Pengenalan Nanopartikel

sebagai Drug Delivery

System

Fea Prihapsara

Fullerenes C60

22 cm

12,756 Km

1.27 107
m

0.22
m

10 millions
times smaller

0.7 nm

www.physics.ucr.edu

ww.mathworks.com

What is Nanoscale

0.7 10-9
m
1 billion
times
smaller

Nanodimensions of Drug Delivery

Nanoparticles
Mattheolabakis, G., Rigas B., and Constantinides, P.P. Nanomedicine (2012) 7: 15771590

The true nanorange is

narrowly defined as the 1100 nm particles.
Marketed injectable liposomal
(DaunoXome, Doxil) and
albumin-bound nanoparticles
(Abraxane) anticancer drug
products, as well as the oral
NanoCrystal drug products
(Rapamune, EMEND,
TriCor 145, Megace ES
and INVEGA SUSTENNA)
are within the submicron range
(100 1000 nm).

6/21/16

European Technology platform

Nano2Life
The nanomedicine Research agenda:

Nanodiagnostics:
diagnostics

early and accurate

-biosensors and miniaturized devices

-targeted imaging agents to highlight of
disease

Targeted Drug Delivery:

spot

on the

-bring the drug to the target site and

monitor its impact

Regenerative Medicine:
repair

stimulated

-help the body to (re)built organs or systems

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10

table 4.1

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11

History of Nanotechnology
~ 2000 Years Ago
Sulfide nanocrystals used by Greeks and
Romans to dye hair

~ 1000 Years Ago (Middle Ages)

Gold nanoparticles of different sizes used to
produce different colors in stained glass windows

1974 Nanotechnology
- Taniguchi uses the term nanotechnology for the first time

1981 IBM develops Scanning Tunneling Microscope

1985 Buckyball
- Scientists at Rice University and University of Sussex
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discover C 60

12

History of Nanotechnology
1986 Engines of Creation
- First book on nanotechnology by K. Eric Drexler.
Atomic Force Microscope invented by Binnig, Quate
and Gerbe
1989 IBM logo made with individual atoms
1991 Carbon nanotube discovered by S. Iijima
1999 Nanomedicine 1st nanomedicine book
by R. Freitas
2000 National Nanotechnology Initiative launched
(USA)
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13

Nanotechnology

Applications of nanotechnology:

Energy storage and production

Water purification
Food processing and storage
Medicine

For medical applications: Nanomedicine

Mostly concerning diagnostics and drug
delivery
Multi-disciplinary field, utilizing material
sciences, pharmacology, medicine, etc.
1

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14
Salamanca-Buentello, F., et al. (2005). Nanotechnology and the Developing World. PLoS Med, 2(5), 383-386.

Spectral transmittance of ZnO in aqueous solution

15

Nanotechnology Health and

Environmental Concerns

Exposure of human and the environment to nanomaterials at

different stages of product life cycle US environmental protection agency, 2007 (epc.gov)

6/21/16

16

Nanotechnology
Applications
Information Technology
Energy

Smaller, faster, more

energy efficient and
powerful computing
and other IT-based
systems

Medicine
Cancer treatment
Bone treatment
Drug delivery
Appetite control
Drug development
Medical tools
Diagnostic tests
Imaging
6/21/16

More efficient and cost

effective technologies for
energy production

Solar cells
Fuel cells
Batteries
Bio fuels

Consumer Goods
Foods and beverages
Advanced packaging materials,
sensors, and lab-on-chips for
food quality testing

Appliances and textiles

Stain proof, water proof and
wrinkle free textiles

Household and cosmetics

Self-cleaning and scratch free
products, paints, and better
17
cosmetics

Nanoscale Materials
Protein

Bionanomaterials
1)Biological materials utilized
in nanotechnology
- Proteins, enzymes, DNA, RNA, peptides
2) Synthetic nanomaterials
utilized in biomedical
applications

