly pif snot a all easy to explain in terms of economics Te emarkable that this psnfal umplesire taken at matier of ‘oune by us The fet i, however, tat when the work of ‘osming i completed the ego becomes free and uninhibited "Fe ws now apply to mlancholia what we have lart about smouming. Tn an st of eats itis evident that melancholia too tay be the reaction t the lis ofa loved objec. Where the tacking cases are diferent one can recogoize that there isa los of more ideal Mad. The object has not pehaps actually died, but hasbeen lost as an objet f love (inthe cae of & beerothed gil who hasbeen jilted). In yt other cases one fees sted in maintaining the belt tha alos of this ind has ‘ccurred, but one cannot sce clearly what is chat has been {est andi al the more resonable to suppose hat the patent cannot consciously pereive what he has st elthe, Tis in- ‘led might beso even fhe patent i aware ofthe los which has givenrse his melancholia, but only i the sense that he oows slo he hat lt but nota he has lost inhi. ‘This would suggest that melanchala isin some way rated to a, ‘bjt Le hich is withdrawn from conscioumes, in contradi~ {Encion to mourning, in which there is noting about the loss that is unconscious. Tn mourning we found that the fhibition and los fiterit fully acounted for by the work of mouraig in which the 40 is absorbed. In melancholia, the unknown fos will rest {asa internal work and will therefore be responsible for the melancholic inhibition, The diference isha the inhibition [Tis iden ems t0 be erred already fn Sader on Hyteria (aod) pac auto oe ibe und Sc nee he Neginag Wf Hegde ‘Duco of the cae hitry of Face abba von eG Ey 2 12)) [Adicio of te ona of ts proc wil be oud below cap tio)346“ MOURNING AND MELANCHOLIA mute ying ag ct Scorihamueti essen cia Spec barman Secercertaninene ine Rw Rago Tomiie eset ete SESS tn ce famed Shoaiew eres ‘Rese inet my feat sgetuisin arta chat eng iClear cna aetna rar Sted wae an eVects Serechnaehs h RCOGSR Demi eee maneete tava pg cyber ihegae Ts Sce's 5 al atthe ela cs Sarcasm es wou ates as ira Saying le ity tm nite mt hege aclu trae ig tea seeitehcrceetitnee urbe apnea le wera Serene cf enne ee Sheu tanger cana Syme Stems Reheree me alie sbataeraicinewi need remmeec™ coiniisvGiese cients SURSAIEISR Sart neti Smee Ean Siete sere Tae pep a tna ee Shr rte ans tae ale SOc eemeananees shritaien htaton cytes Scarica tee Sigaye atlas eineeletat EOE WAC eects Sees omens Recreate Soren insta iee Scere i carne ster ae a (ace, Soe 2). a MOURNING AND MBLANGHOLIA 247 ‘truth or whether hes being more or less unfair to himself, Nor isi dificult o sce that there is no correspondence, so far as we ccan judge, between the degree of sel-abasement and its rel Justification, A good, capable, consclentious woman will speak no better of herelf after she develops melancholia than one who {sin fact worthless; indeed, che former is perhaps more likely to {alll of the dzeare than the ater, of whom we to should have nothing good to say. Finally it must suike us that after all the telanchole dacs not behave in quite the same way aa pera ‘who ie eruhed by remorse and selfepreach in 2 normal Fashion. Feelings of shame in front of ether people, which would ‘more than anything characterize tis latter condition, ae lack- ing in the melancholic, or at least they are not prominent in Lin, One might emphasize the presence in him of an almost ‘opposite trait of insistent communicativeness which finds sats- flection in selPexposure. "The exsentil thing, therefore, ig not whether the melan- ‘cholic’ distresing selédenigration is correct, inthe sense that his selfcriticism agrees with the opinion of other people. The ‘int mut rather be that he is giving a correct description of| Iie poychological situation. He has lot his slfrespect and he _must have good reason for this, Tis true that we are then faced with a contradiction that presents a problem which i hard to solve. ‘The analogy with mourning led us t6 conclude that he had suffered a los in regard to an object; what he tells us points toa los in regard to his ego. ‘Before going into this