LAPLACE

TRANSFORM
By Idral Amri,
PhD

Why use Laplace

Transforms?
Find solution to differential equation
using algebra
Relationship to Fourier Transform
allows easy way to characterize
systems
No need for convolution of input and
differential equation solution
Useful with multiple processes in
system

How to use Laplace

Find differential equations that
describe system
Obtain Laplace transform
Perform algebra to solve for output
or variable of interest
Apply inverse transform to find
solution

What are Laplace

transforms?
F(s ) L{f(t)}

f(t)e
0

1
f(t ) L{F(s)}

st

dt

F(s)e

st

ds

t is real, s is complex!
Inverse requires complex analysis to solve
Note transform: f(t) F(s), where t is
integrated and s is variable
Conversely F(s) f(t), t is variable and s is
integrated
Assumes f(t) = 0 for all t < 0

Evaluating F(s) = L{f(t)}

Hard Way do the integral
let

f (t ) 1

let

let

1
1
F ( s ) e dt (0 1)
s
s
0
f (t ) e at
st

F ( s ) e at e st dt e ( s a ) t dt
f (t ) sin t

1
sa

F ( s ) e st sin(t )dt
0

Integrate by parts

Evaluating F(s)=L{f(t)}Hard Way

udv uv vdu

remember
let

u e st , du se st dt
dv sin(t )dt , v cos(t )

st

sin(t )dt [e

st

Substituting, we get:

cos(t ) ] s e st cos(t )dt

0

e st (1) s e st cos(t )dt

e st cos(t )dt
[ e

st

sin(t ) ] s e
0

st

sin(t )dt 1 s

st
e
sin(t )dt
0

(1 s 2 ) e st sin(t )dt 1

u e st , du se st dt
dv cos(t )dt , v sin(t )

se

st

let

sin(t )dt e (0) s e

st

st

sin(t )dt

st

1
sin(t )dt
1 s2
It only gets worse

f ( x, m)dx F (m)
a

n 1 x
x
e dx (n)
0

1
cos pt dt sin p F ( p )
p
Cont.:

f ( p, t ) dt F ( p)
b

dF
df
df (t , s )
dt
dt
dp a dp
ds
a

Laplace Transform dr F(t)

f (t ) f (t )e dt f ( p )
pt

t perubah nyata
f (t ) fs. nyata, t 0
p parameter (dlm sherwood )

Cont. (t ) te
0

pt

1
1 pt
pt
dt t.d .e te
p
p
0

e
0

pt

dt

1
1 pt
1 1
1
00 e

(0

1)

2
0
p
p
p
p
p

(t ) 1/ p 2

(t ) f ( p ) 1/ p 2
Step function
0 ,t p0
U (t )
1 ,t 0

1 pt
1
1
pt
(U (t )) 1.e dt e dt (0 1)
p
p
p
0
0

(eat ) e at e st dt e ( s a )t dt

1 ( s a )t
e
sa

1
1
(0 1)
sa
sa

Sifat-sifat dasar dari Laplace

Transform
1. Linierity
f(t)=C1f1(t)+c2f2(t)++Cnfn(t)
F(t) = kombinasi linier dr n fs. (f1(t),
f2(t),.f

n(t))
( f (t )) c1 f1 (t ) c2 f 2 (t ) .... cn f n (t ) e pt dt
0

c1 f1 (t )e pt dt c2 f 2 (t )e pt dt ...... cn f n (t )e pt dt
c1 f1 (t ) c2 f 2 (t ) cn f n (t )

2.Transformasi Kompleks

( f (t )) f (t )e pt dt
0

f (t )e at f (t )e at e pt dt
0

f (t )e ( p a ) t dt f ( p a )
0

f (t )e at f ( p a)
f (t )e at f ( p a )

Cont.
a
( f ( p) dpt dicari pd . tab 8.1 sherwood )
2
2
p a
a
a
(sin at.e at ) f ( p a)

( p a) 2 a 2 p 2 2ap 2a 2
1
(U (t ))
p
1
at
(U (t )e )
pa
p
(cos at ) 2
p a2
( p a)
at
(cos at.e )
( p a)2 a 2
(sin at )

3. Diferensiasi Kompleks

( f (t )) f (t )e pt dt f ( p )
0

d f ( p)

dp

?
pt

df
e
f (t )
dt f (t )te pt dt
dp 0
p
0
df ( p )
(tf (t ))
dp

Contoh.