Cross-linked enzymes
used as catalyst Univ. of
Connecticut, Storrs , 2007

- Polymers, porous silicon, carbon

nanotubes

6/21/16silicon
Porous

Human cell on

Enzymes
are used
as
oxidation
catalysts

Bone cell on porous

silicon Univ. of Rochester,18
2007

Medical Nanotechnology or
Nanomedicine

Nanomedicine is the application of

nanotechnology in medicine, including

to cure diseases and repair damaged
tissues such as bone, muscle, and
nerve

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19

Nanomedicine
A vehicle for delivery of therapeutics into the body

Small molecule drug compounds, DNA/genes,

proteins, vaccines, etc. 2,3
Administration routes to reach systemic
circulation or infected organs and cells: oral,
intravenous, inhalation, ocular, topical
Ojewole, E., Mackraj, I., Naidoo, P., & Govender, T. (2008). Exploring the use of novel drug delivery systems for antiretroviral drugs.
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 70(3), 697-710.
3
20
Pinto 6/21/16
Reis, C., et al. (2006). Nanoencapsulation II. Biomedical applications and current status of peptide and protein nanoparticulate
delivery systems.
2

Nanoparticles in oral drug delivery

Improving stability and solubility of drugs in
G.I tract
Increasing bioavailability of drugs
extending half-life
Targeting drugs to specific cells, tissues and
organs
Reducing toxicity of drugs

Dube A, Ng K, Nicolazzo JA, Larson I. Effective use of reducing agents and nanoparticle encapsulation in stabilizing
catechins in alkaline solution. Food Chemistry. 2010;122(3):662-7.
5
Dube A, Nicolazzo JA, Larson I. Chitosan nanoparticles enhance the plasma exposure of ()-epigallocatechin gallate
in mice through an enhancement in intestinal stability. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.
2011;44(3):422-6.
6/21/16
21
6
Boyd, B. J. (2008). Past and future evolution in colloidal drug delivery systems. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 5,
4

Keunggulan partikel berukuran nano yakni

kemudahan penetrasi melalui kapiler sehingga
ketersediaan obat pada sel target lebih maksimal.
Nanopartikel dapat menghantarkan obat dengan
lebih baik ke unit yang lebih kecil dalam tubuh,
mengatasi resistensi akibat barrier fisiologi tubuh,
dapat ditargetkan sehingga mengurangi toksisitas
dan meningkatkan efisiensi distribusi obat,
peningkatan ketersediaan hayati obat yang
absorbsinya rendah, mengurangi risiko efek
samping akibat penggunaan obat yang
mengiritasi saluran cerna, percepatan, waktu
disolusi obat, dan meningkatkan dispersi obat
(Pinto Reis dkk., 2006; Rawat dkk., 2006).

Nanoparticles8

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8

Re F, Moresco R, Masserini M. Nanoparticles for neuroimaging. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2012;45(7):073001.

23

Nanoscale Drug Delivery Systems

Impact of nanotechnology on drug delivery

systems:
Targeted drug delivery
Improved delivery of poorly water soluble
drugs
Co-delivery of two or more drugs

Targeted drug delivery

ACS Nano 2009, DOI: 10.1021/nn900002m

6/21/16

24

Interesting facts about nanomedicine

Interest in the area has grown
exponentially

6/21/16

Nature Biotechnology 2006, Vol. 4,

25

Nano-Techniques

Researchers, included in Pharmaceutical Industry,

working to improve the bioavailability, biocompatibility,
and stability of various formulations of nanoparticle,
measure particle size, particle shape, and zeta potential.
Measuring particle size in the nanometer
The SZ-100 dynamic light scattering nanoparticle size
analyzer provides size information for nanoscale
suspensions and emulsions through a simple, robust user
interface.
6/21/16

26

Particle Characterization

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27

Nanoparticle Characterization : NCL/NCI

Assay Cascade http://ncl.cancer.gov/assay_cascade.asp

In Vitro:
Physicochemical:
Pharmacology
Size and Shape
Blood contact
Composition
properties
Molecular
Immune cell
weight
function
Surface
Cytotoxicity
chemistry
Mechanistic
Identity
toxicology
Purity
Sterility
Stability
Solubility
6/21/16