contradiction, let us dwell ar a moment fon the view which the melancholic's disorder affords of the ‘constitution ofthe human ego. We see how in him one part of| the ego sets itelf over agaist the other, judges it cxtcally, and, anit were, takes ita its object. Our suspicion that the ctitial agency which ix here split off rom the ego might also show its independence in other cixcumstance willbe confirmed by every furdher observation. We shall really ind grounds for distin igithing this agency fom the rest ofthe ego. What we are here ing acquainted with i the agency commonly called ‘con- science’; we shall count it, along with the censorship of con- tciousneas and reality-tsting, among the major intutions of the ego, and we shall come upon evidence to show that it a Decome diseased on its own account. In the elnial picture of| 2 See above. 238] | i é&$-=~_| | ||, , -_- —728 MOURNING AND MELANCHOLIA ‘melancholia, dissatisfction with the ego on moral grounds is the mest oustanding feature. The patients self-evalustion con- ‘cerns itself much less frequently with bodily infirmity, ugliness ‘or weakness, or with social inferiority; ofthis category, iti only his fears and! asseverations of becoming poor that occupy & [prominent poston. ‘There is one observation, not at all iffcul to make, which leads to the explanation of the contradiction mentioned above [atthe end ofthe last paragraph but one). Irene listens patiently toa melanchole’s many and vatiousselfacewsations, ne ca not in the end avaid the impression that often the most violent ‘of them are hardly a all applicable to the pasient himsel, but ‘that with insignificant modifications they do fit someone ele, someone whom the patient loves or has loved or should love Every time one examines the facts this conjecture is confirmed So we find the key tothe elinieal picture: we perceive thatthe selfreprosches are reproaches against a loved object which Ihave been shifted away from it on tothe patient's own ego. ‘The woman who loudly pities her husband for being ted to such an incapable wife as herself is really accusing her huband ‘of being incapable, in whatever sense she may mean this, There is no need to be greatly surprised that a few genuine sel reproaches are scattered among thore that have been trans [ped back. These are allowed to obtrade themselves, since they Iie to mask the others and make recognition ofthe true state ‘of affairs imposible. Moreover, they derive from the prov and tans of the confit of love that has led tothe los of love, The behaviour of the patients, too, now becomes much more intelli- sible. Their complaints are really “plaints in the old sense of the word. They are not ashamed and do not hide themacives, since everything derogatory that they say about themselves at Dotiom said about someone ese. Moreover, they are far fom evincing towards those around them the attitude of humility and submisvenes that would alone belt such worthless people, (On the contrary, they make the greatest nuisance of themselves, and always seem as though they felt slighted and had been treated with great injustice. All this is posuble only because the reactions expresed in their behaviour sll proceed from & men= tal constellation of revol, which has then, by aceriin proces, passed over into the cruthed etate of melancholia, “There isn difficulty in reconstructing this proces. An object. MOURNING AND MELANCHOLIA 29 choice, an attachment ofthe Hb oa prtialar penon, had ‘one ine estes hn ong el aio aps ynent comming fom this loved person, the object-elatonhip Arar shattered, The tel was fot the normal one of = wilh Urawal ofthe Ubido for this objec anda daplacement of Sn toa new one, but something diferent, for whose coming: ‘bout various conditions teem to be netesary. ‘The object ‘ato proved to have litle power of seitance and vas ‘rought tan end, But the fee libido was not diaplaced on to othe aie ewan nt theo, This, howe tras nt exiployed in any Wi vray, but served 0 Scan iden ofthe og withthe Dando obj ‘Ths the shadow of the object ell upon the ego, andthe later oul henson be jue bys speci agency, ax thogh i ‘were