mdroDYH rdcH md,khla i`oyd jk whs;sh

Right to Transparent Governance

Discussion Materials compiled by NDI for the

District Multi stake holder forums on Constitution
and Peaceful Co-Existence

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Content

1. Research paper –Mario

2. Dimensions of Transparency in Governance
3. Recommendations for Transparent Governance
4. Synopsis of Anti corruption and related Laws
5. Bribery and corruption in Sri Lanka -strengthening the institutional
framework
6. UN convention against Corruption
7. The rights and access to information an instrumental right for
empowerment

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 mdroDYH rdcH md,khla i`oyd jk whs;sh
udßfhda f.dauia1

ye¢kaùu

YS% ,xldfõ ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,ssfhys ie,lsh hq;= fldgila ryiH wdjD; iajNdjhla .kS. ck Ôú;h flfrys n,mdk
jeo.;a ;SrK ryis.; f,i .kq ,nk w;r tlS ;SrK .efkk moku fy,s lsÍug ks,OdÍka olaj kafka n,j;a
fkdleue;a;ls. wjYHfhkau fmdÿ ck;dj i;= úh hq; = f;dr;=re mjd tfia ksoyia flfrkqfha l,d;=rlsks. tn`ÿ
ryiHNdjhl wjYH;dj ms<sn`o u;hla ck iudch fj; ldjoaokq ,en we; .

úksú o Ndjh iudc .; lsÍu iy ¥IK ls%hd fy,s lsÍfuys ,d ckudOH fj; úi,a j.kSula mejÍ we;;a tys mriamrhu
iudc.; ùug bv ilikqfha o j;aufkys udOH yeisf rk w,i iajNdjh ksidfjks. rfÜ m%Odk udOH wdh;k rch i;=
jk w;r tAjd mCI.%dyS f,i isoaëka wdjrKh lrhs. we;eï ksoyia udOH fuhg úl,am jYfhka úu¾IKd;aul jd¾;d
lrKfhys kshe¨ko t;rï id¾:l njla fkdfmkajhs. uE; ld,fha rch úfõpkh lsÍug ;rï ks¾Nh jQ iuyr ksoyia
udOH wdh;k ;¾ckh lrkq ,eîug mSvkhg ,la ùug we;eï úg ld¾h ukav, idudðlhska urd oukq ,eîug n`ÿka úh.

mdroDYH rdcH md,kh hkq rch úiska .kq ,nkakd jQ fmdÿ ck;djg ±k.ekSug whs;shla we;s ;SrK yd ne`ÿkls. rg
jeishkg n,mdk fmdÿ ;SrK újD;j .; hq;= w;r tu f;dr;=re ck;dj fj; myiqfjka .,d hd hq; =h. cd;sl l,dmSh
iy m%dfoaYSh wh jeh ms<sn`o f;dr;=re ±k.ekSug ck;djg whs;sh ;sfí. ixj¾Ok Wmdh ud¾. iy cd;sl l%shd ud¾.sl
ie,iqï nyq cd;sl wdh;k iu`. we;s lr.kakd .súiqï há;, myiqlï ixj¾Ok ie,iqï rcfha weue;s jreka f.a
fomd¾;fïka;= j, iy wfkl=;a rcfha wdh;k j, jeh iy fmdÿ ck;djg n,mdk wfkl=; a ;SrK ms<sn`ojo tfiauh.

cd;sl wdrCIdjg wod< we;eï lreKq wmrdO úNd. mqoa.,sl;ajh iïnkaO lreKq wd§ jmißhka ms<sn`o ckhd wdYla;
ùug tn`ÿ lreKq ie`.ùu u fya;= jk w;r tu f;dr;=re ck;djf.ka wE;a lr ;eîu idOdrKSlrKh lsÍug kqj qjukd
ck;d wjOdkh fya;= f,i yqjd olaj kq ,nhs. flfia fj;;a w;f<diaila jQ wjYHfhka u ryiH nj ?lsh hq;= lreKq
yer wka fmdÿ ;SrK ms<sn`o f;dr;=re ck;d fk;a udkfha ;eìh hq;=h.

idudkH ckhd flfrys n,mdk mqoa.,sl wxYh úiska .kq ,nk ;SrK ±k .ekSfï whs;sho ck;dj i;=h. tn`oq lreKq
ms<sn`oj msg ia;r iudch we;=¨ ish¨ md¾Yj lrejka iu`. újD;j ixjdofhys fh§u i`oyd mqoa.,sl wxYh Wkkaÿ lrkq
,eìh hq;=h. tfiau jD;a;Sh ix.ï iy kshduk wdh;k o ;SrK .ekSfï § úksú o Ndjh ?lsh hq;= jkaf ka tajdhsk a
fndfydauhlA fmdÿ iudch flfrys n,mdk neúks.

mdrøDIHNdjh wdKav qlrKfha jeo.;a me;slvls¡ ryis.;Ndjh yeuúgu ielh ks¾udKh lrk w;r újD;Ndjh
úYajdijka;Ndjh m%;sM, lrñka ck;d úYaj dih by, kxjkq we;¡ jir .Kkdjla ;siafia fï iïnkaOfhka w,xldr
jd.aud,djka wikakg ,enqKquq; a wdKavqlrKh ;=, mdrøDIHNdjh m%j ¾Okh lrñka újD;j lghq;= lsÍfï ixialD;shla
ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd f.k we;s mshjr iSñ;h¡

f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï whs;sh ia:dms; lsÍu

zf;dr;=re oek.ekSfua whs;shZ ms,sn| kS;shla yd fja.j;aj" myiqfjka yd myiqfjka jgyd.; yelsjk wdldrhlsk a
f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï ffk;sl ;ka;%hla YS% ,xldjg w;HdjYHj we;¡

1
LL.B. LL.M. Ph.D. udkj ysñlï kS;S{jrhl= yd YS% ,xld kS;s fldñifï idudðlfhls¡
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fuu wOdlrhkaf.a mdrøDIHNdjh iy j.ùu iy;sl lsÍu i|yd taj dfha ;SrK" ls%hdldrlï yd m%;sm;a;s ms,sn| f;dr;=re
fj; m%fõYùfï yelshdj mej;sh hq; =h¡ tuÕska fhdað; jhdmd;s yd ie,iqïj, wod,;ajh wNsfhda.hg ,lalsÍfï yelshdj
isú ,a iudchg ,efí¡ rcfha ;SrK .ekSfï§ úksúoNdjh iy újD;Ndjhlska hq;=j lghq;= lsÍu w,a,i yd ¥IKhg we;s
bv wju lsÍugo fya;=fjhs¡

2001 wdikak ld<fha§ YS% ,xld kS; s fldñiu f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyi ms,sn| m%d:ñl kS;shla flgqïm;af ldg rch
fj; bÈßm;a lrk ,È¡ fuu ldRKh isú,a iudcfha yd udOHhkaf .a úYd, wjOdkhlg ,lajQ w;r miqj Tjqka úisk a
jvd;a úia;rd;aul flgqïm;la bÈßm;a lrkq ,eìks¡ isú ,a iudch yd udOH iduqyslj isÿlrk ,o n,mEï yuqfõ 2003
jif¾§ tu flgqïm;g leìkÜ wkque;sh ysñúh¡ 2004 jif¾§ md¾,sfïka;=j úiska th iïu; lsÍug fmr ta jk úg
ckdêm;sjrhd yd w.ue;sjrhd w;r meje;s n, wr.,fha m%;sM,hla f,i ckdêm;sj rhd úiska md¾,sfïka; =j
úiqrejdyßkq ,eìks¡

miqj fuu ldrKh ms,sn| j.lSu Ndr.;a kS;s fldñiu kej; ilia lrk ,o flgqïm;la ^isú,a iudch úisk a
flÜïm;al< kS;sh u; mokïjQ& 2006 jif¾ wfm%a,a udifha§ rch fj; bÈßm;a lrkq ,eìks¡ kuq;a tu flgqïm;
md¾,sfïka; =fõ újdohg ,laf ldg iïu; lsÍu i|yd jQ lsisÿ mshjrla rch úiska ls%hdjg kexjQf ha ke;¡

kS;s fldñifï flgqïm;

2006 jif¾§ kS;s fldñiu úiska bÈßm;al< kS;s flgqïm; ks, f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï whs;sj dislu ia:dms; lrhs¡
ljr fyda ;eke;a;l=g n,mdkakdjQ ;SrKhla iïnkaOfhka fya; = ±k.ekSf ï whs;sho thska ,ndfohs¡ tys mQ¾úldj
mdrøDIHNdjfha yd j.ùfï ixialD;shla rdcH wêldrhka ;=, ks¾udKdh lsÍfï wjYH;djh olaj d isáhs¡ mqrjeishkaf
f;dr;=re fj; M,odhS f,i m%fõYùfï whs;sj dislu iy;sl lsÍu úiska zTjqkag ;ukaf.a whs; sjdislï mqrAK jYfhka
ls%hdfõ fhoùfï yelshdjZ ,ndfokq we;¡

kS;s fldñifï flgqïm;g wkqj iEu mqrjeishl=gu" ixia:dms; fyda ixia:dms; fkdl, iEu foayhlgu rcfha wêldrh
i;=j" tys Ndrfha fyda tys md,kh hgf;a mj;akd f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï ysñlu we;¡ mqoa.,sl foay ka i;=j mj;akd
f;dr;=re fuu flgqïm;ska wdjrkh fkdfõ¡

rcfha wud;HdxYhka" fomd¾;fïka;=" rdcH ixia:d" Wiia wOHdmk wdh;k" m,d;a md,k wdh;k" nyq;r fldgia
m%udKhla rch i;= jk iud.ï" m<d;a iNdj úis;a msysgjkq ,en we;s ljr fyda fomd¾;fïka;=j la fyda fjk;a
wêldrhla fyda md¾,sfïka; =j fyd leìkï wud;Hjreka fkdjk wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka ia:dms;fldg we;s ljr fyda
wdh;khla wdjrKh jk msßÈ fuu mk;a flgqïmf;a rdcH wdh;kh hkak w¾: ksrEmkh lrkq ,en we;¡ flgqïm;g
wkqj f;dr;=re ±k.ekSf ï whs;sh iïnkaO m%;smdokhka fjk;a ffk;sl m%;smdokhka fndfyduhlg by,ska n,mj;ajhs¡

my; wjia:Djkays§ f;dr;=re b,ma,d bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk b,a,Sï m%;slafIam lrkq ,eìh yel¡

- mqoa.,sl;ajh wdrCId lsÍu i|yd;

- rdcHfha fN!ñl wLKav;djh iy cd;sl wdrCIdj i|yd;
- wfkl=;a rdcHhka iuÕ mj;akd in|;djhka wdrCId lr.ekSu i|yd;
- ;eka;;kaf.a Ôú; /l.ekSu yd wdrCIdj i|yd;
- hï hï f;dr;=rej, ryiHNdjh wdrCId lr.eksu i|yd;
- ksis l,g fmr wkdjrkh ùu ;=,ska YS% ,xld wd¾Ólhg isÿúhyels nrm;, wk¾:hka j,ld .ekSu i|yd;
- fj<| ryia /l.ekSu fyda jdksc m%;s,dNhkag ydks isÿùu j,ld.ekSu i|yd;
- lsishï ;eke;a;l=f .a ffjµ ryia yd jd¾;djka wdrCId lr.eksu i|yd;
- mS;fldñiï in|;djhla u; ryiHNdjh mj;ajd.ekSu i|yd;
- wmrdO fyda jerÈlrejka w,a,d.ekSu fyda Tjqkag tfrysj kvq lghq; = isÿlsÍu iïnkaOfhka nrm;, ydks
m%;sM, lsÍu je,elaùu i|yd;
- kS;sh n,d;aul lsRSu fyda cd;sl wdrCIdj iïnkaOfhka wod, jkakdjQ iuyr f;dr;=rej, ryiHNdjh
mj;ajd.ekSu i|yd;
- lsishï ;=kajk md¾Yõhla fj;ska ,o f;dr;=rla wkdjrkh lsÍu kiïnkaOfhka tlS ;=kajk md¾Yajh úisk a
úfrdaOh olajk wjia:djkaysÈ tlS ryiHNdjh /l.ekSu i|yd;
- wêlrKhg wmydi lsÍu fyda md¾,sf ïka;= jrm%ido lvlsÍula isÿùu je,elaùu i|yd;
- úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j fyda fjk;a Wiia wOHdmk wdh;khla úiska mj;ajk ,o úNd.hla ^f;dard.ekSf ï
úNd.hkao we;=,;aj& iïnkaO f;dr;=re ryis.;j mj;ajd.; hq;= wjia:djkays§ taj dfha ryiHNdjh /l.ekSu
i|yd.

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f;dr;=r jir 10 lg jvd merKs jk úg úfYAIs; ;;ajhka hgf;a yefrkakg fuu jH;sf ¾Lhka wod, fkdfõ¡ fuu
kS;sh hgf;a msy sgjkq ,nk f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyi ms,sn| fldñiug by; jH;sf¾Lhka wNsnjd uyck iqNisoaêh
jeo.;ajk ldrKdjka iïnkaOfhka f;dr;=re wkdjrkh lrk f,ig ksf hda. lsÍfï n,h we;¡

flgqïm;ska ia:dms; lsÍug wfmaCId lrk f;dr;=re ±k.ekSf ï ksoyi ms,sn| fldñiu jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ ks¾foaYhka
u; ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;alrkq ,nk idudðlhka ;=ka fokl=f .ka iukaú; fõ¡ f;dr;=r b,a,d bÈßm;a flfrk
b,a,Sï iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lsÍu i|yd iEu rdcH wdh;khlau wju jYfhka f;dr;=re ks,OdÍka tla whl= fyda
m;alsÍu l< hq;= fõ¡

tu ks,Odßhd úiska f;dr;=re b,a,d bÈßm;a l< b,a,Sula m%;slaFIam l< wjia:djl§ ta ms,sn|j f;dr;r=e ±k.ekSfï
ksoyi ms,sn| fldñiug meñKs,s l<yel¡ f;dr;=re ks,Odßhdg iajdêkj mCImd;S;ajhlska f;drj lghq;= lsÍfï bv
m%ia:dj i,id fokqjia ljr fyda f;dr;=rlg m%fõYh ,nd§u iïnkaOfhka ffk;sl ls%hdud¾. .ekSfuka úks¾uqla; hs la
Tyqg ,ndÈug flgqïm; fhdackdlr isá hs¡

rcfha wdh;khka úiska ish fufyhqï wjYH;djhkag iu.dój ksis f,i j¾.SlrKh lrk ,o yd wkql%ñlj ilia
lrk ,o jd¾;djka mj;ajd.ekSf ï wjYH;djh flgqï; olaj d isáhs¡ fuu jd¾;djka jir 10 ld<hla olajd mj;ajdf.k
hd hq;= fjhs¡

flgqïm; zilS%h wkdjrkhZ kï ixl,amhlao y÷kaj dfohs¡ flgqïmf;a fojk fldgiska ck;djg ks, f;dr;=re ksoyia
yd fõ.j;;a f,i ,nd§fï j.lSu wud;Hjreka yd rcfha wdh;khka fj; mjrhs¡ iEu jir follgu jrla iEu
wud;hjrhl= úiskau ish wud;hdxYfha ls%hdldÍ;ajhka" ls%hdldrlï yd j.lSï ms,sn| f;dr;=re iy wud;HdxYfha ;SrK
.eksf ï ls%hdodufha§ wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk O¾u;djhka yd ld¾h msá mdàka we;=,;a jd¾;djla bÈßm;a l<hq;= fjhs¡ óg
wu;rj wud;HdxYh úiska ls%hdjg kxjkq ,nk jHdmD;s iïnkaOfhka ck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍfï j.lSu wud;Hjrhd fj;
mejfrhs¡

rdcH wdh;khka úiska ;SrK .kq ,enQ jydu ta ms,sn|j mqrjeishkag ks, f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï whs;sh ;yjqre lsÍu fuu
m%;smdokhkaf .a wruqK fõ¡ uyck Ndrhla ms,sn| ixl,amh- tkï rch ck;dj fjkqfjka jk Ndrhla f,iska n,hg
ysñlï lshk nj;a th ckdjf.a hym; fjkqfjka ls%hdl< hq;= njg;a jk woyi thg mokïj we;¡

rcfha kd,hla ±Ífï§ ljr fyda ;eke;a;l= fj; mejfrk ffk;sl fyda fjk;a ne¢ï ljrla ;sìh§ jqj f;dr;=re
wkdjrkh lsÍu ta lsisu ne¢ula fya;=f ldg.ksñka tu ;eke;a;dg tfrysj ljr fyda o~qjula ,ndÈug fya;=j la
fkdlr.; hq;= njo mk;a flgqïm; olajhs¡ rcfha ks,hkay s fiajh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka n,mj;ajkakdjQ wdh;k
ix.%yfha iuyr ks;sSka uyck;djg iuyr f;dr;=re wkdjrkh lsÍu wffO¾hu;a lrjk iq¿ jk neúka fuu
m%;smdokh fnfyúka jeo.;a tlla fjhs¡

f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyi ms,sn| kS;sh n,d;aul lsÍu rdcH wxYh ;=, j.ùu yd úksúoNdjh by, kexùug fya;=jkq
we;¡ flfiafj;;a mqrjeishka" isú ,a iudc lKavdhï iy udOH wjÈfhka isáñka ks, f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï whs; sh
M,odhS f,i Ndú;d fkdl<fyd;a j.ùu yd úksúoNdjh by, kexùfï wruqKq idCId;a lr.eksug fkyelsjkq we;¡

f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyi ms,sn| fY%aI aGdêlrKfha wêlrK n,h

zf.d,a f*aia kvqfõZ § fY%aIAGdêlrKh wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ l:dlsÍfï" m%ldYkfha iy woyia m<lsÍfï ksoyi f;dr;=re
±k.ekSfï ksoyfia úIh m:hg w;=,;a jk tajd f,iska w¾: ksrEmkh lrk ,§¡2 fuu kvqfõ§ uyck w¾:idOl
wdh;khlajQ mdßißl moku iud.u fld<U msysá wlalr 14 l jmißfhka hq;a Z.d¨ uqofodr msáhZ kñka y÷kajkq ,nk
fjr<nv ilauka ;Srej mqoa.,sl iud.ulg noaog§fï m%h;akh wNsfhda.hg ,lalr isák ,§¡ fY%aIaGdêlrKh lshd isáfha(

fuh uyck w¾:idOkh fjkqfjka f.dkq lrk ,o kvqjls¡ mßir ixrCIKh fjkqfjka lghq;= lrk ms,s.;a
ixúOdkhla jk fm;aiïlreg uyck w¾:idOkh Wfoid lghq;= lsÍfï whs;sh we;¡ kvqlrhka .Kkdjl§u
fm;aiïlre mßir ixrCIKh iïnkaOfhka wêlrKhg iyfhda.h olajd we;¡ fï wjia:dfõ§o fm;aiïlre
uyck w¾:idOkh Wfoid lghq;= lrñka ud¾. ixj¾Ok wêldßfha meyeÈ,s n,d;sl%uK ls%hdj fy,sorõfldg
we;¡

YS% ,xld wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ;=, f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï whs;sh hkqfjka iqúfYaIS whs;sjdislula olajd fkd;snqKo
fY%AIAGdêlrKfha u;h jQfha wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 14 jk jHjia:dj ;=, wka;¾.; l:dlsÍfï" m%ldYkfha yd woyia
m<lsÍfï ksoyi ;=, f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyi jHx.fhka wka;¾.;j mj;sk njhs¡ fm;aiïlre fj; z.d¨ uqofodr msáhZ
noaog §fï m%h;akh ms,sn| f;dr;=re fm;aiïlrefj; ,nd§ug ud¾. ixjrAOk wêldßh úiska m%;slaFIam lsÍu
fya;=fldgf.k fm;aiïlref.a f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï whs;sjdislu W,a,x>khù we;s nj wêlrKfha ;SrKh úh¡

ud¾. ixj¾Ok wëldßh úiska úfYaIs; lreKq ±laùulska f;drj zyqfola ks, f;dr;=re ,nd§u m%;slafIam lsÍuZ n,h
ys;=jlaldÍ f,i Ndú;d lsÍula nj;a" t;=,ska kS;sh bÈßfha iudk f,i i,lkq ,eîug wdKavql%u jHJia:dfjka ysñfldg È
we;s whs;sh lvù we;s nj wêlrKfha u;h úh¡ wêlrKh ;jÿrg;a woyia olajñka fufia mjid isák ,§¡

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mdßißl moku t¡ kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh ^zf.da,a f*aia kvqjZ&" 2005 fkdjeïn¾ 28 Èke;s fY%aIAGdêlrK ld¾h
igyka
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 uf.a u;h jkafka wdKavql5U jHjia:dfõ 14^1&^w& jHjia:dfjka iy;sl lrkq ,en we;s l:dlsÍfï" m%ldYkfha yd
oyia ±laùfï ksoyi w¾:j;a yd M,odhS ùug kï uyck úIh m:h ;=, mj;akd ldrKdjka iïnkaOfhka rcfha
wdh;khkaf.ka wod, f;dr;=re ±k.ekSug ;eke;a;kag we;s wm%ldYs; whs;sho thg we;=,;ajqjfyd;a muKla jk
njhs¡ rdcHfha lghq;= iy ks, ikaksfõokhka yd ine¢ ryiHNdjh wNsnjd uyck w¾:idOkh mj;akd l< th
wksjd¾fhhkau mej;sh hq;a;la fjhs¡ ^wjOdrKh uf.a&

óg fmr wju jYfhka kvq ;SrK foll§ fY%AIAGdêlrKh fuu ;rlkhu bÈßm;afldg we;¡3

2000 wdKavql%u jHjia:d flgqïm;g l:dlsÍfï yd m%ldYk ksoyfia wx.hla f,i f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyio
wka; ¾.; úh¡

iEu ;eke;a;l=u m%ldYkfha ksoyio we;=,;aj l:dlsÍfï ksoyig ysñlï lshk w;r fuu whs;sjdislug l,dj
fyda fjk;a ´keu udOhhla ;=, woyia m%ldY lsÍfï ksoyi iy jdÑlj" ,sÅ;j fyda uqÈ%;j f;dr;=re yd woyia
±k.ekSfï ksoyio fuhg we;=,;a fõ¡4

whs;sjdislï ms,sn| kS;sf ha fldgila f,i iuyr rgj,a fjku whs;shla f,i f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyi y÷kdf.k
we;¡ WodyrKhla f,i ol=Kq wms%ldkq wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 32 jk jHjia:dfõ fufia ±lafõ¡
(1) ieu flfkl=gu–

^w& rdcH i;= ´keu f;dr;=rla fj; fyda"

^wd& fjk;a ´kEu ;eke;a; l= i;=j we;s f;dr;=rla lsishï whs;sj dislula ls%hdfõ fhoùug fyda wdrCId
lr.ekSug wjYH jk úg
tlS f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï whs;sh we;.

(2) fuu whs;sjdislu n,d;aul lsÍu i|yd cd;sl jHjia:djla iïu; l<hq;= jk w;r rdcH flfrys
n,mj;akd mßmd,kuh yd uQ,Huh nr ieye,a¨ lsÍu i|yd m%udKj;a mshjrhka .; hq;=h¡

w,a,i yd ¥IKh iuÕ igka lsÍu

ck;djf.a n,h ck;dj Wfoid ls%hd;aul jk njg;a rcfha ;SrK ck;djf.a hym; Wfoid .kq ,nk njg;a iy;sl
lrkq msKsi w,a,i yd ¥IKh uq,skqmqgd ±óu wksjd¾h wjYH;djhls¡ jHqy.; úu¾IKhka yd wmdLHdk idCIs úisk a
idOdrK ielfhka Tíngfmkajd§ we;af ;aa ¥IKh Èkm;d rdcH uqo,a wksis l<uKdlrKh lrñka" wh:d f,i
fhdod.ksñka yd iQrdlñka me;srhñka jj;akd jix.;hla jk njhs¡

md¾,sfïka; = ldrliNdjka folla úiska tkï rdcH jHdmdr ldrl iNdj ^fldama& iy rdcH .sKqï ldrl iNdj úiska
ksl=;a l< jd¾;d follska rdcH wxYfha ¥IKh yd kdia;sh ms,sn|j isÿlrk ,o fy,sorjqlsÍï isl;sh fkdyels ;rï
úYd, jk njhs¡ 2007 jif¾ ckjdß udifha§ ksl=; ajQ fldama jd¾;dfjka rdcH wdh;k 26 la flfrys wjOdkh fhduqfldg
;snqKq w;r tlS wdh;khkaf .a ls%hdl,dmh fya;f
= ldgf.k NdKav d.drhg ±Íug isÿj ;snQ mdvqj remsh,a ì,shk 150 la
úh¡ rdcH .sKqï ldrl iNdfõ ^PAC& jd¾;djg wkqj foaYSh wdodhï fomd¾;fïka;=jg jeÜ nÿ f,i ,eìug ;snq remsh,a
ì,shk 3¡7 l muK uqo,la jxpd lrkq ,en ;sìk¡ PAC jd¾;dfjka ±lajqfka iEu jirlu rdcH wxYfha ¥IKh
fya;=fldgf.k wysñjk wdodhu remsh,a ì,shk 100 la muK jk njhs¡ fuu jd¾;d fol úiska fy,sorkq lrkq ,enq neÆ
ne,aug fmfkk isÿùï iïnkaOfhka mjd j.lsjhq;= ;eke;a;kaf .a j.ùu iy;sl lrkqjia lsisÿ mshjrla .kq fkd,eìk¡

rdcH wxYfha ¥IKh m%cd;dka;%sl md,kfha uqÿka uq,gu myrfohs¡ th ck;djf.a hym; fjkqfjka jeh lsÍu i|yd we;s
uqo,a úkdY lrñka iudc yd wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg ndOd lrhs¡

cd;sl wjxlNdjh f.dvkexúu i|yd jk rduqj

my;ska ±lafjkafka w,a,i yd ¥IKh iïnkaO .eg¿ iïnkaOfhka j¾;udk rduqj ;=, lghq; = lrk wdh;khkah¡

1994 wxl 19 ork mk; hgf;a ia:dms; lrkq ,enq w,a,ai fyda ÿIK úu¾IK fldñIka iNdj

ú.Kldêm;s fomd¾;fïka;=j;

3
n,kak m%kdkaÿ t¡ YS% ,xld .=jkaú ÿ,s ixia:dj ^1983& 2 .S%,ksj d 311 iy fyo¾ ukaä t uOHu mßir wêldßh iy ;j;a
wh fY%IaGdêlrK wNshdpkh 58$03" 2004 ckjdß 20 Èke;s ld¾h igyk
4
2000 wdKavql%u jHjia:d flgqïm; 16^1& jHjia:dj
6
 rdcH jHjidh ms,sn| md¾,sf ïka;= ldrl iNdj (COPE);

rdcH uQ,H ms,sn| md¾,sfïka;= ldrl iNdj (PAC); and

úu¾IK fldñIka iNd mk; hgf;a ;;ld¾hhka i|yd msy sgjkq ,nk fldñIka iNdjka

rch úiska rcfha l%uiïmdok lghq;= wëCIKh lsÍu i|yd ksf hdað;dh;khla ia:dms; lrkq ,enQ kuq; a fï jk úg th
jidoud we;¡

fuys§ jeo.;aj k ;j;a kS;s iïmdokhka ;=kla mj;S¡

1974 wxl 11 ork w,a,ia mk;

1975 wxl 1 ork j;alï yd nerlï m%ldY lsÍfï mk;
uQ,H wkdjrk mk;

j¾;udkfha§ fï mj;akd ffk;sl rduqj ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd jk foaYmd,k wNs,dIhla fkdue;s ;rïh¡ j¾;udk
rduqj ;=, wvq¨yq~q;djhka mej;sho th mjd wiudk yd foay md,ksl iajrEmhlska ls%hdjg kexùu isÿfldg fkdue;¡
w,a,i" ÿIKh yd {d;s ix.%yh my, ±óug kï ;sridr" m%; sm;a; s.rel yd m,odhS wdldrhlska w,a,i yd ¥IKh ms,sn|j
úurAI Kh lsÍfï YlH;djh iy wNs,dIh j¾Okh l<hq;= fjhs¡

w,a,ia fyda ¥IK ms,sn| úurAIKh lsÍu i|yd jQ fldñIka iNdj (CIABOC) 1994 oS msysgjkq ,enq w;rbuy;a ck;d
wjOdkhla Èkd.ekSug th iu;aúh¡ tu jif¾ wf.daia;= udifha isÿjQ wdkavq fjkiska miqj iïu; lr.ekqkq m<jk
kS;sh jQfha thhs¡ tu jif¾ meje;s md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKfha m%Odk ud;Dldjla njg w,a,i yd ¥IKh m;aj ;snQ w;r
fuu kS;sh iïu; lr.kakd wjia:dfõck;dj ta ms,sn| n,dfmdfrd;a;= o,aj df.k isáhy¡

kj kS;sh iïu; lsÍfï wruqKjQf ha iEu wdldrhlu w,a,ia yd ¥IKhka ms,sn|j úu¾IKh lsÍfï yd kvq mejÍfï
yelshdj iys; iajdëk yd n,j;a wdh;khla ia:dms; lsÍuhs¡ mk; iïu; flrkq ld<h ;=, nrm;, wdldrhlska w,a,i
yd ¥IKh ms,sn| .eg¿jg ms,s;=re iemhSug fldñiu iu;ajkq we;ehs úYd, n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla úh¡ jir 15 la .;ùfuka
miqjo fldñiug ie,lshhq;= n,mEula lsÍug yelsù fkdue;¡ kHdhd;aulj kS;shg wkqj uQ,Huh yd fufyhqï
iaj dëk;ajhla iys;j iajdëk wdh;khla f,iska th ia:dms; lrkq ,eìks¡ m%dfhda.sl;ajh ;=, fuu iajdëk;ajh
fN!;slhla njg m;afkdjQ w;r fldñiu ls%hd;auljQfha foaYmd,ksl" udkj yd uQ,Huh ndOdjka uOHfhah¡

2001 iy 2003 w;r ld<fha fldñiu úiska kvq lghq;= 120 la wdrïN lrk ,§¡ kvq úNd.hka 90 la meje;ajqkq w;r
thska 25 lf.a ;Skaÿj tu ld<h ;=, ,ndfokq ,eìk¡ tysÈ jrolrejkajQ ish¨fokdu mdfya my,u fY%K
a Skays ks,OdÍka jQ
w;r zf,dl= flrefudaZ thsks fíÍ isàug iu;aj Qy¡

fldñi m%;spdrd;aul wdh;khls¡ tkï thg l<yelaf la ;uka fj; ,efnk meñKs, i|yd m%;sp dr ±laùu muKls¡ thg
;uka úiskau úurAI K lghq;= wdrïN lsÍu l<fkdyel¡ ;ukaf.a iajwNs,dIh u; úurAIK lghq; = wdrïN l<yels
ks,hla jQ l,ska meje;s w,a,ia flduidßia OQrhg jvd fuh fjkiaùug tla fya;=j la úh¡ meñKs,slrejkag iajlShkñka
fyda ks¾Kdñlj meñKs,s bÈßm;a l<yel¡ kvq mejÍï lsysmhla fldñiu úiska isÿl< ;snqKo uyck;djf.a u;h
jkafka uyd mßudK w,a,ia yd ¥IKhka iïnkaOfhka fldñiug isÿlsÍug yelsù we;s n,mEu wju jk njhs¡

wod, ldrKdjka fndfyduhla w;=ßka kS;sh iy wdh;ksl rduqj ldrKdjka folla muKls¡ ÿ¾j, ls%hdjg kexúula iys;
b;d fyd| kS;sj,g we;sl<yels n,mEu wjuh¡ wfkla w;g ÿ¾j, kS;sj qjo ks¾udKd;aul f,i ls%hdjg kexjqjfyd;a
jvd fyd| m%;sM, w;alr.; yel¡

flfiafj;;a ;Srlhskaf.a me;af;ka foaYmd,k wNs,dIh W;afm%arKh lsÍfï yelshdj kS; s i;=j we;¡ isú,a iudc
lKavdhï" iudc jHdmdrhka" udOH iy fmqo uyck;dj úiska M,dohS f,i mSvkhla t,a,lsÍu ;=,ska thg iydh ,ndÈh
hq;=fõ¡ ksis uyck mSvkhla iy ksjerÈ fm!reIhka úiska kS;s yd wdh;k ls%hd;aul ;;ajhg m;alr,sh yels w;r
w,a,i yd ¥IKh iïnkaOfhka foaYmd,k ;SRK .kakka flfrys n,mEï t,a,l< yel¡

¥IKh msgq±lSu iïnkaOfhka id¾:l;ajhla w;lr.;a rgj,a w;ßka fydxfldx" isx.mamQrej iy ´iafÜ%,shdj- tyso
ksjqijq;afõ,aia m%dka; h bÈßfhkau isáhs¡ fï rgj,a ;=fkau w;a±lSï úiska fmkajd fokq ,nkafka w,a,i yd ¥IKh wju
lsÍug kï uekúka is;dn,d ilia lrk ,o Wmdhud¾.sl ie,eiaul iy úúO Wmdhud¾.sl l,dmhkay s ueÈy;aùï
isÿlrk nyqiajrEm Wmdhud¾.hl wjYH;djhhs¡

lemùula iys; ¥IK úfrdaë ksfhdað;dh;khla ia:dms; lsÍu iïnkaOfhka fydxfldxys w;a±lSu wfkla rgj,go
wdo¾Yhla imhhs¡ 1974 § fydxfldxys ¥IKhg tfrys iajdëk fldñiula (ICAC) msysgjkq ,eìks¡ ta jkúg ÿIKh
fydxfldxys idudkH ckÔú;fha fldgila njg m;aj ;snQ w;r ¥IKhg tfysj lghq;= l< tla ls%hdldßlhl= mjid
isáfha tys ¥IKh zWmka fudfydf;a isg urK uxplh olaj dZ me;sr mj;skakla jk njhs¡ kS;sh n,d;aul lsÍfï
ksfhdað;dh;khka iy wmrdO lKav dhï w;r ióm in|;djhka meje;s w;r úúO wdldrfha ixúOdkd;aul wmrdOhkag
/ljrkh ie,isks¡ ish m<jeks jir 3 § fmd,sia ks,OdÍka 143 fokl=o we;=,;aj rcfha fiajlhska 247 fokl=g tfrys
kvq mejÍug ICAC lghq;= lrk ,§¡ jir 30 la hkúg mqoa.,sl wxYfha ¥IKho we;=,;aj fydxfldxys ¥IKuÜgu my;