In Vivo:
ADME
Safety
Efficacy

28

6/21/16

29

Nanoparticle Manufacturing Methods

BULK
Top-Down

Homogenizati
on

Energy
Milling

Cryogenic
Approaches
Super-Critical Fluid
Technologies
Spray Freezing into
Liquid
Ultra-rapid Freezing
6/21/16

BottomUp

NANOPARTICLES
Precipitation
EmulsionGrowt Diffusion

SOLUTION
31

MENGAPA PARTIKEL NANO BISA

MASUK KE DALAM SEL?

Drug Delivery
A. Because of their small sizes, nanoparticles
are taken by cells where large particles would
be excluded or cleared from the body

1) A
nanoparticle
carries
the
pharmaceutical agent inside its
core,
while
its
shell
is
functionalized with a binding
agent

2) Through the binding agent, the

targeted nanoparticle recognizes
the target cell. The functionalized
nanoparticle shell interacts with
the cell membrane

3) The
nanoparticle
is
ingested
inside the cell, and interacts with
the biomolecules inside the cell
6/21/16
Source: Comprehensive Cancer Center Ohio
University

4) The nanoparticle particles breaks,

33
and the pharmaceutical agent is

A Drug Delivery
A. Nanoparticle
Nanoparticles for drug delivery can be metal-, polymer-, or
lipid-based.
B. Below (left) an example of the latter, containing SiRNA
encapsulated, and functionalized with an specific antibody.
SiRNA can control often lethal inflammatory body responses,
as shown in the microscopic images below (right)
B.
C.

lipid

antibo
dy

SiRNA

Science 2008, Vol. 316, pp

627-630
6/21/16

Healthy tissue

Sick tissue treated with nontargeted nanoparticles

Sick tissue treated with targeted

nanoparticles

34

Site Specific Targeting

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35

Modulation of PK profiles of TB
drugs12

6/21/16
36
Sharma,
A., R. Pandey, et al. (2004). "Chemotherapeutic efficacy of poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle
encapsulated antitubercular drugs at sub-therapeutic dose against experimental tuberculosis." Int J Antimicrob
12

Improved the tissue

concentrations of TB drugs12

TB drugs present
at MIC levels at
Day 7 and Day 9.
In the case of free
drugs, no drug
could be detected
in these tissues
after 48 h
6/21/16
37
Sharma,
A., R. Pandey, et al. (2004). "Chemotherapeutic efficacy of poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle
encapsulated antitubercular drugs at sub-therapeutic dose against experimental tuberculosis." Int J Antimicrob
12

6/21/16

38

Nanotechnology for UV protection

Zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2)

particles have been widely used for many years as UV
filters in sunscreens.
Products using nanoparticles of ZnO or TiO2 are
transparent so have increased aesthetic appeal, are less
smelly, less greasy and more absorbable by the skin.
Many sunscreens and moisturisers available now use
these nanoparticles, including products from Boots,
Avon, The Body Shop, LOral, Nivea and Unilever.
6/21/16

39

6/21/16

40

Nanotechnology & skin penetration

e.g, Physical sunscreens (TiO 2, ZnO)
TiO2 or ZnO nanoparticles
are colorless waterresistant & insoluble
materials
are nontoxic
Zn = essential element
(DNA
polymerases,
DNA
10 m
10 m
10 m
10 m
10 m
10 m
stability)
0

-1

(1 m)

Hair (80 m)
6/21/16

-2

-3

-4

-5

(1 mm)

RBC (7 m)

Dermal risk
issues
Exposure
Absorption
Intrinsic Toxicity

10-6 m

(1 m)

10-7

Apparent
cut off
MW=500
nm
m 0.9 10
m
-8

(100 nm)

(10 nm)

Penetrate
skin

10-9 m

(1 nm)

10-10 m

(0.1 nm)

50nm

Rhinovirus
(25 nm)

ZnO
nanoparticles

Salicylic acid Water

41
(0.5 nm) (0.3 nm)