an objet, the frien cect. In this way an objects das tansfrmed nto an ego-ia andthe conte between the {go and the loved peson into a cleavage Betecn the ere ‘Etsy ofthe ego and the ego az altered by identiieaton. ‘Oncor things may be destined with eget the ‘precondons and fcc of procts such as this. On the one Tandy a strong fixation to the loved object must have been prvet on th oer hand in conradcon to this, the object then mast have ad iti power of esstane. Ab Oto Rank fas aply remarked thi contradiction scents to imply that the Utjec-cotc has boen elected on a narctc bast 9 that the objecreathexi, when obstacles come ini way, cam egr to narcssm, ‘The narce identification with the objet then becomes a mba for the eae cathe, the res of stich that in spite ofthe comic withthe loved person the Joveelation need not be given up. This subaitaion of denti= cain for ojetove Sn imptat mechani inthe na Site ane; Hv Ladner 01) hasnt en ae topoin toitin the proces of recovery ina es ofxhizopbrenia. Itepesenty, of couney a mpeson rom one type of beet thoicr to ovina narcaskm. We have elacwhere shown that ‘dentteadon ie preliminary stage of objec-choie, that itis the ts way -and one that scxpreed in an ambivalentahion which the go picks out a object." go wants to incor. porate ths object into Tuell, and n accordance with the oral Er eanaibalae phase of liidinal development in which its, mi (1917) ei ny hn word dos ot cee] | |380 MOURNING AND MELANCHOLIA ie want to do 20 by devouring it Abraham is undonbey "aht in aetbatng Yo tis eoestn these of nor pe fc that th dapetion to fall melanin fone net thn psn) tein the predominance oth marina pe sf ebjeecchoe—harunirunsly not et cn eon Py thucatin I the opening temas of as papers feted the the cmp material pon ch hs ay el Inne fr our nots Ife coud acme a agreement he tween the resis of obevaon and at ne haven oe Sou or hots to ichde i repeson fom seas Cath othe sll nce ol pha othe to or Gharsteation of eanchol dentieason vith thee ‘enamels nes iy icy area weltinown mechanism symposia, ‘specially in hysteria. ‘The difeence, however bewwen nae Sic and hyn deniterton they be enter a srhrar inthe fer the ebjecreateri i sbandned nthe Ibert pent snd mnie enc, though ais aly Confined wo tain aed cons seinen any cain the anne wat encanto fresionef tere big smcng a emma wih ay love. Nereis idetiteation the older of the teal pres the way to an understanding fhe enicason, Thich hs foe le rou tee ‘Melancholia there, orows sone of i features fom rowing ante then the poses of epeion fo arcing objec to nrc: Hise te Min Htc mourings vention ote reall oa ved tect ak rand above di rw sed bya detest ch ‘Seen tral mourning o wichita preeet, eees th ner no pathol nang Thee a's veto ‘an excl oppostnity fr the abivalence i over "eb. a Bors Now, pp 26-2) 2 ffi Patenphardertcan eit bins prime sgt nya Ce i et of etatin ys ded er by Fd spies ig Fay BS 7 Bon (SS ld RES ee Te tn MOURNING AND MELANCHOLIA 251 ee cohvain eto te es cares ed mee sh a ie crea re ath cased seme er a ee os a et The i ‘creed ck oa ee Ra Fe a al tee seem ea ae nat eae ce ae sealing et lt Soe ee a er ae eee eee i ee ‘ra tines akc oe ee ba i nae econ amraae r a eke Socnccceee oes So reamacsegen See Heian ee Se ee cee e a eo ieee gir ete eo iSeeienncs tte tags eects i a a oe crages met ceo Se Sis hee oe srt met tlt cra ce lc a Sd rat cn coe Se Sree aa ore ee ae siemens acne rete en er cr cat aly Pere me es nl eee a et seca ne enous a Te rg att ae 2 Puch of wha fallow is elaborated in Chapter V of Te Hy and ie (8) d "Foc the dinetion between the twos my paper on asin and ‘heir Witte [pp 1509 above]28 MOURNING AND MELANCHOLIA ‘ambivalence, has been carried back to the stage of sadism Which is nearer to chat confit. ‘tis this sadism alone that solves the riddle of the tendency to suicide which makes melancholia so interesting and #0 dangerous. So immense isthe ego's selflove, which we have ‘come to recognize as the primal state from which instinctual life proceeds, and so vast it the amount of harcisistic libido which we se liberated in the fear that emerges at threat to Tie, that we cannot