7
fy,ñka ie,lshhq;= id¾:l;ajhla w;alr.ekSug th iu;aúh¡ ¥IK úfrdaë kS;s iïnkaOfhka fydxfldx WodyrKh
fmkajdfokafka wjYH foaYmd,k jqjukdj iuÕ ne÷kq M,odhS wdh;k yd lemùu iys; mqoa.,hskg a w;suy;a
úm¾hdihka we;sl<yels njhs¡

zrdcH n,hZ fhdod.ekSu iïnkaOfhka fY%aIaGdêlrKfha wêlrK n,h

mdrøDIH wdKavqlrKhla i|yd rdcH n,h újD;j" ;d¾lslj yd iaoaNdjfhka hq;=j ls%hdlaul l<hq;=h¡ rdcH wruqo,a
úhoï lsÍuo we;=,;aj rcfha ish¨u ls%hdjka mdrøDIH wdldrhlska isÿl<hq;= w;r tys§ uyckhdg meyeÈ,sj
jgyd.;yels Wmudkhka fhdod.; hq;=h¡ fï i|yd meyeÈ,s iy úêu;a wdKavqlrK l%ufõohka fukau fuu O¾u;djhka
wkqj lghq;= lrk njg iy;sl lr.ekSu i|yd jk iaj dêk yd úYdjiodhl wdh;khkao wjYH fõ¡

rcfha ks,OdÍka úiska rdcH n,h fhoùfï§ wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk m%ñ;Ska iïnkaO mßl,amkSh wêlrK n,hla jir
10 l muK ld<hla ;siafia YS% ,xld fY%AI AGdêrlKh úiska j¾Okh lrkq ,en we;¡ fuu wêlrK n,h 1990 isg 2000
olad ld<h ;=, j¾Okh lrk ,oaols¡ miq,sh jir fol ;=, by, uÜgfï jeo.;a lulska hq;= kvq folla úiska fuu
wêlrK n,h ;jÿrg;a Yla;su;a lrkq ,en we;¡ fuu ld<h ;=, f.dkq lrk ,o uQ,sl whs;sjdislï kvqlrhka
.Kkdjla uÕska fulS wêlrK n,h ks¾udKhù we;¡ fuu kvqj,ska jeä m%udKhla wdKqvql%u jHjia:dfõ 12 jk
jHjia:dfjka iy;slfldg we;s uQ,sl whs;sj dislï kS;sh bÈßfha iudk wjia:djka ysñúh hq;= njg jk whs;sjdislu
W,a,x>khùu iïnkaOfhka fjhs¡ uQ,sl whs; sjdislï W,a,x>khùu ms,sn| fpdaokdjka iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lrk
w;ru fY%aIaGdêlrKh úiska rcfha fiajlhska úiska rdcH n,h ls%hd;aul lsÍfï§ fhdod.; hq;= jvd mq¿,a m%ñ;Ska
ud,djla ia:dms; lsÍu i|yd lghq; = lrkq,en we;¡

fulS wëlrK n,h m%p,s; lsÍfï uQ,sl woyia fol jkaf ka uyck úYajdih iy idOdrK;ajh ms,sn| O¾u;djhkah¡
fY%aIAGdëlrKhg wkqj rdcH n,h rcfha fiaj lhka fjl mjrkq ,en we;af;a uyck;dj fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍfï
Ndrhla f,isks¡ th fjk;a ljr fyda lghq;a;la fyda wruqKla fjkqfjka fhdod.; fkdyels w;r tfia l<fyd;a th
rdcH n,h wh:d f,i fhdod.ekSula njg m;afjhs¡ óg iudka;rj rdcH n,h idOdrK f,i fhdod.; hq;= njg
wêlrKh úiska lshdisák úg thska úúO foa woyia flfrhs¡

fuu ld<h ;=, fY%aIaGdêlrKfha wêlrK n,h ls%hd;aul lsÍu ;=, furg rdcH n,h ls%hd;aul lsÍug uÕfmkajkq
,nk iy th jHqy.; lrk uQ,O¾uhka lsysmhlau fmkajd§ we;¡ fuu Í;s ud,djg tajd W,a,x>kh l,fyd;a ,efnk
m%;súmdlhkao iïnkaO l,fyd;a tajd ffk;slj n,d;aul l<yels m%ñ;Ska njg m;al< ye;sjkq we;¡

kS;sfha md,kh bÈßhg f.khdu

§> ld<hla ;siaf ia YS% ,xldfõ kS;s l%ufha iy tys wdKav ql%u jHjia:dkql+, wdKavqlrKfha yoj; njg m;aj we;af;a
kS;sfha md,khhs¡ 1978 wdKav ql%u jHjia:djg whs;sj dislï we;=,;aùu iy t;ekaisg fY%AIAGdêlrKh iy
wNshdpkdêlrKh úiska ,nd fok ,o úúO kvq ;SrK we;=,;aùu;a iuÕ fuh ;jÿrg;a j¾Okhù we;¡ wm by;ska ±lajQ
mßÈ kS;shg by,ska lsisjl= fkdue;sh hk woyi iy rdcH n,h ls%hd;aul lrk wdh;k wdKavql5u jHJia:Djg
wkql+,j lghq;= l<hq;= njg jk woyi furg ffk;sl ieliqf uys wksjd¾h wx.hla njg m;aj we;¡ rdcH n,fha tla
uQ,sl wx.hla f,i wêlrKh úOdhl yd jHjia:Dodhl n,hka ish úIh m:hka ;=, n,h fkdblaujd lghq;= lrk njg
j.n,d.kS¡

kS;sfha md,kh u; mokïjQ ´kEu wdKavql%uhla idrA:l ùug kï iajdëk wëlrKhla iy kS;s jD;a;shl meje;au
wksj d¾h;djhls¡ hqla;sf ha md,kh M,odhSj isÿlsÍug kï iajdëk yd wmCImd;S wdh;khkay s meje;au w;sYhskau
jeo.;ah¡ idODrK;ajh m%;sM, fldg.; yelafla hqla;sfha md,kh ls%hdjg kxjkq ,nk wdh;khkag rdcHfhka wfkl=;a
wdh;khka fj;ska t,a,jk lsisÿ ndOdjlska f;drj lghq;= lsÍfï ksoyi mj;skafka kï muKls¡

wêlrK n,h Ndú;d lsÍu fyda wêlrK fiajd fldñIka iNdfõ ;SrKhkag n,mEï lsÍug W;aidylsÍu jrola njg
m;alrk wdKavl
q %u jHJia:dj wêlrKh úiska ,nd§ we;s iqrCIs;hkays ms,sìUqjls¡

jvd;aa uE;ld,Skj f,dalfha fndfyda m%foaYj, kS;sfha md,kh ls%hd;aul lsÍfï§ ;SrKd;aul N+ñldjla isú ,a iudc
lKavdhï úiska bgq lrkq ,nhs¡ fndfyduhla rgj,a mdßfNda.sl lKavdhï" mdßfNda.sl lKavdhï" udkj ysñlï
lKavdhï iy ldka;d lKavdhï úkaÈ;hka fjkqfjka wêlrKh yqufõ kvq mejÍu isÿlr;s¡ uyck w¾:idOl kvqlr
wdishdfõ muKla fkdj f,dalfha iEu l,dmhlu mdfya bÈßhg meñK we;¡ YS% ,xldj ;=,o uyck w¾: idOl kvqlr
lsysmhlau fY%AIAGdêlrKh yd wNshdpkdêlrKh fj; bÈßm;aj we;¡ uyck w¾:idOl kvqlrhkays we;s tla
jeo.;alula jkaf ka úkaÈ;hd wêlrKhg meñKSulska f;drj fm;aiïlreg wêlrKh bÈßfha kS;s ;¾l bÈßm;a lsÍfï
yelshdj ,eîuhs¡ tneúka wd¾Òl yd iudc m%;sm;a;sh ms,sn| ixlS¾K me;slv i|yd ms,s;=re iemhSug wêlrKhg we;s
yelshdj mq¨,a fjhs¡

rdcH foaYmd,kSlrKhùu

YS% ,xldfõ rcH fiajh w;sYhskau foaYmd,kSlrKhù we;¡ foaYmd,k ld¾hd,hla mqoa.,sl wfmaCIdjka fjkqfjka ñi
uyck iqNisoaêh Wfoid lghq;= lrkakla fkdfõ¡ rdcH fiajfha ks,hka ish ,dN m%fhdackh i|yd fhdod.ekSu iy
taj dfha n,h whq;= f,iska fhdod.ekSu b;d iq,n fohla njg m;aj we;¡

8
tla; rd ld<hl iajdëkj meje;s rdcH fiajh wo jk úg úYd, jYfhka isÿj we;s foaYmd,k m;aùï fya;=fldgf.k
iaj lSh iaj dêk;ajh yd jYaj diksh;ajh wysñ lrjkq ,enwe;¡

fï fudfyd; jkúg mq¨,a w¾:fhka úYaj dikSh;ajh /l.ekSug iu;ajQ tlÿ fyda wdh;khla fkdue;¡ rcfha wdh;k
fj; isÿflrk m;aù ïj,§ foaYmd,k mCImd;S;ajh fyda ish kE ys;ñ;%d§ka m;alsÍu iq,N lreKla njg m;aj we;¡

foaYmd,kSlrKh ms,sn| fyd|u WodyrKh jkafka fmd,Sishhs¡ kS; sh yd m¾hdh iq/lSu;a" wmCImd;S yd ldrHCIu f,i
wmrdO ms,sn|j úu¾IK isÿlsÍu;a iaj dêk fmd,sia flduiu; j.lSu fõ¡ úfYAIfhkau foaYmd,ksl ixfõ§;djhla iys;
.eg¿ j,§ fukau md,l m%N+ ;ka;%h yd iïnkaOlï we;s th iïnkaO ldrKdjkays§o fmd,Sisfha iajdëk;ajh flfrys
úYd, jYfhkak t,a, fõ¡

rcfha m%Odk ;k;=re i|yd jk m;alsÍï ks¾foaYmd,kSlrKh lsÍu wruqKq lr.ksñka 17 jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d
ixfYdaOkh uÕska jHjia:dodhl iNdj msysgjkq ,eìk¡ flfiafj;;a miq.sh jir 3 mqrdjgu jHjia:dodhl ls%hd;aul
fkdjQ w;r fuu wdKavql%u jHjia:dms; wjYH;djh fkd;ldyßñka rcfha jeo.;a ;k;=re i|yd m;alsÍï isÿlrkq ,en
we;¡

rdcH ks¾foaYmd,kSlrKh lsÍug kï rdcH fiajfha m;alsÍï iqÿiqlï yd wjYH;djhka u; mokï úhhq;= w;r iajdëk
wdh;khl iqmßCIdjg hg;a úhhq;=h¡ foaYmd,{hskag rdcH n,h ls%hd;aul lsÍfï j.lSu ork ks,hkag ish mjqf,a
idudðlhka fyda ñ;%hka m;alsÍug wjir fkdÈh hq; =h¡

iaj dëk wdh;khla fj; flfrk m;alsÍï foaYmd,k mCImd;S;ajhlska f;drj iqÿiqlï u; mokï úhhq;=h¡ rdcH n,h
uyck;sjf.a iqNisoaêh ;ld ls%hd;aulúu iy;sl lsÍug kï iajdëk wdh;khkag iaj dêk yd yelshdjka iys;
;eke;a;kaf.ka iukaú; ld¾h uKav,hla mej;sh hq; =h¡

fmd,Sish yd wêlrKh jeks iajdëk wdh;khkag wdh;ksl iajdêk;ajh fukau mqoa., iaj dëk;ajho mej;sh hq;=h¡
wdh;ksl iaj dëk;ajh i|yd rcfha wdh;khka úOdhl fyda wêlrKuh wdh;khkaf.a ueÈy;aùfuka f;dr úhhq;=h¡
mqoa., iajdëk;aj h i|yd fuu wdh;khkays ld¾h uKav ,hkag fiaj lhska f;dard.kq ,nk ;eke;a; ka ish
ióm;uhskaf.a fyda fjk;a uQ,dY%hkaf .a n,mEfuka f;drj lghq;= lrkakka úhhq;=h¡

uyck w¾:idOk kvqlr:

yeg .Kkaj, tlai;a ckmofhka wdrïNjQ fuh ye;a;E .Kkaj, bkaÈhdfõ w;sYhska id¾:l;ajg m;ajQ w;r kS;shg
m%fõYh jeäÈhqKq lsÍu iy wdKavqlrKfha mdroDIHNdjh jeälsÍu i|yd jvd;a WÑ; ffk;sl ixl,amhla f,isk a
ms,s.ekSug ,laj we;¡ ld,dka;rhla ;siafia uyck w¾:idOl kvqlr ol=Kq wdishdkq ffk;sl is;Su" kS;s úµdj iy iudc
ls%hdldÍ;ajh flfrys úYd, odhl;ajhla olaj d we;s w;r kS;s{jreka" úksiqrejreka y ls%hdldÍka kS;sh olsk wdldrh
fjkia lr,Sug th iu;aj we;¡ rdcH n,h whq; = f,i fhdod.ekSu md,kh lsÍu iy rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk hk iEu
wdiaÓ;Hhla úiskau kS;sh wkq.ukh lrk njg iy;sllr.ekSu i|yd jk jeo.;a fuj,ula njg th m;aj we;¡

YS% ,xldfõ wêlrKhka uyck w¾:idOl kvqlrhka iïnkaOfhka jk iSudjka ,sy s,a lsÍu fya;=fldgf.k uE; jirj,
wêlrK yuqjg bÈßm;ajk tlS kvq ixLHdj fnfyúka by,f.dia we;¡

uyck w¾:idOl kvqlrhkays iïNjh

1970 .Kkaj, wdrïNfha§ bkaÈhdkq wêlrKhkays kj wdldrhl kvq j¾.hla ks¾udKh úh¡ ta wkqj hul=g ;ukag
n,mEula fkdue;s lrEKla iïnkaOfhka mjd úksiqrejrhd fj; fhduq lrkq ,nk ,smshla uÕska kvq lghq;a;la wdrïN
lsÍfï yelshdj ,eìk¡ fuys m%;sM,hla f,i isrlrejka" lïlrejka" <uhska iy fjk;a wjjrm%idÈ; lKavdhï flfrys
n,mdk uyck w¾: idOl ldrKdjka úYd, ixLHdjla wêlrK bÈßhg muqKqjkq ,eìks¡ fndfyda wõi:djkays§ wdKavql%u
jHJia:dfjka iy;slfldg we;s uQ,sl whs;sjdislï lvùu fyda ffk;’sl j.lSï meyer yeÍu yd fuu .eg¿ ne£ mej;sk¡

fuu kvqlrhkays ±l.; yelsjQ uq,sl ,CIKhka 6 la úh¡

1.uyck w¾: idOkh Wfoid lsishï lreKla wêlrKh yuqjg f.k taug ioaNdjfhka lghq;= lrk ´keU
wfhl=g ysñlu ,nd§fuka kS;Hdkql+, ;;ajh (locus standi) ms,sn| ffk;sl uQ,O¾uh mq¿,a lsÍu¡ fm;aiïlreg
;;ukag mqoa.,slj n,mEula t,a,jQ nj fmkaùu fuys§ wjYH fkdfõ¡

2. úêu;a wêlrK l¾h mámdàka fuysÈ wkq.ukh fkdflf¾. wêlrKh fj; ,shkq ,nk ,smshlska kvq
lghq;a;la wdrïN lrkq ,eìh yels w;r wk;=rej th fm;aiula njg mßj¾;kh flfrk w;r ta wkqj
j.W;a;rlrejka fj; fkd;Sis hjkq ,nhs¡

3. f;dr;=re tla/ialsÍu i|yd kjH jQ l%ufõohka Ndú;d lsÍu. yn lrkq ,nk ldrKdjka iïnkaOfhka úu¾IKh
lsÍu i|yd fndfydaúg wêlrKhka úiska iudc ffk;sl fldñiï m;alrkq ,nk w;r tajdfha jd¾;djka
wêlrKh fj; bÈßm;a lrkq ,efí¡

9
 4. bkaÈhdkq wdKavql%u jHJia:dõ iuyr whs;sjdislï ks¾udKd;aul f,i wrA:ksrEmkh lrkq ,eîu¡ WodyrKhla
f,i wdKavql%u jHJia:dõ Ôj;aùfï whs;sh ðúldjg" fõ.j;a f,i hqla;sh fj; m%fõYùfï whs;sh iy msßisÿ yd
fi!LHdrCIs; mßirhla i|d we;s whs;sh we;=,;a lrñka mq¨,a f,i w¾: ksrEmkh lrkq ,eìk¡

5. wr: ±lajùfï wdOdrlhla f,i cd;Hka;r m%ñ;Ska fhdod.kq ,eîu5

6. fndfyduhla kvq iudÔhj wjjrm%idÈ; yd wdka;rdhg ,laúyels lKavdhï iïnkaOfhka úh.

fuu kvqlr uyck w¾:idOl kvqlr fkdtfiakï iudc ls%hdldÍ kvqlr f,iska y÷kajkq ,efí¡ fuu kvqlrhska j¾Okh
lrñka bkaÈhdkq fY%aIaGdêlrKh lshd isáfha iudcfha iEu fldgilgu m%fõY úhyels jk mßÈ wêlrK ld¾h msámdàkays
úêu;a Ndjh wjm%udK l<hq;= njhs¡ fndfyduhla wd¾Òl jYfhka wjjrm%idÈ; lKavdhïj,g ;ukagu wêlrKhka lrd
hEfï yelshdjla fkdue;¡ tneúka Tjqka fjkqfjka kvq lghq;= isÿlsÍug rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk iy fjk;a uyck
w¾:idOl lKavdïfj; wëlrKh úiska wjir ,ndÈh hq;=h¡

uyck w¾:idOl kvqlrhka i|yd jk ;¾lkh

 fjk;a wdldrhlska fuu ldrKh lsisofkl wêlrKhla yuqjg fkdmeñfKkq we;¡ fm;aiïlrejl= fkdue;s
jqj o fpdaokd lrkq ,nk widOdrKh ms,sn| lghq;= lsÍu th fkdi,ld yeÍug jvd hym;ah¡

 uyck w¾:idOl kvqlrhkay s tla b,lalhla jkafka rdcH n,h md,khfldg wdKavqj j.jk njg
iy;slùuhs¡

 wêlrK iykh b,a,d isákaf ka ljqrekao hkak jeo.;a fkdfõ¡ iuyr úkaÈ;hkag wêlrKh fj; m%fõYùfï
yelshdjla fkdue;s úhyels neúka ;=kajk md¾Yajhlg Tjqka fjkqfjka fm;aiula bÈßm;a lsÍfï n,h mej;sh
hq;=h¡

 kvqj ;¾l bÈßm;a lsÍu jvd;a iqÿiqu ;eke;a;d úkaÈ;hd fkdjk wjia:djkao mj;S¡ uyck w¾:idOl
fm;aiïlrejl=g kj ldrKdjka u;= l<yels w;r kvq ;SrKfha .=Kd;aulNdjh jeäÈhqKq lsÍug Tyqg odhl
úhyel¡ jvd fyd| kvq ;Skaÿjla i|yd wjYH jkakdjQ ishq¨u lreKq wêlrKh yuqjg f.ktau i|yd jk
úfYAI {Ndjh yd iïm;a ;=kajk md¾Yajhla i;= úhyel¡

 kvqj yn lsÍug jvd;a iqÿiq ;eke;a; d úkaÈ;hd fkdjk úg ;=kaj k md¾Yaj hg ueÈy;aùug wjia:dj ,nd§u
fyda wêlrKh úisku a wêlrKhg iydhùu i|yd wêlrK iydhlhl= m;alsÍu jvd;a iqÿiq fjhs¡

uyck w¾:idOl kvqlr úYsI aG ffk;sl fidhd.ekSuls¡ rdcH n,h fhdod.ekSu md,kh lsÍug iy rcfha ks,OdÍka
yeuúgu uyck;djf.a iym; fjkqfjka lghq;= lrk nj iy;sl lr.ekSu i|yd ck;dj flfrys Wkakaÿjla olajk
mqrjeishkag ,eî we;s n,.;= WmlrKhls¡ tfukau wdKavqlrKh ;=, jvd by, mdrøDIHNdjhla iy;sl lsÍu i|yd iy
újD;Ndjh ms,sn| ixialD;sh;a ks¾udKh lsÍug th jeo.;a fuj,ula lr.; yelsh¡

flfiafj;;a th iunr wdldrhlska fhdod.; hq;= fjhs¡ th ffk;sl ksYaÑ;Ndjh iy miq.sh kvqlrhka w;r
iunr;djhla we;s lsÍug thg yelsúh hq;=h¡ ks¾udKd;aul m%;sl¾uhka f.dvk.d.; hq; = w;r tajd ls%hd;aulùu
wëCIKh lrk ls%hdoduhlao ilid .;hq; = fjhs¡ ish¨u md¾Yajhkaf.a whs;sjdislïj,g n,mEula we;s fkdjk mßoafoka
th ls%hd;aul l<hq;= fõ¡ tys iEu wÈhrl§ iaj Ndúl hqla; sh bgqj k mßoafoak th ls%hdjg kexúh hq; =h¡

md¾,sf ïka;= wëCIK l%Ufõoh

úOdhl ckdêm;sOQrh úiska jHJia:dodhl wdka;slfldg we;s w;r rfÜ jHjia:dms; wdKavqlrKh iSñ;fldg we;¡
wdkavqlrK l%ufõoh úYd, jYfhka ckdêm;sjrhdg mCImd;ù we;s w;r ;;ajdldr ^de facto) iy kS;s m%ldr ^de jure)
hk fowdldrfhkau wo md¾,sfïka;=j bgqlrkafka wdka;sl N+ñldjls¡

flfiafj;;a úOdhl ckdêm;sOQRh keue;s ikaorANh ;=,§ mjd;ju;a md¾,sf ïka;= wëCIK l%ufõoh i|yd iq¨ fyda
bvla b;sßj we;¡ Yla;su;a md¾,sfïka; = wëCIK N+ñldjla ls%hd;aulùu úksúoNdjh jeäÈhqKq lsÍu" rdcH n,h wh:d
f,i fhdod .kq fkd,nk njg iy;slùu iy j.ùu we;slsÍu i|yd úYd, ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrkq we;¡

ia:djr ksfhda. 125 yd 126 hgf;a ia:dms; lrk ,o rdcH jHjdh ldrl iNdj (COPE) iy rdcH .sKqï ldrl iNdj
(PAC) rdcH uQ,H md,kh ysñ wdh;kh f,iska md¾,sfïka;=j iajlSh N+ñldj bgq lsÍu i|yd .kq ,enQ jeo.;a mshjrls¡
kHdhd;aulj rdcH uQ,H md,kh lsÍfï n,h md¾,sfïka;=j i;= jk w;r úOdhlhg rdcH wruqo,a Ndú;d l<yelafla ta
i|yd md¾,sfïka;=fjõ wkque;sh ,nd.ekSf uka miqjh¡ wdKav ql%u jHJia:djg wkqj jHdmD;s yd fiajdjka i|yd wruqo,a
fjka;sÍu fukau tlS wruqo,a úhoï lsÍu wëCIKh lsÍu iy mÍCId lsÍfï n,ho md¾,sf ïka;=j i;=fõ¡

COPE iy PAC hk folu rdcH uQ,H wëCIKh lsÍfï j.lSu ork nyq mCI lñgq idudðlhkaf.ka iukaú; fjhs¡ fï
folu uyck uqo,a uyck;djf.a iqNisoaêh i|yd ñi wksis wdldrhlska fhdod.kq fkd,nk nj iy;sl lsÍu i|yd jk

5
YS% ,xld wdKavql%u jHJia:dfõ 27^15& jHjia:dj n,kak¡ iuyr rdcHhka iuÕ lghq;= lsÍfï§ rdcH cd;Hka; r kS;sh
iy .súiqïuh ne£ïj,g .re lsÍug yd tajdfha msysgdOdrh ,nd.ekSug W;aidy .;hq;= nj thska lshefõ¡
10
m%Odk hdka;%Khka folls¡ ;uka bÈßhg meñfKk f,ig ´kEu whl=g is;dis ksl=;a l<yels yd f,aLK yd jd¾;d
bÈßm;a lrk f,ig b,a,Sï l<yels mq¨,a n,;, fuu wdh;khkag ysñh¡

COPE idudðlhka 31 fokl=f.ka iukaú; nyq mCI md¾,sf ïka; = lñgqjla jk w;r rdcH ixia:d" uKav ," wêldß" rdcH
nexl= iy rcfha ysñldr;ajh we;s iud.ï hkdÈfha ls%hdldÍ;ajh wëCIKh lsÍu iy taj dfha whjeh" .sKqï" uQ,H ld¾h
msá mdàka iy l<uKdlrK mßphka th úiska ksÍCIKhg ,lalrkq ,nhs" wfkla w;g fuu 31 fokdf.a lñgqj úisk a
rcfha fomd¾;fïka;= iy m,d;a md,k wdh;khkays ls%hdldß;ajho mÍCIdjg ,lalrhs¡ COPE iy PAC taldnoaOj rdcH
uQ,H úhoï lsÍu ms,sn|j fhdhdhdu;a" uyck uqo,a uyck;djf.a wruqKq fjkqfjka fhfofjkaf kao hkak fidhdne,Su;a
isÿlrhs¡

md¾,sfïka; =jg rdcH uQ,H mßmd,kh lsÍfï iajlSh N+ñldj ksis mßÈ bgq lsÍug kï fuu foayhka foflys M,odhS
ls%hdldÍ;ajhla mej;Su w;HdjYHhh¡ kuq; a lKd.dgqodhl f,i fuu md¾,sfïka;= wëCIK foayhka ls%hd;aulj we;af ;a
w;sYhskay foaYmd,kSlrKhjQ iajrEmhlska jk w;r ;u rdcldßh iajdêk yd úYaj dikSh wdldrhlska bgq lsÍug iu;aj
we;af;a l,d;=rlsks¡ taj d iaj dëkj lghq;= l< wjia:djkay s§ taj dfha fidhd.ekSï wkq.ukh lsÍu isÿfldg fkdue;¡ uE;
ld,Skj COPE lñgq jd¾;djka iïnkaOfhka lghq; = l< wdldrh ;=, fuh uekúka ksrEmkh úh¡

tlla ckjdß udifha§ iy wfkl wf.daia;= udifha§ jYfhka 2007 jif¾§ fldama lñgqj jd¾;djka folla ksl=;a l<
w;r fïjd buy;a uyck wjOdkhla Èkd.ekSug iu;aúh¡ jd¾;d folu udi .Kkdjla ;siafia isÿflrekq úu¾IK
ls%hdj,shlska miqj ilia l< taj d jQ w;r rdcH wxYh mqrd me;srkq ¥IKh" kdia;sh iy wldrHCIu;djh jd¾;dj mqrdu
±l.; yelsúh¡

md¾,sfïka; =j ;=, yg.;a WKqiqï jdo újdohkaf.ka wk;=rej COPE jd¾;dj y÷kd.;a rdcH wdh;k 16 la jeäÿr
úurAI Kh lsÍu i|yd CIABOC ^iEu wdldrhlu w,a,ia yd ¥IK úurAIKh lsÍu i|yd jk fldñIka iNdj& fj;
bÈßm;a flßk¡ fï iuÕu ckdêm;s f,alï ld¾hd,h CIABOC ys wOHCIjrhd iy wfkl=;a ks,OdÍka fofokd udrelr
yeÍug lghq;= lrk ,§¡ COPE jd¾;dj ;=, ¥IKh" kdia;sh iy wh:d l<uKdlrKh iïnkaOfhka neÆ ne,aug
fmfkk idCIs mej;sho j.lsjhq;= jQjka ljrl= iïnkaOfhka j.ùu i|yd mshjrla .kq fkd,eìk¡

2008 uehs 6 jk Èk lsisÿ fya;= ±laùulska f;drj ckdêm;sjrhd úiska md¾,sf ïka;=j jdrdjidk lrk ,o w;r kj
md¾,sfïka; = jdrh 2008 cqks 5 jk Èk wdrïN lsÍug kshu lrk ,§¡ jdrwjidk lsÍu úiska md¾,sfïka;= lñgq fol
kej; m;alsÍug wjia:dj Wodúh¡ rdcH wxYfha kdia;sh yd ¥IKh ms,sn| úYajdikSh jd¾;djla bÈßm;a lrñka ¥IKh
msgq±lSfï ish wNs,dIh iïnkaOfhka ckd;dj w;r ckms%hj isá COPE lñgqfõ iNdm;jrhdj kej; m;alsÍu isÿ
fkdflßk¡ tu ;kl=r úOdhlfha idudðlhl=jQ wdKav qfõ weu;sjrhl= uÕska wdfoaY lrkq ,eìk¡ fï wdldrhgu rdcH
.sKqï ldrl iNdfõ iNdm;s OQrhgo wdKav qfõ weu;sj rhl= m;alrkq ,eìk l,ska iNdm;sjrhd wdKavq mCI uka;S%j rhl=
jqj o mQ¾j md¾,sfïka;= mßphka wkqj idudkHfhka wëCIK foayhkays m%Odk;aj hka úmCIfha idudðlhka fj; msßkukq
,nhss¡

COPE iy PAC hk foflau wruqK jkafka uyck uqo,a úhoï lrk rdcH wdh;khka ms,sn|j wëCIKh lsÍuhs¡ rdcH
jHjidhka yd iajdfha uyck uqo,a úhoï lsÍu wëCIKh lrk fuu lñgqj, iNdm;s OQrhkag úOdhlfha idudðlhka
m;al< úg myeÈ,s f,iu wNsreÖka w;r .egqula we;sùu je,elaúh fkdyelafla wud;Hjrekaf.a ;ukaf .au ls%hdl,dmhka
wëCIKh lrkakka f,iskao lghq;= lrk neúks¡

md¾,sf ïka;= m%YAK lsÍï

wdKavqfõ wud;Hjreka fj; fhduq flfrkakdjQ m%YAK lsÍï uÕskao jHjia:dodhlh úOdhl n,;, iïnkaOfhka ;u
md,kh ls%hd;aul lrhs¡

ia:djr ksfhda.hkag wkqj iEu md¾,sfïka;= /iaùulu m<jk úkdä 45 ;u úIhka hg;g .efkk wdh;khka
iïnkaOfhka rcfha wud;Hjrekaf .ka uka;S%j rekag úuiSug we;s m%YAK i|yd fjkafõ¡ m%Yak l,ska wud;Hjreka fj;
fhduq flfrk w;r wud;Hjrekag ish ks,OdÍkaf .ka wjYH f;dr;=re ,ndf.k m%YaKj,g ms,s;=re§ug iQodkïj
meñKsh yel¡ lsishï md¾,sfïka; = uka;S%j rhl= wud;Hjrhdf.a ms,s;=f rka iEySulg m;afkdjkafka kï Tyqg fyda wehg
w;sf¾l m%YAK weiSfï ysñlu we;¡

j¾;udkfha§ fuu m%YAK weiSf ï ld<h úiq¿ iy.; lS%v d ld<hla njg m;aj we;¡ úreoaO mCIfhka bÈßm;ajk
mYAKj,g ms,s;=re§u i|yd wdKavqfõ weu;sjreka meñfKkafka l,d;=rlsks¡ w;sf¾l m%YAKhkag ms,s;=re Èug ;rï
iQodkulska fkdmeñKk wud;Hjreka fj; tjeks m%YAK kÕkakkag wdKavqj úiska ±ä fodAI dfrdamkhka t,a, lrkq ,nhs¡

ks¾foaYhka

1. f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyi ms, sn| kS;sh

uyck úIh m:hg we;=,;ajk f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï whs; sh iqrCIs; flfrk mßÈ wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ixfYdaOkh
l<hq;=h¡ md¾,sfïka; =j úiska fkdmudj f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyi ms,sn| kS;sh iïu; l<hq;=h¡ tlS kS; sh flgqïm;a
lsÍfï§ udOH yd isú ,a iudcfha woyia ,nd.; hq;= w;r tuÕska uyck;djg my; ysñlï ,eìh hq;=h¡

11
 w. ks, f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùu
wd. rdcH lghq; = isÿlrkq ,nk fyda iajlSh ;SrKhka uyck;dj fj; n,meï we;slsÍug iu;a jkakdjQ mqoa.,sl
wxYfha foayhkays f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùu
we. jD;a;Sh ix.ï iy kshduk foay hkays f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùu
wE. uyck;djf.ka ljrl=g fyda n,mdk ;SrKhkays tlS ;SrKhkag mokïjQ fya;= fj; m%fõYùu

lsishï f;dr;=rl ryiHNdjh uyck iqNisoaêhg fya;=jkafka kï ^cd;sl wdrCIdj" wmrdO jerÈj,g kvq mejÍu fyda
mqoa.,sl;ajh& tjeks f;dr;=rla ,nd§fuka je,lS isáh yel¡

kS;sh ;=, my; f;dr;=re úia;rd;aulj wka;¾.; úh hq;=h¡

w¡ m%fõYúh yelafla ljr wdldrfha f;dr;=re fj;o.
wd¡ ta i|yd b,a,Sï bÈßm;a l<yels wdh;khka yd foayhka
we¡ tjeks b,a,Sï Ndr.ekSu i|yd f;dr;=re ks,odßhl= ieu wdh;khla i|yd m;alsÍu i|yd jk ld¾h
mámdàka
b¡ rfÜ iEu m%foaYhlgu iy ieu iudc lKavdhulgu f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùu i|yd ir<" ñ< wêl fkdjk
yd mq¨,a f,i m%fõYùfï wjldYh iys; lsh % dj,ska
B¡ f;dr;=re b,a,d bÈßm;a lrk ,o uq,a b,a,Sula m%;slafIam lrkq ,enqjfyd;a wNshdpkhla bÈßm;a lsÍfï
ls%hdj,shla
W¡ wju jYfhka iEu jir 2 lgu j;djla rcfha wdh;khka ish f;dr;=re ;uka úiskau m%ldYhg m;alsÍfï
l%ufõohka

rcfha fiaj lhska f;dr;=re wkdjrkh lsÍu j,lajkq ,nk m%;smdokhka bj;a lrñka wdh;k ix.%y h ixfYdaOkh
l<hq;=h¡

2. w,a,i" ¥IKh iy zfmdÿck Ôú;fha wjxlNdjhZ Bribery, Corruption and ‘Integrity in Public Life’
my; ldrKdjka iqrCIs; jk f,iska YS% ,xldfõ wdh;ksl jHqyfha fjkialï isÿl< hq;=h¡

1. iajdëk ¥IK úfrdaë wdh;khla. fuh zwdpdr O¾u yd wjxlNdjh ms,sn| fldñiuZ jeks iïmQ¾Kfhkau
kj wdh;khla fyda kej; ilik ,o w,a,ia fyda ¥IK ms,sn| úu¾IKh lsÍfï fldñiu ^ CIABOC )
fyda úhyel¡ tu wdh;khg my; n,;, ysñúh hq;=h¡

w¡ ish¨u wdldrfha w,a,ia yd ¥IK ms,sn|j úu¾IK isÿlsÍu yd kvq mejÍu

wd¡ rdcH wxYfha l%ufõohka yd ld¾h msá mdàka kshdukh lsÍu iy w,a,i yd ¥IKhg we;s bv
m%ia:djka wju lsÍug mshjr .ekSu ^fuys§ ks;sm;sf .a n,;, iuÕ w;smsys;ùula úhyel).
we¡ uyck;dj ±kqj;alsÍu.
wE¡ isú,a iudcfha YlH;djka jeäÈhqKq lsÍu.

wdpdr O¾u yd wjxlNdjh ms,sn| fldñiu

iaj dëk wdpdr O¾u yd wjxlndjh ms,sn| fldñiula úYajdikSh;ajfha m%ñ;Ska fmdÿck Ôú;h ;=,g ldjeoa§ug
ls%hdldrkq we;¡ tjka fldñiula w,a,i yd ¥IKh ms,sn| fiùug muKla fkdj rdcH yd foaYmd,ksl ;k;=re ndysr
wruqKq fjkqfjka fhdod fkd.kakd njg;a" rdcH n,h idOdrK yd hqla;siy.; f,i fhdod.kq ,nk njg;a iys;
lsÍug lghq;= lrkq we;¡ tjeks fldñiula rdcH yd foaYmd,ksl ;k;=re fydnjkakka ish OQrhkays lghq;= lsÍfï§
wkq.ukh l<hq;= m%ñ;Ska iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lrkq we;¡

flkahdfõ kj wdKavql%u jHJiad flgqïm;g wkqj fjk;a lghq; = w;r wdpdr O¾u yd wjxlNdjh ms,sn| fldñiu úisk a
my; ld¾hhka bgq lrkq ,nhs¡

¥IKh iy iaj lSh ks,hkays n,;, whq;= f,i fhdod.ekSu je,elaùu b,lalfldg.;a mshjr .ekSu¡ f;dard
m;alr.;a yd kï lrkq ,enQ rdcH ks,OdÍka i|yd ud¾f.damfoaYhka yd p¾hd Í;S ix.%yhka ilia lsÍuo fuhg
wh;a fõ¡ ^wjOdrKh uf.a&

lsisj l=f.a yeisÍu p¾hd Í;s ix.%yhla fyda fmdÿck Ôú;fha wjxlNdjh ms,sn| uQ,O¾uhka W,a,x>kh fõhehs
is;shyels yeisÍï iïnkaOfhka ud¾f.damfoaYhka yd wk;=re weÕùï ksl=; a lsÍu6

rcfha ;k;=re mqoa.,sla ,dN m%fhdackh ;ld fyda foaYmd,k mCIhkays m%;s,dNhka ;ld fhdod fkd.kakd njg wëCIKh
lsÍu iy ta iïnkaO m%ñ;Ska ks¾udKh lsÍu fujeks fldñiï úiska isÿ lrkq ,nhs¡ rdcH foam< mqoa.,sl m%f hdac kh
i|yd fhdodfkd.kakd nj yd rdcH wruqo,a M,odhS yd ldrHCIu wdldrhlska fhdod.kq ,nk njg iy;sl lr.ekSuo óg
wh;afõ¡ tfukau tys§ rcfha ;k;=re orkakka úY%du hdfuka miq úúO ks, ld¾hhka i|yd fhdod.ekSu je,elaùug
lghq;= lsÍuo th úiska jeo.;a f,i i,lkq we;af;a tjeks ;;aj hla mej;=kfyd;a ;uka úY%du hdfuka miq tjeks
m%;s,dNhka w;alr.ekSfï wfmaCIdfjka rcfha ks,OdÍka mCId.%dySj lghq;= lsÍug wjldYh we;s neúks¡

6
fhdað ; flkahdkq wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 178 2^wd& iy ^wE& jHjia:djka ^2002&
12
¥IK úfrdaë fldñiu ¥IKh keue;s mgq ixl,amh ;=, ls%hd;aul jk w;r wdpdr O¾u yd wjxlNdjh ms,sn| fldñiu
rcfha ks,hkays ld¾hhka isÿlsÍfï§ n,h whq;= f,i Ndú;d lsÍu hk mq¨,a lafIa;%h iïnkAOfhka lghq;= lrhs¡

YS% ,xldfõ fmdÿck Ôú;h úfYaIfhkau rcfha ks,hka fynjkakkaf.a fmdÿck Ôú;h by, uÜgfï
foaYmd,kSlrKhlg ,laj we;¡ mqoa.,sl ,dNm%f hdack ;ld rcfha ks,hkays n,;, wh:d f,i fhdod.ekSu YS% ,xldfõ
fmdÿck Ôú;fha idudkH ldrKhla njg m;aj we;¡ fï wkqj rdcH n,h újD;" idOdrK yd ldrHCIu wdldrhlsk a
ls%hdfõ fhoúh yels iy ta fya;=fldgf.k tlS ks,hka ;u mqoa.,sl ,dNdfmaCIdj i|yd fhdod.; fkdyels ;;jhla
ks¾udKh l<yels wdh;khl wjYH;djh mj;S¡ j¾;udk CIABOC g jvd mq¨,a úêksf hda.hla iys; ldrHY+r yd wjxl
;eke;a;kaf.ka iukaú; ld¾h uKav,hlska hq; a iajdêk wdh;khla fï ld¾hh i|yd jvd;a WÑ;jkq we;¡

CIABOC Yla; su;a lsÍu fyda kj wdh;khla msysg qùu @

wdh;ksl m%;sixialrKhka f,i .;yels mshjr 2 la mj;S¡

1. ±kg mj;akd fldñiu (CIABOC) iEu wdldrhlu w,a,ia yd ¥IK iïnkaOfhka úu¾IKh
l<yels jk mßoafoka m%;sixialrKh lsÍu iy jvd Yla;su;a wdh;khla ks¾udKh lsÍu.