6/21/16

42

Patents for Nanotechnology in Cosmetics

Compan
y

Application
Title

Key
Language/Abstra
ct (relevant
claim in bold

Date of
Filed

Published
Applicati
on/
Patent
Number

ColgatePalmolive

Deodorant
with small
particle zinc
oxide

This invention
comprises a one
phase cosmetic
composition
which can be
made as a stick,
gel or cream

February 9,
2001

6358499

LOreal

Cosmetic
composition
comprising a
polyglycerol
ated silicone
elastomer

Nanoparticles
are between 5
nm and 600 nm
in size

March 22,
2005

2005220728

6/21/16

43

6/21/16

44

NANOEMULSION
Nanoemulsion (NE) are submicron sized, the

thermodynamically stable isotropic system in

which two immiscible liquid (water and oil) are
mixed to form a single phase by means of an
appropriate surfactants.

Nanoemulsion (NE) droplet sizes fall typically in

the range of 20-200 nm and show narrow size
distributions.

6/21/16

45

Application

NE in cosmetics
NE in mucosal vaccines system.
Antimicrobial NE.
NE in non-toxic disinfectant cleaner.
NE in cancer therapy & in targeted
drug delivery.
NE in various disease condition.
NE formulations for improve oral
delivery of poorly soluble drugs.
NE as a vehicle for TDDS.
Solid SNEDDS as a platform tech. for
formulation of poorly soluble drugs

6/21/16

46

Nanoemulsions (NEs) as a vehicle for transdermal delivery

NEs have great potential for transdermal

drug delivery of aceclofenac.
The NEs of the system containing ketoprofen
evidenced a high degree of stability.
Ketoprofen-loaded NEs enhanced the in
vitro permeation rate through mouse skins
as compared to the control.
The study was developed to evaluate the
potential of NEs for increasing the solubility
and the in vitro transdermal delivery of
carvedilol.
6/21/16

47

Self-nanoemulsifying drug
delivery systems (SNEDDS)
The self-nano-emulsifying drug
delivery system (SNEDDS) is for
non-invasive delivery of protein
drugs.
E.g., Fluorescent-labeled betalactamase, a model protein, was
loaded into SNEDDS through the
solid dispersion technique.
6/21/16

48

SNEDDS are defined as isotropic mixtures of

natural or synthetic oils, solid or liquid surfactants, or
alternatively, one or more hydrophilic solvents and cosolvents/surfactants that have a unique ability of forming
fine oil-in-water (o/w) micro/nano-emulsions upon mild
agitation followed by dilution in aqueous media, such as
GI fluids.

SEDDS
droplet size
between 100 and
300 nm
Oil phase 40-50%

SNEDDS

droplet size < 50 nm

Oil phase <20%

When compared with emulsions, which are sensitive

and metastable
dispersed forms, SNEDDS are
physically stable formulations that are easy to
manufacture.
The SNEDDS mixture can be filled in either soft or
hard gelatin capsules.
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49

ADVANTAGES OF SNEDDS:
Improvement in oral bioavailability:
SNEDDS to present the drug to GIT in solubilised and
micro emulsified form (globule size between 1-100 nm)
and subsequent increase in specific surface area
E.g. In case of halofantrine approximately 6-8 fold
increase in BA of drug was reported in comparison
to tablet formulation.
Ease of manufacture and scale-up:
Ease of manufacture and scale up is one of the most
important advantage that makes SNEDDS unique when
compared to other drug delivery systems like solid
dispersions, liposomes, nanoparticles, etc., dealing with
improvement of BA.
Reduction in inter-subject and intra-subject
variability and food effects:
Several research papers specifying that, the
performance of SNEDDS is independent of food 50
6/21/16
and, SNEDDS offer reproducibility of plasma profile are

Ability to deliver peptides that are prone to

enzymatic hydrolysis in GIT:
SNEDDS ability to deliver macromolecules like peptides,
hormones, enzyme substrates and inhibitors and their
ability to offer protection from enzymatic hydrolysis.