conceive how that ego ean consent t0 it ‘own destruction. We have long known, ti rue, that no neuto- tic harbours thoughts of suicide which he has not tured back ‘upon himself fom murderous impulses against others, but we Ihave never been able to explain what interplay of forces can carry such a purpose through to execution, The analysis of melancholia now shows that the ego can Lill itself only if, ‘owing to the return of the objectcathexis it can trea ite as ‘an object—itit sable to direct against tet the hostility which relates to an object and which represents the ego's original reaction to objects in the external world." Thus in regression fiom narcisistic object-choice the object has, it i true, been ot rd of, but it has nevertheless proved more powerful than the ego ite. In the ewo opposed situations of being most in tensely in love and of suicide the ego is overwhelmed by the object, though in totaly different ways. ‘As regards one particular striking feature of melancholia that we have mentioned [p. 248], the prominence of the fear of oor, i¢ seems plausible 1 suppose that i is derived ‘rom anal erotsm which has been torn ont ofits context and altered in a regrenive sense. “Melancholia confronts us with yet othe problems, the answer to which in part eludes us. The fact that it pases off after a cxrtain time has elapsed without leaving traces of any gross ‘changes is feature it shares with mourning. We found by way of ‘explanation [pp. 244-5 that in mourning time is needed forthe command of reality-testing to be eartied ont in detail, and that ‘when this work has been accomplithed the eyo will have ues ceeded in fecing its libido from the lost object. We may imagine 2 Gt Tnsact ad their Vict fp. 196 above. 3 [ater dixon frie wil be fond im Chap V of Te Zi ‘ud he 1d (923) and in the las pages of "The Economie Problem ok secon (19049.), PRESETS ae eae PeeeaeeeSaEEE eee SaEeESSEEEE geese SEE Eee eee eeee eee eee Peer esearsea eee See eeSeEEE en eReSEE eee Sea REET MOURNING AND MELANGHOLIA 253 thatthe eg is ocupid with analogous work ding dhe course tfa melancholia; i neither ease have we any inaigh nt the eonomis ofthe cure of events. The septs in cane ‘tein teste fo the gry ofthe condor, the iposity tf effecting the general drawing-in of eathexes nocasay fot ‘hcp The comple ofmeltchola behaves ike an open woud, drawing to ig cathe energies wich in the tanaorence euros webave called ‘antcathexe?—fom all dizecton, and ping the eg unl is totaly impoverted* Te ean aly rove retant fo the ego's wish ep Win oblast ior, ad one which cant be explained payehogenically, makes ul visible in the regular Emelestion ne Coan tat ets plac toward cvting. ‘aera gp he ening aon inrepectvely ofthe shject—s purely nares blow to {Be egomimay not sfc o produce the picture of melancholia and whether an impoverishment of egoubidodieedy due toxin may not beable to produce cevtain formu of the discs “mat ea coma n'y a tan etena a ae Cn iss lea Se Jape Wein ieohpn ty eS eu a conta a ag Ts ets See ws Sam ce at enya a es a Foul a ek Gis LE OPS Ge cl eee eens at erat es yt nie apt pereetec try ond a a rs Beri wen ee pr eis ota pi stent il oe nit se Ll ie aude a SEITuAbvIn Rime ibelae alton “Cnt tt oranda ny oem tee a ra een paiee ear eee haa ar254 MOURNING AND MELANCHOLTA the fint aa poycho-analyti iaupresion, and the second what Seto) Fa lace gna commie spo he impreaion wach, sve ie Hnveiatos have already put into words ia tat the content of mania sno diferent ffom that of melancholia that both acres a ‘wreting with the sme ‘comple’, but tht probably in ela ‘hola the ego has anceumbed to the complex wherexsin mania ic has maseed ft or pushed t aside: Our second pointer aMforded bythe observation that ll ates such at joys ext tion or triumph, which give ws the normal model fot manta, depend on the same economic conditions What has happened het ia that a rel of some influence, a large expenitare of pychial energy, long maintained or habitually eccurng, hag atlast become unnecesry, so hat is avalable or nome cus application and postbiles of tcharge~-when, Fine ‘ance some poor wretch, by