2. j¾;udk wdh;khg jvd jeä n,mEula we;sl< yels zwdpdr O¾u yd wjxlNdjh ms,sn| fldñiuZ
jeks mQ¾K jYfhka kj wdh;khla ia:dms; lsÍu.

fï úl,amhka folska ljrla wkq.ukh l<o my; ldrKdjka tys§ ie,ls,a,g .;hq;= fjhs¡

fufyhqï iajdêldrh iy iaj dëk;ajh

w,a,i yd ¥IKh wju lsÍug kï uQ,O¾uhla f,iska fukau fufyhqï w;skao iajdëk;ajhla yd iajdêldrhla mej;Su
w;HdjYH fjhs¡

mj;akd fldñiug fyda kj fldñiulg foaYmd,sksl fyda mßmd,kuh md,khkaf .ka th mQ¾K jYfhka ksoyia jk;=re
id¾:lj ls%hd;aul úhfkdyel¡ tys tla wruqKla jkafka mßmd,kfha by,u uÜgï olaj d jk rdcH mßmd,k jHqy fhau
w,a,ia yd ¥IKhka ms,sn|j úu¾IKh lsÍuhs¡ ish¨u wdldrfha rdcH jHqyhka yd rcfha ks,OdÍkaf .ka mQ¾K ksoyila
fkd,efí kï fuu ld¾hh M,odhS f,i isÿl< fkdyel¡

ksoyi ms,sn| uQ,O¾uh tys iEu fufyhqï lghq;a;la i|ydu wdfoaY l<yels úhhq;=h¡ lsisÿ Rcq fyda jl% ndysr
ueÈy;aùulska f;drj mñKs,a,la iïnkaOfhka úurAIKh lsÍfï yd kvq mejÍfï yelshdj fldñiu i;=úh hq;=h¡
fhdackdjla wdldrfhka fyda ljr wdldrhl fyda fm<Uùula f,iska fyda fldñiu fj; mSv khla t,a, fkdúh hq;=h¡
idudkHfhka fldñiï idudðlhka fj; t,a,jk n,mEu jkafka Tjqkag lsishï ;Hd.hla fyda by, ;k;=rla msßkeóu
i|yd jk fhdac kdjjkah¡ fuu ;;ajh je,elaú h hq; = w;r Bg tfrysj lghq;= lsÍug úfYaI m%;smdok mej;sh hq;=h¡

fï yerekqúg ish ls%hdldÍ;ajfha úIh m:h ;SrKh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka thg iaj dëk;ajhla mej;sh hq;=h¡ ish ld¾h
uKav,hg msßia n|jd.ekSug iy jev lsÍfï fldkaf oais ;SrKh lsÍfï n,h fukau ish ld¾h uKav ,h i|yd mqyqKq
jevigyka ilia lsÍu yd ls%hd;aul lsÍu" ld¾h uKav,fha úkh md,kh iy ld¾h uKav,fha l<uKdlrKh ms,sn|
wfkl=;a ;SrK .ekSu n,;,o fldñiu i;=úh hq;=h¡

ixhq;sh

j¾;udk m%;smdokhka ;=, ±lafjk fldñifï idudðlhkaf.ka wju jYfhka fofofkl=j;a úY%du,;a fY%AIAGdêlrK
fyda wNshdpkdêlrK úksiqrejreka úhhq;= njg jk m%;smdokh m%dfhda.sl;ajh ;=, ndOdrldÍ tlla nj fmkSf.dia we;¡
fuu m%;smdokh bj;a úhhq;= w;r fjk;a laFIA;%hkays ;eke;a;kao fldñIka iNdj fj; kï lsÍfï yelshdj
jHjia:dodhl iNdj fj; mej;sh hq;=h¡ fuys§ wjOdkhfhduqúh hq;af;a ldrHY+r yd wjxl ;eke;a; ka ms,sn|jh¡ úúO
úIh lafIa;%hkag wh;a yd úúO miqìï iys; mQ¾K ld,Skj fiajh lrk flduidßiaj reka miq fokl=j;a isàu jeo.;a
fjhs¡ tfukau flduid¾iajreka ixLHdfõ ia;S%-mqreI ;=,kho jeo.;ah¡

flduidßia OQr tlla fyda Bg jeä .Kkla mqrmamdvq jqjo ls%hd;aulùfï yelshdj fldñiu i;=úh hq;=h¡

ld¾hhka

fldñiu m%Odk ld¾hhka 4 l ksr; úh hq;=h¡

1. iEu uÜgulu w,a,ia yd ¥IK ms,sn|j úurAIKh lsÍu yd kvq mejÍu

2. rdcH wxYfha l%ufõohka yd ld¾h mámdàka wëCIKh lsÍu iy w,a,i yd ¥IKhg we;s wjia:djka wju
lsÍu i|yd isÿl<hq; = fjkialï fhdackd lsÍu

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 3. mdie,a <uqka iy ;reKhska ±kqj;a lsÍu iy ¥IKhg tfrysj igka lsÍu i|yd ck;dj fufyhùu.
4. ¥IKh ms,sn|j kshdukh lsÍu" jd¾;d lsÍu iy Bg tfrysj igka lsÍu i|yd isú ,a iudc ixúOdk iy
iudc jHdmdrhkays YlH;djka jrAOkh lsÍu¡

úu¾IK l=i,;djka yd YlH;djhka

fldñifï úurAI K l=i,;djka úYd, jYfhka jeäÈhqKq l< hq;=fjhs¡ meñKs,a,la iïnkaOfhka úu¾IK lghq;=
isÿlsÍfï§ l=i,;djka úYd, m%udKhla fldñiu i;=j mej;sh hq;=h¡ kQ;k ÿIK isÿùï fndfydaúg ixlS¾K jk w;r
taj d neÆne,aug y÷kd.; fkdyel¡ wod, jrolreg tfrysj idCIs iïmdokh lr.ekSug kï úurAI K ks,OdÍkag nyqúO
lafIa;%hka ms,sn| ±kqula mej;sh hq;=h¡ ksis l=i,;djhka iys; wh ish ld¾h uKav ,hg n|jd .ekSf ï;a ta wkqj Tjqkag
jeÜma ;SrKh lsÍfï;a n,h fldñiu i;=j mej;Su jeo.;a jkafka tneúks¡ iuyr wjia:djkays§ fldñiug foaYSh fyda
úfoaYSh úfYaI{ iydh ,nd.ekSugo isÿjkq we;¡ fï ms,sn| n,ho mQ¾K jYfhka fldñiu i;= úhhq;=h¡

fjk;a l=i,;djka

fldñiu by;ska olajk ,o wfkl=;a ld¾hhkao bgq lsÍug wfmaCId lrkafka kï ta i|yd fjk;a l=i,;djhka /ilao
wjYH jkq we;¡ fyd¢ka ixúOdkhjQ úu¾Il lKavdhulg wu;rj Yla;su;a kùk l<uKdlrK l=i,;d" f;dr;=re
;dCIK yd uQ,H l=i,;d" uyck wOHdmk l=i,;d iys; ld¾h uKav,hla wjYH fõ¡ iuyr l=i,;djhka iys; msßia
jydu n|jd .ekSu wjYH úhyels w;r ;j;a iuyr taj d j¾Okh lr.ekSug jir .Kkdjla .;jkq we;¡ ta wkqj ish
ld¾h uKav ,hg .e,fmk yd ;sridr mqy qKq jevigyka fldñiu úiska ls%hd;aul l<hq;=h¡

m%Odk Wmdhud¾.hla f,i iaj dëkj kvq mejÍu

fydxfldx ys w;a±lSï úiska kvq mejÍï ksj¾;k wdldrhlska isÿlsÍfï jeo.;alu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrùug
iu;aúh¡ fydxfldx ys ICAC i;=j ksj ¾;kh" je,elaùu iy wOHdmkh we;=,;a fldg.;a nyq udÈ,s Wmdhud¾.la meje;s
w;r wfkla l,dmhka fol wNsnjd kvq lghq;= i|yd m%uqL;ajh ysñúh¡

fydxfldx ICAC fomd¾;fïka;= 3 lska iukaú; úh¡ fufyhqï fomd¾;fïka;=j ¥IK iïnkaOfhka úurAIK lghq; =
isÿlrk ,o w;r ¥IK je,elaùfï fomd¾;fïka;=j rdcH fiajh ;=, ¥IKh i|yd fhduqùug we;s bv m%ia:d y÷kd
.ekSu iy ta i|yd ms,shï fh§u i|yd tys l%ufõohka yd ld¾h msá mdá ksÍCIKh lsÍu isÿlrk ,§¡ m%c d iïnkaO;d
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ l¾hh jQf ha uyck wOHdmkhhs¡ kuq;a ¥IKhg tfys kvq lghq;= b;d jeo.;a f,i i,lkq ,enQ neúka
,enqKq wruqo,aj ,ska 70 ] lau fjkalrkq ,enQfha fufyhqï fomd¾;fïka;=j fjkqfjks¡7

flfiafj;;a kvq mejÍï M,odhS ùug kï tajd iajdêk úhhq;=h¡ tkï ljr wdldrhl fyda foaYmd,k n,mEï fldñiu
úiska fkdbjish hq;= njhs¡ tfukau kvq mejÍï foaYmd,k úreoaOjd§ka fyda fjk;a wh ovhï lsÍu i|yd fhdod.ekSuo
fkdl, hq; =h¡

uyck meñKs,s

uyck meñKs,s ndr.ekSug;a tajdg m%;sp dr ±laù ug;a M,odhS l%ufõohla fldñiu úiska ilia lr.; hq;=h¡ fydfldx
ys ICAC i;=j meh 24 ysu ls%hd;aul ÿrl:k wxlhla mj;sk w;r th fnfyúka ck;dj w;r ckms%hj we;¡ zfõ.j;a
m%;sp dr ±laùulaZ wjYH jk w;r ta i|yd YlH;djh f.dvkxjd.; hq;=h¡

iEu meueKs,a,lau l,a fkdhjd úu¾IKhg ,lalsÍu i|yd M,odhS iudf,dapk l%ufõohla ilia lr.; hq;=h¡ id¾:l
kvq lghq;= iïnkaOfhka úYd, udOH m%p drhla ,ndÈh hq;= w;r fuu udOH m%pdrhkao ¥IK i|yd fhduqùu je,elaùfï
fuj,ula f,iska fhdod.kq ,eìh yel¡ lsishï meñKs,a,la m%;slaf IAm lrkq ,nkafka kï fldñiu thg fya;= ±laúh
hq;=h¡

uQ,Huh iaj dêldrh

uQ,Huh iajdêldrhlska f;drj ksoyig we;af;a b;d iSñ; w¾:hls¡ fldñifï jdrAIsl whjeh md¾,sfïka;=j úisk a
iïu; lrkq ,enQj o m%dfhda.slj wruqo,a md,kh lrkq ,nkafka NdKavd.drh úisks¡ fï ;;ajh fjkia úhhq;=h¡
md¾,sfïka; =j fldñifï wjheh iïnkaOfhka ;SrKh l<hq;af ;a fldñiu úiska tjkq ,nk weia;fïka;=j la u;h¡ fuh
md¾,sfï;=fõ ia:djr ldrl iNdjla úiska lrkq ,eìh yel¡ wod, uqo, wkqu; jQ miqj tu wruqo,a cd;Hka; rj ms,s.;a
ú.Kk m%ñ;Skag wkql+j l<uKdlrKh lsÍfï n,h fldñiu i;=úh hq;=h¡

ck;dj ±kqj ;a lsÍu

kvq mejÍu yd tajdg m%p drh ,nd§u fldñifï jevlghq;=j,ska ie,lsh hq;= wjOdkhla Èkd.ekSug iu;a jk ldrKdjka
jqj o tys wjOdkh fhduqúh hq;= tlu ld¾hh th fkdfõ¡ w,a,i yd ¥IKfhka f;dr mßirhla f.dvkexùu i|yd
ck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍfï ld¾hho fldñiu úiska bgq l<hq;= fjhs¡

NdId ;=fkkau ck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍu i|yd tlsfklg fjkia l=i,;djhka wjYH fjhs¡ uE; ld,Skjjvd;a jrAOkh jQ
fuh lsh% djg kexùfï§ ±kg mj;akd ±kqj;aNdjfha uÜgu ms,sn| ;lafiarejla l<hq;=h¡ tkï fuys§ fldñiu úisk a

7
fgdaks lafjdla" ‘How to Formulate an Effective Anti-Corruption Strategy in an Organisation: Hong Kong
Experience’
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ck;dj w;rg wOHdmkh f.khdu i|yd iqÿiq ;eke;a;ka n|jdf.k Tjqkaj mqyqKq lsÍu l<hq;= w;r Tjqka úiska ±kqj;a
lsÍfï jevigyka ie,iqï lsÍu iy ls%hdjg kexùu isÿlrkq we;¡

±kqj;a lsÍfï jevigyka úiska fldñifï wfkl=;a ldrhhka úkdY lr±ófï wjodkuo we;¡ tneúka fldñiu ;ukaf .a
ld¾hhka m%uqL;d wkqms,sfj,lg ilia lr.; hq;=h¡ mq¨,a f,i ck;dj fmdÿfõ ±kqj;a lsÍu b,lal fldg.;a
jevigyka fldñiu úiska ls%hd;aul l<yels kuq;a tka Tíng th ;reKhska" wêlrKh yd rdcH fiajh jeks úfYAI s;
wxYhka b,lal lr.ksñka ish jevigyka ls%hd;aul l<hq;= fjhs¡

udOH iy uyck iïnkaO;d tallh

fï wdldrfha fldñiïj, ls%hdldß;ajfha iajNdjh fya;=fldgf.k taj d ksrka;rfhka uyck wjOdkhg ,;aj mj;sk
neúka ck;dj w;r ish m%;srEmh mj;ajd .ekSug fldñiug udOH tallhla mej;Su jeo.;a fõ¡ wju jYfhka fuys
me;slv folla mj;skq we;¡ m<jekak ck;dj w;r fldñifï ld¾hhka ms,sn| ±kqj;a njla we;slsÍuhs¡ wfkla me;slv
jkafka foaYmd,k ls%hdOrhska yd rdcH fj;ska t,a, úhyels úfõpkhkag m%;sp dr ±laùuhs¡

rdcH úiska fldñiu úfõpkh lrñka tys lSr;s kduhg ydks lsÍug W;aidy l< wjia:djka ms,sn| uE; ld,Sk
WodyrKhka we;af;a lsysmhla muKls¡ fujeks fpdaokdjka t,a,jqjfyd;a thg uqyqk§ ish lS¾;s kduh /l.ekSfï
yelshdj fldñiu i;=j mej;sh hq;=h¡

foaYmd,k ls%hdOrhskaf.a ls%hdl,dmhka iajdêk wdh;khka úiska md,khg ,laflfrk neúka tajd fj; Tjqkaf.a
úfõpkhka t,a,ùfï yelshdj yeuúgu mj;S¡ foaYmd,k ls%hdOrhska fj;ska t,a,jk fujeks tÈßjd§ úfõpkhkag
ms,s;=re foñka fuu wdh;khka ms,sn|j mj;akd ck;d úYajdih mj;aajd.ekSug iu;ajk l=i,;djhka iys; ks,OdÍka
fuu wdh;khkays isàu jeo.;a fõ¡

3. iajdêk yd M,odhS ú.Kldêm;s fomd¾;fïka;=jla

m,d;a md,k wdh;khkao we;=,;aj rdcH úiska j.lSï mjrkq ,en we;s wfkl=;a rdcH wdh;khkays .sKqï ú.Kkh
lsÍu i|yd wdKavql%u jHjia:dj uÕska msysgjq ,enQ wh;kh jkafka fuhhs¡ iuyr rgj,fY%AI AGdêlrK úksiqrejrhl= yd
iudk n,hla fujeks wdh;k i;=fõ¡ flfiafj;;a YS% ,xdlfõ§ ú.kldêm;s fomd¾;fïka;=jg ish ld¾hhka
iïnkaOfhka ysñj we;af;a b;d iq¨ lSrA;s kduhla jk w;r tys n,mEu b;d iq¨ tlls¡

rdcH jHjidhka yd rdcH uQ,H kshdukh lsÍu i|yd ú.Kldêm;sjrhd md¾,sfïka;=jg iyh úhhq;= nj wdKavql%U
jHjia:dfõ olajd ;snqKo j¾;udkfha§ th úOdhlfha yia;hla f,iska ls%hd;aul fjhs¡ wdh;kh fj; wruqo,a
fjkalsÍuo we;=,;aj tys ld¾hhka fndfyduhla iïnkaOfhka jk md,kh úOdhlh i;=j mj;S¡

o¾YSh ;;aj hka ;=, wd¾Ólh" ldrHCIu;djh iy M,odhS;djh wdÈh iïnkaOfhka wod, jkakdjQ ldrKdjkao we;=,;aj
iEu rdcH wdh;khlu ls%hdl,dmhka úurAIKh lsÍfï n,h ú.Kldêm;sjrhd i;=úh hq;h = ¡ tfukau ish jd¾;djka
úOdh;h" jHjia:dodhlh iy udOH fj; bÈßm;a l<hq;=h¡

2005 jif¾§ ú.kldêm;sj rhdg jvd M,odhS f,i iajlSh lghq;= isÿlsÍug úYd, wêldÍ n,hla ysñlr §u i|yd jk
m%;smdokhka we;=,;a ú.Kk mk;a flgqïm; iy wdKavql%u jHjia:duh ixfYdaOkhka iia lrkq ,eìks¡ fuu
fhdackdjka i|yd leìkÜ wkque;sh ysñjqj o taj d md¾,sfïka; =j úiska iïu;fldg fkdue;¡

fuu ;k;=rg mj;akd úYd,;u ndOlhlaj we;af;a fujeks wdldrfha wdh;khlg wjYH mqyqKq ld¾h uKav, ysÕ hhs¡
fuh jyd ms,shï fhÈh hq;= .eg¿jla jk w;r mß.Kl iydfhka ls%hd;aul ú.Kk Ys,aml%uhka we;=,a kùk ú.kK
Ys,aml%uhka ms,sn|j ld¾h uKav,hg mqyqKqjla ,nd§u fuysÈ isÿl< yel¡

f,dalfha fjk;a l,dmhkays ls%hd;aul ú.kK wdh;khka mdßißl" ls%hdldÍ" úu¾IKd;aul hkd§ mq¨,a l,dmhl
me;srekq ú.kK l%ufõohka fhdod.kq ,nk kuq;a YS% ,dxlSh ú.kldêm;aj rhd úYd, jYfhka uQ,H ú.kKh flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq;r isáhs¡ by, .=Kd;aul nj;ska hq;a ú.kK jd¾;dlrejka mrmqrla isà u fujeks wdh;khkays
iaj Ndjhls¡ tjeks jd¾;djka ieliSu úiska woyia lrkafka fomd¾lfïka;=fõ YlH;djhka nrm;, f,i Yla; su;a lsÍfï
wjYH;djhla mj;sk njhs¡

iaj dëk yd M,odhS ú.kldêm;s fomd¾;fïka;=jlg my; ld¾hhka isÿlsÍfï yelshdj mej;sh hq;=h¡

w. yqf ola uQ,Huhj.ùu muKla fkdj iEu rdcH wdh;khlu ldrHCIu;dj yd M,odhS; djh ú.kKh lsrfï
yelshdj mej;Su¡ mdßißl" ls%hdldÍ yd úu¾YKd;aul jeks úúO wdldrfha ú.kKhka isÿlsÍfï yelshdj thg
mej;sh hq;=h¡

wd.)rdcH fiajfha l%ufõohka yd ld¾h mámdá wëCIKh lrñka ÿIKh i|yd mj;akd bv m%ia:djka wju lsÍu
i|yd jk fjkialï fhdackd lsÍu ^fuys§ ¥IK úfrdaë wdh;khka iuÕ w;smsys;ùula isÿúh yel&.

ú.kK mk;a flgqïm;

15
yÈis lghq;a; la f,i i,ld md¾,sfïka;=j úiska ú.kK mk; n,d;aul l<hq;= fjhs¡ jeä iajdêldrhla ,ndÈu ;=,sk a
ú.kldêm;s fomd¾;fïka;=j jvd M,odhS tlla njg m;alsÍu i|yd ú.kK mk; yd wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhka
2005 jif¾§ ms,sf h, lrkq ,eìks¡ fï i|yd leìkÜ wkque;sh ,nqKo md¾,sfïka;=j úiska iïu; lsÍu isÿj fkdue;¡

ú.kK mk;a flgqïmf;ys tla m%Odk wruqKlajQfha ú.kldêm;s fomd¾;fïka;=jg fufyhqï yd ls%hdldÍ hk
fowxYfhkau jvd jeä iajdêk;ajhla w;alrÈuhs¡ Bg wu;rj idïm%odhsl uQ,H ú.kKfhka Tíng hñka mq¨,a mrdihl
úysÿkq ú.kKhka isÿlsÍu i|yd ú.kldêm;sj rhdf.a YlH;djhka by, kexùuo mk;a flgqïmf;a ;j;a wruqKla úh¡
WodyrKhla f,i ú.kKhla isÿlsÍfï§ lsishï jHdmD;shlska we;súhyels mßißl n,mEu ;laf iare lsÍu i|yd
m%udKj;a ld¾h mámdáhla wkq.ukh lrkq ,en ;sf ío hkak úNd.lr ne,su i|yd ú.kldêm;s fj; n,h ,ndÈh
hq;=h¡

iaj dêk ú.kldêm;s ks,hla" ú.kldêm;sj rhd hgf;a mj;sk cd;sl ú.kK ld¾hd,hla iy WmfoaYkd;aul yd
wëCIK N+ñldj bgqlrk cd;sl ú.kk fiajd fldñiula ks¾udKh lsÍug flgqïm; fhdackdlr isá hs¡ ;jo mk;a
flgqïm;g wkqj ú.kldêm;sj rhd úiska mkjkq ,nk wêNdrhka iïnkaOfhka bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk meñKs,s úNd.
lrk foayhla f,iska lghq;= lrk jHjia:dms; ú.kK uKav ,hla msysg qùugo fhdac kd lr isá hs¡

fï tla tla foayh i;=jk n,hka flgqïmf;ys fjk fjku úia;rd;aulj olajd we;¡ fuu wdh;khka ia:dms; lsÍfï
wruqK jkaf ka ú.kldêm;sjrhdg rdcH wdh;khkays .sKqï ú.kKh lsÍu iy ú.kK ls%hdj,sh ;=, úksúoNdjh yd
j.ùu mj;aj d.ekSu i|yd mej;sh hq;= iaj dëk;ajh iy;sl lsÍuhs¡ WodyrKhla f,i ú.kldêm;sj rhdf.a jd¾;djka
mjd iaj dëk ú.kK ks,Odßhl= úiska ú.kKh l<hq;= nj flgqïm; fhdackdlr isáhs¡

ú.kldêm;sj rhdf.a ld¾hhka bgq lsÍfï§ iydh ±laùu wfmdfydilajk ljr fyda zú.ks;wdia; s:HhlgZ tfrysj wmrdO
fpdaokd ke.Sfï yelshdj flgqïm; ,ndfohs¡ w;HdjYH f;dr;=re ,nd§ug wiu;aùu iy ú.kldêm;sj rhd bÈßfha fmkS
iák f,ig ksf hda. lr we;s úg tfia fmkS isá ug wfmdfydi;aùu hk wjia:dj,§ tfia l,yels fjhs¡ tjeks jrolg
uydêlrKh bÈßfha wêfpdaokd Ndr§fuka miqj jrolre jkakl=g jirl isro~qjula" remsh,a ,CIhla fkdblauk ovhla
fyda ta folskau o~qjï lrkq ,eìh yel¡ fuu m%;smdokh úiska tla wf;lska ú.kK ld¾hhkag iydh fkd§u
iïnkaOfhka wmrdOkSh j.lSï mejÍu fya; =fldgf.k ú.kK ld¾hhkag iyfhda.h ±laùfï ixialD;shla ks¾udKh
lsÍug fhdac kd lrk w;r wfkla w;g tuÕka ú.kldêm;sj rhd úiska bgq lrkq ,nk ld¾hhkag by, jákdlula
,nd§u isÿlr we;¡

4. k,d y~jkakka wdrCId lsÍu

zk,d y~jkakkaZ wdrCId lsÍu i|yd ffk;sl m%; smdokhla furg kS;sfha fkdue;¡ ÿIK ls%hdjka ms,sn|j fy,sorjq
lrk ;eke;a;ka wdrCId lsÍu i|yd fjkuu kS;shla ks¾udKh lsÍu mdrøDIH yd j.jk ixialD;shla ks¾udKh lsÍug
WmldÍ jkq we;¡ ÿIK ls%hd wkdjrkh lrñka wjodkug ,laj k whg tys m%; sM,hla f,i ljr fyda m,s.ekSug ,laùu
fyda ndOlhlg hg;aùug isÿfkdúh hq;=h¡

fï i|yd jk o¾YSh kS;shla fN!;sl wdrCIdj" wkkH;djh wdrCId lsÍu iy jD;a;Sh iqrCIs;;djh iunkaOfhka lghq; =
lrkq we;¡ ;ukag ljr fyda m,s.ekSulg fyda ndOlhlg ,laf kdù ¥IKhka fy,sorjq lrkafka flfiao hkak ms,sn|j
ck;djg Wmfoia ,nd§uo th úiska isÿl< hq;=h¡

wod, wdh;kh jd¾;djk f;dr;=re u; ls%hd;aul jkaf ka kï k,d y~jkakka wdrCId lsÍu i|yd jk kS;s jvd m%n,
n,mEula we;s lsÍug iu;ajkq we;¡ k,d y"jkakd ljr fyda lrorhlg uqyqk fkdmEjo wod, wdh;kh úiska ,ndÿka
f;dr;=re iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lsÍu meyer yßkafka kï wfkla wh f;dr;=re ,nd§ug miqng jkq we;¡

5. iajdëk ue;sj rK fldñiula

iEu ue;sjrKhlau idOdrK yd ÿIK iy kS;súsf rdaë mßphkaf.ka ksoyiaj meje;aùu iy;sl lsÍu i|yd iajdëk
ue;sjrK fldñiula ia:dms; l<hq;= fõ¡ tjeks fldñiula 17 jk wdkavql%u jHJia:d ixfYdaOkfha wka; ¾.; ld¾h
mámdàka wkqj ls%hd;aul úhhq;=h¡ ish¨u foaYmd,k mCI fj; wruqo,a ,eîu úksú o fmfkk ls%hdj,shla njg iy;sl
ùu;a" ue;sjrK jHdmdr i|yd uQ,H fhoùfï iSudjka ;SrKh lsÍu;a" ue;sjrK jHdmdrhka i|yd uQ,H iïmdokh
wëCIKh lsÍu;a ue;sj rK fldñiu úiska isÿl< hq;=h¡

6. cd;sl l%uiïmdok ksf hdað ;dh;khla

iEu rdcH l%uiïmdokhlau isÿlrkq ,nkaf ka idudkH" idOdrK" mdrøDIH yd ldrHCIu m%ñ;Ska wkqj njg iy;slùu
i|yd cd;sl l%uiïmdok ksfhdað;dh;khla msy sgúh hq; =h¡ ks,OdÍka úiska tjeks m%ñ;Ska W,a,x>kh lrk úg Tjqkg
tfrysj o~qjï meñkùfï n,ho fuh i;=úh hq; =h¡

7. md¾,sfïka;=fõ wêldrh kej; ia:dms; l<hq;=h

md¾,sfïka; =fõ wêldrh iy M,odhS;djh m%;sia:dmkh l<hq; =h¡ YS% ,xldfõ j¾;udk wdKavql%u jHjia:dj úOdhlhg
m%uqL;djh ,nd§ we;s w;r jHjia:dodhlfha n,h iSud iys; njg m;af ldg we;¡ úOdhl yd jHJia:dodhlh w;r jvd
iudk wdldrfha ;=,khla we;sl< hq;=h¡

16
úOdhl ckdêm;s OQrh wfydais lsÍu fyd úOdhlh yd jHjia:dodhlh w;r n,fha iudk ;=,khla we;sjk mßÈ th
ixfYdaOkh lsÍu l<hq;=h¡

ckdêm;sOQrh ixfYdaOkh lrkq ,enqjfyd;a ckdêm;sj rhdg lsisÿ wud;H OQrhla ±Ífï yelshdj wfydais l<hq;=h¡
leìkÜ uKav,h iukaú; úhhq;fa ;a md¾,sfïka;= uka; S%jrekaf.ka muKs¡

úOdhl ckdêm;s OQrh wfydais lsÍu fyd ixfYdaOkh lsÍu isÿfkdl,o rdcH uQ,H md,kh lsÍfï ish jHjia:dms;
N+ñldj md¾,sf ïka;=j úiska bgql, hq;=h¡ rdcH uq,H md,kfha§ wju jYfhka ld¾hhka folla isÿlsÍug isÿfõ¡

w¡ fuu wruqo,a wh:d l<ukdlrKhla fkdjk njg" rdcH wxYfha ¥IKhla fkdjk njg yd jxpksl wdldrfhka
fuu wruqo,a fhdod fkd.kakd njg iy;slùu.

wd¡ ldrHCIu yd Wmßu m%;sM, ,nd.; yelsjk mßoaf oka uQ,H iïm;a fhdod.kq ,nk njg iy;slùu.

fuhska woyiaj kafka jHdmD;s yd fiajdjka i|yd jd¾Isl whjeh uÕska wruqo,a fjkalsÍu iy tlS wfmaCIdjkag wkql+,j
tu wruqo,a fhdodjkq ,nkafkao hkak wëCIKh lsÍu md¾,sfïka;=j úiska isÿl<hq;= njhs¡ jd¾Isl whjeh ilialsÍfï
ls%hdj,sh úêu;a ldrh msá mdáhla wkqj l<hq;= w;r thjeh ;lafiare lsÍï isÿlsÍfï§ úOdhlfha yd jHjia:dodhlh
w;r idlÉPdjlska wk;=rej th l<hq;=h¡

Yla;su;a M,odhS nyq mCI lñgq l%uhla yryd uyck uqo,a jehlsÍu ishqïj mÍCIdjg ,lalsÍu iy úhoï lsÍu
md¾,sfïka; = úiska l<hq; =h¡ md¾,sf ïka;= wëCIK hdka;%Kh Yla;su;a l<hq; = w;r COPE iy PAC ys uQ,dikhka úmCI
uka;S%j reka fj; ,ndÈh hq;=h¡ fï lñgq folgu leìkÜ uKav, idudðlhska m;a lfkdl, hq;=h¡

wud;Hjreka" wdh;k m%OdkSka fyda fjk;a ld¾h uKav, idudðlhska ;uka fj; le|ùfï n,h lñgq i;=úh hq;=h¡
ie,lshhq;= fldgia m%udKhla rchg ysñ ´keu ixúOdkhla mÍCIdjg ,lalsÍfï n,h lñgq fj; mej;sh hq;h = ¡
NdKavd.drh fj; jehnrla jkakdjQ rcfha Kh .ekSï md¾,sf ïka;=fõ mQ¾j wkque;shg hg;a l<hq;=h¡

o¾YShj uqo,a wud;Hjrhd md¾,sfïka;=fõ idudclshl= úhhq;= w;r jHjia:dodhlfha ksfhdað;hka úiska kÕkq ,nk
m%YaKj,g Tyq úiska ms,s;=re Èhhq;=h¡ ljr ;;ajhla u; jqj uqo,a wud;HOQrh ckdêm;sjrhd úiska fkd±ßh hq;=h¡

md¾,sfïka; = uka;S%jreka úiska bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk m%YaKj,g ms,s;=re §fuka wud;lHjreka je,lS isàu j,lajk f,i
ia:djr ksfhda. ixfYdaOkh l<hq;h = ¡

úOdhl ckdêm;s Oqrh wfydais fkdlrkafka kï wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 35 jk jHjia:dj uÕska ckdêm;sj rhd fj;
mjrkq ,en we;s wiSñ; uqla;sh bj;al< hq;=h¡

8. wêlrKfha iajdëk;aj h Yla;su;a lsÍu

mdrøDIH wdKavqlrKhla iy;sl lsÍu" wdKavqfõ j.ùu m%j¾Okh lsÍu iy rdcH n,hck;djf.a wjYH;djhka
fjkqfjka muKla fhdod.kq ,nk njg iy;slùu iïnkaOfhka wêlrKhka úiska ;SrKd;aul N+ñldjla bgq lrkq
,nhs¡ uE; b;sydih ;=, iajdëk fldñIka indjka lsysmhlau ia:Dms; flrekq kuq;a iajlSh ls%hdldß;ajh ;=, ck;dj
wfmaCId l< wdldrfhka lghq;= lsÍug iu;aj we;af;a bka lsy smhla muKls¡ fujka ;;ajhla ;=, wêlrK M,odhS"
iaj dëk yd ks¾udKd;aul wdldrhlska ls%hd;aulúu jvd;a ;SrKd;aulh¡

jHjia:dodhl iNdj h,s ia:dms; lsÍu flfrys m%uqL;ajh ,ndÈh hq;=h¡ wdKav ql%u jHjia:dfõ olajd we;s wdldrhg
ckdêm;sjrhd úiska fY%AI AGdêlrK yd wNshdpkdêlrK úksiqrejreka m;a lsÍug fmr Tjqkaf .a kï jHjia:dodhl iNdj
úiska wkqu; lrkq ,eìh hq;=h¡

fY%AIAGdêlrKh yd wNshdpkdêlrKho we;=,;aj iEu uÜgulu wêlrK ks,OdÍkag mqyqKqj ,nd§u i|yd cd;sl
wêlrK welvñhla ia:dms; l<hq;=h¡ tys mqyqKqlrejka f,i úY%du,;a úksiqrejreka" ±kg fiajfha ksr; úksiqrejreka"
Ydia;%{hska iy fjk;a iajdëk úfYaI {hska lghq;= l<hq;= fjhs¡

úksiqrejreka bj;a lsÍu iïnkaOfhka mj;akd ld¾h mámdàka Yla;su;a l<hq;=h¡ j¾;udk ld¾h mámdáh jk
md¾,sfïka; = f;aÍï ldrl iNdjla uÕska úurAI K isÿlsÍu fjkia l<hq;=h¡ fY%aIaGdêlrK yd wNshdpkdêlrK
úksiqrejreka bj;a lsÍu isÿl< hq;= jkaf ka fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh rgj,a tlla fyda Bg jeä .Kkl furg
fY%aISGdëlrKhg iudk wêlrKhl úksiqrejka ;sf okl= úiska isÿlrkq ,nk úu¾IKhlska wk;=rej fyda tlS wruqK
i|ydu ia:dms; lrkq ,enQ wêlrK fiajd fldñifï iaj dëk uKav,hla úiska mj;ajkq ,nk úu¾IKhlska miqj
muKls¡

wêlrK fiajd fldñifï ld¾h mámdàka újD; yd mdrøDIH úhhq; = w;r tys jd¾;djka fj; uyckhdg m%fõY úhyels
úhhq;=h¡ wÈlrK fiaj d fldñIka iNdj fj; isÿflfrk m;alsßï wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkql,j isÿl< hq;= fjhs¡

wêlrK ls%hdjka fya;=fjka isÿjk uQ,sl whs;sjdislï lvùï iïnkaOfhka uQ,sl whw;sjdislï fm;aiï bÈßm;a lsÍfï
n,h mqrjeishka fj; ,ndÈh hq;=h¡

17
rfÜ WÉPdjpkh jk WoaOukhg wkqmd;sl jk úY%du jegqmla úY%du,;a úksiqrejreka fj; ,ndÈh hq;=h¡ fuh úY%du
hEfuka wk;=rej Tjqkaf.a uQ,Huh iaj dëk;ajhg fya;=jkq we;s w;r rdcH fj;ska t,a, jkakdjQ mSv khka yd fm<Uùï
fj; keUqreùug we;s bv fuu.ska iSudl< yelsjkq we;¡

úY%du,;a úksiqrejreka iajdëk fldñIka iNdjkays idudðlhka f,i m;alsÍu yer fjk;a lsisÿ rcfha ks,hlg
m;af kdl, hq;=h¡ úY%du,;a úksiqrejreka iajdëk fldñIka iNdjka fj; m;alsÍfï§ ta i|yd jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ
wkque;sh ,nd.; hq;=h¡

9. uyck w¾:idOk kvqlr

uQ,sl whs; sjdislï n,d;aul lsÍu i|yd fukau ßÜ wd{djka ,nd.ekSu i|ydo uyck w¾:idOk kvqlr fhdod.ekSfï
yelshdj ,ndfoñka wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ixfYdaOkh l<hq;=h¡

ol=Kq wms%ldkq wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 38 jk jHjia:dfjka Wmqgd.;a my; iQ;%.; lsÍu wdlD;shla f,iska fhdod.kq ,eìh
yel¡

fuu j.ka;sfha olajd we;s ´kEu wfhl=g ksis wêlrKhla bÈßfha ish whs;sjdislï W,a,x>khù we;s nj fyd
awhs;sj dislulg ;¾ckhla t,a,ù we;s nj lshd isáh yel¡ tlS ;eke;a;ka jkafka(

 ;ukaf.a hym; ;ld lghq;= lrk ´kEu wfhla;

 ;uka fjkqfjka lghq;= l< fkdyels fjk;a whl= fjkqfjka lghq;= lrk ´kEu wfhla;
 lsishï mqoa., lKavdhul fyda mx;shl hym; fjkqfjka lghq;= lrk wfhla fyda tjeks lKavdhul fyda
mx;shl idudðlfhla iy
 ish idudðlhka fjkqfjka lghq;= lrk ix.uhla.