(t sin at )

df
.....
dp

a
df
2ap

p2 a2
dp (a 2 p 2 ) 2
df
2ap
(t sin at ) 2
dp ( p a 2 ) 2
1
(e at )
pa
d 1
1

(te at )
dp p a ( p a ) 2
d 1
1
U (t ) 2
dp p
p
d 1
2
t 2U (t ) 2 3
dp p
p
n!
t nU (t ) n 1
p
f (t ) sian at f ( p )

4. Differensiasi riil

f '(t ) f '(t )e pt dt
0

pt

df .dt f (t ) e

pt
0

f (t ) pe pt dt
0

0 f (0) p f (t )e pt dt
0

f '(t ) f (0*) p f (t )e pt dt
0

f ''(t ) f "(t )e pt dt
f '(t )
dt

0
p f '(t ) f '(0*)

p p f (t ) f (0*) f '(0*)

f "(t ) p 2 f (t ) pf (0*) f '(0*)

dn

d n 1 f (0*)
n
( n 1)
( n 2) df (0*)
n f (t ) p f (t ) p
f (0*) p
......
dt
dt
dt n 1

f (t ) p f ( p ) p ( n k ) f ( k 1) (0*)
n

k 1

Cont.

(sin at )

a
p2 a2

d (sin at )
a cos at
dt
d

sin at p f ( p) f (0*)
dt

a
f (t ) sin at f ( p ) 2
p a2
f (0*) sin 0 0
a
ap
d

sin at p. 2
0 2
2
p a
p a2
dt

ap
a cos at 2
a cos at
2
p a
ap
cos at 2
sama dg tabel
2
p a

5. Integrasi riil

f (t ) f (t )e pt dt f ( p )
0

f (t ) dt
0

f (t ) dt e pt dt

1

p0

pt
f
(
t
)
dt
de

{
0
dv
14 2 43
t

1

p

f (t ) dt.e
0

pt
0

e
0

1
pt
0 0 f (t )e dt
p
0

f ( p)
f (t ) dt
p

f (t ) e p dt f (t )
0

pt

f (t )dt

The Laplace Transform

Transform Pairs:
f(t)
F(s) ( t )

1
1
f
(
t
)
F
(
s
)
u( t )____________________________________
s
1
st
e
sa
1
t
s2
n!
n
t
n 1
s

The Laplace Transform

Transform Pairs:
f(t)
F(s) at
te

n at

t e

sin( wt )
cos( wt )

s a

n!
( s a )n 1
w
s2 w 2
s
s2 w2

The Laplace Transform

Transform Pairs:
f(t)
F(s)
e sin( wt )
at

e at cos( wt )
sin( wt )
cos( wt )

w
(s a)2 w 2
sa
2
2
( s a) w
s sin w cos
s2 w2
s cos w sin
2
2
s w

Yes !

The Laplace Transform

Common Transform Properties:
f(t)

F(s)

f ( t t 0 )u( t t 0 ), t 0 0
f ( t )u( t t 0 ), t 0
e at f ( t )
d n f (t )
dt n

e
e

to s

to s

F ( s)

L[ f ( t t 0 )

F (s a)
s n F ( s ) s n 1 f ( 0) s n 2 f ' ( 0) . . . s 0 f n 1 f ( 0 )
dF ( s )
ds

tf ( t )

1
F ( s)
s

f ( )d

Inverse Laplace
Transform (ILT)
f (t )

f ( p)
ILT

f
( p)

f(t )

f (t )

1 f (p )

f ( p)
f (t )

Cara mencari ILT :

1. Sifat-sifat Laplace Transform
2. Tabel (Sherwood 311-319, Jenson 577-586)
3. Convolution
4. Residu

Ad.3. Convolution
f ( p ) g ( p ).h( p )
t

f (t ) [ f ( p )] g ( s ) h(t s )ds g (t s ) h( s )ds

1

Cont.
1
t2 1 2
1. f ( p ) 3 f (t ) t (table)
p
2! 2
bukti dg conv.
1

p3

1 . 1 2
2
p p
g ( p ) 1/ p g (t ) 1 ; h( p ) 1/ p h(t ) t
g ( p) h( p)
t

f (t ) g ( s ) h(t s )ds 1(t s )ds ts 1/ 2s 2 1/ 2t 2

0

atau
t

f (t ) g (t s )h( s )ds 1.sds 1/2s 2 1 / 2t 2

0

1
1
at
bt
tabel
f
(
t
)

e
uuuuu
r
( p a )( p b)
a b

1
g ( p)
g (t ) e at
pa
1
h( p )
h(t ) ebt
p b

2. f ( p )

f (t ) g (t s ) h( s ) ds e
0

a (t s )