winning lage sam of money, ismudaly selene fom chris worty abou is daly bee fe when a log and arduous srogge ls Roally crowned with Sco fen mh ne Nan» pon oy of Ata tngle blow some oppresive compulion, some fale potion ‘which ie has long had to keep up, and soon All such seations ‘re characterized by high spirit, by the sigs of charge of joy emodon and by neeted reine fra Kinds of eedon ‘in jut te same way ain mana, and in complete conan to the depresion and iahbion of melancholla, We may venture to asert that mania is nothing other than tum of is sort only that here again what the eo has surmounted and wha itis tumphing over remain hidden ftom ie Alcohlie oxication, which belongs to the same clas of sate, may (iam frat tis an lated one) be explained in the sane way ‘ire there is probably a mupension, produced by tony, ot expenditures of energy in reprenion. The popular view kes to asuine tata penon In mie eat kind Hd such dlightin movement and action beeate ee ‘cheerful, This fave connection must ofcourse be put right The act is that {he economic condition in the ater mad referred to above Js been lll and this the reson why he sn ach hgh ‘piston the one hand and so nihibted ination onthe othe, we pat these twoindiaton together? what we find Ws, “(The ‘paycho-analy resion’ and the ‘economic ene pehoanatte Sen een MOURNING AND MELANGHOLIA 255 in mania, the ego must have got over the ls ofthe objet (or itt mourng over the los, oF perhaps the object fuel), and thereupon the whole uot of saath witch the psf Suffering of melancholia had dav tel om the ego and “pound wil have become svallable(p. 253]- Maeover the Innic mbjct pliny demonstrates Bs Tiberi from the ‘hject which was the cause of is suring, by seeking ike © enouly hungry man for new ofjct-cathexs. "Ts explanation certainly sounds plauible, ut in the Gat plsceitis foo indefinite, ad secondly, gives tise to more new Problems and dovber than we cam ative. We ill not evade 'hecuon of them, even though we cannot expect to lad tu toa clear understanding Te the fit place, normal mourning no, overcomes the los ofthe objet and on, while Tat absorbs al the energies ithe eg Why, them ter har ron ou, there m0 Tintin ts cage the economic condition fora phase of tiumph? 1 ind it tapostble to anor ths objection stsight sway Te ao draws our attention tothe fact that we do not even kow the economic means by which mourning cases out i tak {p. 25]. Posbly, however, a conjcrre wil help us ere Boch single one ofthe memories and satan of expetancy tiich demonstrate the bids steackment to the let eject Inet by the verdict of realty thatthe objét no longer eis, and the ego confonted as Te were withthe question whether {tsa sare het, peroaded bythe uma the nari fstiacton it derives fom being alive to sever its attachment to the object hat has been abolahed. We may perhaps suppose that tis work of severance iso low and gradual that by he tine it has been finished the expendtre of energy neceary for ic ie alo dnipated* ‘Ts tempting fo goon fom thi conjectare about dhe work ot mourning an ry to ive an account ofthe work of mela Gola Here we ar¢ met atthe outet by sn uncertainy.S0 fir eave avy comer anc fom he tp ical pint of view, nor asked ouraves in and between Stake pyeical tens the work ef nln gos ob; What 2 the economic standplat ha hitherto recived ite attention in peychoraniy wetngs I would meaton a an exepion a paper bY Widor Tak (1915) "on motes for eprenon devalued by Fee pense2% MOURNING AND MELANCHOLIA pen are ree Ses oer oaeat eer sees ‘The quick and casy answer is that ‘the unconscious (thing-) ota gh id ocr a he ns (in ee eee rang, Some Se emi ma po mr Shee ime Semin fen a Deon eae Slr ho an rag be os pero medrese et Wer (iy eg ptonte a emcees anion ot he Soe Tal es sed ae emery ee eee eee Perret copepod trot eh Se cra te cece eee Sie Sceoeiaere I ssi eS Seton came ta tan 9 i rs mates oar ae ees ee ee Seer eng ei Ba ee Sebel tomeing an omer coed ae ai oe hr lh gins pen ts el emf ante te make EA Sir depends Seen canis fe pie ie oe pea es ser ree oe mee ag ot ee i os eee ens one eae Top ay amet mcd ar ck SoG SS es