10. md¾,sfïka;= mk;a flgqïm;a iudf,dapkh lsÍu

md¾,sfïk;= mk;a flgqïm;aj, jx,x.=Ndjh wNfhda.hg ,lal< yels jk mßÈ wdKavql%u jHJia:dfõ 120" 121"122 iy
123 jHjia:djka ixfYdaOkh l<hq; =h" tys§ my; uQ,O¾auhka uQ,sl rduqj la f,iska fhdod.kq ,eìh yel¡

iEu mk;a flgqïm;lau .eiÜ m;%f ha m<l< hq;= w;r md¾,sf ïka;=fõ újdohg ,lalsÍug fmr th uyck;djg
±k.ekSug ie,eiaúh hq;=h

yÈis jHjia:d iïmdokhka n,d;aul l<hq;= wjia:djkays§ yer mk;a flgqïm;a wNsf hda.hg ,lalsÍu i|yd
mqrjeishkag Èk 60 l ld<hla,ndÈh hq;=h

18
 wdKavqlrKfha úksúo Ndjfha me;sudk
ye¢kaúu

ÿIKhg tfrys f.da,Sh jHdmdrh wêhr ;=klska j¾Okh jqjlS'

1 jk wÈhr ( - ms,smSkh" nx.a,dfoaYh" Ñkh" n%iS,h" fjksiShq,dj iy fjk;a rgj,a we;=¿j rgj,a
.Kkdjl ÿIKh fkdbjiSfï ;;a;ajhla 1980 .Kkaj,§ j¾Okh úh'

2 jk wÈhr( - iïuq;s ilialsÍu iy m%ñ;S kshu lsÍu'

)ÿIKhg tfrysj wka;¾ weußldkq iïuq;sh ^1996&

) wka;¾ cd;sl jHdmdßl .kqfokqj, fhfok úfoaYSh rdcH ks,Odßkaf.a w,a,ia .ekSï j,g tfrys
´'B'iS'ã' rgj, iïuq;sh ^1997&

) hqfrdamd ix.fï wmrdO yd isú,a jerÈ iïnkaO iïuq;sh ^1999&

) 2003 foieïn¾fha§ fulaI sfldfõ§ ilia l< ÿIKhg tfrys tlai;a cd;skaf.a iïuq;sh'

3 jk wÈhr (-
j¾;udk wÈhr jkafka l%shd;au lsÍfï yd n,d;aul lsßfï wÈhrhhs'
tla tla rgj,a iqùfYaIs wNsfhda.hkag uqyqK fok j¾;udk wÈhr b;du;au wNsfhda.d;aul nj
;yjqreù ;sfí' kS;s iy wdh;k ;snqKo tajdg .relsÍu yd wjk;ùu iy;sl lsÍu wNsfhda.hls'

1 wdpd¾ O¾u j¾Okh" m%Odk uyck fiajd ákdlu iy uyck fiajd m%ó;ska uyck ^rdcH& fiajd
l%shdldß;ajfha§ wkqukh l< hq;= m%Odk uq,O¾u 7 la 1994 § tlai;a rdcOdksh ixj¾Okh lf<ah'

) w;aud¾:fhka f;drùu - rdcH fiajfha ks,;, orkakka ;SrK .; hq;af;a uyck iqNisoaêh hk
ld¾Kh u; muKla mokï fjñkah' ;ukag ;u mjqf,a Woúhg fyda ñ;=rkag fyda uq,Huh fyda
øjHuh fyda M,m%fhdackhla wruqKq fldg f.k ;SrK fkd.; hq;af;ah'

) iqms,smkak nj ^iDcq nj& - ;ukaf.a ks, lghq;= j,g n,mEï l< yels ndysr mqoa.,hkaf.ka fyda
ixúOdk j,ska fyda uq,Huh fyda fjk;a ne£ulg rdcH ks,;, orkafkda hg;a fkdúh hq;af;dah'

) úIhdkq.; nj ( - rcfha ks,;, j,g m;a lsßu" fldka;%d;a ,ndÈu fyda ;Hd. iy hï M,
m%fhdack ,eìug iqÿiaika ksßfoaY lsÍu we;=¨j rdch lghq;= lsßfï§ rcfha ks, ;, orkakka
;SrK .; hq;af;a iqÿiqlï ie,ls,a,g .ekSfïka muKls'

) j.lsj hq;=nj (- rcfha ks,;, orkafkda ;u ;SrK iy l%shd ms<sn|j ck;djg j. lsj hq;= jk
w;r tu ks,fha lghq;= i|yd iqÿiq jk l=uk wdldrfha fyda mßlaIdjg hg;a úh hq;af;dah'

) újD; Ndjh ( - rcfha ks,;, orkafkda ;uka.kakd ish¨ ;SrK yd l%shd;aul lrk l%shd
ud¾. iïnkaOfhka yels;d;a ÿrg újD; Ndjh ;nd .; +hq;af;dah' Tjqka ;ukaf.a ;SrK i|yd fya;=
bÈßm;a l< hq;= jk w;r f;dr;=re ,nd fkdÈu iqÿl< hq;= jkafka mq¿,a uyck hym; i|yd tfia
lsÍu wjYH jkafka kï muKls'
19
) wjxlnj - ;ukaf.a uyck fiajd j.lsï bgq lsÍug wod, jk ´kEu fm!oa.,sl ,eÈhdjla m%ldY
lsÍfï j.lsu rcfha ks, ;, orkafkda i;= jk w;r tnÿ wjia:djl uyck iqn isoaêh wdrlaId
lsßug hdfï§ we;súh yels ,eÈhdjkafka .egqï úi£ug wjYH mshjr .; hq;af;dah'

) kdhl;ajh (- fuu uq,O¾u j¾Okh lsÍug iy tajdg iyh§ug rcfha ks,;, orkafkda
kdhl;ajh foñka wdo¾Y imhSh hq;af;dah'

rdcH ks,Odßka i|yd jk cd;Hka;r meje;=ï ix.%yh tlai;a cd;skaf.a ixúOdkh úiska 1996 §
iïu; lrkq ,eîh' ^ÿIKhg tfrys l%shdldß;ajh& fhdackd wxl 51 $59 1996 foieïnrfha§ tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a uyd iNdj úiska iïu; lrkq ,eîh' fuh idudðl rdcHhka úiska ÿIKhg tfrys .kakd
l%shdud¾. i|yd Ndú;d l< yels l%u fõohka f,i ks¾foaY lrkq ,eîh' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a meje;=ï
ix.%yhg idudk f,i hqfrdamd ix.uho rdcH ks,Odßka i|yd wdo¾Y meje;=ï ix.%yhla ilia
flf<ah' ^2000& fuu meje;=ï ix.%yfha we;eï ksfhda.d;aul lreKq we;=,;aj ;sì Ks' flfia fj;;a
fuu ,shú,a, ks¾foaYhd;su; tlla jq w;r rdcHhkag ;ukaf.au ksfhda.d;aul meje;=ï ix.%y
f.dvk.d .ekSug u. fmkaùula f,i i,lkq ,eîh'

weu;sjreka iy rdcH ks,Odßka i|yd jq meje;=ï ix.%y ( weu;sjreka" jHjia:d iïmdolhska isú,a iy
úfoaYSh fiajd ks,OdÍka" wêlrKh iy m,d;a md,k wdh;k i|yd jq meje;=ï ix.%yhla uq,O¾u
l%shdjg ke.Su i|yd rdcHhkag wdOdrfjhs' weue;sjreka iy iaÓr f,alïjreka i|yd meje;=ï
ix.%yhla l%shdjg ke.= rgj,a w;r f.da;ud,dj o fjhs' tlai;a rdcOdksfha§" tx.,ka;fha m%ñ;s
uKav,h m,d;a md,k wdh;k yryd meje;Sfï" úksúo Ndjfha iy j.lsï iy.; nfõ m%ñ;Ska
ilia lsÍu yd l%shd;aul lsÍfï fh§ isáñ by< uÜgfï iodpdrd;aul uÜgula mj;ajd .ekSu .ek
fuu uKav,h j.lSj hq;= w;r wjYH m%ñ;sh mj;ajd fkd.kakd idudðlhkaf.a yeisÍï ms<sn|
fpdaokd úNd.lsÍfï n,ho th i;=j'

mqrjeis m%{ma;s'
fïjdfha wruqKq jkafka rdcH fiajfha j.lsj hq;= Ndjh iy fiajd ,nd§uo iy;sl lsÍuhs' mqrjeis
m%{ma;sh u.ska lrkq ,nkafka ks;ru mfya w,a,ia .ekSfï isÿjk fiajd ms<sn|j f;dr;=re ,nd
.ekSug mqrjeishkag wjia:dj ie,eiaùu uÕska ÿIKh wju lr .ekSuhs' wdKavqfjka ,ndÈhhq;=
fiajd" tajd ,ndÈh hq;= ld,rduqj" ta i|yd iïnkaO lr .; hq;= rdcH ks,Odßhd fukaj fiajh
fkd,enqfka kï .; hq;= l%shdud¾. ms<Sn| jo tnª mqrjeis m%{ ma;shl wvx.=h' kshudldr m%{ma;shl§
wdKavqfõ fomd¾;fïka;=j fyda wdh;kh ;uka ,ndfok fiajh ms<Sn| iy;sl ùï ,ndfohs'
bkamiqj uyckhdg l=uk fyda fiajdjla ,nd fok fomd¾;fïka;=j fyda wdh;kh ;=< m%{ ma;sfha
msgm;a lemsfmfkk f,i m%o¾Ykh flf¾hs'

wdpdr O¾u ks<Odßka (

jvd;a M,odhs ùugkï rdcH fiajfha wdpdrO¾u ixj¾Okh iy mqyqKq lsÍfï iïmq¾K j.lsu
wdKavqfõ úfYaIS; tla wdh;khlg mejß ;sìh hq;=h' ks;ru mfya th isÿúh hq;af;a rdcH mdßmd,k
wud;HxYh ;=,h'

,eÈhdjkaf.a .egqï (
,eÈhdjkaf.a .egqï ms<Sn| m%YaK b;d jeo.;a nj fndfyda rgj,a i,lkqq ,nk w;r th hym;a
mdßmd,khl uq,sl wx.hla f,i i,lkq ,nhs' tneúka tu rgj,a ,eÈhdjkaf.a .egqï iïnkaOfhka
kS;s iïmdokh lrkq ,nhs' tu.ska WoyrK f,i funÿ kS;s mekúula l< yelsh' tkï rdcH
ks,Odßhl= fyda fiaj lhl= ;ukaf.a úIhdkqn oaO kshudlr ;SrK .eksfï yelshdj wvqúh yel' iDcq
fyda jl% fyda uq,Huh ,eÈhdjla mj;sk wjia:djl tan÷ lreKla iïnkaOfhka ;u ks,fha n, ;,
fkd.; hq;af;ah wd§ jYfhks'

ksÍlaIK iy iudf,daapkh ( - rdcH wdh;kj, ÿIKh mssgq ±lsfï m%.;sh ksßlaIKh lsÍu tah msgq
±lsfï M,odhsu wdldrhhs' cd;sl iqms,smkak;d moaO;s ixl,amh u.ska rdcHhkag isÿjkfoa yd th
jk wdldrh fidhd ne,sug muKla fkdaj tajd cd;sl ie,eiaug fhdod .eksug fukau ;jÿrg;a
m%;sixialrKh wjYH jk fCIa;% yÿkd.eksugo yelssfõ' rdcH fiajhhs my; ioyka fCIa;%j, tkï
,eÈhdjkaf.a .egqï" j;alï m%ldY lsÍï §úmeje;au ksßlaIKh" f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj"
ckudOH ksoyi" l:dlsßfï ksoyi" /lshdfjka miq ;yxÑ fy<sorjq lsÍï" meje;=ï ix.%y wm
f,aLk.;lsßu iy fpdaokd bÈßm;alsÍfï hdka;%Kh jeks wxYj, ÿIKhg úreoaOj l%shd;aul lsÍu
i|yd úêu;a rduqjla cd;sl iqms,smkak;d moaO;s ms<Sn| tla tla rdcH i|yd jq jd¾;d j,ska Ndr.kq
,nhs' Ndú;fhaÈ ieneúka u isÿjk foa .ek fidhd ne,sula bkamiq isÿlrkq ,nhs' úëu;a rduqj ;=,
fukau th l%shdjg ke.sfïÈ;a mj;sk ÿ¾j,;d tu fidhd ne,su u.ska yÿkd.kq ,nhs'

20
rdcH iqms,smkak;d o¾Ylh hkak ( rdcH iqms,smkak;d uOHia:dkh ilia lrk f.da,sh iqms,smkak;d
jd¾;dfõ m%Odk wx.h fúhs' tu.ska úúO rgj,a mrsY%hla ioyd wdKavq lrk Ndú; ms<s n|j
m%Yakd;aul ,l=Kq mqrejla imhehs' tu.ska rgj,a 25 ioyd ÿIKh iïnkaO ldrkd 292 ms<Sn|j
o;a; /ialrkq ,nk w;r tu.ska ;u ;ukaaf.a wdKavq uyck iqnisoaêhg j.lshk ;;a;ajhlg
m;aa alr .eksu ioyd mqrjeishkag .; yels l%shd ud¾. fhdod.; yels wdh;k ms<sn| iudf,dapkhla
lrkq ,nhs' rd cH iqms,smkak;d o¾Ylh u.ska lrkq ,nkafka ÿIKh muKla uek ne,ssu fkdfõ'
tfjkqjg tu.ska lrkq ,nkafka ÿIkhg tfrysj .kakd l%shd ud¾. tkï ;ukaf.a wdKavq újD;j yd
j.lsï iy.;f,i yeisßï iy;sl lsßfï mqrjeishkaf.a yelshdfõ m%udKh fidhd ne,suhs'

ii meje;=ï ix.%y iy ,eÈhdjkaf.a .egqï m%;sm;a;s we;=,qj wdKavqlrkfha iqms,smkak;djh by<

kexùfï l%ufõo" rdcH ñ,§ .eksïj, újD;Ndjh ( rdcH fldka;%;a ,nd ÈfïÈ isÿjk ÿIK jvd;a
me;sß mj;sk ÿIKfha wdldrhhs' th úiÈh yels l%ufõoh úh yelafla g%dkaifmfrkai s
bkag¾fkaIk,a wdh;kh ¶ iqms,smkak;d .súiqï¶ f,i y÷kajk jk l%u fõohehs' tu.ska isÿlrkq
,nkafka fgkavrhl ish¨u fldgia ljrejka w;r wjfndaOhla w,a,ia ,ndfkdÈug we;s lr .ekSu
iy l%shdj,sfha iqms,smkak nj iy;sl lsßfï wêCIakhlg isú,a idudchg bv ie,isuhs'th
ie,iqïfldg we;af;a

^w & ;ukaf.a m%;sjdÈ iud.ïo w,a,ia Èfïka j,lsk njg iy;sl ùu ;=, ish¨ idud.ï w,a,ia
Èfïka je,elaùug tlÕ;ajh we;s lr .eksu'

^wd& n,y;aldrfhka ,nd .eksï we;=¨j ÿIKh je<elaùug ;sfík wdKavqfõ wdh;kj, ks<Odßka
úksúoNdjfhka hq;= l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh lsßug fhduq lsßu iy
^we& rdcH ñ,§.eksï" fm!oa.,sllrKh iy n,m;%,ndÈu wdÈfha§ ÿIKh ksid wdKavqjg isÿjk by<
úhoï wvq lsßfï wjia:dj ,ndÈï wdÈhehs'

j;alï m%ldYlsßu (
j;alï iy wdodhï m%ldYlsßu i|yd ,nd fok fmdrï msrúfï§s ksjerÈ o;a; ,nd Èu w,a,ia .kakd
;eke;a;ka úiska isÿfkdlrkqwe;;a Tjqkag ;ukaf.a uq,Huh ;;a;ajh úêsu;a f,i jd¾;d fldg
;eìug isÿúu miqj flfrk kvq úNd.hl§ss jeo.;a jk idOlhls'

foaYmd,k mlaIj,g uqo,a ,ndÈu ( ;ukaf.a ld¾hd, ld¾HuKav, mj;ajdf.k heug;a Pkaoodhlhd
iuÕ ixksfõokh i|yd;a foaYmd,k mlaIj,g m%udKj;a uqo,la ;sìhhq;=h' tfia jqjo mqqoa.,hka iy
idud.ï foaYmd,k mlaIj,g uqo,a ,nd Èug tlÕ jkafka tu mlaI n,hg m;ajqjfyd;a lsishï fyda
wdldrhlsska M,m%fhdack ,eìfï n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka úh yelsh' foaYmd,k mlaIj,g uqo,a ,ndÈfï
wdlD;s folla we;' tkï fmdÿ wdlD;sh^ WodyrK jYfhka cmdkh" m%xYh" iamCoaCofha jeks& iy
fm!oa.,sl wdlD;sh ^WodyrK jYfhka tlai;a ckmofha iy tlai;a rdcOdksfha jeks & wdÈ jYfhks'
flfia fj;;a ;kslru ñka tla l%uhlg whs;s jkafka l%u iq¨ m%udkhla muKlss' úfoaYSh uqo ,a
m%odkh lrkakka foaYmd,k mlaIj,g uqo,a ,nd Èud m%cd;ka;%jdÈ woyia we;s mqrejeishka ;=< jev
le,ìula we;s ùug ks;ru mfyaa fya;=fõ' tnÿ m%odkhka u.ska ;ukaf.a wjHY;d iemsÍu jvd f
ydÈka lrk mlaIhla n,hg f.k taug úfoaYsh n,j;=kag W;aidy ±ßhyelsh' tlai;a ckmoh"
ì%;dkhfha" c¾uksfha iy ´iafÜ%,shdfõ foaYmd,k mlaI j,g úYd, úfoaYSh m%odkhka ,efík úg
tfia ,efnkafka l=uk fya;=jla ksid±hs meyeÈ,s lsßug isÿfjhs' fmda,ka;h jeks we;eï rgj,a fuu
m%Yakh iïmq¾Kfhka uÕyer we;af;a foaYmd,k mlaIj,g úfoaYSh m%Odk ,nd.eksï ;ykï lsßsï
u.sks' uqo,a ,nd .ekSfï l%ufõoh úksúoNdjfhkka hq;=fkdfõkï fyd úYd, m%udKfha m%Odkhka
.ek fya;= ±laúug foaYmd,k mlaIj,g n,mEula ke;akï foaYmd,k mlaIj,g ryfia uqo,a
,ndÿka njg ielflfrk wdKaavqfõ fydo fldka;%d;a iy fjk;a .kqfokq u.ska újD;j
M,m%fhdackk ,efíkúg uyckhd ta ms<sn|j ;ukaf.au ks.ukj,g t,fíkq we;' ue;sjrK
l%shdj,sh foaYmd,k n,h fjkafoais lsßula njg blaukskau msßys hdkq we;'

iii' mqrjeishkaf.a wjYH;d ( - f;dr;=re oek.eksfï whs;sh'

id¾:l újD; iudchla f.dvke.sfï§ f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï whs;sh iy;sl fldg ;sìu ;SrKd;aul
idOlhls NdIKfha ksoyi iy ixúOdkh úfï ksoyi ;SrKd;aul ld¾hhla bgqlrhs' tÈfkod
mj;sk m%Yak idlÉPd lsßug udOHhg iy wdKavqjg wdNsfhda. lsßug iy Tjqka iqÿiqhehs is;k
fj,djg uy u.g nei ;u úfrdaOh iduldó úfrdaO;d u.ska fmkaùug mqrejeishkag wjia:dj ;sìh
hq;=h' tfukau uyck j.lSï iy wêldß n,h iys;j isák wh mqrjeishkaf.a y~g ijka Èh hq;=h'
fuu l%shdj,sfha b;d jeo.;a moku jkafka rdcH j.lsfï iys; ks,;, ork ;eke;a;ka újD;
iudch m%ñ;Skag wkqj lghq;= lrk njg j.n,d .eksfï iqodku jqjukdj iy yelshdj iys; iðú
iajdêk ckudOHhehs' ;ukaf.a m%;sm;a;shg wNsfhda. lsÍug udOHhg we;s whs;sh wdKavqj ms,s.; hq;=
w;r tnÿ úfõpk j,g uyck iyh ,eîuo ms<s.; hq;=h'

21
f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj ( - ish¨u f;dr;=re uyckhdg whs;sh hk Wml,amkfhka
flfkl=g fuh mgka.; yelsh' hï lsis lreKla fy<sorjq fkdlsßug úfYaI fya;=jla fkdue;skï
wdKavqj i;=j we;s f;dr;=re uyck iqnisoaêh ioyd Ndú;hg .; hq;=h n%is,h iy kjiS,ka;h jeks
rgj,a wkq.ukh lrkafka tu l%shd ms<sfj;hs' tnÿ rgj, kS;s iïmdokh fldg ;sfnkafka hï
f;dr;=re fy<s fkdlsßu m%udKj;a fya;= fkdue;s kï wjYH ´kEu flfkl=g f;dr;=re ,ndÈug
ish¨u ks,OdÍka lghq;= l< hq;= njgh' ,eÜúhdfõ fuu mqrjeis whs;sh wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjkau
iy;sl lr ;sfí' 1998 iïu; l< f;dr;=re ±k .eksfï whs;sh iy;sl lsßfï kS;sh u.ska
uyckhdg bv i,id ;sfíkaf ka kS;sfhka úfYaIfhka iSud fldg ke;s ;dlaIKsl jYfhka yels
´kEu wdldrhlska f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSugh' fud,afojdiy fndiakshd y¾i f.dúkd rgj, kS;sh
wkqj rcfha wdh;k Èk 15 la l< f;dr;=re ,ndÈh hq;=j we;'
Ñkfha tlafldá yeg ,laIhla isák Iekayhs k.rh trfgys m<d;a ugÜgfï m%:u f;dr;=re újD;
lsßfï kS;sh 2004 jif¾È ckjdßfha§ iïu; flf<ah' tu k.rh —f.da,Sh uyk.rhlaùfï˜ wruqK
we;sj th wka;¾cd;sl uq,H fjf<o iy kdúl uOHia:dkhla njg mßj¾;kh lsÍug fjfyiù
l%shd;aul úh' B wdKavqlrKh ^wka;¾cd, wdKavqlrKh hk woyig uq,skau iyh ÿka k.rhla jk
mekayhs k.rh wdKavqfõ jev lghq;= újD; lsÍfï cd;sl jYfhka l< hq;= nj f;areï f.k
we;af;a mqrjeishkag jeä jeäfhka f;dr;=re ,nd§u u.ska wd¾Ól l%shdldß;ajh jeä ÈhqKq jk nj;a"
ÿIKh iSudjk nj;a iy ld¾hCIu iy M,odhS wdKavqlrKhla iy;sl jk nj;a f;areï .ekSu
ksidh' 2004 uehs udifha§ Iexyhs k.rh ;ukaf.a úksúoNdjfhka hq;= wdKavqlrk jev ms<sfj<
wrïN l< w;r kj kS;sh l%shdjg ke.Sh' ryis.;Ndjh kshuhla fkdj jH;sf¾Lhla muKla úh
hq;= nj lshk tys ìh iel fkdue;sj f;dr;=re fy<slrk ;;a;ajhla mj;shs' ;uka ms<sn|ju
f;dr;=re we;=¨ wdKavqfõ f;dr;=re wdKavqfõ wdh;kj,ska b,a,d isàug mqrjeishkag" kS;suh
mqoa.,hkag iy fjk;a ixúOdkj,g we;s whs;sh fuu kS;sh u.ska ;yjqre fldg we;s' úfYaI
jH;sf¾L u.ska wdjrKh fkdjk ish¨ f;dr;=re ,nd§ug tu.ska
wdKavqfõ wdh;kj,g kS;suh jYfhka kshu lrkq ,en ;sfí'

udOHh (-
ksoyi iy újD; iudchla we;slsßu ioyd;a j.lSï iy.; wdKavqlrk moaO;shla ioyd;a ksoyia
iajdêk iy nyq;ajjd§ udOHhls' w;HjYHh fndfyda ckudOHfõ§ka >d;khg ,laj ;sfnkaf ka
m%pKav jd¾;d lrñka isáh§ jqjo ;j;a fndfyda fofkl= >d;khg ,laj ;sfnkafka ÿIK jd¾;dlsÍu
ksidh' udOHh iïnkaOfhka ;u m%;sm;a;s .ek ±kqj;a lsÍu i|yd wdKavqj uq,sl uq<O¾u ud,djla
ms<s.; hq;=j we;' idudkH jYfhka lsjfyd;a fuh kS;s mekùug iy isudlsÍug úreoaO;ajh m,
lrhs' fuhg fydo Wodyrkhla jkafka udOHh jdrK m%Yak ms<sn|j ksoyfia y~ f,dal iuq¨fõ§
rgj,a 34 l ckudOHfõ§ka wkqu; l< ksoyia m%jD;a;s i|yd iïuq;shhs

iv ÿIKhg tfrys fldñIka iNd iy tajdfha M,odhs;djh

tys ld¾h uKav,fha .=K;aul nj;a" m%udKj;a uqo,a m%;smdok ,nd§ug úOdhlfha iqodkula jev
lghq;= fjfyhùfï myiqj i,ld kS;suh rduqjla ksid fydxfldx wdlD;sh M,odhsnj fmkakqï lrhs'
ÿIalr;d je<elaùu;a tajd úNd.lsßu;a hk folu fldñifï jev lghq; f,i ie,flhs' kS;s
l%shd;aul lsÍfï me;af;a jev lrk mßCIlhka fy<sorõ lr.kakd f;dr;=re u.ska ÿIK je<elaùfï
m%;sm;a;sj,g ks;ru kj ±kqu tl;=fjhs' tu ksid fydÈka .e,fmk iy tlsfkld iïnkaêlrKh
l< Wmdh ud¾. ud,djla ixj¾Okh lsßug fldñiug yels ù ;sfío fydxfldx fldñiu b;du;a
id¾Ól ùug th msysgd we;s ia:dkho w;sYhska jeo.;a ùh' wdKavqlrhdf.a ld¾hd,fha ia:dk.;
fldg ;sfnk th j.lshkafka jHjia:dohlhg th rdcH fiajfhka fjkalsßug iy l%shdldß;ajfha§
tys iajdêm;hla kS;sh u.ska fukau tys l%shdldß;afhao fmkakqï lr ;sfí' fuu iqúfYaIS ,laIkh
;eka ;eka j,o l%shd;aul lsÍug iqÿiqo hkak b;d úYd, f,i /§ mj;ajkafka mj;sk j.lsfï
hdka;%Khka u;hs'

fuu wdh;kh foaYmd,kh ueÈy;aùï j,ska iajdêk;ajh N=la;súÈk w;r" foaYmdk jqjukdj thg
ne¢ mj;shs' thg wjYH iïm;a ,efí' tfukau kS;sfha wdêm;Hhg lem jqkq iajdêk wêlrKj,
iyfhda.h rod meje;a;Sugo tu wdh;khg yelshdj ,eî ;sfí'fuu wdlD;sh wkq.ukh lsßug
W;aidy ±re wh fndfydaÿrg wid¾:l jqfha fuu wfkl=;a wx.hka tlla fyda .Kkdjla Tjqka i;=
fkdjq ksidh'

idudkH kS;sfha úiÿï úkaÈ;hkag idudkH kS;sfhka úiÿï ,nd§ug W;aidy ±re iqúfYaI wjia:djka
f,i hqfrdamd ix.ufha ÿIKh iïnkaO idudkH kS;s iïuq;sh ^1999& yeÈkaúh yelsh' tu.ska i,ld
n,d ,oaf oa úkaÈ;hkag isÿjk ydks iy w,dN i|yd jkaÈf.ùu rcfha ks,OdÍkaf.a ÿIk l%shd ms<sn|
j.lsu ^rcfha j.lSuo we;=¨j& fldka;%;aj, j,x.=Ndjh ÿIKh .ek jd¾;dl< fiajlhkaf.a
wdrlaIdj iy .skqï iy ú.Kkfha mj;sk meyeÈ,s iy ksjer§nj wd§ lreKq iïnkaOfhka'

22
ol=Kq wm%sldfõ§ b;d id¾:l jq kj jev ms<sfj<la jqfha idudkH j;alï wysï lsßfï Wmdh
ud¾.hehs' trg j;alï wysñ lsßfï ld¾hd,h msysgqjd ;sfnkafka rcfha kvq mejeßï ms<sn| cd;sl
wOHCIljrhdf.a ld¾hd,fhys hï foam,la Wmhd.;af;a wmrdO l%shdjlska nj fmkS.shfyd;a th
rchg mjrd .ekSu i|yd wêlrK l%shdud¾. .ekSug tu tllhg n,h mjrd we;' 1998
ixúOkd;aul wmrdO je<elaùfï mk; hgf;a funÿ foam,la rchg mjrd.eksu isú,a kS;sh hgf;a
l, yels h' foamf<ys whs;slreg tfrysj wmrdO l%shdj iïnkaOfhka ovqjï lr ke;;a isú,a kS;sfha
l%shdud¾. u.ska muKla wmrdOlref.a iellghq;= j;alï mjrd .ekSug isú,a foam< wysñ lsßfï
kS;sh hgf;a rchg yelshdj ,eî ;sfí'

uqla;s iy jrm%ido
ÿIKh úfrdaê fldñIka iNd iy fjk;a wmrdO kS;s l%shd;aul lrk wdh;k uqyqK fok nrm;,u
m%Yakhla jkafka by, ks,Odßkag ,eì ;sfík uqla;shhs ^jro ovqjï fkd,eìfï whs;sh & tu.ska
Tjqkag kS;shg ydks fkdjk f,i by<ska iy wE;Ska isáug yelsù ;sfnk kvq úNd.hlg uqyqK
fkdÈfï uqla ;sh hkq'

) wmrdO kS;sfha fyda isú,a kS;sfha ;yxÑ j,g hg;a fkdú iy wmydihg jkaÈ f.ùug isÿùfï
ìfha f;drj jHjia:dohl ;=< l;d lsßug uyckhdf.a f;drd.;a ksfhdacs;hkag ;sfnk bvlv
iy;sl lsßu'

) f;aß m;ajq ksfhdað;hka ys;=jlaldr f,i rojd ;nd .ksñka Tjqka jHjia:dodhlhg iyNd.Súfï
bvlv wysñ lsßfuka Tjqka wdrlaId lsßu'

) oafõI iy.; iy foaYmd,k jqjukdlï u; flfrk kvq úNd. j,g Tjqka ,la lsÍug bv
fkd;eìu'

) foaYmd,{hkag uqla;sh ,ndÈ ;sfnkaf ka m%cd;ka;%jdÈ l%shdj,sh wdrCId lsßu i|yd th ;sfnkafka
kS;shg yiq fkdjk f,i by,ska iy wE;ska isák mqoa., mx;shla ks¾udkh lsßu i|yd fkdfõ'

fn,aðhfï fmd,sishg foaYmd,k ueÈy;aùïj,ska f;drj uka;%Sjrhl=f.a l%shdldß;ajh .ek mßCId

lsÍug;a mßCId lsßug;a w;a wvx.=jg .eksug iy m%Yak lsßug;a whs;sh we;s kuq;a
md¾,sfïka;=uka;%sjrfhl=g tfrysj kvq mejeÍu ioyd md¾,sfïka;=fõ wjirh .; hq;=h'
uka;%sjrekag wu;rj rdcH kdhlhdg Tyqf.a fyda wef.a ks,ld,h i|yd uqq la;sh ysñfjhs' ^m%xYfha
uE;ld,sk kvq ;Skaÿjlskao fï nj ;yjqre fldg ;sfí& ckdêm;sjrhd fodIdNsfhda.hla u.ska bj;a
lsÍug bv i,id ;sfnk wdKavql%u jHjia:dj wkqj tfia l< yelafla nrm;, wmrdO l%shd mokï
lrf.kh' tneúka fuys hï úiÿula we;;a th ;sfnkafka wêlrKh u; fkdj jHjia:dodhl u;h'

úksYaphlajre (- wêlrKfha idudcslhka ms<sn| m%Yakh úfYaI wmyiq;d we;s lrkakls' ;ukaf.a
úksYaphlÈ Tjqka w;ska isÿúh yels jrola iïnkaOfhka fm!oa.,sl kvq mejeßh fkdyelsjkfia
Tjqkg uqla;sh ,nd§ ;sfí' ^WodyrKhla f,i Tjqkf.a wêlrK n,h blaujd l%shdlsÍu& foaYmd,k
n,mEï j,ska uqod.eksu i|yd uqla;sh bj;a lrkq ,enqjfyd;a ñi wmrdO l%shd iïnkaOfhkao kvq
mejßh fkdyelsjkfia uqla;sh ,nd§ ;sîu idudkH ;;a;ajhehs' tiaf;dkshdj iïnkaOfhka .;aúg
f.%flda ^GRECO& u.ska lrk ,o ióCIKhlska fmkajd§ ;sfnkafka úksYaph ldrjrekaf.a uqla;sh
bj;alsßfï ´kEu ;SrKhla .; hq;af;a foaYmd,k n,meï j,ska f;drj njhs' th isÿúh hq;af;a
fY%aIaGdêlrKfha iyh ,nk kvq mjrk ks,OdÍhl=f.a b,a,Sula moku fldg f.kh'

foaYisud blaujk ÿIK iy nyqcd;sl ixúOdkj, y+ñldj

ÿIKhg tfrys tlai;a cd;skaf.a iïuq;sh m%dfoaYSh iïuq;sh .Kkdjlska Yla;su;a lrkq ,en we;'
wka;¾ cd;sl jHdmdßl .kqfokqj, fhfok úfoaYSh rdcH ks,OdÍkaf.a w,a,ia uev,Su i|ydjk
´'¾'iS' ã' (ORCD) rgj, iïuq;sfhao we;' kj kS;s lvk ixia:djkays my,u ;,fha msvkhla we;s
lsßug f,dal nexl=fõ iy cd;sl wdKavqj, ;yxÑ ^fjk;ekl idlÉPd flfrhs& o byj,a jkq we;ehs
wfmalaId flfrhs'

ÿIKhg tfrysj igka lsßfï§ tlai;a cd;skaf.a ixúOdkh iy fjk;a ixúOdk w;r f;dr;=re
fnod.eksu jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug mshjr f.k we;s w;r th wdrïN lrk ,oafoa 2002 fmnrjdß udifha
úhkdysÈ mj;ajk ,o wka;¾ wdh;k ÿIKh úfrdaê iyfhda.s;d /iaùfï§h'

iud.ï md,kh (- jk j¾,a g%iaÜ ixúOdkfha f.da,sh j.lssï jHdmD;sh u.ska f.da,sh uÜgñka
l%shd;aul jk m%Odk wdh;k j¾. ;=kla .ek wjOdkh fhduqfldg we;' tkï wka;¾ cd;sl iud.ï
wka;¾ rdcH ixúOdk iy wka;¾ cd;sl rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhs' fuys wruqKq jqfha jvd;a n,.;=
f.da,sh ixúOdkh Tjqkaf.a n,mEug hg;ajk ckhdg j.lsfuka neÈisák nj iy;sl lsßuhs'

23
vi
úYajdih iy úksúoNdjh ;yjqre lsßfïÈ wêlrKh i;= ld¾Ndrh
úksYaphldr jreka wmCImd; fkdjkafka kï" ;u rdcldßfhaÈ jD;a;shuh fkdjkafka kï iy
iajdêk fkdjkafka kï ÿIkh msgq±lsfï wr.,fhaÈ wmrdO kS;sh n,.;= wúhla fõ hehs
n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh fkdyelsh' Tjqka o ieneúkau ÿIk kï ;;a;ajhl jvd;a krlh udkj ysñlï
ms<sn| úYaj m%ldYkh u.ska iy isú,a iy foaYmd,k whs;ska ms<sn| wka;r cd;sl iïuq;sh u.ska
wêlrKfha iajdêk;ajh wka;r cd;sl jYfhka ms<sf.k we;'

fuys ;srkd;aul j¾Okhla f,i úúO jq rgj,a .Kkdjlsla meñKs w.% úksYaph lrejka úiska
wêlrk l%shdud¾. ms<sno nex.f,d¾ uq, O¾u ^2002& iïu; lr.kq ,eìh' tu uq,O¾u u.ska
ms<sf.k we;af;a wêlrKfha m%ñ;sh mj;ajd .eksug msysgqjd ;sfnk iajdêk yd wmCImd;
wdh;kj,g úksYaphlrjreka ;u l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn| j.lsj hq;=njhs'

hqfrdamsh ikao¾Nh ;=< fuu fCIa;%fha m%Odk WmlrK .kkdjla we;' tajd w;r hqfrdamfha
úksYapldrjrekaf.a m%{ma;sh hqfrdam ix.uh ilia l< úksYaphldr jrekaf.a iajdêk;ajh
ld¾HCIu;djh iy ld¾hNrh ms<sn| ks¾foaYh iy 1998 È nyqmd¾Yúl /iaúulska iyNd.s jqjkaf.a
wkqq ue;sh ,;a úksYaphldrjreka i|yd jq hqfrdamd ix.u jHjia:djo fjhs'