.e ds e at e ( b a ) s ds
bs

at
t
1
e
e at
e (ba ) s
e( b a )t 1
0
ba
ba
1
1

ebt e at
e at ebt
ba
a b

Ad.4

J ( p)
; J ( p) & l ( p ) : polinomial dalam p
l ( p)
derajat l ( p) derajat J ( p )
(lebih tinggi 1 derajat )
I . Jk l ( p ) tdk memuat faktor berulang .

f ( p)
Residu

n
J ( p)
J ( p)
Ck
f ( p)

l ( p ) ( p a1 )( p a2 ).......( p an ) k 1 ( p a0 )

Ck Re s( f ( p), p ak )
J ( p)
p ak
Ck lim p ak ( p ak )
lim p ak J ( p) lim p ak
l ( p)
l ( p)
1
1
l ' hospital J (ak ) lim p ak
J (ak )
l' p
l '(ak )
p
J (ak )
J (ak )
1
Ck
f ( p)
l '(ak )
k 1 l '( ak ) ( p ak )

f (t )

J (ak ) ak t
f ( p)
e [ ILT
k 1 l '( ak )

II . Jk l ( p ) memuat faktor berulang

f ( p)

J ( p)
J ( p)

l ( p ) ( p a1 ) n ( p a2 ).......( p an )

f ( p)

A3
An
A1
A2

......

( p a1 )n ( p a1 )n 1 ( p a1 )n 2
( p a1 )

* f ( z)

B3
B2

.......
( p a2 ) ( p a3 )

bm
bm 1
b2
b1

........

a0
m
m 1
2
( z z0 )
( z z0 )
( z z0 ) ( z z 0 )
a1 ( z z0 ) a2 ( z z0 ) 2 .........

( z ) ( z z0 ) m f ( z )
bm bm 1( z z0 ) ....... b2 ( z z0 ) m 2 b1 ( z z0 ) m 1
a0 (( z z0 )m a1 ( z z0 ) m 1 ........
( z0 ) lim z z 0 ( z z0 ) m f ( z ) bm
Re s[ f ( z ), z z0 ) b1 lim z z 0 ( z z0 ) f ( z )

m 1 z0 simple pole
( m 1) ( z ) (m 1)(m 2)(m 3).........3.2.1.b1 ......( z z0 )
........( z z0 ) 2 ..........
( m 1) ( z ) b1 (m 1)(m 2)(m 3).........3.2.1
b1 (m 1)!
( m 1)
1
1
d
b1
( m 1) ( z0 ) b1
( z )
( m 1)
(m 1)!
( m 1) dz
zz

Ana log

( p ) ( p a ) n f ( p )
1
An
( n 1) ( p )
(n 1)!
p a1

Ak
H ( p)
n k 1
k 1 ( p a1 )

krn : f ( p )

dan : ( p) ( p a1 ) k f ( p)
Ak

1
( k 1) (a1 )
(k 1)!

k 1 (a1 )
f ( p)
H ( p)
n k 1
k 1 ( k 1)!( p a1 )
n

t n at
tn

e
( p a ) n 1
n!
1
t n at

e
n 1
n!
( p a)
1

( k 1) (a1 ) 1
1
1
f ( p )

H ( p)

n k 1

k 1 ( k 1)!
( p a1 )
n

k 1 (a1 ) t n k
f (t )
e a1t h(t )
k 1 ( k 1)! ( n k )!
n

Cara lain (Sherwood)

f (p)=

J ( p)
l ( p)

f (t )

f ( p) n (t )

n 1

p pn simple pole

n (t )

J ( Pn ) Pnt
e
l '( Pn )

n multiple pole tkt n

t2
t m 1
n (t ) e A1 tA2 A3 ......
Am
2!
( m 1)!

m
As t s 1
Pn t
n (t ) e
s 1 ( s 1)!
1
As
( m s ) ( Pn)
s 1, 2, 3,.......m
(m s )!
Pn t

( p ) ( p pn ) m f ( p )

ms

d ( ms )
( pn ) ( m s ) n ( p ) p p 0
ds

Cont.:

1
f (t ) ........?
2
p( p a)
p 0 simple pole
p = a pole tingkat 2 (m=2)

1. f ( p )

f(t)= n (t ) 0 (t ) 0 (t )
n 1

J(p)=1
l(p)=p(p 2 2ap a 2 ) p 3 2ap 2 a 2 p
l'(p)=3p 2 - 4 ap + a 2
=0

0 (t )