earmrarg ash pe goa eg Se a lite es hai le erect cp sin en Sie ch i ar nee oh is rei eh eg fom io ch eH tin te ening ae Sn ea sm cee me ar eer iasear MOURNING AND MELANCHOLIA 257 (as contrasted with wor-atene) Ia moaring, too the efforts to detach the Tbido are made inthis same sytem; but ini rothing hinders the proces fom proceeding along the nor tml path through the Bs to consumes This path socked Tor the work of mslancholsy owing pethaps to a number of fuer ofa combination of them. Conittional ambivalence ‘elongs by is natare tothe represed; taumalc experience in ‘neon wih the objet ny have ace oes reprened fateria, Thos everyting to-do with thee sugges due 1 mbialence remsine withdrawn fom consiouses, unt the Gutecme characterise of ranchaia har stn. Thin, 8 we mow, consis in the threatened Hbidnaleathexis a length Abandoning the objet, ony, however, draw back othe place inthe ego fom which it had proceeded, So by taking ight ito the ego ove etape extinction, Aer thi regreaion ote ibid the procem can become conscious, and fis reprecated to con ‘lout asa conflict between one pat of the ogo and the crea agency "What comcioumes is aware of fn the work of melaichoia is thu not the eel part ot nora even the pare which Are may credit with an dnflucnce in bringing the ailment to a ar We se that the ego dbase ean ages against il, nd we undewtan etter the pant wise thi cx lead todd how ivean change, We can more feadly astute such ‘funtion to the sens pt of the work, Deease i not fifa to perecve an etal soalogy beeen the work of eco df ming Js a ing ip hn qo give up the bjet by delting the objet to be dead a rng the ego the inddcement of conning lv [p. 238], {2 dos each tingle ugg of amvaence owen the Sxation ‘tthe libido tothe object by dnparaging denigrating t and ‘ren as it were hing it, Tt pole for the proc in the test come to an en, ether ater the Fury as spent fel oF Mtr the object has been abandoned at valle. We cannot {al which ofthe to posite the regular or more ural fone in bringing melancholia to an end, nor what influence tis {rmination hu on the ftore cose ofthe eae. The go may tajoy in isthe station of knowing faa the beter of the oo, ae speror othe object ‘been if we accept tht view ofthe work of melancholia, it sul does not apply an explanation of he one pont on which288 MOURNING AND MELANCHOLIA ‘we were seking ligt. It was our expectation thatthe economic condition for the emergence of mania after the melancholia hhas units course is to be found in the ambivalence which dominates the later affection; and in this we found support fiom analogies in various other fields. But there ie one fact before which that expectation must bow. OF the three precon= ditions of melancholia~—los of the object, ambivalence, and "egresion of libido into the ego—the fist two are also found in the obsessional selfreproaches arising after adeath has occurred Tn those eatesitis unquestionably the ambivalence whichis the zotive force of the confit, and observation shows that aftr ‘the conllct hat come to an end there ie nothing lef over in the nature of the triumph of a manic state of mind. We are thus led to the third fictor as the only one responsible forthe result. ‘The accumulation ofcathexs which iat frst bound and then, after the work of melancholia is finished, becomes free and ‘makes mania posible must be linked with regression of the libido to narcisism. The confit within the ego, which melan- cholia substitutes for the struggle over the object, must act like 2 painful wound which calls for an extraordinarily high anti cathexis—But here once again, it will be well to call a halt and to postpone any further explanation of mania until we have {gained Some insight into the economie nature, fit of physical pin, and then of the mental pain which i analogous to i ‘As we already know, the interdependence ofthe complicated problems of the mind forces us to break off every enquiry befor itis completed til the outcome of some other enquiry 2 [See fotnate 1p 147 above} * [Fes edie 1903" Ca coatination ofthis dicusion of mania in Gimp Pocoligy ed th aso te Ege (1901) (Sted Ey nose