úksYapldrjreka m;alsßfï l%shdud¾. ks;ru mfya újdod;aul fjhs' fndfydafokd úYajdih lrkafka
foaYmd,kh Wkkaÿjkafka ;ukaf.a jqjukdjka bgqlrk wh úksYapldrejreka f,i m;alsßug
mukla njhs' wêlrKfha iajdêk;ajhg ydks fkdjk mßÈ wêlrk m;aúï isÿlsßug iy tu isoaêka
l<uklrkh i|yd fndfyda rgj,a ilia fldg ;sfnk ke;fyd;a ilia lrñka isákd wdh;kh
jkafka wêlrkfha iNd ìyslsßuhs' fuu wdh;k wKavqfõ wfkla wdh;kj,ska fjkafldg ilia
lrk w;r úksYaphldrejkaf.a f;drd .eksfïÈ iy Tjqkag Wiiaúï Èu;a wêlrkh moaO;sh ms<sn|
wêCIkh lsßuh;a tys úkh mj;ajd .eksu we;=¨ n,;, thg ysñfjhs'

wêlrKfha úYd, msßila ÿIKh jq ;;a;ajhla ;=< flkakshdfõÈ yd blajfodrfhÈ fmkakqï fldg
we;s mßÈ fuu ;;a;ajhkag m,sshï l< yels hdka;%Khla f.dv k.d .; hq;=j we;'

vii
úOdhl jHjia:dodhl iy wêlrk hk wxY ;=k w;r ia:djr iy ;=,k l%u mj;ajd .eksfï l%u iy
l%shdj,s

iqms,smkak;d moaO;sh iy ;sria j.lsï funÿ moaO;shla u.ska isÿlrkq ,nkafka tys ish¨ WmlrK ^
md¾,sfïka;=j wêlrKh" isú,af iajh" udOH isú,a iudch jeks & iïu;hla f,i l%shd;aul lsßug
ie,iaùu iy tla tla meje;au tla wfklg fiajh lsßu iy fiajh ,eìu iy tlla wfkla ish,a,
fyda bka iuyrla wdrlaId lsßu wÈhhs' fuu moaO;sfha l=¨kla jq tla wjhjhlska ^ohdnr tldêm;s
jYfhka & fyda t,le¨kq lsysmhla u; muKla ilia jqj;a kï th lvd jeáug ;sfnk bvlv b;d
wêlh' wdKavqj iïnkaOfhka mj;sk úYajdih iïmq¾Kfhkau mfya ìojeá we;akï iy fodr.+¨
,df.k lrk ;srK .eksfï ms<sn| uyckhd nrm;, f,i iel lrkafka kï túg isú,a iudchg
;ukaf.a cd;sl iqms,smka;d moaO;sh j,g iyhùu ioyd l< yels ;sria j.lsï iy.;Ndjh
Yla;sfu;a lsßfï ld¾hh ms<sn|j by, ms,s.eksula we;sfõhs'

jd¾;d l<uKdlrKh
fulaIsfldfõ f;dr;=re ±k.eksfï ksoyi ms<sn| kS;sh 2002 wfm%,a udifhÈ iïu; lrk ,o w;r
tu jd¾;dj i|yka jqfha rdcH jd¾;d w;a msgm; jeo.;a /iaùïj, jd¾;d jqjudrefjka
uyckhdf.ka jikafldg ;nd .kq .nd w;r jeo.;a ;Srfka .;a wdldrh ms<snoj ks,jd¾;d lsisjla
fkdue;s ;;a;ajhla mej;sfka' fndfyda wjia:dj,§ ks, jd¾;d úkdY lrkq ,enq w;r tfia ke;
fyd;a ks,Odßka ks,fhka bj;a hk úg tjd /f.k hkq ,eìh' m%Odk f,aLkrCIl ks,odßkaf.a
fiajh j.lsu iy.; Ndjh mj;ajd .ekug b;d jeo.;a úh yelafla funÿ ;;a;ajla hkdÈh tli;a
rdcOdksfha fuu ks,h orkq ,nkafka ;r.ldß l%shdj,shla ;=,ska m;alrkq ,nk rdcH ks,odrhl=
úisks'

VIII
wxYsl jYfhka yd moaO;s uÜgñka jk jk fidhd .eksfï
kshñ; l%shdj,sh khsðßhdj úYd, f,i ÿIKhg ,lajq rgla jqjo tys b;d id¾:lj kj l%shdud¾hla
kï uOHu rcfha ñ,È .eksï msßisÿj isÿlsßu i|yd kshñ; l%shdj,sh ld¾hd,h ìyslsßu whjeh
ksßlaIKh iy ñ, nqoaÈ tllh tys fjk;a wdldrhlska yÿkajkq ,nkafka kshñ; l%shdj,sh jYfhka
'

24
whjeh ksßCIKh iy ñ, nqoaê tllh ys wruqKq j,g we;+,;a jkafka

) ±kg mj;sk rdcH m%;sm;a;s$ Ndú;d w;r .egqï iu;h lrñka tajd rcfha ñ,§ .eksï i|yd
hdj;ald,Sk lsßu'

) úfYaIs; ñ,§ .eksfï l%shdud¾.j,È kshñ; l%shdj,sh wkq.ukh lrkafkao kekao @ ú.kkh
;srKh lsßu'

) ñ,È .eksfï l%shdj,shg jeä wjxl nj;a j.lsï iys; nj;a iy úksúoNdjhla yÿkajd§u'

) uOHu rchg lrk ish¨ iemhqï i|yd ñ,È .eksfï m%ñ;Ska iy uq,sl iqÿiqlï kshu lsßu yd
hj;a ld,sk lsßu'

) ksYaÑ; úfYaIs;;d iy b,lal imqrd,ñka iy .=Kd;aulj ksYamdokh isÿúu ms<sn|j f;dr;=re

iemhsug jHqy l%shd;aul lrk ld,h ;=, tajd l%shd;aul jk wdldrh ksßlaIk lsÍu iy

) whjeh u.ska wkq.ukh fldg ;sfnk jHdmD;s muKla l%shdjg kef.k nj iy;sl lsßu wdÈhhs'

fldka;%;a m%Odkh lsßfï l%shdj,sh í' tï' m's whs' wxYh úiska fydÈka mßlaIdjg ,la lrkaf ka
jHmD;sh uq,Huh jYfhka úplaCIk mokula u; msysgd l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk nj iy fgkavrh
,nd .kakd iud.ug th M,odhs f,i bgqlßfï yelshdj fidhdne,su i|ydh fuhska wkjYH
wmf;ahdï j,ld.ekSug fuka jHdc jHmD;s i|yd uyck uqo,a wh: f,i fhoùu keje;aúugo
yelsú ;sfí'

n,m;% ,nd§u
fnd,súhdfõ lrk ,o m%;sixialrKj,g wKavqf õ ish¨ ñ,È .eksfu l%ufõo iy ñ, ms<sn| o;a;
m%isoaO lsÍuo we;=<;ah wjYH lrk ,sh lshú,s iy .kqfokqj, kshu ñ, ±lafjk fmdaiag ¾
m%o¾Ykh lsÍug rcfha ish¨u ld¾hd,j,g ±ka kshu flg ;sfí fufia isÿfldg ;sfnkafka rcfha
fiajhka w,a,ia b,a,Su je,elaùug iy mqrjeishkag ;u .kq fokq j,È w;r ueÈhl= fya fiajh
,nd.eksfï wjYH;djh bj;a lsßugh fï iu. Okd;aul ksy~;djh ms<sn| m%;sm;a;s yÿkajd§
;sfí' thska woyia jkafka hï jD;a;shuh n,m;%hla fudag¾ r: ,shdmÈxÑ lsßula fyda fjk;a rdcH
iy;slhla b,a¨ï lrk mqrjeihl=g Èk 51 la ;=, m%;sfYam lsßula fkd,enqfkd;a ;ukaf.a
b,a¨ïm;%h bfíu wkqu; jqnj ie,lsug kS;suh jYfhka bv ,nd§ ;síuhs'

fmd,sish bkag¾fmd,a
(INTERPOL) cd;ka;r wmrdO fmd,sia ixúOdkfha bkag¾fmd,a i|yd ks, jYfhka fhdok
flákduh whs is'ã'´' bkag¾fmd,a
(ICPO- Interpol) hkakhs tyd l%shdldß;ajh jkafka f,dj mqrd fmd,sia fiajdjkays tldnoaO;djh
jeä ÈhqKq lsÍuhs' Tjqkag ÿIKj,g tfrysj jev lsÍfï úfYaI lKavdhul iyh ,efnkakg wu;rj
f,dj mqrd fmd,sia fiajdjkays ÿIkj,g tfrysj igka lsßfï m%ñ;sh ud,djla o tu.ska ixj¾Okh
fldg ;sfí' fmd,sia yuqod$ fiajd j, ÿIKj,g tfrysj igka lsßug th ilia fldg we;s f.da,sh
m%ñ;Skaf.a wruqKq jkafka idudðl rdcHhkays fmd,sia yuqodj, by, wjxl Ndjhla iy;sl lsÍuhs'

fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= lrk ÿIkhla nrm;, wmrdO l%shdjka f,i ie,lSu iEu idudðl rdcH wdh;k
;sfík ms<s.ekSuhs' tys fjk;a m%ñ;Ska w;r wjxl iodpdr;aul iy M,odhs l%shdldß;ajhla
mj;ajd.ekSu i|yd by, m%ñ;ska we;s lsßu iy mj;ajd .eksu;a fmd,sia fiajd j, id¾:l;ajfha
by, uÜgula mj;ajd .eksu mßlaIdlsßu iy l%shd;aul lsßu i|yd M,odhs hka;%Khla we;s lsßu iy
mj;ajdf.k hduo fjhs' wjYH;djh we;s lsßu iy mj;ajdf.k hduo fjhs' wjYH;djh we;s
idudðl rdcHhkak fmd,sia fiajdjkah wjYH m%dfhda.sl iyh iy mqyqKqj ,ndÈfï l%shdud¾.
bkag¾fmd,a wdh;kh ±ka ixj¾Okh lrñka isáhs'

iqms,smkak;d mßCIdj (- f;drd.; l=Kq wem,a f.â mßCIdjg ,lalsßfï yqfol,d l%shdud¾. fjkqjg
fmd,sia fiajfha iqms,smkak;djh ms<sn§j ksrka;r wjOdkhg ,lalsÍu iy;sl lsÍfï l%shd moaO;s ±ka
ixj¾Okh fldg we;' fuys isÿlrkq ,nk iqms,smkak;d mßlaIdj ksúfhda¾la iy ,kavka jeks uy
k.r m%foaYj, § úfYaIS; jeo.;a l%ufõohla njg m;aj ;sfí'

ksúfhd¾la fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fú (NYPP) wNHka;r lghq;= ìhqfrdaj ksõfhdalays ±ks ilia
fldg we;s l%uhla wkqj fmd,sisfha we;eï okakd ÿIK wkqj tkï uy u. u;a øjH fjf<kaol=f.a

25
u;a øjH fyda uqo,a fyda fidrlï lsßu jeks isÿùï fmd,sia ks,Odßkaf.a iqms,smkak nj ^iDcqnj &
mßlaCId lsßug fhdod.kq ,nhs tu mßlaCIdj,ska wiu;a jk ks,Odßkag tfrysj úkh mshjr .eksu
fyda Tjqka fiajfhka bj;a lsßu isÿlrkq ,nhs'

fuu ixl,amh fmd,sia jev lghq;=j,g muKla iSud úh hq;= ke;' we;eï rgj, úksYaphldr
jrekaf.a fm!oa.,sl ldur j, isÿ lrkq ,nk kS;súfrdaê l%shd ksrsCIKh i|yd wmrdO mßCIdKfha
idudkH l%shdj,shla f,i ryis.; remjdyskS leurd fhdod.kq ,nhs' úksYaphldrjreka iy kS;s
fCI;%fha jD;a;slhka w;r isÿjk ÿIk .kqfokq fuu leurd u.ska yiqlr.kq ,nhs' rdcH wxYh
uyckhd iuÕ .kqfokq lrk fjk;a ;ekaj,§ úfYaIfhkau f¾.=j jeks keklÈ o fujeks l%shd
ud¾. fhod .eksfï yelshdj we;'

wdodhï tl;= lsßu

we;eï rgj,a ^WoyrK fmare iy W.kavdj & rdcH wdodhï iïnkaOfhka jk ÿIK b;d nrm;,
;;a;ajhg m;aùu ksid mj;Sk fnod tl;=lsßfï wdh;k jid oud kj wdh;k we;s lsÍug tu
wdKavqj,g isÿúh' ÿIs; f¾.= ks,Odßkao ys,a iys; foaYiSud jeksh ta ;=,ska meñKsh yelafla nÿ
fkdf.jk ,o NdKav muKla fkdfõ' wú wdhqO ;ykï u;a øjH fukau kS;súfrdaê ixl%uKhf.kao
meñKsh yelsh' ,eÜúhdys rdcH wdohï fiajfha jHqyh fjkia lrk ,oafoa nÿ f¾.=nÿ iy iudc
wdrCIaK odhl uqo,a o we;=<;a jk iy m%n, wNHka;r md,khla iy ÿIK úfrdê l%shdldß;ajhla
we;s jk jeä Èhkq lsßula iys;jh nÿ fmd,sisfha ksoyiaj l%shd;aul jk fidh ne,sï tllahlao
ia:dms; lrkq ,efí' fuhska .uH jk ldrKh kï nÿ f.ùfï .Kkhlsßï myiqfjka l< yels ùfï
;;a;ajh iy;sl lsßfï wjYH;djh iy wdh;lrk m%udKh h:d¾;jd§ úhhq;=h njhs' ;ukag w,a,ia
§ug bÈßm;ajk wjia:djl wkq.ukh l< hq;= ksjer§ m%;spdrho ld¾h uKav,hg ±kqï fok
wdldrfho we;=<;a wdpd¾O¾u ud,djla ixj¾Okh fldg we;af;a ví,sõ iS'ï ^w.C.O& wdlD;sh
mokï lrk .ksñkah' ms,smskfhaÈ .kqfokq j, ixjrK;djh wvqlsßu ioyd kq;k ;dlaIKh
fhdodf.k we;af;a msgm;a ;=k ne.ska wvx.= ,shú,s 10 la iy mshjr 91 la fjkqjg iïmq¾K l%shdj,sh
i|yd tla mßmd,k ,shú,a,la muKla msrùu m%udKj;a jk mßÈh' fu u.ska jev lghq;= myiqlsßula
wkjYH ndOd bj;alsßu;a isÿù we;s w;r ÿIKh iy nÿ fkdf.úuo isudlrk .ukau m%jdyk NdKav
ksoyia lr .eksfï ld,h osk 6'8 l isg meh y;rla mjrd olajd wvq lrkq ,en we;'

iajdêk wodhï wêlrK

wm%sldkq rgj,a ;=kla ^iNdj gekaidkshdj iy W.kavdj ^ ;ukaf.a wdodhï jeä lr .eksug iy
ÿIkh msgq±lsug nÿ mßmd,kfha nrm;, m%;sixúOdkhla l< rgj,a w;r fjhs' tfia lsßu u.ska
iïm%odhsl rdcH fiajhg msg;ska úfYaI nÿ tl;=lsßfï wêldß ìyslsßug tu rgj,a lghq;= lr
;sfnkafka tu fiajfha isák fiajlhkaf.a jegqma Tjqkag iudk uÜgfï isá k rdcH fiajlhkaf.a
gegqma j,g jvd jeä uÜgul mj;ajd .eksug yels jk wdldrfhys gekaidys nÿ f.úï meyr yeßï
ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,nd §ug yÈis ÿrl:k fiajdjla iy ;Hd. ,nd Èfï l%uhla yÿkajd § ;sfí'

B ñ,È .eksfï iy B wrïNlrúh wh: l%shdjkag tfrysj ;sfnk ;j;a n,.;= WmlrKhla kï
wka;¾cd,hhs rgj,a .kKdjla ^fuCIsflda" Ñ,s" flf,daïìhd iy b;du ue;l§ TiaÜ %hd& iy m%Odk
kd.ßl iy .Kkdjla ^WodyrK flßhdfõ äu,a& ;ukaf.a ish¨u ñ,È .ekSfï f;dr;=re moaO;sh
fjí wvúhl m%o¾Ykh lsÍug lghq;= fldg we;s w;r tys ,sms f,aLkj,g ksoyfia msúiSug
wjia:dj ,nd§ ;sfí' fuh ;ju;a fydÈka ixj¾Okh ù ke;s w;r bf,lafg%dksl l%u ;ju;a b;du;a
úYajdikSh ù ke;'

cx.u ÿrl:k 1996 fkdjeïn¾fha fifk.d,ays m,d;a md,k ue;sjrKfh§ ÿIkh msgq ±lsug
l%shdlsßfuka cx.u ÿrl:kj, m%fhdackh fmkajdÈ ;sfí fifkyd,a iajfoaY weu;sjrhd w,a,d
.kakd ,oafoa Tyq ùjD; cx.u ÿrl:khla bÈßfha my;a yäka ÿIkh isÿjqnjg l< ms,s.ekSula ksidh
tys m%;sM,h jYfhka ue;sjrKh wj,x.= lsßug ckdêm;sjrhdg isÿúh' miqj

2000 ckdêm;sjrKfhaÈ cx.u ÿrl:k Ndú;d u.ska ckdêm;sjrk wfmlaIlhska fofokdg

ue;sjrK m%;sM, ms<s.eksug n,lrk ,oafoa ue;sjrK m%;sM, ckao .kkalrk fudfydf;au
fm!oa.,sl .=jka úÿ,sh fiajd u.ska m%ldYhg m;a lsßu ksidh' m%Odk .=jka úÿ,s uOHia:k folu
rgmqr Pkao uOHia:dk wjrKh lsÍug jd¾;d lrejka hjkq ,eìu' cx.u ÿrl:k we;sj isá ksid
Pkao .Kklrk úgu m%;sM, ksl=;a lsÍug yelshdj ,eì ;sìK' ckudOH fõ§kaf.a ixúOdk;aul
iyNd.S;ajhla m%;sM, ksl=;a lsßfï fõ.h;a ksid crdð; ckdêm;sjrhdg isÿjqfha B <.
ckdêm;sjrhdg n,h mejßu iulñj isÿlsßugh tu ksid lsisÿ jxpksl l%shdjlg bv fkd;nd
w;r foaYmd,k kdhlhka fofokdf.a wdOdrlrejka w;r we;súgu bv ;nd .egqï j,ld .eksug
yelshdj ,eìKds' m%;sm< ksl=;a lsßfï fõ.h;a ksid'

26
;yxÑlrKh m%Odk ngysr iud.ïj,g tfrysj f,fida ys meje;s ÿIk isÿúï yd wmrdO kvq úNd.
u.ska iud.u .Kkdjla f,dal nexl=j u.ska ;yxÑlreKhg ^ke;fy;a wdhdÿ f,aLK .; lsßug &
,lalrkq ,eìh w,a,ia ,nd ÿka njg fy<sorõjqjka ñ, kshul lsßï fyda ñ, .kka bÈßm;a lsßfï
wh:d l%shd isÿ l< jq;a ke;fyd;a m%ñ;sfha f;dr fyda m%ñ;sfhka ì, NdKav fyda fiajd iemhsu;a fia
lf<a' ks,Odßka ±kqj;a jqj;a ke;;a tjekakla wdKavqj iu. wk.;fha .kqfokq lsßug ;yxÑ
mekúï hq;a;sh fuh È.= ld,skj fyda iqÿiq ld, mrdihla i|yd isÿ l< yelsh' Tjqkag my; i|yka
wdldrfhdo l%sh l< hq;=h'

³ Tjqkaf.a ld¾h idOk neÿïlr mjrd.eksu iy jkaÈ f.ùug kshu lsßu tkï uq,sl jYfhka
wdKavqjg iy ;rÕldß b,a¨ï lrejkag hk fomd¾Yjhg'

b,a¨u id¾:l fkdúfuka Tjqka isÿjq mdvqj i|yd

fpdaokd bÈßm;a lsÍfï l%u

ÿIkh msgq ±lsug we;s m%Odk ndOlhla kï ÿIK l%shd fy<sorõ lsÍug mqoa.,hkaf.a ;sfnk miq
neiSuhs ;ukaf.a fiajd m%Odksf.ka fyda i,lkkaf.ka ,efnk m%;spdr ms<sn|ìh ksid fndfyd fokd
ÿIk l%shd ms<sn|j meñKs,s lsÍug ue,sfj;s ;ukaf.a ydïmq;=ka úiska fyda kS;s úfrdaê lghq;=
fy<sorõ lrk rdcH fiajfha iy fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fiajlhka m,s.eksï j,ska wdrlaId lsßu i|yd
l%ufõo ilia l< kS;shlg WodyrKhla f,i ol=Kq wm%sldfõ wdrCIs; fy<sorõ lsßfï mk;
fmkajd Èh yelsh'

ùid m%;sfCIamlsßu ;j;a w¨;a fidhd.eksula kï ue;l isg tlai;a ckmoh lrk mßÈ ;u ;ukaf.a
rgj,È ÿIk fpdaokd t,a, jq foaYmd,k{hskag tlai;a ckmohg we;=¨ùug úid ksl=;a fkdlsßuhs'

fm!oa.,sl lreKq iy ;rÕldß;ajh m%;sm;a;s wd¾Ólfha wdêm;HOdß ;;a;ajhl mj;sk

iïmq¾Kfhakau wl¾HCIu rchg wh;a tldêm;sldß wdh;kh wjika lsßfï Wkkaÿfjka
fm!oa.,slrKh lsßfï jev igyka mßj¾;kSh rgj,g wjYH njg jk woyig úreoaOjkq we;af;a
iqt msßils' .cñ;=rkag ie,lsug;a n,fia isák mCIhg kS;s úfrdaê f,i uqo,a ,nd§ug;a
fhod.ksñka ÿIs; l<uKdlrejka iy ieu ugÜgul ld¾h uKav,fha fidrlï ksis fuu iud.u
fndfydauhla nxfldf,d;a ;;a;ajfha ;sfnkafka tajd ksIamdokfha ld¾hCIu fkdúu ksidh' ,dn
i|yd jev lrk fm!oa.,sl wxYfha úksúo Ndjfha hq;= l%shdldÍ;ajhg fhduqlsßu u.ska ÿIK l%shd
wju lsßug yelshdj we;' l<uKdlrejka ;SrK .; hq;= jkafka wjidkfha whs;slrejka ;Dma;su;a
jk wdldrhg ñi rdcH ks,Odßks i;=gq lsßug fkdfõ lsisfjla j.lsula fkdork rdcH foam<
;jÿrg;a fkdmj;S tfukau fm!oa.,slrKh l< úg iud.ug rdcH ueÈy;aùfuka f;drj ;u lghq;=
lrf.k hdug yelshdj ,efí' flfia fj;;a jvd M,odhùugkï kslïu fm!oa.,slrKh lsßfï
m%;sm;a;sfhka Tng f.dia fm!oa.,sl lrkfha wruqKq bgqlr .eksu i|yd fjf<omf,a iqms,smkak
njo w;;sh hq;=h kef.kysr iy uOHu hqfrdmfha w;a±lsfï u.ska fmkakqï lrkqfha
fm!oa.,slrkH u.ska ;u ys;j;=kag ,dn m%fhdack fnoÈug foaYmd,{hkag wjia:dj ,eî ;sfí'
wdldrhhs'

ÿIkh isÿjkaf ka rdcH wxYh ;=< muKla fkdfõ th rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl hk wxY fol iïnkaOj
rdcH ñ,§ .eksfï .kqfokq j,g iSudù ke;' rfÜ ;rÕldß;ajh m%;sm;a;sfhka fufyhùu isÿúh
hq;= wd¾Ólfha we;eï wxYj, fjf<om, n,h whq;= f,i fhdod.kakd iud.ï u.ska fm!oa.,sl
wxYfha iud.u w;ro ÿIK isÿúh yelsh' wd¾Ól l%shdldß;ajh wdrlaId lsßu iy j¾Okh lsßu
ioyd;a fm!oa.,sl wxYfha l%shdldß;ajh ;=, iqms,smkaknj iy;sl lsßu i|yd;a fydo ;r.ldß;auh
m%;sm;a;shla ixj¾Okh lsßu w;HjYH l%shdjls' tu.ska fm!oa.,sl wxYh l%shd;aul úh hq;= kshu
wdlrh ;SrKh jk w;r tu.ska isÿjkafka tys id¾:l;ajh u.ska ish¨fokdf.a wjYH;d jvd
fydÈka imqrd,Suhs' fydo ;r.ldß;ajh m%;sm;a;shla ixj¾Okh lsßfï uq,sl wjYH;djh jkafka
fjf<om, jxpdj,g ;sfnk bvlv wju lsßuhs'

ks.ukh wm id¾:l;ajh w;alrf.k ;sfnod rdcH wxYfha iyiq ixj¾Ok b,lal j,g rdcH wxYfha
wdpdr O¾uj, n,mEu ±ka oYlhlg jeä ld,hla ;siaf ia cd;HKa;r m%cdj fï iïnkaOfhka jev
lrñka isá;s tys m%;sm<hla f,i cd;Hka;r iïuq;sj, fjí wvúhla ks¾udKh ù we;s w;r we;eï
iïuq;s l%shd;aul úu ksrslaCIKh lsßfï úêúOdk fhdod we;s w;r we;eï iïuq;s iïnkaOfhka
;ju;a tnÿ ;;a;ajhla ke; fl;rï wúksYaÑ; jqjo fïjd fndfyduhla l%shdjg ke.su u.ska
j¾Okh lr .ukalr ;sfí' fuu W;aidyhka w;r tlai;a cd;skaf.a ixúOkdh yd fm!oa.,sl
wxYfha m%Odk wdh;kj, jqjukdj u; ilia jq f.da,sh ixhqla; ^GLOBAL COMPAET& jev igyk iu.
2004 mqks udifha Èh;al< ÿIK úfrdaê oijk uq,O¾uh iu. m%fhdackjk fjkila <.dlr
.eksfï yelshdj we;' tys Wkkaÿj olaj k iqt j¾Okhla jkafka hq' tia' tâ ^tlai;a ckmo wdOdr&
wxYh wefußldkq fvd,¾ ì,shk 5 la wruqo,la iliq wNsfhda. ioyd fjka lsßfuhs' ie,ls,a,g .;

27
hq;= lrKhla f,i f.da,Sh ixj¾Okh ioyd kj ixhq;shla ixj¾ê; rgj,ska jeä jeäfhka
uq,HdOdr iu. ixj¾Okh jk rgj,ska jeä jeäS
j.lsï tlg .eg .eiSu ie,lsh yelsh'

cd, rdoj;a u;=ùula iu. fuu j¾Okhla fõ.j;a ù ;sfí' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh ;=< wka;¾
- wdh;k ÿIK úfrdaê iïnkaëlrK /iaùu ^ÿIK úfrdaê cd;Hka;r lKavdhu& f.dvk.d we;' ´'
B'ã' ã' rgj, ixj¾Okh wdOdr lKavdhu ^DAC& m%Yakh .ek l%shdlrñka isáhs' w;a±lsï fnoyod
.eksug iy iïm;a yjqf,a mßyrKh ioyd wdOdr fok rgj, lKavdhula f.dvk.d ;sfí'
cd;Hk;r jHdmdßl .kqfokqj,§ w,a,ia §u ms<sn| l%shdldß lKavdhfï l%shdldrs odhl;ajh hgf;a
ilia l, cd;Hka;r jHdmdrsl .kqfokq j,os úfoaYSh rdcH ks,Odßkaf.a w,a,ia .eksï j,g tfrys
´' B' ä' ä' ã' rgj,a iïuq;shg w;aika l< msßila f,i .%sflda ^GREO& fyj;a ÿIkhg úreoaO rdcH
lKavdju iudkhka ms<sn|j .Kka ne,sula lrñka isáhs' fkmdä ^NEPAP& hgf;a Wm iyd;%
wm%ldfõo fuu l%shdj,sh l%shdjg k.ñka mj;shs' ´' B' iS' ã' rdcH lKavdhu ;u idudðl rgj,a
w;r fukau Bg tydfú m%¨,a uÜgñka f,dalfhao rdcH wxYfha wdpd¾ O¾u fCIa;%fha fydou
Ndú;dhka j¾Okh i|yd kdhl;ajh fñka isáhs

wdKavq fukau fjk;a who ±ka tl/ia fjuka isá;s ÿIkhg tfrys md¾,sfïka;= uka;%sjreka ^GOPAC&
wêlrK iqms,smkak;d lKavdhfï w. úksiqrejka rdcH iqms,smkak;d wOHdhk cd,h ^PIEN& hgf;a
tl;=ù we;' wdpd¾hjreka iy mqyqKq wdh;k ÿIKh úfrdaê fldñiu iuÕ cd;Hka;r jdkscH
uKav, fjd,akia n¾. uq,O¾U hgf;a tlajk cd;Hka;r nexl= wdÈh fuhg we;=,;ah' ieu rglu
mdfya isú,a iudc lKavdhu l%shd;aulj isáhs' wdh;k.; fjialï isÿlsßu" uyck odhj;Ndjh
j¾Okh lsßu io Èkm;d ðú;fha§ mqrjeishka n,i;= lsßu jeks l%shdjkays Tjqyq fh§ isá;s'

cd;sl ;,fha§ fõ.j;a ke.aula iys; bf.kSfï jl%hla È.gu j¾Okh fjhs' kj fuj,ï iy
fhduqùï ilia fjñka mj;shs tu ud¾.fha§ fndfyda mdvï bf.k .ekSuo isÿfjñka mj;shs' tajd
w;r my; ioyka oE we;=,;ah'

1'w¨;ska m;ajq ckdêm;sjrhd ÿIK úfrdaê m%;sixialrK lsÍug fm!oa.,slj lemùu m%udKj;a
fkdjk w;r ta i|yd mßmd,kfha yeu wxYhlskau fydo iyhla ,eîu w;HjYH fjhs'

2' ÿIK úfrdaOh by,ska biau;= lrñka kdhlhka n,hg m;a jq úg jydu ÿIkh wvqlsÍu i|yd
uyckhdf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;= h:d¾;jdÈ fkdjk ;rï by< uÜgfï úh yelsh' tys m%;sM,h jkaf ka
blau;ska l< lsÍug m;aùuhs'

3' iudj§u jeks ± uyckhdf.;a úmCIfia;a úfrdaêhg ,laúh yels neúka w;s;sfha leä fj;aùu
ÿIalr úh yelsh'

4' mj;sk rduqj hgf;aa l%shdjg ke.Sug fkdyelsúu yd h:d¾:jdÈ l%shdldß ie,iaula fkdue;sùu
ksid' ÿIk uev,Sfï cd;sl Wmdh ud¾. ks;ru mfya yqÿ m%d¾:kd njg m;afjhs'

5' m%Yak fjkfjku f.k úi|u m%udKj;a ke;'

6' jydu l< yels fyda úYañ; úiªï fyda ke;s w;r .eTqrg me;=reKq m%Yakj,g ms<shï fh§u ÿIK
u¾Okh wdh;k tllu muKla l< fkdyelsh'

7' wêlrK moaO;sh ;=< ÿIkh me;sß we;s rgj,g ÿIk úfrdaë kS;s u.ska iïmq¾K úi÷ula ,ndÈh
fkdyelsh'

8' úksúoNdjh ;sìfuka muKla j.lSï iy.; nj we;s fkdfõ'

9'ÿIKh ms<sn| m%YaK me;sß mj;sk ;;a;ajhla we;s mßmd,khla ;=< rdcH fiajh uyckhdg fiajh
lsßu i|ydh hk wdpd¾ O¾ñl ye.Su f.dvke.Su w;s úYd, ld¾hhla flfia fjk;a wdl,amj, iy
yeisßfï nrm;, fjkilska f;drj id¾:l;ajhla ,nd.; fkdyelsh' ´keu rdcH wxYhl
m%;sixlrk jev ms<sfj<l m%Odk wxYh úh hq;af;a wdh;sl iqms,smkak;dj l<ukdlrKhhs'

10' ÿIKh je<elaùu rdcH wxYfha iEu l<ukdlrejl=u $ ldßhlu Tyqf.a fya wef.a Èk m;d jev
lghq;= j,§ l< hq;af;a njg m;afjhs' tys f;areu kï r;= fyat< yÿkd .ekSug fukau ÿIk wk;=r
l<ukdrKh iïnkaOfhka ksrka;r mqyqKqjla wjYH jknjhs'

28
11' l<ukd lrejkaf.a leue;a; wkqj yeu úgu ;u wNsu;h i|yd fCIa;%hla fyda mßmd,kfha
leue;a; kS;sh njg m;aùfï ;;a;jhla wjYH ksid iïmqrK iqms,smkak;djh hkak h:d¾:jdÈ
fkdjk iy whym;a m%;sM, fok ;;a;ajhla we;s l< yelsh'

12' fydo m%;sM , ,nd.eksug kï wdOdr fok wdh;k ;uka w;r by< uÜgfï iyfhda.hla iy
iduqysl W;aidyhla mj;ajd .; hq;=h'

rgl ÿIs;nfõ ,l=Kq ixLHdj f,i ±lafjk r: ;ks wxl l%uh ±kqj;a lsÍï j¾Okh i|yd iqÿiq nj
idudkHfhka ms<s.kq ,enqjo tu.ska fCIa;%fha isÿjka j¾Okh ueksh fkdyelsh'tfukau wjOdkh
wjYHjk m%Yak fudkjd±hs yßhgu y÷kd.eksug th WmldÍ jkfka ke;' jdikdjlg fuka fuu
wjYH;d imqrd .eksu i|yd iqÿiq kj m%fõYhka ;=kla u;=ù ;sfí' m<uqjekak tkï

rdcH iqms,smkak;d o¾Ylh u.ska ;ukaf.a wdKavqfõ újD;sNdjh iy j.lsfï iy.;Ndjh iy;sl
lsßfï mqrjeishkaf.a yelshdfõ m%udKh rgj,a mrdihla wdKavqfõ Ndú;hka i,ld n,ñka
m%udK;aulj ,l=Kq .; lsßug bvlv i,id we;'fojekakï tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Okh jev
igyk úiska ixj¾Okh lrkq ,enwe;s j.lSï iy.; nj iy úksúoNdjh ms<sn| rgj,a we.hSu
(CONTACT) ms<sn| wdlD;shhs tys m%Odk wruqK jqfha wdKavqj,g ;ukaf.au uq,H l<uklrKh iy
ÿIK úfrdaê l%shdud¾. ms<sn|j iajhx we.hSula lr.eksug wdKavqj,g wdOdrùuhs' f;jk iy
wkq.dkl m%fõYH cd;sl iqms,smkak;d moaO;sj, l%shdldß;ajh is;shï .; flfrhs tu.ska fndfyda
wxYj,ska fuf;la ;snqKg jvd fydo o¾Ykhla ,nd.; yelsh' hula jer§ ;sfío@ fl;eko @
i¾:l;ajhla ,nd ;sfío@yd lr.; tu.ska fidhd .; yelsh isÿlrk,o m%;sixialrK u.ska
id¾:l;ajhla ,nd ;sfíokeoao hkak.; fidhd n,d tyd f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSug ±kg fkdue;s bvla
fïu.ska ,efí'

bÈßhg hd yels jvd;a M,odhs udj;f,i fmkS hkafka wkq.%dyl m%fõYhka folla Ndú;d lsÍuhs'
m<uqjekak m%Odk uÜgñka fhod.ksñka cd;sl iqms,smkak;d moaO;sh Ylaa;su;a lsßug wjOdkh fhduq
lrñka tajd.ek iuia:hla f,i f;dr;=re iys;j wdlrfhka fidhd ne,sh yelsh' fojekak kï
fCIa;%ha isák mqrjeishka iuÕ lghq;= lrñka Tjqkaf.a Èkm;d ðú;j,g n,mdk m%;sm;a;s ilia
lsßug iy l%shd;aul lsÍug Tjqka iyNd.S lr .ekSuhs'

29
 úksúo núka hq;a hymd,khla i|yd ks¾foaYhka

^fmdÿrdcH uKav,Sh md¾,sfïka;= ix.uh" f,dal nexl= wOHhk lKavdhu iy >dkd md¾,sfïka;=j
tlaj ls%hd;aul l< —f;dr;=re oek.ekSug we;s whs;sh˜ i|yd fokq ,nk ks.ukhka&

m%cd;ka;%jdoh" hymd,kh iy iyNd.S;ajhkays uQ,sl wx.hla f,i f;dr;=re oek.ekSug we;s

whs;sh uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdisluls' fuu uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislu y÷kd.ekSu" md¾,sfïka;=
ksfhdað;jreka we;=¿j iuia; iudchu iún,lrKhg;a md¾,sfïka;=fjys m%cd;ka;%jdoh Yla;su;a
lsÍug;a md¾,sfïka;=j yd udOHh w;r iïnkaO;djh jeäÈhqKq lsÍug;a b;du;a w;HdjYHfõ'
f,djmqrd we;s rgj,aj,g fuu whs;shg kshudkql+, n,mEula ,nd§ug kS;s ilid .ekSu
w;HdjYH fõ' úfYaIfhkau fmdÿrdcH uKav,Sh rgj,a fujeks kS;sj,g oekgu;a wkq.;ù fyda
wkq.;ùfï ls%hdj,sfhys fh§ isà'
fmdÿrdcH uKav,Sh md¾,sfïka;= wOHhk lKavdhu úiska f;dr;=re oek.ekSug we;s whs;sh
m%j¾Okh lsÍug m%uqL ld¾hNdrhla bgqlrk f,i md¾,sfïka;=j fj; wjOdrKh lr we;'
fuu lKavdhu u.ska óg wod, cd;Hka;r m%ñ;Ska i,ld n,kq ,en we;' fï w;r tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a udkj ysñlï ms<sn| m%{ma;sfhys 19 jk j.ka;sh" woyia m%ldY lsÍfï uQ,O¾u ms<sn|
wms%ldkq m%{ma;sh" woyialsÍfï uQ,O¾u ms<sn| wka;¾ wfußldkq m%{ ma;sh" hqfrdamdkq ljqkais,
wud;H lñgqj u.ska ,nd§ we;s rdcH f,aLk mßYS,kh lsÍu ms<sn| jQ ks¾foaYhka ^2002&¦ woyia
oeÍfï iy m%ldY lsÍfï ksoyi ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a úfYaIs; rfmda¾;=jla u.ska ,ndÿka
ks¾foaYhka" fmdÿ rdcH uKav,h úiska ilia lrkq ,enQ f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï m%ñ;Ska iy 19 jk
j.ka;sfhys m%ldYkh;a" "The public right to know: principles of freedom of information legislation."
tfukau m¾;ays md¾,sfïka;=j iy udOH i|yd jk oekqj;a m%cd;ka;%jdoh ms<sn| uQ,O¾uo
CPA wOHhk lKavdhu úiska ie,ls,a,g f.k we;' fuu lKavdhu u.ska md¾,sfïka;=
ksfhdað;hka yg f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï jeo.;aluo ie,ls,a,g f.k we;'