J ( p)
l '( p )

e pt
p 0

p=a pa (t ) e at ( A1 A2t )
(p)=(p-a) 2 f ( p) 1/ p 2
'(p)=-1/p 2

1 0 1
e 2
2
a
a

1
1
(2 1)
A1
(a ) 2
(2 1)!
a
1
1
0
A2
(a )
(2 2)!
a

a (t ) eat (1/ a 2 1/ a. t )
1 1 at t at 1
t at
at
f (t ) 0 (t ) a (t ) 2 2 e e 2 1 e e
a a
a
a
a

1
2. f ( p )
f (t ) ?
3
p ( p 2)
A3
1
A1
A2
8
f ( p)

3
3
2
p ( p 2)
( p 2) ( p 2) ( p 2) p
1
Ak
( k 1) (a ) pole tkt n
k 1
J ( p)
f ( p)
l ( p)
J ( p) 1
l ( p) p ( p 2)3 p 4 6 p 3 12 p 2 8 p
l '( p ) 4 p 3 18 p 2 24 p 8

p0

simple pole
B

p2

J ( p)
l '( p )

p 0

pole tkt 3
A1
A2
A3

f ( p)

1
8
( p ) ( p 2)3 f ( p ) 1/ p

1
1 1
0 (2) .
(1 1)!
1 p

p 2

1
1 1
(21) (2) . 2
(2 1)!
1 p
1
1 2
(31) (2)
(3 1)!
2! p 3

1
2

1
4

1
8

p 2

p 2

1
1
1
1
1 1
11

2 ( p 2)3 4 ( p 2) 2 8 ( p 2) 8 p

1
1 1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1 1
f (t ) 1

( p 2)
2

2) 8
3
2
(
p

2)
4
8
(
p
p

1 t 2 2t 1 2t 1 2t 1

e te e
2 2!
4
8
8
e 2t 2t
f (t )
e 2t 2 2t 1
8

d2y
dy
3. Selesaikan PD

2,
25
0,5 y 0
2
dt
dt
dy
t 0 y 100 dan
0
dt
Cara biasa :
m 2 2, 25m 0,5 0
(m 2)( m 0, 25) 0
m1 2

; m2 0, 25

y c1e 2t c2 e0,25t
t 0

100 c1e0 c2 e0
100 C1 C2 .........................(1)

dy / dt 2c1e 2t 0, 25c2e 0,25t

t 0 0 2C1 0, 25C2
C2

2C1
.......................(2)
0, 25

Subs. (2)
C1 =-100/7

(1)
, C 2 =800/7

y=-100/7e 2t 800 / 7 e 0,25t

Laplace transform
d 2 y
2 p 2 y p py (0) y '(0) p 2 y p 100 p
dt
dy
p y p y (0) p y p 100

dt
Masukkan ke PD :

p 2 y p 100 p 2, 25( p y p 100) 0,5 y p 0

( p 2 2, 25 p 0,5) y p (100 p 225) 0
yp

100 p 225
100 p 225

simple pole : p 2 ; p 0, 25
2
p 2, 25 p 0,5 ( p 2)( p 0, 25)

J ( p) 100 p 225
l ( p) p 2 2, 25 p 0,5
l '( p ) 2 p 2, 25
J ( p)
A1
l '( p )
J ( p)
A2
l '( p )

p 2

100(2) 225 25 100

2(2) 2, 25 1, 75
7

p 0,25

100( 0, 25) 225 200 800

2( 0, 25) 2, 25 1, 75
7

Re sidu
1
1
yp 100 / 7
800 / 7
p2
p 0, 25
100
2 t
0,25t
y (t ) 100 / 7e 800 / 7e

8e 0,25t e 2t
7

d2y
4.
4y 3 t 0 y 1
dt 2
dy
d y

p
y

p
y
(0)

y
'(0)

p
y

dt
dt
2

3
p

p2 y p p 1 4 y p 3 / p
( p 2 4) y p p 1 3 / p
yp

p
1
3

Tabel....
2
2
2
p 4 p 4 p( p 4)

p
1
1
y (t ) 1 y p 1 2 1 2
3 1

2
p

4
p

4
p
(
p

4)

cos 2t 1/ 2.sin 2t 3 / 4(1 cos 2t )