No influence of lipid digestion process:

SNEDDS is not influenced by the lipolysis, emulsification

by the bile salts, action of pancreatic lipases and mixed
micelle formation.

Increased drug loading capacity:

SNEDDS also provide the advantage of increased drug

loading capacity when compared with conventional lipid
solution as the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs
with intermediate partition coefficient (2<log P>4) are
typically low in natural lipids and much greater in
amphiphylic surfactants, co surfactants and cosolvents.
6/21/16

51

Advantages of SNEDDS over emulsion:

The drawback of the layering of emulsions after sitting for a long

time, SNEDDS can be easily stored since it belongs to a
thermodynamics stable system.
The size of the droplets of common emulsion ranges between 0.2
and 10 m, and that of the droplets of microemulsion formed by
the SNEDDS generally ranges between 2 and 100 nm (such droplets
are called droplets of nano particles).

Since the particle size is small, the total surface area for
absorption and dispersion is significantly larger than that of solid
dosage form and it can easily penetrate the gastrointestinal tract
and be absorbed The bioavailability of the drug is therefore
improved.

SNEDDS offer numerous delivery options like filled hard gelatin

capsules or soft gelatin capsules or can be formulated in to tablets
whereas emulsions can only be given as an oral solutions.

Emulsion can not be autoclaved as they have phase inversion

temperature, while SNEDDS can be autoclaved.
6/21/16

52

Dry emulsion
A novel oral dosage formulation of insulin consisting
of a surfactant, a vegetable oil, and a pH-responsive
polymer has been developed. First, a solid-in-oil (S/O)
suspension containing a surfactantinsulin complex
was prepared.
Solid-in-oil-in-water (S/O/W) emulsions were obtained
by homogenizing the S/O suspension and the aqueous
solution of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate
(HPMCP).

A microparticulate solid emulsion formulation was

successfully prepared from the S/O/W emulsions by
extruding them to an acidic aqueous solution, followed
by lyophilization.

The insulin release from the resultant dry emulsion

responded to the change in external environment
simulated by gastrointestinal conditions, suggesting
that the new enteric-coated dry emulsion formulation
is potentially applicable for the oral delivery of
6/21/16
53
peptide
and protein drugs.

ORAL NANO DRUGS

6/21/16

54

Tamoxifen Citrate
VAN Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, www.van.in

Log PO/W = 3.7, pH 7.0

BCS IV Molecule
Oral anti-estrogen for breast cancer treatment
Available as a Tablet and Oral Solution in a daily dose 10-20
mg; chronic therapy (3-5 yrs)
Hepatotoxicity is a major toxicity with TMX-Citrate therapy
Poor oral bioavailability (20-30%); large inter-subject
variability
Intestinal P-gp substrate; First-pass metabolism
(CYP34A)
Use of CYP34A inhibitors improves bioavailability
Use of lipid-based systems (SNEDDS, SLN/NLC)
6/21/16
55
to improve the oral BA of TMX

Pharmacokinetics of Tamoxifen in Fasted Rats

VAV Life Sciences, Pvt, Ltd, www.vav.in

Formulation

Cmax (ng/ml)

Tmax (h)

AUC0-(ng/ml-h)

t1/2 (h)

TMX-SNEDDS

680.1255.54

2.0

9873.031

6.58

TMX citrate
solution
Commercial
formulation

275.5425.34

2.0

2628.71

4.77

TMX base
75.3312.34
4.0
1100.31
11.59
1
4-fold bioavailability enhancement compared to TMXcitrate and 9-fold enhancement compared to TMX free base
(TMX Dose : 10 mg/kg)
Formulation is physically and chemically stable at room
temperature for at least 6 months; Formulation is stable in
6/21/16
56
simulated
GI fluids for 8 hr.