1' f;dr;=re oek.ekSug we;s whs;sh'

iEu wfhl=gu rdcH ks,OdÍkaf.ka f;dr;=re oek.ekSug we;s whs;sh ;yjqre lrñka
md¾,sfïka;=j úiska kS;s iïmdokh lsÍug m%uqL;djh Èh hq;=h'

30
2' Ndú;fha wjldYhka
rdcH wdh;kj, ks,OdÍka Tjqkaf.a ;k;=r l=ula jqj;a Tjqkaf.ka f;dr;=re oek.ekSug
uyckhdg we;s whs;sh meyeÈ,sj i|yka úh hq;=h' úfYaIfhkau uyck fiajhg lemjQ wdh;k
fuu kS;shg hgkafõ' CPA lKavdhu ol=Kq wms%ldfõ mj;sk hï whs;shla wdrlaId lsÍu ms<sn|
wjYH lreKl§ fm!oa.,sl wdh;kj,ska mjd f;dr;=re oek.ekSug we;s whs;sh ;yjqrelsÍu
ms<sn|j fuu lKavdhu úiska m%Yxidj m<fldg we;'

3' ffokslj isÿlrkq ,nk m%ldYkhka

3'1 uyckhdg myiqfjka f;dr;=re oek.ekSug yelsjk whqßka uQ,sl f;dr;=re m%ldYkh lsÍug yd
mq¿,a f,i fnodyeÍug rdcH wdh;k kS;sfhka ne£ isáh hq;=fõ' uyckhdg ksrdjrKh jk
f;dr;=re m%udKh ld,h;a iu. jeäúh hq;=h'
3'2 ld,h;a iu. jeämqr f;dr;=re m%udKhla ksrdhdifhka m%ldYkh ùfï oelau iys;j rdcH
wdh;k úiska m%ldYk ksl=;a lsÍfï l%uhla we;s l< hq;=fõ'
3'3' b,a¨ula iys; f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSug ^,nd.; fkdyels f;dr;=re yereKqfldg& yelsjk mßÈ
rdcH wdh;k úiska f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú; l< hq;=fõ' fuu.ska uyckhdg f;dr;=re
oek.ekSug myiqjkjd muKla fkdj th rdcH wdh;kj,g ie,lsh hq;= uqo,a b;sßhla o fõ'
3'4 b,a,Sulg wkqj f;dr;=rela ,ndfok wjia:djl§ tu f;dr;=r u.ska ;=kajk md¾Yjhl
fm!oa.,sl;ajhg ydks fkdjk mßÈ wkdjrKh l< hq;=h'

4' f;dr;=re oek.ekSu myiqlsÍfï ls%hdj,sh'

4'1 hï f;dr;=rla b,a,d isàfï§ th wjYH l=ulgoehs hkak lsisfjl=g mejiSu wjYH ke;'
4'2 hï f;dr;=rla b,a,d isák úg rdcH wdh;k úiska ksYaÑ; ld,iSudjla ;=< tajd iemhsh hq;=fõ'
tu ld,iSudj ;=<§ tu f;dr;=r iemhSug wfmdfydi;a jkafka kï th f;dr;=re ,nd§u
m%;slafIam lsÍula f,i ie,fla'
4'3 f;dr;=re ,nd§u m%;slafIam lrk úgl§ tfia lsÍug fya;=j;a" tfia lrkq ,en we;af;a kS;sfha
l=uk j.ka;sh hgf;ao hkak;a ta ms<sn|j wNshdpkd lsÍug whs;shla ;sfío hkak;a i|yka l<
hq;=h'
4'4 f;dr;=re úlD;s lsÍu fyda f;dr;=rej,g ydkslsÍu" f;dr;=re oek.ekSug we;s whs;shg
´kElñka ndOd we;slsÍu o~qjï ,eìh yels jrols'

5' msßjeh
f;dr;=re oek.ekSug b,a¨ïlrejka úiska f.úh hq;= uqo, Tjqka wffO¾hhg m;a fkdlrkiq¿
úh hq;=h' kS;Hdkql+, f.jqï l%uhla we;s lsÍfï§ my; i|yka lreKq i,ld ne,sh hq;=fõ'
5'1a b,a¨ïlrejka uqo,la f.úh hq;af;a f;dr;=re msgm;a lsÍu i|yd hk uqo,g iudk uqo,la muKs'
5'2b fm!oa.,sl f;dr;=re jeks we;eï f;dr;=re fkdñf,a fyda b;du;au wvq uqo,lg ,nd.; yelsúh
hq;=h'

31
5'3c ks,OdÍka ;u jd¾;d uyckhdg myiqfjka ,nd.; yels whqßka ilia fkdfldg ;sîu
fya;=fjka f;dr;=re b,a¨ï lrkakka lsisfia;au wêl úhoulg hg;a fkdúh hq;=h'
5'4d f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSu i|yd isÿlrk ,o f.ùulska miqj ksYaÑ; ld,iSudjla ;=< f;dr;=re
imhkakfka ke;skï tu uqo,a kej; ,ndÈh hq;= w;r b,a¨u fkdñf,a imqrd,sh hq;=fõ'
5'5'e f;dr;=re ,nd§u fjkqfjka b,a¨ïlrejkaf.ka uqo,a whl< hq;af;a m%udKh iy
ixlS¾K;djfhka jeäkï muKs'
5'6f f.úh hq;= uqo, b,a¨ïlrejkaf.a f.ùug we;s yelshdj u; fjkia l< hq;=h'

6' f;dr;=re ,ndfkd§ isáh yels wjia:d

6'1 fmdÿ iy fm!oa.,sl wjYH;djhkag ydks meñKúh yels wjia:dj,§ f;dr;=re oek.ekSug we;s
whs;sh .ek b;d ie,ls,af,ka ne,sh hq;=fõ' f;dr;=re ,ndfkd§u yqfola jpkj,g iSud
fkdl< hq;= w;r ta ms<sn|j meyeÈ<s úIh uQ,sl lreKq oelaúh hq;=h'
6'2 f;dr;=re ,nd§fï§ tu f;dr;=rej,ska isÿjk ydksh fmdÿck hym;g jvd jeä kï iy
uyck wjYH;djhg jvd isÿjk ydksh jeäkï muKs' fï ms<sn|j iafldÜ,ka;fha Ndú;dj
WodyrKhg .; yelsh'
6'3 lsisÿ rdcH wdh;khla kS;sfha wdêm;Hfhka uq¿ukskau neyerfldg ;eìh fkdyel' tfia jqjo
we;eï f;dr;=re ,nd§fï§ úfYaIs; f;dr;=re iïnkaOfhka tla tla b,a,Su wkqj lghq;= l<
hq;=fõ'

7' fkd.e,fmk kS;Ska'

7'1 f;dr;=re oek.ekSu i|ydjk kS;sh iy wfkl=;a kS;s w;r .egqula we;s wjia:dj,§ f;dr;=re
i|ydjk kS;sh n,meje;afõ'
7'2 f;dr;=re oek.ekSug we;s kS;Skaj,g ndOdlrk kS;Ska wjYH mßÈ ixfYdaOkh lsÍug fyda
bj;a lsÍug" kej; i,ldne,Sug laIKsl mshjr .; hq;=h'

8' f,aLk ksisf,i mj;ajdf.k hEu

8'1 f,aLk ksisf,i mj;ajdf.k hEu f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSug myiqjkjd muKla fkdj th
hymd,khgo b;d jeo.;a fõ' tfia ksisf,i f,aLk mj;ajdf.k hk l%u fkdue;s wjia:dj,§
f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sh i|yd jQ kS;sud,djg we;=<;a l< hq;=h'
8'2 rdcH wdh;kj, jd¾;d ksisf,i mj;ajdf.k hEfï ksis ls%hdmámdáhla ls%hdjg kexùu u.ska
by< m%ñ;shla ;yjqre lr.ekSug fya;=fõ' f;dr;=re oek.ekSu i|yd jQ kS;sh" ish¿ rdcH
wdh;k iïnkaOj fujeks mámdàka we;=<;afldg md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a l< hq;=h'
8'3 Wiia ;;a;ajfhka hq;a f,aLk mj;ajdf.k hdfï l%uhlg iyh ,ndÈh hq;=fõ'
Wod( mqyqKqj iy Wmfoia ,nd§u'
rdcH f,aLk ksis whqßka mj;ajdf.k hdu ;yjqre lsÍu'

9' kj f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh

32
 f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï§ kùk ;dlaIKh úfYaIfhkau wka;¾cd,h jeo.;a odhl;ajhla imhhs'
tfukau tys m%;sM,hla f,i hymd,kh m%j¾Okh fõ' Wiia ;;ajfhka hq;a f,aLk
mj;ajdf.k hdu m%j¾Okh lsÍu iy tajdg myiqlrKh ,nd§u kj ;dlaIKh u.ska isÿflf¾'

10' f;dr;=re iÕjd ;nd.ekSfï ixialD;shg tfrysùu'

10'1 .eg¿jla jk f;dr;=re iÕjd ;nd.ekSfï ixialD;sh mrdch lsÍug wdKavqj iy rdcH wdh;k
ksrka;r m%h;akhla oeßh hq;=h' iudchl újD;Ndjfha we;s jeo.;alu" f;dr;=re frÔuhlska
f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSu ls%hdjg kexùu hk wx.j,g wod<j mqyqKqùï ,ndÈh hq;=fõ'
10'2 foosidjlg isÿjk f;dr;=re h,dhdu fya;=fjka m%;sm;a;s ixj¾Okh we;=¿j isú,a fiajlhskaf.a
wjfndaOh jeäùu fujeks mqyqKqlsÍïj,ska isÿfõ'
md¾,sfïka;= uka;S%jreka fuu ldrKdj iïnkaOj kdhl;aj ld¾hNdrhla bgql< hq;=h'
Tjqka újD;Ndjh ms<sn| rdcH ks,OdÍka yg wdo¾Yhla imhñka Tjqkaf.a mQ¾K iyh óg ,ndÈh
hq;=h' ;jo Tjqka úiska f;dr;=rej, újD;Ndjh m%j¾Okh lsÍug kj Wmdh ud¾. Èh;a l<
hq;=fõ' fuu ldrKdj iïnkaOj á%ksvEâ (Trinidad) iy fgdnef.da (Tobago) CPA lKavdhfuys
meiiqug ,laj we;'
10'3 f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï kS;shg wkql+,j hñka f;dr;=re wkdjrKh lrk mqoa.,hska w;jrhg
,lalsÍfuka" wmydij,g n÷kaùfuka fyda o~qjï meñKùfuka j<ld,sh hq;=fõ'
10'4 hïlsis wdh;khl jerÈ ls%hdmámdàka ms<sn|j i;aNdjfhka f;dr;=re imhk mqoa.,hska yg
kS;sfha wdrlaIdj ,eìh hq;=fõ'
11' f;dr;=rej,g we;s whs;sh m%p,s; lsÍu
11'1 f;dr;=re oek.ekSug ;ukag we;s whs;sh ms<sn| oekqj;a lsÍfï wOHdmksl jevigyka ls%hd;aul
l< hq;=h'
11'2 ;u Pkaoodhlhska fuu whs;sh ms<sn|j oekqj;alsÍfï j.lSula md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;jreka i;=j
we;'
11'3 wfkl=;a wdh;kj,g tkï iajdëk mßmd,k wdh;k we;=¿j isú,a iudch" rdcH wdh;k"
udOHh ^úfYaIfhkau .=jkaúÿ,s m%pdrK udOHh& udkj ysñlï i|yd fmkSisgk lKavdhï fuu
kS;sh ms<sn|j ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍfï§ úfYaI ld¾hNdrhla bgql< hq;=fõ'
11'4 f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sh ms<sn|j wjfndaOh m%j¾Okh lsÍu mdie,a iy úYajúoHd, we;=¿j
úêu;a wOHdmk l%uhka Ndú; l< hq;=fõ'

12' iajdëk mßmd,k wdh;kj, ld¾hNdrh

12'1 f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sh ms<sn| we;s kS;Ska ksis whqßka ls%hd;aul lsÍu ;yjqre lsÍu
kS;suh ls%hdmámdàka ilia lrk iajdëk mßmd,k wdh;khka ;sìh hq;=h' fuu wdh;khg
wjYH iïm;a ,ndÈh hq;= w;r ks,OdÍkaf.a iy wfkl=;a whf.ka meñfKk ndOd" ;k;=re
m;alsÍfï ls%hdmámdáh" m%;smdok ,nd§fï hdka;%Kh iy wdh;khg fiajlhka n|jd .ekSfï§
jk ndOdj,ska fuh wdrlaId l< hq;=fõ'
12'2 rdcH wdh;k u.ska f;dr;=re iemhSug lrkq ,nk ´kEu m%;slafIam lsÍulg tfrys wNshdpkd
úNd. lsÍug iy ta fjkqfjka ksis ls%hdud¾. .ekSug fuu iajdëk mßmd,k wdh;kj,g n,h
;sìh hq;=h' wdrjq,aj,g ueÈy;aùu" idlaIs /ialsÍu hk ldrKdj,g wod<j fuu wdh;k i;=j
n,h ;sìh hq;=fõ'

33
12'3 iajdëk mßmd,k wdh;k u.ska f;dr;=re oek.ekSug we;s whs;sh ms<sn| kS;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu
;yjqre lsÍug o j.n,d .; hq;=fõ' rdcH wdh;kj,g fï ms<sn| ls%hdldÍ;ajh iudf,dapkh
lsÍfï j.lSu o óg we;=<;a fõ' iajdëk mßmd,k wdh;kh jd¾Islj md¾,sfïka;=jg jd¾;d
l< hq;= w;r Bg wu;rj o wjYH wjia:djkaj,§ md¾,sfïka;=jg jd¾;d l< hq;=fõ'
12'4 wfkl=;a kS;Ska" f;dr;=re oek.ekSug we;s whs;sh ms<sn| kS;sh iu. .e<fmkafkaoehs ;yjqre
lsÍuo iajdëk mßmd,k wdh;k i;= ld¾hhls' mj;sk wfkl=;a kS;Ska f;dr;=re oek.ekSug
we;s whs;sh ms<sn| kS;sh iu. fkd.e,fmk wjia:dj,§ ta ms<sn|j úuid ne,Su;a kj kS; s
iïmdokfha§ tajd iu. fuu kS;sh .e,fmkafka oehs hkak ms<sn|j fidhdn,d lghq;= lsÍu
fuu wdh;k i;= ld¾hNdrhka fõ'

13' f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sh ms<sn| md¾,sfïka;= md,kh'

13'1 f;dr;=re oek.ekSu ms<sn|j uyck;djg we;s whs;sh ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd md,khla mj;ajd
.ekSu iy ta ms<sn|j úuid ne,Su iïnkaOfhka m%Odk ld¾hNdrhla mejÍ we;' md¾,sfïka;+ka
fuu j.lSu b;d ´kElñka bgq l< hq;=h'
13'2 uyck;djg f;dr;=re oek.ekSug we;s whs;sh ksisf,i ls%hd;aul fõ oehs ;yjqre lr.ekSu
i|yd f;dr;=re oek.ekSug we;s whs;sh ms<sn| kS;sh jßkajr iudf,dapkhg ,lal< hq;=h'
ì%;dkH fldf,dïìhdfjys iEu 6 uilgu jrla isÿlrk mßÈ fujeks lrkafka kï th
m%ixYd;aulh'
13'3 ish¿u rdcH wdh;khka úiska ;uka fj; ,enqKq f;dr;=re úuiSï iy tajd iïnkaOj lghq;=
l< wdldrh ms<sn|j oelafjk jd¾Isl jd¾;djla úIhNdr wud;Hjrhdg fyda iajdëk mßmd,k
wdh;khlg ,ndÈh hq;=fõ' fuu jd¾;dj uyck ,shú,a,la f,i md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a l<
hq;=h'
13'4 ;u wud;HdxYj, f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSfï whs;sh ksishdldrj isÿù fkdue;s wjia:dj,§ wod,
wud;Hjrekaf.ka ta ms<sn|j m%YaklsÍu óg wod< md¾,sfïka;=fõ md,k ld¾hNdrhg wod<fõ'
13'5 f;dr;=re oek.ekSug we;s whs;sh ms<sn| kS;sh ls%hd;aul lsÍfï j.lSu mejfrk iajdëk
mßmd,k wdh;kh ms<sn|j fidhd ne,Suo md¾,sfïka;= md,k ld¾hNdrhg wh;afõ' fuu
wdh;khg m%;smdok ,nd§fï§ iy m;aùï ,nd§fï§ md¾,sfïka;=jg m%Odk ld¾hNdrhla mejÍ
we;' w;snyq;r Pkaofhka fyda talu;sl wkque;shlska m;aùï ,ndfok l%ufõohla ms<sn|j
ie,ls,a,g .;hq;=h' m;aùï ,nd§u úksúoNdjfhka hqla;j isÿl< hq;=h' iajdëk mßmd,k
wdh;kh md¾,sfïka;=jg jd¾;d l< hq;= fukau md¾,sfïka;=jg j.lshk wdh;khla o úh
hq;=h'
13'6 f;dr;=re frÔuj,ska f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSfï ls%hdj,sh ms<sn|j md¾,sfïka;=j úiska úuidne,Su
w¾Ojd¾Islj isÿlsÍu ms<sn|j i,ld ne,sh hq;=h'

14' md¾,sfïka;=fõ úksúoNdjh

14'1 md¾,sfïka;=fõ ld¾hNdrh iy ls%hdmámdàka yels Wmßu uÜgñka újD;j ;nd.ekSu ms<sn|j
kdhl;aj ld¾hNdrhla md¾,sfïka;=j i;=j ;sìh hq;=h' md¾,sfïka;=fõ újdo má.; l< hq; =
w;r tajdfha msgm;a yels blauKska uyck;djg;a wka;¾cd,hg;a iemhsh hq;=fõ'

34
14'2 Pkao fldÜGdY ld¾hd, fukau úúO uÜgñka f;aÍm;aj we;s ks,OdÍka o md¾,sfïka;=fõ
újD;Ndjh m%j¾Okh lsÍug fhdod.; hq;=h'
14'3 úfYaI wjia:djl yer lñgq /iaùï uyck;djg újD;j meje;aùu idudkH ms<s.ekSula úh hq;=h'
úfYaI /iaùula fyda /iaùulska fldgila uyckhdg újD; fkdfldg meje;aùu wjYH jQ
úfgl§ ta ms<sn|j ck;djf.ka úuiSula l< hq;= w;r tfia lsÍug fya;= uyck;djg oekqï Èh
hq;=h' —md¾,sfïka;=j iy udOH /iaùï˜ ms<sn| jd¾;dfõ 8'9 ks¾foaYh CPA lKavdhu úiska
ie,ls,a,g f.k we;'

15' m%j¾Ok ls%hdud¾.

15'1 f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sh ms<sn|j oekqj;a lsÍu m%j¾Okh lsÍu" uyckhd i|yd wOHdmksl
l%ufõohka ÈhqKqlsÍu" rdcH ks,OdÍka mqyqKq lsÍu" f;dr;=re oek.ekSug we;s whs;sh ms<sn|
kS;sh iu. fkd.e,fmk wfkl=;a kS;Ska ms<sn| .eg¿ ksrdlrKh lsÍu iy jd¾;d
mj;ajdf.k hdfï l%u jeäÈhqKq lsÍu jeks lreKq iïnkaOfhka cd;Hka;r iyfhda.h b;d
jeo.;a nj CPA lKavdhu u.ska ie,ls,a,g f.k we;' tneúka tu wruqK ,Õd lr.ekSug
iyfhda.h fok f,i cd;Hka;r m%cdjf.ka wm b,a,d isákafkuq'
15'2 fuu ks¾foaYhka md¾,sfïka;= uka;S%jrekag" isú,a iudchg iy Pkao fldÜGdYj,g mq¿,a f,i
fnodyßñka tajd iM, lr.ekSug CPA lKavdhu ne£ isà'
15'3 fmdÿrdcH uKav,Sh md¾,sfïka;= ix.uh" f,dal nexl= wdh;kh" fmdÿrdcH uKav,Sh f,alï
ld¾hd,h" fmdÿrdcH uKav,Sh udkj ysñlï i|ydjk m%fõYh" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk iy
cd;Hka;r m%cdjf.ka my; i|yka lreKq ms<sn|j ie,ls,a, fhduqlrjk f,i CPA b,a,d
isáhs'
15'3a l=vd rdcHhka" rgj,a njg m;afjñka mj;sk m%foaY" úfYaI m%foaYj,g f;dr;=re oek.ekSug
we;s whs;sh ms<sn| úYd, wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK§ug isÿù we;s w;r ;dlaIKsl iy úfYaI{ oekqu
Tjqkag wjYHù we;' tneúka by; i|ykafldg we;s wdh;k u.ska fudjqkaf.a b,a,Sïj,g
úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq lrk f,i CPA b,a,d isáhs'
15'3b jvd myiqfjka f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSu isÿlr.ekSu i|yd m%Odk f;audjka uq,alr.;a fmdÿrdcH
uKav,Sh rgj,a úiska wOHhkhla isÿl< hq;=j we;'
15'3c fmdÿrdcH uKav,Sh rgj,aj,g f;dr;=re mj;ajdf.k hdfï ls%hdmámdáh ÈhqKq ;;ajhlg
f.ktau ms<sn| woyig CPA lKavdhu iyfhda.h olajd we;'

ks.uk
f;dr;=re oek.ekSug we;s whs;sh ms<sn| ks¾foaY ls%hdjg kexùfï§ fmdÿrdcH uKav,Sh
rgj,a w;r úYd, fjkialï mj;sk nj CPA lKavdhu y÷kdf.k we;' ta iu. fmdÿrdcH
uKav,Sh rgj,a wfmalaId lrkq ,nk uQ,sl m%ñ;Ska fuu ks¾foaYj, wka;¾.;ù we;s nj wms úYajdi
lrkafkuq' fuu ks¾foaY ls%hdjg kexùug wjYH mshjrhka yels blauKska .kakd f,i wm
fmdÿrdcH uKav,Sh rgj,aj,ska iy tajdfha md¾,sfïka;= uka;S%jrekaf.ka b,a,d isákafkuq'

35
 ¥IK úfrdaë iy ta wdY%s; wfkl=;a kS;s ms,sn| idrdxYhla
1954 w,a,ia mk; iy 1994 wxl 19 ork w,a,ia fyda ¥IK úu¾K flñIka iNd mk;
1994 wxl 19 ork mk; uÕska rch úiska w,a,ia yd ¥IK ms,sn| fpdaokdjka ms,sn|j úu¾IKh lsÍu
i|yd fldñiula ia:dms; lrkq ,eìks¡ fldñiu idudðlhka ;sfofkl=f.ka iukaú; jk w;r thska
fofokl= úY%du,;a fYA%IaGdëlrK úksiqrejrka úhhq;= fjhs¡
w,a,i ms,sn| w¾:ksremkh 1954 wxl 11 ork w,a,ia mk;g wkqj zlsishï mdßf;dAIslhla msßkeóu"
ta i|yd fm<Uùu fyda tjekakla ms,s.ekSuZ w,a,ila f,iska ye¢kafõ¡
¥IKh w¾: olajkq ,nkafka rcfha fiajlhl= úiska my; ljr fyda ls%hdjla isÿlrñka rchg jerÈ
iy.; fyda kS;súfrdaë mdvqjla isÿlrk fyda ;ukag fyda fjk;a whl=g jerÈ iy.; fyda kS;súfrdaë
m%;s,dNhla w;aùug fya;=jk wdldrfhka lghq;= lsÍula f,isks¡
 rcfha fiajlhl= f,i iajlSh ks,h fya;=fldgf.k ;ukaa úiska isÿl< hq;= lsishï ls%hdjla
isÿlsÍu fyda fkdlr yeÍu
 tjeks ls%hdjla isÿlsÍug fyda lsÍfuka je,lS isàug rcfha fiajlhl=g fm<Uùï lsÍu
 rcfha fiajlhl= f,i ;ukag ±k.ekSug ,efnk f;dr;=re fhdod.ekSu
 ish ks, uÜgñka ;SrK .ekSï i|yd iyNd.Sùu
 ish ks, uÜgñka ljr fyda ;eke;a;l= fj; lsishï ls%hdjla isÿlrk f,ig fyda lsÍfuka
je,lS isàug fm<Uùï isÿlsÍu

ÿIKhg jrolrejk whl=g jir 10 lg fkdjeä isro~qjula fyda re¡ 100"000 lg fkdjeä ovhla
fyda ta folskau o~qjï l<yel¡
wruqK ixfYdaê; 1954 wxl 11 ork w,a,ia mk; hgf;a w,a,ia flduidßiajrhd fj; bÈßm;ajk yd
Tyqg ±k.ekSug ,efnk w,a,ia ms,sn| fpdaokdjka iïnkaOfhka úur¾IKh lsÍfï n,h w,a, ia
fldñiu i;=fõ¡
fldñifï n,;,
my; n,;, fldñiu i;=fõ¡
 ,sÅ; yd jdÑl idCIs ,nd.ekSu
 Èjqreï msg idCIslrejkaf.ka m%YaK lsÍu
 f,aLK fyda fjk;a idCIs bÈßm;a lrk f,ig nexl=" foaYSh wdodhï fomd¾;fïka;=j fyda
fjk;a ´kEu wdh;khla fyda ;eke;a;l= fj;ska b,a,Sï lsÍu
 lsishï ;eke;a;l= ráka msgùu je,elaùu
 ljr fyda ia:dkhlg we;=,;aj TkEu f,aLKhla fyda øjHhla ;ykug .ekSu

ÿ¾j,;djhka
 úu¾IK lghq;= isÿlsÍu i|yd wjYH ks,OdÍka ,nd.ekSug fldñiug fmd,siam;s fj;o"
mßmd,k lghq;= iïnkaOfhka rdcH mßmd,k wud;HdxYh flfryso r\ mej;Sug isÿj we;
 fldñifï wOHCIjrhd ckdêm;sjrhd úiska kï lrkq ,nk w;r Tyq j.lshkafka
fldñiug fkdj ckdêm;sjrhdgh¡ ta wkqj Tyqf.a OQrld<h iaÓr tlla fkdjk w;r
ckdêm;sjrhdg Tyqj ;k;=ßka bj;a lsÍfï n,h ysñh¡
 úu¾IKhla wdrïN lsÍug kï fldñiu fj; w,a,ila fyda ¥IKhla iïnkaOfhka ,sÅ;
meñKs,a,la ,eìh hq;=h
36
 bÈßm;aj we;s woyia

 fldñifï idudðlhka jir 3 l ld<hlg fkdj jir 5 l OQr ld<hla i|yd m;al< hq;=h
 úY%dñl fYAIaGdêlrK úksiqrejreka fldñiug m;alsÍu wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh flfrys
n,mEï we; l<yel
 YS% ,xldj ;=, idCIslrejkag /ljrkh ie,iSfï l%ufõohla fkdue;¡ hïfyhlska meñKs,a,
wi;H tlla nj fmkS .shfyd;a meñKs,a, bÈßm;a l< ;eke;a;d tfrysj mshjr .ekSfï
yelshdj mk;ska ,nd§ we;¡
 iuyr rgj, iq¿ jerÈ lñgqjl;a uÕska úNd. lrkq ,nk w;r pQÈ;hkag ish ;k;=rej,ska
b,a,d wiaùfuka yd ovhla f.ùfuka kvq mjrkq ,eîfuka ksoyia úhyel
 jdÑ; meñKs,s" ks¾Kdñl fm;aiï yd mqj;am;a jd¾;djka mjd mokï lr.ksñka úurAIK
isÿlsÍfï n,h fldñiu fj; mej;sh hq;=h¡ fydxfldx ys w,a,ia fldñiu fj; meñKs,s
bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd meh 24 mqrd ls%hd;aul ÿrl:k wxlhla we;¡
 úu¾IK isÿlsÍu i|yd m<d;a uÜgñka tall msysgqúh hq;=h
 ¥IKfha whym;a m%;sM, iïnkaOfhka ck;dj ±kqj;a l<hq;=h
 fldñiu wdpdr O¾u yd wjxlNdjh ms,sn| fldñiu f,iska ye¢kaùu jvd WÑ;h¡ thg
uQ,Huh iajdëk;ajhla mej;sh hq;=h¡ rdcH wdhkhka úiska wruqo,a wh:d f,i Ndú;d
fkdlrk njg fldñiu úiska wëCIKh l<hq;=h ¡

j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYlsÍfï kS;sh ^1975 wxl 1 ork mk;" 1988 wxl 74 ork mk;ska ixfYdaê;
1985 wxl 29 ork mk;&
wruqK fuu kS;sfha wruqK jkafka foaYmd,{hska" rcfha fiajlhska iy wfkl=;a wh úiska w,a,i
yd ¥IKh ;=,ska Okh w;alr.ekSu wëCIKh lsÍuhs¡ mk;g wkqj md¾,sfïka;= uka;S%jreka" m<d;a
md,k wdh;k iNslhska" rdcH ixia:djkays iNdm;sjreka yd wOHCIljreka" foaYmd,k mCIhkays
ks,;, orkakka" jD;a;Sh iñ;s iy 2 jk j.ka;sh hgf;a olajd we;s ldKavhkag wh;a ;eke;a;ka
úiska iEu jirlu ud¾;= 31 Èkg fmr ish j;alï yd nerlï ms,sn| m%ldYhla bÈßm;a l<hq;= fjhs¡
"¡
jerÈ
 udi ;=kla we;=,; m%ldYkhla bÈßm;a lsÍug wfmdfydi;aùu
 jHdc m%ldYkhla bÈßm;a lsÍu
 jqjukdfjkau lsishï j;alula i|yka fkdfldg meyer yeÍu

o~qju re¡1000 fkdblauk ovhla fyda jirla fkdblauk isr o~qjula fyda ta folu¡
ÿn,;d
 m%ldYkhka bÈßm;a lsÍu iïnkaOfhka kshdukh lsÍug ;ks uOHu wêldrhla fkdue;¡
ljqreka úiska m%ldYkhka bÈßm;a fldg we;af;a±hs lsisjl= fyda fkdokakd w;r ta ms,sn|j
;yjqre lr.ekSfï l%ufõohlao fkdue;¡
 9 ^w& j.ka;shg wkqj meñKs,a, bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk ;eke;a;d úiska ìßjeh iy w,dNhka
i|yd iqrCIs;hla ;eïm;a l<hq;= fjhs¡ fuu wjYH;djh ;Dma; lrñka meñKs,a,la bÈßm;a
lsÍug ljrl= fyda bÈßm;a fkdjkq we;¡

bÈßm;aj we;s woyia

 m%ldYkhka kshdukh lsÍu i|yd jk uOHu wêldßhlska f;drj wod, ish,a,ka úiskau
m%ldYkhka bÈrm;afldg we;s±hs hkak fidhe.kSfï uÕla fkdue;¡ jd¾;dù we;s wkaoug
2005 foieïn¾ 31 olajdu m%ldYkhka bÈßm;afldg we;af;a md¾,sfïka;= uka;S%jreka 7 fokl=
muKls¡
 ish j;alï yd nerlï ms,sn| i;H f;dr;=re we;=,;a m%ldYkhla bÈßm;a lsÍulska f;drj
wfmaCIlhskaf.a kdufhdackdjka m%;slafIam l<hq;= njg jk m%;smdokhka we;=,;a lrñka
ue;sjrK mk; ixfYdaOkh l<hq;=h¡

Tïnqâiauka

37
1994 wxl 26 ork mk;ska ixfYdaê; 1981 wxl 17 ork mßmd,k lghq;= ms,sn| md¾,sfïka;=
flduidßia mk; uÕska Tïnqâiauka Orh we;s lrk ,§¡
wruqK fuu ;k;=r we;slsÍfï wruqKjQfha widOdrK;ajhkag yd wdrjq,a j,g ,dNodhS iy fõ.j;a
ksrjq,a lsÍula ,nd§uhs¡ Tïnqâiaukajrhd ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lrkq ,nhs¡
ls%hdldrlï ´kEu ;ek;a;l=g Tïnqâiaukajrhd fj; Rcqju meñKs,s bÈßm;a l< yel¡ fjk;a kS;s
blaujd fkdhk ;dla ÿrlg rcfha fiajlhl= úiska isÿlrkq ,nk udkj ysñlï lvlsÍula fyda
fjk;a ljr fyda wdidOdrKhla ms,sn|j úu¾IKh lsÍfï n,h Tyq i;=h¡
Tïnqâiaukajrhdg ,ndÈh yels ;SrKhka 1994 wxl 26 ork mk;ska ixfYdaOkh lrk ,o 17 jk
j.ka;sfhka Tïnqâiaukajrhdg ,ndÈh yels ;Sr Khka ms,sn|j olajhs¡ Tïnqâiaukajrhd úiska udkj
ysñlï lvùula fyda lvùug w;Hdikak ;;ajhla" kS;shg mgyeks ;;ajhla" fjkiafldg ie,lSula
fyda whqla;shla isÿù ;sfío hkak ;SrKh lrhs¡ Tyq ish ;SrKh wud;Hjrhd" fomd¾;fïka;= m%Odkshd
iy uyck fm;aiï lñgqj fj; bÈßm;a lrhs¡ ish jd¾;dj u; lsisÿ ls%hdud¾.hla .kq fkd,enqfõ
kï Tïnqâiaukajrhd ish jd¾;dj ckdêm;sjrhd iy md¾,sfïka;=j fj; bÈßm;a lrhs¡
bÈßm;aj we;s woyia
 Tïnqâiaukajrhd úiska ,ndfokq ,nk ;SrKhka iuyr wjia:djkays§ fkd;ld yeskq ,efnk
w;r t;=,ska kS;sh wls%hNdjhg m;afjhs¡ iuyr rgj, Tïnqâiaukahdg mq¿,a n,;, mj;sk
w;r ish ;SrK ls%hd;aul lsÍug ksfhda. lsÍfï n,ho we;¡
 Tïnqâiaukarhdg m<d;aj, hï hï ks,hka fj; jvd myiq m%fõYhla mej;sh hq;=h
 Tïnqâiauka hk ;k;=re kduh iy tys miqìu h<s i,ld ne,sh hq;=h¡ j¾;udkfha ta i|yd
fndfydaúg m;alrkq ,nkafka úY%du,;a úksiqrejrekah¡ wxllNdjfhka hq;=j lghq;= lrk
úúO lafIA;%hkays ;eke;a;ka fj; fuu ;k;=r újD; úh hq;=h¡

udkj ysñlï fldñiu

1996 wxl 21 ork mk;ska udkj ysñlï fldñiu ia:dms; flßk¡
wruqK zuQ,sl whs;sjdislïZ hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,efnkafka wdKavql%u jHJia:dj uÕska ms,s.kq,en we;s
yd iy;slfldg we;s whs;sjdislïh¡ fuu uQ,sl whs;sjdislï lvlsÍï muKla fldñiug úIh jk
w;r tlS lvlsÍïj,g tfrysj fm;aiï f.dkq l<yel¡
fldñifï ld¾hhka
 uQ,sl whs;sjdisllï lvùï iïnkaOfhka jk meñKs,s ms,sn|j úu¾AIKh lsÍu iy tlS
whs;sjdislï wdrCId lsÍu m%j¾Okh lsÍu
 uQ,sl whs;sjdisllï lvùula fyda lvùug w;Hdikak ;;ajhka ms,sn|j úu¾IKh lsÍu iy
tjeks isÿùï iu.s lsÍu iy iu: lsÍu uÕska ksrdlrKh lsÍu
 uQ,sl whs;sjdisllï iïnkaOfhka jk jeäÿr jHjia:d iïmdokh i|yd rchg iydhùu
 cd;sl kS;sSka iy mßmd,k mßphka cd;Hka;r udkj ysñlï Í;s yd m%ñ;Ska iuÕ wkq.;
wdldrfhka ilialr .ekSug rchg ks¾foaY lsÍu
 udkj ysñlï lafIA;%hg wod, cd;Hka;r .súiqï fyda wfkl=;a iïuq;Skag we;=,;aùu" tajd
ms,s.ekSu iy tajd wmrdkqu; lsÍug rchg ks¾foaY lsÍu
 udkj ysñlï ms,sn| ±kqj;aNdjh by, kexùu

fldñifï n,;,
 uQ,sl whs;sjdislï lvúï fyda lvùug w;Hdikak ;;ajhka ms,sn|j úu¾IKh lsÍu
 fldñifï lghq;= isÿlsÍu i|yd m<d;a uÜgñka Wm lñgq m;alsÍu
 uQ,sl whs;sjdislï W,a,x>khùula ms,sn|j wêlrKh bÈßfha mj;akd ´kEu ldrKdjla
iïnkaOfhka ueÈy;aùu
 rdcH úiska r|jd isák ;eke;a;kaf.a iqNidOkh kshdukh lsÍu iy Tjqkaf.a /|jqï
;;ajhka jeäÈhqKq lsÍug ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍu
 fY%aIaGdëlrKh úiska ,ndfok Wmfoia wkqj lghq;= lsÍu
 m¾fhaIK isÿlsÍu iy iïuka;%K meje;aùu uÕska udkj ysñlï ms,sn| ±kj;aNdjh by,
kexùu
 meñKs,slreg ±Íug isÿjQ idODrK úhoï i|yd m%odkhka lsÍu
 ´kEu ;eke;a;l=g is;dis ksl=;a lsÍu" idCIs ,nd.ekSu iy idCIslrejkaf.ka m%YaK lsÍu