1
3
1

y (t ) sin 2t 1 cos 2t
2
4
3

5. Tentukan diameter Packed Bed

untuk mereaksikan asetilen dg as.
Klorida mjd vinyl clorida. Diameter
katalisator 2,5 mm. Suhu dinding
dipertahankan 149oC(422 K).
Konduktifitas efektif (kc) = 25,4
KJ/m.K.jam, H=-1,07.105KJ/kgmol,
B=290 kg/m3, suhu masuk 525K (T)
dan suhu udara (To)=366K

kg mol

kg cat. jam

rA ro (1 AT ) kec. reaksi

gas

Suhu maks. tjd ditengah2. Agar suhu maks. =525K, mk brp diameter packed bed
(di daerah tepi ada transfer panas keluar)
r 0=0,12 ; A=0,043
z+z

dT
Panas Input : G Cp 2 r.r T z kl 2 r.z

dr r

Panas rekasi :2 r.r.z B (rA ) H

Panas Output : G Cp 2 r.r T To

z
G

r r+r

z z

dT
kl 2 r.z
dr

r r

Neraca Panas

Panas Masuk Panas Keluar = Akumulasi Panas

dT
G Cp 2 r.r T z kl 2 r.z
dr

G Cp 2 r.r T

r
.

r
.

z
.

r
)

H
0

B
A
r r

dT

k
2

r
.

l
z z
dr

dT
G Cp 2 r.r T z z G Cp 2 r.r T
dr
r r

r
2 r.r.z. B ( rA )H 0
dibagi : 2 r.r.z
kl 2 r.z

dT
dr

dT
kl r
dr
lim z 0
lim r 0

kl 2 r.z

r
r r

r.r

dT
G Cp T
dr r

z z

kl d dT
dT
r

G
.
Cp
( rA ) B .H 0

r dr dr
dz

( rA )H 0

d 2T 1 dT G.Cp dT (rA ) B .H

0
dr 2 r dr
kl dz
kl
dT

= dT

0
dz
dz
d 2T 1 dT (rA ) B .H

0
2
dr
r dr
kl

PD BesseL

Laplace :
d 2T 1 dT B .H

(ro ro . AT ) 0
2
dr
r dr
kl

.H .ro . A
d 2T dT B .H .ro
r 2

r B
rT 0
dr
dr
k
k
14 2l 43
1 4 2l 4 3
R

r 0 dT / dr 0 ; Tr 0 525K
d 2T dT
r 2
Rr QrT 0
dr
dr

r d 2T
dr 2

d
p 2 T ( p ) pT (0) T '(0) 0
dp

( p 2

dT ( p)
2 pT ( p) T (0) 0)
dp

( p 2

dT ( p)
2 pT ( p) T (0)
dp

dT

pT ( p ) T (0)
dr

( Rr )

R
p2

d
dT ( p)
(QrT ) Q T ( p) Q
; Substitusi ke PD
dp
dp

PD :
p2

dT ( p )
R
dT ( p )
2 pT ( p) T (0) pT ( p ) T (0) 2 Q
0
dp
P
dp

P2 Q

dT ( p )
R
pT ( p) 2 0
dp
P

dT ( p )
p
R
2
T ( p) 2 2
dp
P Q
p ( p Q)
p

faktor int egrasi : e

p2 Q

dp

1/ 2

dp 2

p 2 Q

1/ 2ln( p 2 Q )1/2

2
2
p
p

QT
(
p
)
R
p
Q
dT
(
p
)
2
p Q

2 2
2
dp
p Q
p ( p Q)
d
R
T ( p) p 2 Q
dp
p2 p2 Q

d T ( p)

p Q
2

R
p

p Q
2

dp

( p 2 Q )1/2

p
dp
tg
2
Q
p Q
p Q .tg dp Q sec 2 d

p 2 Q Q tg 2 Q Q (tg 2 1) Q sec

R
dp
2
2
Qtg

p Q

Q sec 2

R sec
d 2 d
Q tg
Q sec

R cos
R d sin
R 1
d

k
2
2

Q sin
Q sin
Q sin

sin

p Q
2

p2 Q

R 1
R
dp
k
2
Q sin
Q
p Q
R

p2 Q
k
p

2
p
Q

R
Tabel 55 fungsi s : T ( p ) p 2 Q
k
Q
p
k
R 1
T ( p)

2
p Q Q p

T ( p)

R
1
Q
p 2 Q

1
p

T k Jo r

R
Q

Sama bila dicari dg Bessel

r0

Jo(0 ) 1

Sifat / h arg a fs. Bessel

r0

T max 525K

T 525 366 159 K

R
159 k 23,3
Q
dari data : R / Q 23,3

159 k

Q 6300 Q 79, 4
T 182,3 J 0 (79, 4) 23,3
r R Tw 422 K T 422 366 56
56 182,3 Jo(79, 4 R) 23,3
Jo(79, 4 R ) 0, 435
79, 4 R 1, 64
R 2, 07 cm
Diameter reaktor 2 R 4.14 cm 4 cm