NANOMEDICINE

Presented By:
Muhammad Mudassar Anwar
2020-ag-8594
BS Biochemistry (Morning B)
Table of contents

• Introduction
• Definition
• Classification
• Applications
• USES
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Conclusion
• References
Introduction:
• Focuses on nano materials, biological devices, electronic biosensors, molecular nanotechnology.

• Revolutionizes medicine and pharmaceuticals by reducing structure size.

• Nanotechnology involves creating, analyzing, manufacturing, and utilizing materials within the 1 to 100
nanometers range.

• Nanomedicine, a branch of nanotechnology, uses nanomaterials' unique properties to diagnose and treat
diseases at the molecular level.

• Roots traced back to Richard Feynman's 1959 lecture, "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom.”

• Targeted delivery systems and regenerative medicine aided by nanotechnology are key in future therapy (Pelaz
et al., 2017).
Definition:
• Nanomedicine is defined as the monitoring, repair, construction
and control of human biological systems at the molecular level,
using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures.

• The detection and controlled manipulation of human biological

system at the molecular level via engineered nanodevices and
nanostructures (Pelaz et al., 2017).

Why Nanomedicine?
• Diseases are mainly caused by damage at the molecular and
cellular level.
“An Engineered
• Todays surgical tools are huge and imprecise in comparison. Nanodevice”
Classification of Nanomedicines:
Nanomedicines can be categorized into two primary classes:

 Inorganic Nanoparticles
 Organic Nanoparticles
• Organic nanomedicine:

1. Liposome-based nanomedicines:
• A drug formulation technique involving a drug enclosed within a phospholipid bilayer structure.

• Recognized for their efficacy in nanomedicine.

• Used as carriers for various cargos, including small molecules, nucleic acids, and biological molecules.

• Core-shell design of liposomes in drug delivery systems.

• Sub-100 nm conventional liposomes valuable for antimicrobial treatment.

• Size range from 10 nm to 2500 nm.

• Enhance drug solubility and pharmacokinetic properties.

• Increase therapeutic index, accelerate metabolism, reduce side effects, and enhance anticancer activities (Min et al.,
2015)
2. Lipid-based nanomedicine:
• Encapsulates hydrophobic cargos.

• Enhances permeation and control release.

• Serves as carriers for gene therapeutics and imaging contrast agents.

3. Polymeric micelles:
• Nanocolloids created by self-assembling amphiphilic block copolymers in water-based solutions.

• Composed of a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic shell.

• Suitable for intravenous administration due to enhanced drug solubility and permeability.

• Limitations include inadequate drug release control and potential cytotoxicity.

• No approved micelle-based nanomedicines yet.

• Modifications possible to improve targeting efficiency (Lhuillery et al., 2016).

• Inorganic Nanoparticles:
1. Silica Nanoparticles:
• Target specific cells/receptors.

• Modify surfaces with bio-recognition entities.

• Control drug release rate.

• Innovative optical, chemical, magnetic properties.

2. Quantum Dots: “Synthesis of Silica Nanoparticles”

• Nanostructured materials with particle size below 100 nm offer new applications in electronics, optoelectronics,
and biology.

• Quantum dots enhance cancer biomarker identification in blood tests and tissue samples.

• Offer new opportunities for in vivo imaging and diagnostics (Lhuillery et al., 2016)
Mechanism of Action Nanomedicine:
 The Applications of Nano Medicine:
1. Contrast agents for cancer cell imaging:
• Cadmium selenide nanoparticles illuminate tumors.

• Glowing tumor visible to surgeons.

• Guides precise tumor removal techniques.

2. Therapeutics for treating the cancer diseases:

• Direct attachment to malignant cells.

• Exposure to infrared laser radiation.

• Gold heated to kill cancer cells.

• Gold left unheated (Shefali et al., 2016).

4. The Nano electronic biosensors Diagnostic devices:
• Use of arthroscopes in surgeries.

• Use of lights and cameras.

• Smaller incisions for surgeons.

5. The physical therapy applications:

• Uses small, metal-specific particles.

• Light absorbed by the particle.

• Energy from light heats the particle and surrounding tissues.

6. The application of Neuro-electronic interfaces:

• Visionary goal: Nanodevices for computer-nervous system link (Bhatia and Chugh, 2016)
WORK IN PAKISTAN:
Challenges and Legal Perspectives on Nanomedicine in Pakistan

• Emerging medical technologies and practices like Artificial Organs, Bio-Robotics, CRISPR,
Augmented Reality, 3D Printing, and Wireless Brain Sensors pose significant legal challenges.

• Nanomedicine is at its advanced stages in understanding in Pakistan, with uncertainties in

development trajectories, product properties, potential risks, and commercial regulations.

• Legal scholars often view medical innovations through the lens of superstition due to potential
medical negligence cases.

• The complexity and hybrid nature of nanotechnologies impact the functionality of "law in
action," leading to legal uncertainty and public distrust.

• The paper calls for collaboration between nanomedical scientists and academic lawyers for
harmonization of nanomedicines in Pakistan's legal system.

• Finding sustainable bases for responsible development of nanomedicine is a legal concern for
legal scholars (Shefali et al., 2016).
Uses of Nanomedicine:
 Nanotechnology in Medicine:

• Nanomaterials and nanoinstruments as biosensors, treatment aids, and active substance transporters.

• Knowledge of molecular medicine in genetics, proteomics, and modified microorganisms.

• Nanotechnologies for rapid diagnosis, therapy, genetic material repair, cell surgery, and improving
physiological functions.

• Nanomedicine can help treat conjunctivitis (pinkeye), cataracts, cornea injuries, macular degeneration,
and glaucoma, Infections.

• Nanomedicine can help detect bacterial infections and can deliver antibiotics in a targeted way
(Farjadian et al., 2018)
Advantages of Nano Medicine:
 The Drug delivery to the exact location.

 To reduce lesser side effects.

 The Molecular targeting by nano engineered devices.

 The disease Detection is relatively easy.

 No surgery required.

 The Diseases can be easily cured.

 Identify optimal drug agents, to treat the existing condition, or targeted pathogens.

 Diagnose conditions and disclose pathogens.

 Fuel high-yield production of matched pharmaceuticals.

 Locate, embed, or attach integrated or enter target tissue; configurations or pathogens (Park et al.,
2021).
Disadvantages of Nanomedicine:
Nanotechnology's Impact on Oil and Gemstone Value

• Potential decline in oil and gemstone value due to cost-effective electricity sources.

• Diamonds' value may decrease due to overseas manufacturing.

• Nanotechnology could make atomic weapons more accessible and destructive.

• Inhaling nanoparticles could pose health risks, similar to asbestos exposure.

• Current production costs and production challenges due to high-cost nanotechnology-based products
(Park et al., 2021).
Conclusion:
• Nanomedicine serves various medical functions including drug delivery systems, cancer treatments, and
tissue engineering.

• Public health expertise is crucial for maximizing gains in nanomedicine.

• Nanotechnology drives the healthcare revolution by focusing on preventive population health

management.

• Applications include vaccines, medication delivery, wearable equipment, diagnostic and imaging
equipment, and antimicrobial products.

• Nanomedicine is expected to lead to more effective medicines, improved gadgets, and early disease
detection.

• Combining standard anti-cancer medicines with nanoscale technologies can be crossed into the brain,
offering significant benefits (Beatriz et al., 2017)
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