ÿ¾j,;d
38
  kS;sh ;=, udkj ysñlï ms,sn| w¾: ksrEmkh wiïmQ¾K tlls¡ YS% ,xldj úiska ms,s.kq ,en
we;s tlia;a cd;Skaf.a úúO iïuq;Skays wka;¾.; whs;sjdislï fndfyduhla thg we;=,;aj
fkdue;¡
 fldñiug l<yelafla wdrjq,a iu.s lsÍu uÕska ksrjq,a lsÍu muKs¡ fldñiu úiska ,ndfok
ud¾f.damfoaYhka wkq.ukh lsÍug rchg fyda wfkl=;a wdh;khkag n,mEï l<yels
m%;smdokhla fkdue;¡
 meñKs,a,la bÈßm;al< ;eke;a;l=g iykhla ,nd§ug fldñiu wiu;ajQ úg wdKavql5u
jHJia:dfõ 126 j.ka;sh hgf;a Tjqkg fY%aIaGdêlrKh fj; wNshdpkh l<yel¡
flfiafj;;a tlS wNshdpkhka bÈßm;a lsÍu b;d ñ< wêl ls%hdj,shls¡

bÈßm;aj we;s woyia

 28 j.ka;shg wkqj ;uka úiska ;%ia;jdoh je,elaùfï mk; hgf;a w;awvx.==jg f.k
r|jdisák ;eke;a;ka ms,n
s | f;dr;=re fldñiu fj; bÈßm;a l<hq;= fõ
 fldñifï wêldrhg tfrysj isÿlrkq ,enQ jerÈ iïnkaOfhka fY%AIaGdëlrKh bÈßfha kvq
mejÍfï yelshdj ,ndÈh hq;=h
 tjeks kvq lghq;= M,odhSúug kï tajd fõ.j;a wdldrhlska ls%hd;aul úhhq;=h

wdKAvql %u jHjia:djg isÿlrk ,o 17 jk ixfYdaOkh

wruqK 17 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh hgf;a jHjia:dohl iNdjla ia:dms; lrk ,§¡ iNdj my;
idudðlhkaf.ka iukaú; fõ¡
 w.%dud;Hjrhd
 l:dkdhljrhd
 md¾,sfïka;=fõ úmCIkdhljrhd
 ckdêm;sjrhd úiska kï lrkq ,nk ;eke;af;la
 w.ue;sjrhd iy úmCI kdhljrhd úiska kïfldg ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;alrkq ,enQ
;eke;a;ka miafofkla
 w.ue;sjrhd iy úmCIkdhljrhd wh;ajk mCIhka fkdjk md¾,sfïka;=j ksfhdackh rk
fiiq mCI yd iajdêk lKavdhïj, uka;S%jreka nyq;rhlf.a tlÕ;ajh u; kï lrkq ,nk
wfhla¡ ckdêm;sjrhd úiska Tyqj m;alrkq we;

wdKavql%u jHjia:d iNdfõ ld¾hhka wdKavql%u jhjia:d iNdfõ m%Odk ld¾hh jkafka my;ska olajd
we;s fldñiï fj; idudðlhka m;alsÍu i|yd ckdêm;sjrhdg ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍuhs¡ wdKavql%u
jHJia:d iNdfõ ks¾foaYfhka f;drj fuu fldñiï tllg fyda idudðlhka m;alsÍfï n,hla
ckdêm;sjrhdg fkdue;¡
 uelsjrK fldñiu
 rdcH fiajd fldñiu
 cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu
 YS% ,xld udkj ysñlï fldñIka iNdj
 w,a,ia yd ¥IK ms,sn| úu¾IKh lsÍu i|yd jk ia:djr ldrl iNdj
 uqo,a fldñiu
 iSud ks¾Kh lsÍfï fldñiu

bÈßm;aj we;s woyia

17 jk wdKavql%u jHJia:d ixfYdaOkfha wruqKq my; mßÈ úh¡
 rdcH n,h hgf;a mj;akd jeo.;a fomd¾;fïka;= yd wdh;k ks¾foaYmd,kSlrKh lsÍu
 iqqÿiqlï we;s jD;a;slhka iy wjxl ;eke;a;ka fuu fldñiï i|yd m;ajk njg iy;slùu
 rcfha fiajlhkaf.a m;alsÍï" udrelsÍu" Wiiaù ï ,nd§u iy úkh md,kh iïnkaOfhka
idOdrK;ajh yd fjkiafldg fkdie,lSu i|yd jk whs;sjdislï wdrCId lr§u¡ kS;sh uÕsk a
ia:dms;fldg we;s fldñiï foaYmd,k ueÈy;aùï isÿùfï ìhlska f;drj iajdëkj ls%hd;aul
jk njg iy;slùu¡
39
fndfyduhla rgj, flduidßiajreka m;alsÍfï ls%hdj,sh ±kaùï m,lsÍfuka werfUhs¡ ;uka whÿï
l< ;k;=r i|yd ish iqÿiqlï whÿïlre úiska Tmamqlr isáh hq;=h¡ m;alsÍu isÿjkafka foaYmd,k
;SrKhka u; fkdj Tjqkaf.a iqÿiqlï u; msysgdh¡
ue;sjrK fldñiu
103 jk jHjia:djg wkqj wdKavql%u jHjia:d iNdj úiska kï lrkq ,nk 5 fokl= ckdêm;sjrhd
úiska ue;sjrK fldñiug m;a lrkq ,nhs¡
wruqK ue;sjrK fldñifï wruqK jkaf ka ksoyia yd iajdêk uelsjrK yd cku; úpdrKhka
meje;aùuhs¡
fldñifï n,;," ls%hdldrlï iy j.lSï
 ue;sjrK flduidßiajrhd m;alsÍu
 ish¨ ue;sjrK meje;aùu iïnkaO kS;s n,d;aul lsÍu
 fldñi md¾,sfïka;=jg j.lsjhq;=h
 ue;sjrK ld<hka ;=, rch fyda fjk;a rdcH wdh;kj,g wh;a ksYap, fyda pxp, foam,
ue;sjrK i|yd fhdod.ekSu je,elaùfï n,h ue;sjrK fldñiu i;=h
 ksoyia yd idOdrK ue;sjrKhla iqrCIs; lrkqjia udOHhkaf.a úldYk lghq;= yd uqøK
lghq;= iïnkaOfhka ud¾f.damfoaYhka ksl=;a lsÍu
 ue;sjrKhla meje;aùu i|yd wjYH jkakdjQ myiqlï yd ks,OdÍka m%udKh fmd,siam;s jrhd
fj; ±kaùu¡ tlS ks,OdÍka ue;sjrK flduidßiajrhdf.a ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh hgf;a lghq;=
lrkq we;¡
 ksoyia yd idOdrK ue;sjrKlg ndOd lrkakdjQ isÿùï je,elaùu msKsi ikakoaO yuqod
fhoùu iïnkaOfhka ue;sjrK flduidßiajrhd úiska ckdêm;sjrhd fj; ks¾faoYhka
bÈßm;a lrkq we;

wêlrK fiajd fldñiu

wdKavql%u jhJia:d iNdfõ wkque;sh u; ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;alrkq ,nk w.úksiqrejrhd iy
fY%AIAGdêlrK úksiqrejreka fofokl=f.ka wêlrK fiajd fldñiu iukaú; fõ¡ fY%AIAGdêlrK
úksiqrejreka fofokd jir ;=kl ld<hla i|yd m;alrkq ,nk w;r Tjqka kej; m;alsÍuo l<yel¡
wêlrK fiajd fldñifï n,;,
 uydêlrK úksiqrejreka udre lsÍu
 wêlrK ks,OdÍSka iy olajd we;s rcfha ks,OdÍka m;alsÍu" udre lsÍu" úkh md,kh
ls%hd;aul lsÍu iy fiajfhka mylsÍu
 uydêlrK yd wfkl=;a wêlrK ks,OdÍka mqyqKq lsÍu iy n|jd.ekSfï yd mqyqKq lsÍfï
fhdackdl%uhka iïnkaOfhka Í;s iE§fï n,h fldñiu i;=h
 ´kEu uq,a wjia:d wêlrKhl jd¾;d mÍCId lsÍu fyda fjk;a ´kEu úu¾IKhla isÿlsÍu
i|yd iNdm;sjrhd fyda fY%AIAGdOlrKfha fyda wNdhdpkdêlrKfha ´kEu úksiqrejrhl=
fj; n,h ,nd§u
 wêlrK fiajd fldñifï f,alïjrhd fj; Wmf,aLKfha olajd we;s udre lsÍï isÿlsÍu
iïnkaO n,h mjrkq ,eìh yel
bÈßm;aj we;s woyia
 wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh tlai;a cd;Skaf.a f,aLKhkays olajd we;s cd;Hka;r m%ñ;Ska yd
wkq.; úhhq;=h¡ úksiqrejrekag ud¾f.damfoaYhla f,i nex.f,da¾ uQ,O¾uhka u; mokïjQ
p¾hd kS;s ix.%yhla mej;sh hq;=h¡
 fldñiu wju jYfhka idudðlhka 5 fokl=f.ka iukaú; úhhq;=h¡ ±kg isák ;sfokdu
fY%AIAGdêlrK úksiqrejre fj;s¡ ol=Kq wms%ldfõ idudðlhka 18 fokl= isák w;r thg
úmCIkdhljrhd" kS;S{hska" Ydia;%{ hska iy fjk;a ;eke;a;ka we;=,;a fjhs¡
 úksiqrejrekag ud¾f.damfoaYhla f,i nex.f,da¾ uQ,O¾uhka u; mokïjQ p¾hd Í;s ix.%yhla
mej;sh hq;=h

rdcH fiaajd fldñiu

n,;, yd ls%hdldrlï

40
  fomd¾;fïka;= m%OdkSka yerkqúg fiiq rcfha ks,OdÍkaf.a m;alsÍï" udre lsÍï" úkh md,kh
iy fiajfhka mylsÍfï j.lSu rdcH fiajd fldñiu fj; mejfrhs¡¡ fomd¾;fïka;= m%OdkSk a
m;alsÍu fldñifï Wmfoia u; leìkÜ uKav,h úiska isÿlrkq ,nhs
 fldñiu md¾,sfïka;=g j.lsjhq;= w;r iEu jirlu ish ls%hdldrlï iïnkaOfhka jd¾;djla
md¾,sfïka;=j fj; bÈßm;a l<hq;=h
 lñgqjla úiska lrk ,o ksfhda.hlska w;Dma;shg m;a ´kEu rcfha ks,Odßhl=g fldñiu
fj; wNshdpkh l<yel¡ tlS ksfhda.h fjkia lsÍfï fyda ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre lsÍfï yelshdj
fldñiu i;=h¡

cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu

155 w jHjia:dfjka msysgjkq ,enQ cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ ks¾foaYh u;
ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;alrkq ,nk idudðlhka y;a fokl=f.ka iukaú; fõ¡ fuu fldñiu
msysgùfï wruqKjQfha fmd,sia fiajh ks¾foaYmd,kSlrKh lsÍuh¡
cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï n,;,
 fmd,siam;sjrhd yer fiiq fmd,Sisfha fiiq ks,hka m;alsÍu" udre lsÍu" úkh ls%hdud¾.
.ekSu iy fiajfhka mylsÍu
 fmd,sia ks,OdÍka n|jd.ekSu yd mqyqkq lsÍu i|yd jk jevigyka ilia lsÍu
 cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï ;SrKhkag tfrysj wNshdpkh l<yel
 fmd,siam;sjrhd úiska lrkq ,enQ ksfhda.hlska w;Dma;shgm;a ks,Odßhl=g fldñiu fj;
wNshdpkh l<yel¡ tlS ksfhda.h w;aysgqùfï fyda ;yjqre lsÍfï n,h fldñiu i;=h¡

ckdêm;sjrhd úiska lrkq ,nk wfkl=;a m;alsÍï

 hqO" kdúl yd .=jka yuqod m%OdkSka
 41 we j.ka;shg hg;aj kS;sm;sjrhd iy fmd,siam;s

j¾;udkfha§ cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu ls%hd;aul fkdfõ¡

2006 wxl 5 ork uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh je,elaùfï mk;
wruqK mkf;a 28jk j.ka;sfhka olajd we;s kS;súfrdaë ls%hdldrlï ;=,ska Wmhd.;a uqo,aj,
wkkH;djh" uQ,dY%h iy$fyda wjidkfha tajd .uka lrkafka ljqreka fj;o hkak ieÕùu msKsi
úfYaIs; uQ,H .Kqf okqj, ksr;ùfï mßph uqo,a úY=aoaêlrKh hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,efí¡ mk; uÕska
YS% ,xldj ;=, uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh ;ykï lrkq ,nk w;r th je,elaùu i|yd .;hq;= mshjrhka
tuÕska fhdackdlr isáhs¡
o~qju uydêlrKh bÈßfha kvq úNd.hlska miqj jrolre jqjfyd;a wod, foamf,a jákdlug fkdwvq
iy tlS foamf,a jákdlñka ;=ka .=Khlg fkdjeä ovhla kshu lrkq ,eìh yel¡ wmrdOh lsÍug
l=uka;%Kh lsÍu fyda ;e;a lsÍu fyda wkqn,§u i|yd wod, wmrdOh ysñ o~qjuu ysñfõ¡
wkdjrkh lsÍfï j.lSu uqo,a úY=êlrKh iïnkaOfhka ±kqula fyda f;dr;=rla we;af;l= ta ms,sn|j
uQ,H nqoaê wxYh fj; jd¾;d l<hq;=h¡
uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh yd iïnkaê; foam, ;ykï lsÍu fyda wysñ lsÍu uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh i|yd jk
lsishï .sKqula" foam,la fyda wdfhdackhla iïnkaOfhka jk .Kqfokqjla Èk 7 l ld<hla i|yd
;ykï lsÍfï n,h by, fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= i;= jk w;r tlS ksfhda.h Èk 7 la we;=,;
uydêlrKh úiska ;yjqre l<hq;= fjhs¡ tlS ld<h wëlrKhg jirla olajd §> lsÍfï yelshdj
we;¡
jrolre jk ;eke;al= i;= ksYap, fyda pxp, foam, Tyqg wysñ lrñka rdcika;l lsÍfï yelshdj
we;¡
uQ,H nqoaê wxYh 2006 wxl 6 ork uQ,H .Kqfokq jd¾;d lsÍfï mk; úiska msysgqjk ,§¡
1977 wxl 8 ork W±amk mk; ixfYdaO kh lsÍu uqo,a úY=aoaêlrK fpdaokdjla hgf;a úfoaYslhl=
w;awvx.=jg .kq ,enQ úg Tyqg tfrys kvq mejÍug fyda Tyqj msg qjy,a lsÍug .kq ,en we;s
mshjrhka iïnkaOfhka Tyq wh;ajk rdcHh fj; ±kqïÈh hq;=h¡ úfoaYslhl= w;awvx.=jg .;aúg lsisÿ
m%udohlska f;drj Tyqg ;u rfÜ ksfhdað;hka iuÕ ikaksfõokh lsÍfï wjia:dj ,ndÈh hq;=h¡
wfkl=;a wdrHhkaf.a iydh 2002 wxl 25 ork wmrdO jerÈj,§ tlS úurAIK lghq;= iy kvq meÍfï
lghq;=j,§ wm rg wkHdakH iyfhda.S;djh ms,sn| mkf;a m%;smdokhkag wkqj fuu mk; hgf;a
jk .súiqulg t<eU we;s fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh rgj, iyfhda.h ,nd.; yel¡
2006 wxl 6 ork uqo,a .Kqfokq jd¾;d lsÍfï mk;
wruqK fuu kS;sh uQ,sl jYfhka wod, jkaf ka uQ,H wdh;khka flfrysh¡ zish mdßfNda.slhka
ms,sn|j ±k isàfukaZ uQ,H wdh;khkag uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh y÷kd.ekSu iy je,elaùu i|yd odhl
úhyelsh hk mQ¾jWml,amkh u; fuh mokïj we;¡ tkï ;u md¾fNda.slhka ms,sn|j ukd

41
wjfndaOhla iys;j lghq;= lsÍfuka uqoa, úY=oaêlrKhla isÿúh yels wdldrfha Tjqkaf.a iellghq;=
fyda widudkH .Kqfokq y÷kd.; yelsfõ¡
.Kqfokqlrejd.a wkkH;djh mÍCId lsÍfï ne£u mk;g wkqj .sKqï wdrïN lrk
.Kqfokqlrejkaf.a wkkH;djh mÍCId lsÍu uQ,H wdh;khkays j.lSuls¡
jd¾;d mk;g wkqj iEu wdh;khlau uQ,H nqoaê tallhg mÍCId lsÍu i|yd .Kqfokq iy tajdg
wod, wfkl=;a j,g wod, wfkl=;a ,smsf,aLK ms,sn| jd¾;d jir 6 l ld<hla mj;ajdf.k hd hq;=h¡
ksis Woafhda.h iEu jHdmdr iïnkaO;djhla iïnkaOfhkau wdh;kh ksis Woafhda.fhka hq;=j
lghq;= l<hq;=h¡ my; lreKq iïnkaOfhka wdh;khka uQ,H nqoaê tallhg jd¾;d l<hq;=h¡
 kshufldg we;s iSudj blaujQ foaYSh uqo,ska fyda úfoaY uÿ,ska isÿjQ uqo,a .Kqfokq
 kshufldg we;s iSudj blaujQ bf,lafg%dksl uqo,a yqjudre
 lsishï uQ,H wdh;khlg wod, .Kqfokqj uqo,a úY=oaêlrK mk; fyda ;%iajdohg uqo,a
iemhSfï mk;a hgf;a jrola jk ls%hdjlg iunkaO hehs iel iys; fõ kï ta ms,sn|j uQ,H
nqoaê tallhg ±kqïÈh hq;=h
 iEu uQ,H wdh;khlau ish wdh;kh mkf;a m%;smdokhka wkqj lghq;= lrk njg ;yjqre
lr.ekSu i|yd fjku ks,Odßfhla m;al< hq;=h¡ lsisÿ mqoa.,hl= fiajfha fhoùug fmr Tyq
fyda weh úiska ksÍCIKh l<hq;= w;r iellghq;= .Kqf okq y÷kd.ekSu i|yd ks,OdÍka"
fiajlhska iy ish ksfhdað;hska mqyqKq l< hq;=h

2007 wxl 19 ork bf,lafg%dksl .Kqfokq mk;

wruqK úµq;a uQ,H iïnkaOfhka úYajdi lghq;= uQ,dY%hka Ndú;d lsÍu Èßu;a lsÍu fuu mkf;a
wruqK fõ¡
m%n,;djhka
 o;a;uh mKsjqvhla" bf,lafg%dksl f,aLKhla fyda fjk;a ikaksfõokhla f,iska f;dr;=rl
uq,a msgm; mj;skafka kï tlS f;dr;=rej, ksrjoH;djh iunkaOfhka úYajdikSh iy;slhka
mj;ajd.; hq;=h
 .súiqul w¾mKh yd m%;s.%yKh úµq;a udOHfhka mej;sh yel
 ´kEu bf,lafg%dksl f,aLKhl fyda jd¾;djl fyda ikaksfõokhl wka;¾.; f;dr;=re
ms,s.;yels idCIs fõ

iSudldÍ;ajhka wka;su leu;s m;%" úksuh ì,am;a" weg¾ks n,m;%" Ndr" úlsKSFï .súiqï fyda ksYap,
foam, mejÍï fya wud;Hjrhd úiska úfYaIs;j olajkq ,nk .Kqfokq i|yd mk; wod, fkdfõ¡
flgqïm;afldg we;s kS;s( tajdfha wruqKq" m%n,;djhka yd ÿn,;djhka
f;dr;=re ksoyi ms,sn| kS;s flgqïm;
wruqK 2003 jif¾§ kS;s fldñiu úiska fuu flgqïm; iliafldg wêlrK wud;HdxYh fj;
bÈßm;a lrk ,§¡ rcfha wêldÍka i;=j we;s ks, f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSug we;s whs;sh thska ysñlrfohs¡
bÈßm;ajwe;s woyia
 5^1&^´& j.ka;sh hgf;a lsishï f;dr;=rela wkdjrkhùu wêlrKhg wmydi lsÍula fyda
md¾,sfïka;= jrm%ido W,a,x>kh lsÍula jkakdjQ f;r;=re i|yd m%fõYh m%;slafIam l<yel¡
wêlrKhg wmydi lsÍu ms,sn| kS;sh wNshdpkdêlrK úksiqrejreka yd fY%AIaGdêlrK
úksiqrejka u; ;SrKh jkakls¡ w;S;fha§ tu ;SrKj, talñ;shla olakg fkdjQ w;r tajd
úksiqrejrekaf.a w¾: ksrEmkhka u; fjkiaúh yel¡ w¾: ksrEmkh ia:djr tlla fkdjk
fyhska f;dr;=re b,a,d isàfï§ wod, ks,OdÍka yeuúgu mdfya m%;slaFIam lsÍfï m%;sm;a;shla
wkq.ukh lrk njla fmkShhs¡
 md¾,sfïka;= jrm%ido iïnkaOfhka jk m%;smdokhla we;=,;a l<hq;= njg woyia m<ù we;s
w;r f;dr;=re wkdjrkh fkdfldg ;eîu iïnkaOfhka ksYaÑ; Wmudkhka we;sl< hq;=
njg woyia bÈßm;aj we;¡ fuuÕska fjkiajk w¾:ksrEmkhka fhdod.ksñka m%;HCI yd
m%;HCI fkdjk Wmudkhka fhdod.ekSu j,ld,kq we;¡
 5^4& j.ka;sh uÕska ;ykï f;dr;=re wkdjrkh lsÍu ms,sn| kj jrola y÷kajdfohs¡ fï
fya;=fldgf.k jrola isÿfõ hehs ìfhka f;dr;=re fy,s lsÍu m%;slafIAm lsÍug f;dr;=re
ks,OdÍkaj fmd<Ujkq we;¡
 jd¾;djka ksis f,i mj;ajdf.k hk hdu;aa tajd fj; myiqfjka m%fõYúh yels whqßka
mj;ajdf.k hdu;a f;dr;=re ks,OdÍkaf.a j.lSuls¡

42
  j¾;udkfha§ f;dr;=re ks,Odßhd úiska f;dr;=re zyels;dla fõ.j;aj yd m%dfhda.sl f,iZ
bÈßm;a l<hq;= fõ¡ ld< iSudj mkjkq ,nkafka fï u; msysgdh¡ th jevlrk Èk 20 la fyda
hul=f.a Ôú;h fyda ksoyi iïnkaOfhka wod, jkakla jk úg meh 48 la we;=,; úh hq; =
njg;a m;al<hq;= hehs woyia m<ù we;¡
 f;dr;=re ksoyi ms,sn| fldñifï iajdëk;ajh ia:dms; lsÍu w;sYhska jeo.;ah¡ kS;sh uÕska
úfYaIs;j olajd we;s wjia:djkays§ yer fiiq iEu wjia:djlu fldñiug fufyhqï yd
mßmd,k iajdëk;ajhla ysñsúh hq;= njg jkm%;smdokhla 14 jk j.ka;sh hgf;a kj Wm
j.ka;shla f,iska tl;= l<hq;=h¡
 fldñifï ;SrK iy ksfhda.hka ne£ï iy.; úhhq;=h
 ioa fÉ;kdfjka hq;=j jroldÍ ls%hdjla iïnkaOfhka f;dr;=re ,ndfok lsisjl= fyda
ffk;sl" mßmd,kuh fyda fjk;a ndOdjlg ,lafkdl, hq;=h¡

k,d ye~ùu iEU rcfha ks,Odßhl=f .a fukau md¾,sfïka;= uka;S%jrfhl=f.au ffk;sl j.lSula
njg m;al< hq;=h
wruqK ¥IsK ls%hdjla iïnkaOfhka ;ukag ±k.ekSug ,enqKqúg ta ms,sn|j k,d ye~ùu
mqrjeishkaf.a j.lSula njg m;alrk ffk;sl fyda wdKavql%u jHJia:duh m%;smdokhla fkdue;¡
tneúka th iodpdrd;aul j.lSula muKla fjhs¡ ¥IK ls%hdjla ms,sn|} ±k.ekSug ,enqKq jydu ta
ms,sn| k,d ye~ùu ffk;sl j.lSula njg m;alrk m%;smdokhka y÷kajdÈu w;HdjYHh ¡
k,d y~jkakkag wdrCIdj ,ndfoñka j¾;udk kS;shg ixfYdaOk tlalsÍug w,a,ia fldñiu úiska
ixfYdaOkhla flgqïm;afldg we;¡ uyck iaNisoaêh ;ld wkdjrkh lsÍï isÿlrk ;eke;a;kag
tfrysj úkh ls%hdud¾. .ekSu je,elaùu iy Tjqkg we;súh yels n,mEï je,elaùu i|yd Tjqkaf.a
wkkH;djh fy,sorõ fkdlsÍu jeks m%;smdokhka thg wh;a fõ¡
uyck w¾:idOl kvqlrKh m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd kS;shla
wruqK lKavdhïj, whs;sjdislï wdrCId lsÍu i|yd jk úfYaI kS;shla y÷kajdÈh hq;=h¡ bkaÈhdkq
wêlrKhka uyck;djf.ka ,efnk ,shqula fyda fm;aiula u; ls%hdlrñka ta ms,sn| úu¾IKh
lsÍug lghq;= lrhs¡ ol=Kq wms%ldj uyck w¾:idOl kvqlrKh iy f;dr;=re kS;shg we;s whs;sh
uQ,sl whs;sjdislula f,iska i,lhs¡
jdis
 mqoa.,a lKavdhï fyda mx;Skag hqla;sh fj; m%fõYùfï wjia:dj thska ,ndfohs
 uyck w¾:idOl kvqlrKh úiska rdcH yd rdcH ksfhdað;dh;khka wdKavql%u jHJia:d
úfrdaë yd kS;súfrdaë wdldrfhka lghq;= lsÍu iSudlrhs

ck;d fmd,sia fiajdjla ia:dms; lsÍu

m%ldYa isx t¡ bkaÈhdkq ix.uh ;SrKd;aul uyck w¾: idOl kvqlrhlajQ fuys§ m%ldYa keue;s
úY%dñl fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= úiska foaYmd,hskaf.a jqjukdjka u; fmd,sia ks,OdÍka udre lsÍu
j,ld,ñka ck;d fmd,sia fiajhla msysgùu i|yd jQ ksfhda.hla bkaÈhdkq fY%AIAGdêlrKfhka
,nd.ekSug iu;aúh¡ tys ;Skaÿfõ my; lreKq wka;¾.; úh¡
 kS;sh yd iduh /lSfï fmd,Sisfhka úurAIK lghq;= isÿlsÍfï fmd,Sish fjkal< hq;=h
 fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a udrelsÍï" Wiiaùï yd úkh md,kh i|yd ia:djr fmd,sia uKav,hla
mej;sh hq;=h
 iEu m%dka;hlgu m%dka; yd Èia;s%la uÜgñka fmd,sia meñKs,s wêldßhla mej;sh hq;=h
 uOH fmd,sia ixúOdkhka i|yd ks,OdÍka f;d¾.ekSu iy m;alsÍu i|yd uOH rch cd;sl
wdrCIK fldñiula ia:dms; l<hq;=h

YS% ,xldjg uyck w¾:idOl kvqlr iïnkaOfhka fjku kS;shla wjYHj we;¡

43
 YS% ,xldfõ w,a,i yd ¥IKh(
wdh;ksl rduqj Yla;su;a lsÍu
miqìu
zmqoa.,sl ,dN m%fhdackh ;ld n,h whq;= f,i fhdod.ekSuZ f,iska ¥IKh wrA: ksrEmkh l<yel¡
md¾,sfïka;=fõ rdcH .sKqï ldrl iNdj uE;l§ isÿlrk ,o ;lafiarejlg wkqj YS% ,xldfõ rdcH
fiajfha ¥IKh jirlg remsh,a ì,shk 100 la muK fõ¡ ÿIKh ms<sn| uekúka wjfndaO fldgf.k
;snqko th je<elaùu iy|yd f.k we;s mshjrhka fnfyúkau iSudiys;h¡ miq.sh jir .Kkdjla
mqrdjgu ¥IKh iïnkaOfhka kvq mjrkq ,en we;af;a my, ks,hkag wh;a lsysm fofkl=g muKla
ùu fuh uekúka úoyd olajkakls¡
YS% ,xldj tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IKhg tfrys iïuq;sfha md¾Yajlrejl= jk w;r tlS iïuq;sh úiska
¥IKh msgq±lSu iy rdcH mßmd,kh yd foam< l<ukdlrKh iïnkaOfhka úksúoNdjfhka yd
j.ùfuka hq;=j lghq;= lsÍfï ixialD;shla m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd rdcHhka fj; ne¢ula we;sfldg
we;¡ ÿIKh je,elaùu i|yd jk kS;s iy wdh;khka fndfyduhla rg ;=, mej;sho tajdhska
wfmaCIs; ld¾hhka bgq fkdjk nj meyeÈ,sju fmkS hkakls¡

j¾;udk wdh;ksl rduqj

w,a,ia yd ¥IK ms,sn|j jk fpdaokdjka úu¾IKh lsÍu i|yd jk fldñIka iNdj
w,a,ia yd ¥IK ms,sn|j jk fpdaokdjka úu¾IKh lsÍu i|yd jk fldñIka iNdj 1994 jif¾§
msysgqjkq ,eìks¡ tys wruqKjQfha ish¨u wdldrfha w,a,ia yd ¥IKhka iïnkasOfhka mÍCIK isÿlsÍu
iy kvq mejÍu i|yd jk m%n," iajdëk wdh;khla ks¾udKh lsÍuhs¡ th wdrïN lsÍfï§ buy;a
n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;ndf.k ;snqKo tlS wfmaCIdjka bgq lsÍug th wiu;aj we;¡ fuhg m%Odk fya;=j ù
we;af;a uQ,H yd fufyhqï iajdëk;ajhla thg fkdùuh¡ foaYmd,k" udkj yd uQ,Huh ndOlhka
úiska fldñiu M,odhS fkdjk ;;ajhlg m;alrkq ,en we; ¡
jHqyh( ckdêm;sjrhd úiska jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ ks¾foaYh mßÈ m;alrkq ,nk flduidßiajreka
;sfofkl= úiska fldñiu fufyhjkq ,nhs¡ fuu idudðlhka ;sfokdf.ka fofokl= úY%du,;a
fY%aIAGdëlrK úksiqrejreka úhhq;= fjhs¡ flduidßiajrekaf.a OQr ld,h jir 5 la jk w;r iajlSh
OQrfha lghq;= l< fkdyels ;;ajhg m;aùu fyda úIudpdrh hk mokï u; md¾,sfïka;=fõ nyq;r
Pkaohlska Tjqkaj bj;a lsÍu l< yel¡ tla idudðlhl=f.a fyda mqrmamdvqjla we;súg fldñiug
ls%hd;aul úh fkdyel¡ miq.sh ld,h ;=, fldñifï ls%hdldrS;ajhg jvd;au ndOdlÍjQfha fuu
m%;smdokhhs¡ fï fya;=fldgf.k iuyr wjia:djkays§ jirlg wêl ld,hla fldñiu wl¾ukHj
meje;s wjia:djka úh¡
wOHCIjrhd úiska Rcqju flduidßiajrhd fj; jd¾;d lrkq ,nhs¡ fldñIka iNdfõ úu¾IK ld¾h
uKav,h 100 fokl=f.ka muK iukaú; jk w;r thska jeä fokl= fmd,sia ks,OdÍyq fj;s¡ fuu
ks,OdÍkag zwjOdkï §ukdjlaZ f,i ish jegqmg wu;rj w;sf¾l 33] l m%udKhl uqo,la f.jkq
,efí¡ fuu ks,OdÍkag m%udKj;a mqyqKqjla fkdùu iy ixlS¾K wdldrhkaf.a ¥IKhka wjfndaO
fldg.ekSug yd ta ms<sn| úu¾IKh lsÍug wjYH ±kqula fkdùu fya;= fldgf.k fldñifï
ls%hdldÍ;ajhg ndOd meñKù we;¡
uQ,Huh iSudldÍ;ajhkao fldñifï ls%hdldß;ajh flfrys n,mEï we;sfldg we;¡ ±kg uQ,H wruqo,a
NdKavd.drh úiska ;SrKh lrkq ,nk w;r ta m%udKh fldñifï wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug
m%udKj;aj fkdue;¡
ls%hdldÍ;ajh( fldñIka iNdfõ m%Odk ld¾hh jkafka w,a,ia yd ¥IK iïnkaOfhka ck;djf.ka
,efnk meñKs,s ms<sn|j úu¾IKhfldg kvq mejÍug lghq;= lsÍuhs¡ fpdaokdjka i;H tajd úhhq;=
w;r wod, ldrKdjka iïnkaOfhka úurAIKh lsÍu isÿfjhs¡ fuh isÿlrkq ,nkafka
flduidßiajreka úisks¡ Tjqka úiska ;SrKhlg t<eöfuka miqj úu¾IK lghq;= i|yd th
wOHCIjrhd fj; Ndrfokq ,efí¡
jro w,a,ia mk;" j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYhg m;alsÍfï kS;sh ^1975 wxl 1& fyda fjk;a ljr fyda
kS;shla hg;g .efkkaf ka kï pQÈ;g tfrysj kvq mejÍug fldñiu lghq;= lrkq we;¡ kvq mejÍu
ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKfha fyda uydêlrKfha isÿúh yel¡ ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKfha kvq mjrkq ,nkafka
44
re(2"000 g wvq jákdlula we;s fpdaokdjka iïnkaOfhks¡ kvq mejÍfï lghq;= fldñifï kS;s
ks,OdÍka úiska lrkq ,nhs¡
iajdëk;ajh( fldñiug ish lghq;= isÿlrf.k hdug mj;akd iajdêk;ajh tys M,odhS;djh ;=,ska
ksrEmkh fjhs¡ th mQrAK jYfhka iajdêk fkdjkafka kï thg wdKavqlrKfha iEu uÜgulu
isÿjk w,a,ia yd ¥IK iïnkaOfhka M,odhS f,i úurAIKh lsÍu isÿl< fkdyels jkq we;¡
wjdikdjlg fuka fldñifï n,mEu iïnkaOfhka idCIs we;af;a b;d iq¿ jYfhks¡ fuu ;;ajh
we;sùug fya;=ù we;s m%Odk;u ndOlhka ;=kla fjhs¡ tlS ndOlhka jkafka(
 foaYmd,ksl
 udkj
 uQ,Huh

fldñiu meñKs,s ,efnk f;la n,d isák w;r iajlSh fufyhùu u; muKla úu¾IK isÿ
fkdlrhs¡
ú.Kldêm;s fomd¾;fïka;=j( rcfha wdh;khkays .sKqï ú.Kkh lsÍu i|yd wdKavql%u
jHjia:dfjka msysgqjd we;s wdh;kh jkafka ú.Kldêm;s fomd¾;fïka;=jhs¡ fjk;a rgj, fï yd
iudk wdh;khka uQ,H ú.Kkhg muKla iSud fkdjk w;r tajd mdßißl" úu¾IKd;aul yd zuqo,a
i|yd jk úákdluZ ms<sn|jo ú.Kkh lrkq ,nhs¡ kuq;a YS% ,xldfõ§ th uQ,H ú.Kkhg iSud ù
we;¡
ú.Kldêm;s fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska by< .=Kd;aulNdjfhka hq;= jd¾;djka ilia l< hq;= jqjo
j¾;udkfha§ mqyqKqj,;a ;eke;a;ka n|jd.ekSfï fyda r|jd ;nd.ekSfï yelshdjla thg fkdue;¡
by< .=Kd;aulNdjfhka hq;= jd¾;djka ilia lsÍug kï wdh;kh m%ñ;s.; l<hq;= fjhs¡ 2005
jif¾§ jeä iajdhla;;djhla we;slr,Su iy wdh;kh jvd;a M,odhS tlla njg m;alr,Su i|yd jk
ú.Kk mk;a flgqïm;la iy wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhka ilia lrkq ,en leìkÜ wkque;sho
,nd.ekSug iu;ajqjo th md¾,sfïka;=j úiska iïu;fldg fkdue;¡
flgqïm;afldg we;s ú.Kk mk;( fuu mk;a flgqïm; ú.Kldêm;sjrhd iy úúO isú,a ixúOdk
tlaj ilia lrkq ,enQjls¡ tys wruqKjQfha ú.Kldêm;s fomd¾;fïka;=fõ N+ñldj iy tys
ld¾HCIu;djh Yla;su;a lsÍu;a YS% ,xldj ;=, Yla;su;a ú.Kk ixialD;shla ks¾udKh lsÍu;ah¡
ld¾HCIu;djh fukau ish¿ rcfha wdh;khkays mdßißl ú.Kkhka isÿlsÍuo thg w;=,;a úh¡
iajdëk ú.Kldêm;s Oqrhla" ú.Kldêm;sjrhd hgf;a jk cd;sl ú.Kk wdh;khla iy
WmfoaYkd;aul yd wëCIK N+ñldjla bgq lrkq ,nk cd;sl ú.Kk fiajd fldñiula ks¾udKh
lsÍu i|yd jk m%;smdokhka fuu flgqïm;g wka;¾.; úh¡ iajdêk f,i lghq;= lrñka rcfha
wdh;khkays .sKqï ú.Kkh lsÍfï n,h ú.Kldêm;sjrhdg ,ndoSu fuu wdh;k ;=k msysgqùfï
mrud¾:h úh¡
md¾,fïka;= wëCIK foayhka( md¾,sfïka;= wëCIKh isÿlrkq ,nk m%Odk foayhka jkafka rdcH
jHjidhl ldrl iNdj ^fldama& iy rdcH uQ,H ldrl iNdjhs¡ wdKavqfõ úúO foaYmd,k mCIhkag
wh;a wh fldama lñgqfõ idudðlfhda fj;s¡ lñgqj úiska rcfha wdh;khkays yd rch úiska md,kh
Ndrf.k lghq;= lrk wdh;khkays .sKqï mÍCId lr n,ñka tlS wdh;khka fudfyhjd we;s
wdldrh ms<sn|j úurAIKh lrhs¡

w,a,ia mk;
miqìu
1954 § w,a,ia mk; iïu; lrkq ,eìks¡ z¥IKhZ hk jro m%:u jrg y÷kajdfokq ,enqfõ 1994
ixfYdaOkfhks¡
jerÈ j¾.( w,a,ia mk;g wkqj rcfha fiajlhl= úiska my; ljr fyda ld¾hhla i|yd lsishï
mdßf;daIslhla Èukdjlg fm<Uùï lsÍu fyda tjekakla ,nd.ekSu jrola fjhs¡
 hqla;sh mis|,Sug ueÈy;aùu i|yd lsishï m%odkhla lsÍu fyda thg fm<Uùu i|yd
 lsishï jrola l< whl= wkdjrkh lsÍfuka fyda o~qjug hg;a lsÍfuka je<elaùu i|yd
 lsishï ;eke;a;l= ms<sn|j úu¾IKh lsÍu fyda tu ;eke;a;dg mdvqjla ùu je<elaùu i|yd
 rch iuÕ .súiqulg t<eöug iydh§u fyda thg n,mEï lsÍu i|yd
 lsishï rdcldß lghq;a;la isÿlsÍu fyda fõ.j;aj isÿlsÍu i|yd

w,a,ia mk; hgf;aa lsishï mdßf;daIslhla §ug fm<Uùu yd tjekakla ,nd.ekSu w,a,ila fjhs¡
mdßf;daIslh uqo,a" lsishï ;Hd.hla" foam<la fyda lsishï ks,hla fyda /lshdjla úhyel¡ zw,a,ia
fokakdoz w,a,ia .kakd ;eke;a;df.a uÜgñkau tlS jro isÿlsÍug jrolre fjhs¡