Antitumor Efficacy in DMBA-Induced Breast-Tumor

Bearing Rats
VAV Life Sciences, Pvt, Ltd, www. vav.in

3 mg/kg every 3 days for 30

days

**p< 0.01; *** p< 0.001

Mean SD, n=5

6/21/16

57

Effect of Oral Tamoxifen on Liver Toxicity Markers

VAV Life Sciences, Pvt, Ltd, www.vav.in

Control

hepato-toxicity markers (mean SD,

n=6) of rats
treated with 3 mg/kg every 3 days for 30
days

TmxCitrate

TmxSNEDDS

AST : Aspartate Transaminase

ALT : Alanine Transaminase
6/21/16

Parenchyma
l
degeneratio
n,
lymphocyte
infiltration,
and cell
apoptosis

Liver histopathology after

30-day treatment
58

Nanotechnology: Occupational Safety &

Health

Reddwall Solutions
Food
& Systems
Nutrition
Delivering
& Support

Reviewing the State of Affairs

Food & Nutrition

Canola Oil
This technology is called NSSL
(Nano-sized self assembled
structured liquids), which is a
development of minute
compressed micelles called
nanodrops. These minute micelles
serve as a liquid carrier, which
allows penetration of healthy
components (such as vitamins,
minerals and phytochemicals)
that are insoluble in water or fats.
The minute micelles carry the
phytosterols to the large micelles
that the body produces from the
bile6/21/16
acid, where they compete

Nano-Tea
* Prepared with nano-technology,
the nano-tea can release effectively
all the excellent essences of the tea
thus, boosting the adsorption
(adsorbing viruses, free radicals,
cholesterol and blood fat) and
annihilation of viruses through
penetration so that a good
supplement of selenium can be
achieved and the selenium
supplement function can be
increased by 10 times.
59

Nanotechnology: Occupational Safety &

Health
Reviewing the State of Affairs

Reddwall Solutions
Food
&
Delivering Systems & Support
Nutrition

Food & Nutrition

Vitamin Supplement
* All Spray For Life products are
dispensed by the newly-designed
pre-metered, non-aerosol
Nanoceutical Delivery System (NDS)
administered transmucosally,
resulting in higher circulatory and
tissue levels (increasedbioavailability).

* The superior benefits of the

patented NDS technology is to
introduce Nanodroplets of pure
nutrients into the body in a
manner which allows over time,
more rapid, uniform and
complete absorption than pills,
capsules or liquids which are
absorbed
through the
6/21/16
gastrointestinal tract.

Water

Activated

* Nano Cup aerobics living

on the authority of the state
department is testing a new
nano functional Cup Galaxia
using far infrared nanomaterials and nano-East
Limited has developed the
unique effect of material
properties faxing activated,
the water molecules
resonate, strengthening the
immune system and
enhancing metabolism.

60

Nanotechnology: Occupational Safety &

Health
Reviewing the State of Affairs

Personal Care Products

Razor Blades
The FX Diamond razor uses
nanotechnology to create a
coating on its blades to make
them more durable.
Adding nano-particles to the
blade metal increases the
density, and thus the
hardness.
The Panasonic Arc electronic
razor uses nano-particles in its
6/21/16
blades
to increase their

Mosquito Repellent Spray

* As micro capsulated
fragrance is used, once you
spray this product on
clothes, the effect will last
up to 10 hours.

61

Nanotechnology: Occupational Safety &

Health
Reviewing the State of Affairs

Cancer Drugs

DOXIL (FDA Approved, February 2005)

ABRAXANE (FDA Approved,

Anti-cancer drug for the treatment of January 2005)
refractory ovarian cancer and AIDSAnti-cancer drug used to treat
related Kaposis sarcoma.
First marketed product to incorporate advanced breast cancer.
STEALTH technology which is
Albumin-bound form of
composed of lipid nanoparticles that
incorporate a polyethylene glycol (PEG) paclitaxel with a mean particle
size of approximately 130
coating.
This coating helps evade the potential nanometers
impact of the immune system and
enables STEALTH technology to
provide the precise delivery of drugs to
disease-specific areas of the body.
6/21/16

62

Nanotechnology: Occupational Safety &

Health
Reviewing the State of Affairs

Cancer Drugs

EMEND (FDA Approved, March 2003)

Anti-nausea drug for chemotherapy patients that contains 80 or 125
mg of aprepitant formulated as NanoCrystal drug particles.
NanoCrystal particles are small particles of drug substance, typically
less than 1000 nanometers (nm) in diameter, which are produced by
milling the drug substance using a proprietary, wet-milling technique.
The NanoCrystal particles of the drug are stabilized against
agglomeration by surface adsorption of selected GRAS (Generally
Regarded As Safe) stabilizers. The result is an aqueous dispersion of
the drug substance that behaves like a solution a NanoCrystal
colloidal dispersion, which can be processed into finished dosage
forms for all routes of administration.
6/21/16

63

Nanotechnology: Occupational Safety &

Health
Reviewing the State of Affairs

Immunosuppressant & Hormone Therapy

ESTRASORB

(FDA Approved, October 2003)

RAPAMUNE (FDA Approved,

August 2000)

*Immunosuppressant indicated
for the prophylaxis of organ
rejection in patients aged 13
years or older receiving renal
transplants.

6/21/16

*Topical lotion that contains

estrogen approved for the treatment
of moderate to severe vasomotor
symptoms (hot flashes) associated
with menopause.
* Product utilizes Novavaxs
patented and proprietary micellar
nanoparticle drug-delivery platform.
This technology involves the
application of a cosmetic like,
moisturizing emulsion to deliver a
therapeutic dose of 17 estradiol
into the bloodstream when applied
64
to the skin.

Nanotechnology: Occupational Safety &

Health
Reviewing the State of Affairs

Cholesterol & Appetite Treatment

TRICOR

(Launched,
December 2004)
*Cholesterol-lowering
drug that employs Elans
NanoCrystal Technology
to make it more easily
administrable.

*The NanoCrystal particles of the

drug are stabilized against
agglomeration by surface
adsorption of selected stabilizers.
The result is an aqueous
dispersion of the drug substance
that behaves like a solution a
NanoCrystal colloidal dispersion,
which can be processed into
finished dosage forms for all
6/21/16
routes of administration.

MEGACE ES

(FDA Approved, July 2004)

*Drug designed to stimulate
appetite for the treatment of
anorexia, cachexia, or an
unexplained, significant weight
loss in patients with a
diagnosis of Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome
(AIDS).
*Utilizes Elans NanoCrystal
technology delivery system to
improve the rate of dissolution
and bioavailability of the
original megesterol acetate
65
oral suspension.

Nanotechnology: Occupational Safety &

Health
Reviewing the State of Affairs

Reproduction

Liquid Condom

First Response Home Pregnancy Test Kit

* The home pregnancy test is an excellent
example of how nano-properties can be used to
provide practical solutions to real-world problems.
* A pregnant woman's urine has a significant
excess of HcG, human gonadotropic hormone.
This hormone has a certain protein structure that
binds to a complementary DNA base pair
sequence. That very specific complementary lock
for the HcG key is attached to gold nanoparticles
which reflect light of a specific color. If HcG is
detected, the spot or line reflects red; if not, blue
or clear or whatever the design entails.
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* With American scientific research achievement

and advanced technology of nanometer-silver and
physical foaming. The formulated concentrate
takes polyvinyl alcohol resin as its basic material
and nano silver as its main components.
* It is designed to protect the vaginal and cervical
surfaces. It can remain in the vagina for a long time
without destroying the vagina's chemical balance.
It can effectively kill gynecological disease
pathogens such as staphylococcus aureus,
Candida, coliform bacillus, and prevent sexually
transmitted diseases. Daily use of this product can
help maintain genital hygiene and prevent infection
by pathogens.
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Conclusion
For decades pharmaceutical sciences have been
using nanoparticles to reduce toxicity and side
effects of drugs;
Nanomedicine offers new prospects for many
drugs to be more effective and safe.
Nanotechnology changes the way we currently
view and understand drug delivery systems to
deliver drug to target site.
Further study is required including collaborative
efforts of Pharmacutical Industries and other
researchers from various institutions to deliver
nanosize drug delivery systems to the market.
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