45
kS;sjfrdaë f,i j;alï /ialsÍu( 1974 ixfYdaOkfha ±lafjk wdldrhg w,a,ila f,i foam<la
,nd.ekSuo jrola fjhs¡ wod, foam< fjk;a whl=f.a ^Wod¡ ld<;%hd fyda orejka& kñka wod, foam<
;snqKo w,a,ia .kq ,enq ;eke;a;d wod, jrog jrolre fjhs¡
¥IKh( ;ukaf.a ljr fyda ls%hdjla fya;=fldgf.k rchg jerÈ iy.; ,dNhla fyda ydkshla isÿjk
nj oksñka iy lsishï ;eke;a;l=g jdishla fyda m%;s,dNhla w;ajk nj oksñka rcfha fiajlhl=
úiska my; i|yka ljr fyda ls%hdjla isÿlrkq ,eîu ¥IKhla f,iska y÷kajkq ,efí¡
 ;ukag isÿlsÍug n,h we;s lsishï ls%hdjla lsÍu fyda lsÍfuka je<lS isàu
 fjk;a rcfha fiajlhl=g isÿlsÍug n,h we;s lsishï ls%hdjla isÿlsÍug fyda fkdlr isàug
tu ;eke;a;d fj; fm<Uùï lsÍu
 rcfha fiajlhl= f,i ish ks,h fya;=fldgf.k ;ukag oek.ekSug ,efnk f;dr;=re
fhdod.ekSu
 ;ukaf.a ks,h fhdod.ksñka Rcqj fyda jl%j lsishï ls%hdjla isÿlsÍu je<elaùu i|yd
ljrl=g fyda n,mEï lsÍu
 ¥IKhg jrolre jk ;eke;a;l=g ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKhl§ jir 10 lg fkdjeä isr o~qjula
fyda re¡ 100"000 la fkdblaujk ovhla fyda ta folskau o~qjï lrkq ,eìh yel'

fhdað; fjkialï
w¾:ksrEmkh( w,a,fiys w¾: ksrEmkh mq¿,a lsÍug fhdackd ù we;¡ taa wkqj ;uka fjkqfjka fyda
wka whl= fjkqfjka lsishï mdßf;daIslhla ,nd.kakd" thg fm<Uùï lrk fyda tjekakla
Ndr.ekSug tlÕjkakdjQ ´kEu whl= w,a,ig jrolre l< yelsfõ¡¡
kvqú Nd.h( j¾;udkfha§ ¥IKhg jrolrejl= lrkq ,nkafka ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKhl ,>q ld¾h
mámdáh wkq.ukh lrñks¡ ÿIKh uydêlrKh bÈsßfha wêfpdaokd kÕñka úNd. l<hq;= jrola
njg m;al< hq;= hehs ks¾foaY lrkq ,en we;¡ fuuÕska jrfoys nrm;,lu jvd;a oekfjkq we;s
w;r kvq úNd.h w;r;=f¾§ ÿIK isÿlsÍfï wjia:djka wju lrkq we;¡
ld,iSudj( j¾;udk mk; wod, jkafka lsishï ;eke;af;la rcfha fiajlhl= yd lghq;= lsÍfï§
fok ,o$ .kakd ,o w,a,ia yd tfia lghq;=fldg jirl ld,hla we;=,; fok ,o$ .kakd ,o
w,a,ia iïnkaOfhka muKls¡ fuu jirl ld, iSudj bj;a l<hq;= njg fhdackd ù we;¡
úIh m:h( j¾;udkfha§ YS% ,xldfjka msg;§ w,a,ia ,nd.;a fyda ta i|yd fm<Uùï l< whl=g
úreoaOj YS% ,xldfõ kvq mjrkq ,eìh yel¡ fuh wêlrK ks,OdÍkago wod, l<hq;= hehs fhdackd ù
we;¡

2006 NdKav yd jev ms<sn| cd;sl l%uiïmdok ud¾f.damfoaYhka

miqìu
2006 jif¾§ leìkÜ uKav,h úiska cd;sl l%uiïmdok ud¾f.damfoaYhka iïu; lrk ,§¡
l%uiïmdok ls%hdj,sh wëCIKh lsÍu i|yd óg iudka;rj cd;sl l%uiïmdok ksfhdað;dh;khla
ia:dms; lrkq ,enqKs¡ YS% ,xld rch fyda úfoaYSh wdOdr fok ksfhdað;dh;k úiska mQ¾K fyda w¾O
jYfhka l%uiïmdok uQ,HdOdr ,ndfokq ,enQ wdh;khka úiska wkq.ukh l<hq;= ld¾h mámdàka
fuu ud¾f.damfoaYhkays ±lafõ¡ fuu ud¾f.damfoaYhka my; lreKq wruqKq lr.kS¡
 l%uiïmdokfha§ wju msßjehla$ by< .=Kd;aulNdjhlska hq;=j iliqreju" l,g fõs,djg
jev lsÍu yd .=Kd;aulNdjh Wmßu lsÍu

 olajd we;s m%ñ;Ska" msßú;rhka" kshdukhka yd hymd,kh wkq.ukh lsÍu

 l%uiïmdokhg iyNd.SjkakdjQ iqÿiqlï we;s Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yajhkag idOdrK" iudk

yd Wmßu wjia:djka ,nd§u

 fõ.j;au lghq;= isÿlsÍu iy NdKav yd fiajd ,nd§u

 foaYSh kS;s yd kshdukhkag wkql+, jk w;ru c;Hka;r ne£ïj,go wjk; ùu

 ld¾h mámdàka ;lafiare lsÍfï§ iy ld¾h mámdàka f;dard .ekSfï§ mdroDIH yd ksrjoJ
jk njg iy;sl ùu
 ryiHNdjh fyda ,xiq ;nkakka ms,sn| f;dr;=re /l.ekSu

my; msßia fj; fuu ud¾f.damfoaYhka wod, fõ¡

46
  wud;Hjreka
 rcfha fomd¾;fïka;=
 rcfha ixia:djka iy jHjia:dms; foayhka
 mQrAK jYfhka rcfha ysñldr;ajh hgf;a mj;sk iud.ï
 m<d;a md,k wdh;k

fuu uf¾f.damfoaYhka úiska l%uiïmdokh i|yd jk p¾hd;aul m%ñ;Skao y÷kd.kS¡ ryiHNdjh"

¥IKh ;ykï lsÍu" wNsreÖka w;r .egqï je<elaùu iy ljr fyda ;Hd.hla fyda fm<Uùula
ms<s.ekSu ;ykï lsÍu fï w;r fjhs¡
l%uiïmdok ls%hdj,sh( iEu l%uiïmdok ls%hdoduhla i|ydu l%uiïmdok lñgqjla (PC) iy
;dCIKsl we.hqï lñgqjla (TEC) kï l< hq;= fjhs¡ l%uiïmdok ls%hdoduh fufyhùfï j.lSu
mejfrkafka PC fj;h¡ wod, jHdmD;sfha ;dCIKsl we.hSï isÿlrkq ,nkafka TEC úisks¡ PC m;alsÍu
isÿlrkq ,nkafka wud;HdxY f,alï fyda fomd¾;fïka;= m%Odkshd úisks¡ úfYaI wjia:djkays§
l%uiïmdokh ms<sn|j j.lshk leìkÜ uKav,h úiska m;alrkq ,enq l%uiïmdok lñgqjlao mej;sh
yel¡
cd;sl l%uiïmdok ksfhdað;dh;kh (NPA)( NPA úiska isÿ lrkq ,nkafka wëCIK N+ñldjls¡ PC
ys iy TEC ys ls%hdldÍ;ajh úiska wëCIKh lrkq ,nk w;r wyUq l%uiïmdok iudf,dapkhka iy
ls%hd;aulj mj;akd l%uiïmdok ls%hdj,sh úu¾IKh lsÍu th úiska isÿ lrkq ,eìh yel¡ ,kai q
;eîfï ls%hdj,sh i|yd ud¾f.damfoaY iemhSuo th úiska isÿ lrkq ,nhs¡
n,d;aul l<yels m%ñ;Ska( NdKav" fiajdjka iy jev iïmdokh lsÍfï§ rcfha wdh;khka iy
ks,OdÍka úiska wkq.ukh l<hq;= l%uiïmdok ud¾f.damfoaYhka úiska úia;rd;aul mshjrhka
l%uiïmdok ud¾f.damfoaYhka ;=, wka;¾.; lrñka cd;sl l%uiïmdok ksfhdað;dh;kh ia:dms;
lrkq ,enQ kuq;a tlS ud¾f.damfoaYhka n,d;aul lsÍu mj;skafka wmeyeÈ,s ;;ajhlh¡ fuu
ud¾f.damfoaYhka lvlsÍu lsishï iïndOlhla fyda oKavkhlg fya;= fõo hkak meyeo,s ke;¡
wdrCIl ;;ajhkays .eg¿ mj;akd läkï l%uiïmdokhla wjYH jk wjia:djka jeks b;du;a
úfYaIs; ;;ajhka ;=,oS leìkÜ uKav,h úiska ud¾f.damfoaYhka w;sl%uKh lsÍu isÿlrkq ,eìh
yel¡
j;alï yd nerlï ms<sn| kS;sfha m%ldYkh
j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYhg m;alsÍfï mk; 1975 jif¾§ iïu; lr.kakd ,§¡
j;alï yd nerlï kS;sfhka wdjrkh jk ;eke;a;ka iy tjeks m%ldYkhka isÿl< hq;= jk wjia:d (
kS;sfha 2 jk j.ka;sfhka olajd we;s 4 jk j.ka;shg wkqj m%ldYkh l<hq;=
;eke;a;ka jkafka ljqreka fj;o
md¾,sfïka;=fõ l:dkdhl YS% ,xldfõ ckdêm;sjrhd
leìkÜ wud;Hjreka yd wfkl=;a tu
wud;Hjreka
úksiqrejreka yd ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a tu
lrkq ,enQ rcfha ks,OdÍka
md¾,sfïka;= uka;S%jreka md¾,sfïka;=fõ l:dkdhl
wfkl=;a ish¨u wêlrK ks,OdÍka wêlrK fiajd fldñiu
ckdêm;sjrK" uydue;sjrK wfmaCIlhska ue;sjrK flduidßia
ms<s.;a foaYmd,k mCI wfmaCIlhska tu
leìkÜ wud;Hjreka úiska m;alrkq ,enQjka wod, wud;HdxY f,alïjreka
fomd¾;fïka;= m%OdkSka tu
rdcH ixia:djkays iNdm;sjreka tu
wud;Hjrekaf.a ld¾h uKav, ks,OdÍka tu
ixia:djkays ld¾h uKav, ks,OdÍka wod, ixia:d iNdm;sjreka
k.rdêm;sjreka yd m<d;a md,k wdh;k wod, úIh Ndr wud;HdxYfha f,alï
m%OdkSka

fuu m%ldYkhka isÿlrk f,ig b,a,Sï lsÍfï n,h ld i;= fõo @ 5^1& j.ka;sfhka ±lafjkaf ka
zrcfha fiajlhl= fyda rdcH ixia:djl fiajlhl= fyda m,d;a md,k wh;khl fiajlhl= m;alsÍu"
WiialsÍu" udre lsÍu fyda ks,hlg wkahqla; lsÍu isÿlsÍfï n,h we;s ;ek;a;l=" foayhla fyda
wêldrhlg tlS rcfha ks,OdÍka fyda fiajlhskag j;alï yd nerlï ms<sn| m%ldY ,ndfok f,ig
lshd isàfï n,hZ we;s njhs¡
kS;sm;sjrhd" w,a,ia yd ¥IK úu¾IK fldñIka iNdj" foaYSh wdodhï flduidßiajrhd iy yqjudre
yd md,k fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%Odkshd hk wh fj;o j;alï yd nerlï ms<sn| m%ldYkhka isÿ lrk
f,ig kshu lsÍfï n,h we;¡
47
ckdêm;sjrhd( 1998 § 4 jk j.ka;shg isÿ flrekq ixfYdaOkhg wkqj ckdêm;sjrKhg fmr
ue;sjrK flduidßiajrhd fj; ish¨u wfmaCIlhska úiska j;alï yd nerlï ms,sn| m%ldYkhka
bÈßm;a lsÍu wksjd¾h fõ¡ flfiafj;;a lsishï wfmaCIlhl= ckdêm;sjrhd f,i f;aÍ m;ajQ miq Tyq
fya weh j;alï yd nerlï m%ldY bÈßm;a lr fkd;sîu u; wêlrKh yuqjg f.k tau l< fkdyel¡
ckdêm;ssjrhdg iajlSh OQrh ork ld,h ;=, w.úksiqrejrhd fyda ue;sjrK flduidßiajrhd fj;
m%ldYkhka bÈßm;a lsÍu l< yel¡

CIABOC iy j;alï yd nerlï ms<sn| kS;sh

5 jk j.ka;shg wkqj ´kEu m%ldYkhla isÿlrk f,ig ±kaùfï n,h CIABOC i;=j we;¡ 6 jk
j.ka;shg wkqj m%ldYhla lrk ,o ´kEu whl= fj;ska w;sf¾l f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrk f,ig
b,a,d isàfï n,ho thg we;¡
wi;H f;dr;=re iys; m%ldYkhka bÈßm;a lsÍu iïnkaOfhka kS;suh mshjr .ekSfï n,ho
CIABOC fj; ysñh¡ flfiafj;;a lsisÿ jrolg tfrysj kS;sm;s jrhdf.a mQ¾j wjirhlska f;drj
kvq mejÍfï n,hla CIABOC fj; fkdùu fya;=fldgf.k wdh;kfha n,h iSud iys; ù we;¡
,sÅ; ikaksfõokhka iïnkaOfhka jk ld¾h mámdáh( lsisjl= fyda úiska iel iys; wdldrhlska
uE;ld,Skj w;alr.;a Okhla fyda foam< ms<sn| f;dr;=re wod, wêldrh fj; ,sÅ;j bÈßm;a lrkq
,nk ikaksfõokhla uÕska ±kaùfï yelshdj ´kEu whl=g we;¡
jroj,a yd o~qjï
 j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYhg m;alsÍug wiu;aùu
 jHdc m%ldYkhka
 jqjukdfjkau ys;du;d j;alula fyda nerlula i|yka fkdlsÍu
 CIABOC úiska bÈßm;a lrk f,ig kshu lrkq ,enQ w;sf¾l f;dr;=rla bÈßm;a lsÍug
wiu;aùu

fuu kS;sSkag wod,j mj;akd o~qjï fndfyduhla m%udKj;a tajd fkdfõ¡

f;dr;=re ksoyi ms<sn| kS;sfha flgqïm;
rcfha wdh;khkays ;SrK" ls%hdjka yd m%;sm;a;s iïnkaOfhka wod, jkakdjQ f;dr;=re i|yd
m%fõYùfï yelshdj mej;Su mdroDIHNdjh i|yd b;d jeo.;a fjhs¡ f;dr;=re ksoyi ms<sn| mk;
iïu; lr.ekSu i|yd isú,a iudc ixúOdk yd udOH ixúOdkhka jir .Kkdjla ;siafia m%h;ak
ord we;¡ 2001 jif¾§ kS;s fldñiu úiska fhdackdj,shla bÈßm;a lrk ,§¡ 2003 jif¾§ leìkÜ
uKav,h úiska mk;a flgqïm; iïu; l< kuq;a th lsisÈfkl md¾,sfïka;=j úiska iïu;
fkdlrk ,§¡ 2006 jif¾§ ;j;a flgqïm;la rch fj; bÈßm;a lrkq ,eìks¡
 flgqïm;a lrk ,o kS;shg wkqj ks, f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSu i|yd iEu mqrjeishl=gu whs;sh
we;.
 cd;sl wdrCIdj iy ;eke;a;kaf.a Ôú;drCIdj jeks iuyr wjia:djkays§ m%fõYhg wjir
fkd§ isáh yel.
 iEu wud;Hjrhl=u iEu jir follg jrla ish wud;HOQrhg wod, ks, f;dr;=re we;=,;a
j¾;djla m<l< hq;=h. wud;HdxYhka úiska ls%hdjg kexùug kshñ; jJdmD;s ms<sn|j wod,
wud;Hjrhd úiska ck;dj oekqj;a l< hq;=h
 f;dr;=re b,a,d isákúg ,nd§u i|yd iEu wud;HdxYhlgu f;dr;=re ks,Odßhl= isák
l%ufõohla we;sl< hq;=h
 kS;sh id¾:l f,i ls%hdjg kexùu i|yd jk wëCIK foayh f,i f;dr;=re fldñifï
iajdêk;ajh mj;ajdf.k hd hq;=h

kS;sh id¾:l f,i ls%hd;aul jk jg wëCIKh lsÍu i|yd jk foayhla f,iskao f;dr;=re ksoyi
ms<sn| fldñiu ls%hdlrkq we;¡

f;dr;=re i|yd m%fõYh ,nd§u jeo.;a mshjrls¡ tfukau f;dr;=re i|yd m%fõY jkafka flfiao"
f;dr;=re ms<sn|j Wkkaÿ úh hq;af;a wehs iy mdroDIHNdjh iy j.ùu iy;sl lrkqjia ;ukag
bgql< yels N+ñldj ms<sn|j Tjqka oek isáh hq;=h¡

k,d msôkakd wdrCId lsÍu

48
j¾;udkfha§ k,d msôkakd wdrCId lsÍu i|yd jk lsisÿ ffk;sl m%;smdokhla fkdue;¡ tlgtl
lrkq ,eîfuka wdrCIdùu i|yd iqrCIs;;djhla mej;Su jeo.;a fjhs¡ o¾YSh kS;shla úiska fN!;sl
/ljrkh" wkkH;d /ljrkh iy jD;a;Suh /ljrkh i,ikq we;¡
rdcH n,h fhdod.ekSu iïnkaOfhka fY%AIAGdëlrKfha wêlrK n,h
rcfha ks,OdÍka úiska rdcH n,h fhdod.ekSu iïnkaOfhka m%ñ;Ska ia:dms; lrñka ta ms<sn|j jk
wêlrK n,h fY%AIAGdëlrKh úiska jeäÈhqKqfldg we;¡ fY%AIAGdëlrKhg wkqj rdcH n,h rcfha
fiajlhska fj; mjrkq ,en we;af;a Tjqka fj; mjrkq ,en we;s ld¾hhka isÿlsÍu i|yd jk Ndrhla
f,iska muKls¡ ta yer wka ljr wdldrhl fyda n,h fhoùula n,h wksis f,i fyda wh:d f,i
fhdod.ekSula f,iska ie<lsh yel¡

ks.ukhka yd ks¾foaYhka
M,odhS wdh;ksl rduqjla ks¾udKh lsÍu
¥IKh msgq±lSfï§ YS% ,xldj uqyqKfok úYd,;u wNsfhda.h jkafka mj;akd ffk;sl jHqyh
ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd jk foaYmd,ksl wNs,dIh fkdue;sùuh¡ o¾YSh wdh;ksl yd ffk;sl rduqjlg
my; ldrKdjka wka;¾.; úhhq;= fõ¡
iajdëk ¥IK úfrdaë foayhla( wdpdr O¾u yd wjxlNdjh ms<sn| fldñiu fyda wvqmdvq uÕyrjkq
,enQ w,a,ia fyda ÿIK ms<sn| úu¾IKh lsÍfï fldñiu fuka fuh mQ¾K jYfhka kj wdh;k
jHqyhla úh hq;=h¡ thg my; n,;, mej;sh hq;=h¡
 ish¨u wdldrfha w,a,ia yd ¥IK iïnkaOfhka úurAIKh lsÍfï yd kvq mejÍfï n,h
 rcfha fiajfha l%ufõo yd ld¾h mámdá wëCIKh lsÍu iy w,a,i yd ¥IKh i|yd mj;akd
wjia:djka wju lsÍu msKsi wjYH fjkialï fhdackd lsÍu
 uyck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍu
 isú,a iudcfha YlH;djka jeäÈhqKq lsÍu

iajdëk yd M,odhS ú.Kldêm;s fomd¾;fïka;=jla

tu wdh;khkg my; n,;, mej;sh hq;=h¡
 iEu rcfha wdh;khlu uQ,Huh j.ùu fukau ld¾HCIu;djh yd M,odhS;djho ú.Kkh
lsÍu¡ mdßißl" ls%hdldÍ;aj" úu¾IKd;aul yd zuqo,g w.hZ wd§jQ úúOdldr ú.kKhka
isÿlsÍfï yelshdj mej;Su¡
 rdcH wxYfha l%ufõohka yd ld¾h mámdàka wëCIKh lsÍu iy w,a,i yd ¥IKh i\yd
mj;akd wjia:djka wju lsÍu i|yd fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍu
 f;dr;=re kS;sfha ksoyi iy f;dr;=r ikaksfõokfha ksoyi¡ w,a,i yd ¥IKh wvq lsÍu
fukau uyck úIh m:h ;=, mj;akd f;dr;=re fj; mqrjeishkag m%fõYh ,ndÈugo tu
kS;sh lghq;= l<hq;= fõ¡
 k,d msôkakka wdrCId lsÍu i|yd jk kS;shla
 rcfha iEu l%uiïmdok ls%hdjlau idOdrK" mdrøDIH yd ldrHCIu m%ñ;Skag wkql+,j isÿjk
njg iy;sl lsÍu i|yd jk cd;sl l%uiïmdok ksfhdað;dh;khla¡ tlS m%ñ;Ska W,a,x>kh
lrk ks,OdÍkag o~qjï ,nd§fï n,ho thg ;sìh hq;=h
 iEu ue;sjrKhlau ÿIKfhka yd kS;súfrdaë mßphkaf.ka f;dr ksoyia yd idOdrK njg
iy;sl lsÍu i|yd ue;sjrK fldñiula¡ iEu ,shdmÈxÑ foaYmd,k mCIhlgu wruqo,a
,ne.ekSu mdroDIH tlla njg fldñiu úiska iy;sl úhhq;=h

CIABOC Yla;su;a lsÍu

i|yd mj;akd jrKhka folls¡ tkï wdpdr O¾u yd wjxlNdjh ms<sn| fldñiu jeks m%n, n,mEula
we;sl< yels mQ¾K jYfhka kj wdia;s:Hhla we;s lsÍu fyda jHjia:dms; yd wfkl=;a
m%;sixialrKhka yryd mj;akd fldñiu jvd;a Yla;su;a lsÍuhs¡
fï ljr l%ufõohl§jqj my; lreKq wksjd¾h fõ¡
 fufyhqï iajdhla;;djh iy iajdëk;ajh

 ixhq;sh iy iSudldß;ajhka fjkia lsÍu

tys ls%hdldÍ;ajhg my; lreKq wka;¾.; úhhq;= fõ¡

49
 1. iEu uÜgulu w,a,i yd ¥IKh úu¾Ikh lsÍu yd kvq mejÍu
2. rdcH wxYfha l%ufõohka yd ld¾h mámdá wëCIKh iy w,a,i yd ¥IKh i\yd mj;akd
wjia:djka wju lsÍu i|yd jk mshjrhka fhdackd lsÍu
3. ck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍu iy ¥IKhg tfrysj igka lsÍu i|yd Tjqka mqyqKq lrùu
4. ÿIKh wëCIKh lsÍu" jd¾;d lsÍu iy thg tfrysj igka lsÍu i|yd isú,a iudcfha yd
iudc jHdmdrhkays YlH;djka jeäÈhqKq lsÍu

úu¾IK yelshdjka jeäÈhqKq lsÍu iy mq¿,aj me;srekq úúO úIh lafIa;%hkag wh;a ±kqu iys;
msßila n|jd .ekSu ( wjYH;djh mßÈ furáka fukau úfoaYhkaf.kao úfYaI{;djhkaf.ka hq;a
msßila n|jd .ekSfï yelshdj fldñiug ;sìh hq;=h¡ f;dr;=re ;dCIKh" uyck wOHdmkh" uyck
iïnkaO;d iy l<ukdlrKh jeks úIh lafIa;%hka ms<sn| ld¾h uKav,fha YlH;djhka mq¿ ,a
mqyqKq jevigyka ud,djla uÕska jeäÈhqKq l<hq;= fjhs¡

iajdëkj kvq mejÍu( fydxfldx ys ¥IKhg tfrysj igka lsÍu i|yd ICAC úiska ck;dj ±kqj;a
lsÍu" ksjdrKh iy kvq mejÍu yryd nyqúO Wmdhud¾.hka wkq.ukh lrk ,§¡ fuhska kvq
mejÍfï lghq;= jvd jeo.;af ldg i,lkq ,enQ w;r iïm;aj,ska 70] lau fhdojkq ,enQfha tu
ld¾hh i|ydh¡ kvq mejÍfï lghq;= mQ¾K jYfhka iajdëk úhhq;= w;r thg lsisÿ foaYmd,k
n,mEula t,a, fkdúh hq;=h¡ kvq mejÍfï lghq;= foaYmd,k úreoaOjd§ka ovhï lsÍfï
Wmdhud¾.hla njg m;aùfuka j<lajd .;yels jkafka tjeks iajdëk;ajhla mej;=kfyd;a muKls¡
uyck meñKs,s( uyck meñKs,s Ndr.ekSfï yd tajdg m%;spdr ±laùfï M,odhS l%ufõohla fldñiu
i;=úh hq;=h¡ fydxfldx ys ICAC i;=j meh úisy;r mqrdu ls%hd;aul ÿrl:k wxlhla we;s w;r th
ck;dj w;r fnfyúka ckms%hj we;¡ fydxfldx ys id¾:lj isÿflrekq kvq mejÍï yd tlS kvq
lghq;= iïnkaOfhka mq¿,a m%pdrhla ,ndfokq ,nhs¡ fufia kvq lghq;= ms<sn| fy,sorõ lsÍuo ÿIKh
uev,Sfï§ jeo.;a mshjrla fjhs¡
uQ,Huh iajdëk;ajh( fldñiu uQ,Huh jYfhka iajdëk tlla úhhq;=h¡ j¾;udkfha§ fldñifï
wruqo,a NdKavd.drh úiska md,kh lrkq ,nhs¡ jvd fyd| l%ufõoh jkafka fldñiu úiska
iïmdokh lrkq ,nk weia;fïka;=.; whjehla u; mokïj md¾,sfïka;= ia:djr ldrl iNdjla
úiska wruqo,a fjkalsÍu ;SrKh lrkq ,eîuhs¡
uyckhd ±kqj;a lsÍu( w,a,i yd ¥IKfhka f;dr mßirhla ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd ish¿ wdldrhkays
IKhka ms,sn|j uyck;djf.a wjfndaOh jeäÈhqKq lsÍu w;HdjYHh¡ tajd je<elaùu i|yd ck;djg
.;yels mshjrhka ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd§uo fuhg we;=,;a fjhs¡ NdId ;=fkkau uyckhd ±kqj;a
lsÍfï jevigyka id¾:lj ls%hd;aul l<yels msßila n|jdf.k mqyqKq lsÍu fuys§ jeo.;a fõ¡
mqyqKqfõ§ ;reKhska" wêlrKh" ks,Odß ;ka;%h hkd§ jQ úúO wxYhka flfrys úfYaI wjOdkhla
fhduq l<hq;= fjhs¡
udOH iy uyck iïnkaO;d( fujeks wdldrfha fldñiï ks;ru uyck wjOdkhg ,laj mj;S¡ fï
fya;=fldgf.k ish uyck m%;srEmh /l.ekSu i|yd fldñiu i;=j M,odhS udOH tallhla mej;sh
hq;=h¡ f;dr;=re fnodyeÍu fukau foaYmd,ksl ls%hdOrhska fukau rdcH fj;skao t,a, úhyels
úfõpkhkag ms<s;=re §u ;=,ska uyck woyia l<ukdlrKh lsÍug udOH tallh iu;a úhhq;=h¡
wdpdr O¾u yd wjxlNdjh ms<sn| fldñiu( iajdëk wdpdr O¾u yd wjxlNdjh ms<sn| fldñiula
w,a,i yd ÿIKh iïnkaOfhka muKla fkdj rdcH yd foaYmd,k ks,hka idOdrK" hqla;siy.; yd
n,h whq;= f,i fhoùulska f;drj ls%hd;aul lsÍu iy;sl lsÍug W;aidy lrkq we;¡ rcfha ;k;=re
mqoa.,sl ,dN m%fhdackh fyda foaYmd,ksl wNsu;d¾hka bgqlr.ekSug mCI.%dySj lghq;= lsÍu
je<elaùu i|yd jk m%ñ;Ska ilia lsÍu yd tajd ls%hd;aul jkafkao hkak wëCIKh lsÍu fldñiu
úiska isÿlrkq we;¡ rcfha foam< mqoa.,sl wruqKq i|yd fhdod.ekSu je<elaùu fukau rcfha wruqo,a
ld¾hCIu yd M,odhS wdldrfhka fhdod.ekSu iy;sl lr.ekSuo fuhg wh;a fõ¡ ÿIK úfrdaë
fldñiu ¥IKh flfrys wjOdkh fhduqlrk w;r wdpdr O¾u yd wjxlNdjh ms<sn| fldñiu
rcfha ;k;=rej, lghq;= lsÍfï n,h whq;= f,i fhdod.ekSu hk mq¿,a lafIa;% iïnkaOfhka lghq;=
lrkq we;¡
f;dr;=re kS;sfha ksoyi( YS% ,xld kS;s fldñiu úiska fhdackd fldg we;s wdldrhg f;dr;=re
ksoyi ms<sn| ksoyi md¾,sfïka;=j úiska ia:dms; l<hq;= fjhs¡ tjeks kS;shla uÕska uyck úIh
m:h ;=,g wka;¾.; jkakdjQ f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSug mqrjeishkag we;s whs;sh iy;sl lrkq we;¡ fuu
kS;s ls%hd;aulùu wëCIKh lsÍu i|yd iajdëk f;dr;=re ksoyi ms<sn| fldñiula ia:dms; l<hq;=j
we;¡
zk,d msôkakkaZ wdrCId lsÍu( ¥IK fy,sorõ lrkakka wdrCId l< hq;=h¡ Tjqkaf.a fN!;sl wdrCIdj"
wkkH;djh iy jD;a;Sh iqrCIs;Ndjh i,ik úfYaIs; jHjia:d iïmdokhla fï i|yd wjYH h¡

50
ú.Kk mk;( md¾,sïka;=j jiska ú.Kk mk; iïu; l<hq;= fõ¡ fuu mk; uÕska ú.Kldêm;s
fomd¾;fïka;=jg jvd jeä iajdëk;ajhla ,ndfokq w;s w;r uQ,H ú.Kkhg wu;rj fjk;a úúO
wdldrfha ú.Kkhka isÿlsÍfï wjldYh ú.Kldêm;sjrhd fj; ,ndfokq we;¡

¥IKhg tfrys tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïuq;sh (UNCAC)

f.da,Sh ¥IK úfrdaë fuj,u - UNCAC

2003 foieïn¾ 03 jk Èk fulaisfldafõ fuÍvd ys§ w;aika ;nk ,o tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IK úfrdaë
iïuq;sh 2005 foieïn¾ 14 jk Èk isg n,d;aul úh¡ 2007 wfm%a,a jk úg cd;Ska 92 la úiska
wmrdkqu; lrkq ,enQ w;r ta w;=ska jeä m%udKhla ÈhqKq fjñka mj;sk rgj,a úh¡ fuu iïuq;sh wo
jk úg ¥IKhg tfrys wr.,fha f.da,Sh fuj,ula njg m;aj we;¡ weußldkq rdcH ixúOdkfha"
wms%ldkq ix.ufha iy hqfrdamd ljqkais,fha ÿIK úfrdaë iïuq;Ska" ÿIKhg tfrys SADC
fm%dfgdaflda,h iy wka;¾cd;sl jdksc .Kqf okqj,§ úfoaYSh rdcH ks,Odßkaf.a w,a,ia ,nd.ekSug
tfrys OECD iïuq;sh W!kmQrKh lsÍug th iu;aj we;¡ iïuq;sh mßÉfþo wglg fnod we;¡
je,elaùfï mshjrhka" wmrdOkSh j.lSu mejÍu iy kS;sh n,d;aul lsÍu" cd;Hka;r iyfhda.S;djh"
j;alï kej; ,nd.ekSu iy ;dCIKsl iydh iïnkaOfhka jk m%;smdokhka fï w;=ßka jvd;a
jeo.;a fõ¡

wmrdkqu;lsÍu iy ls%hdjg kexùu

ld¾ñl rgj,a wmrdkqu; lsÍu uÕska iïuq;sh ls%hdjg kxjkq ,nk w;r ta wkqj md¾Yajhka úiska
fï jk f;la ia:dms; fldg fkdue;s rdcH md¾Yajhkaf.ka ieÿï,;a iuq¿jla úiska isÿlsÍug kshñ;
wëCIK hdka;%Kh i|ydo jHx. wkque;sh ,nd§ula fuys§ isÿfõ¡ ixj¾Okhfjñka mj;sk yd
wka;¾ld,Sk rgj,§ ;;;ajh fjkia fõ¡ fndfyda wms%ldkq" ,;ska weußldkq" wdishdkq yd kef.kysr
hqfrdamsh rgj,a iïuq;sh wmrdkqu;fldg we;af;a ilS%hj th ls%hdjg kexúu i|yd jk hdka;%Khla
ks¾udKh lsÍulska f;drjh¡ wm f;areï .kakd wdldrhg mQ¾K jYfhka iïuq;sfha m%;smdokhka
ls%hdjg kexùug kï wmrdkqu; lsÍfuka wk;=rej cd;sl jHjia:dms; kS;sh ;=,g we;=,;a l<hq;=h¡
ls%hdjg kexùfï ls%hdj,sh i|yd md¾Yajlrejka jk wfkl=;a rgj,ska ,efnk ;dCIKsl iydh úiska
myiqlï i,ikq we;¡ hymd,kh iïnkaOfhka jk ;dCIKsl iyfhda.S;d jHdmD;Ska fï ld¾hhg
m%udKj;a fjhs¡

flaka§%h .eg¿

je,elaùu

UNCAC ys je,elaùfï mshjrhka ^II jk mßÉfþoh& uÕska rdcH wxYh fukau mqoa.,sl wxYho
wdjrKh flfrhs¡ ¥IK úfrdaë wdh;k jHqyhka ks¾udKh lsÍu" uQ,H md,k m%;smdokhka" rdcH
mßmd,kh ;=, m;alsÍï iy isú,a iudcfha yd jHdmdrhkays iyNd.S;ajh hkdÈh thg wh;a fõ¡
uQ,Huh lghq;=j, úksjondjh we;s lsÍu iy foaYmd,k mCIj, ue;sjrK m%pdrl jHdmdrhka i|yd
wruqo,a fhoùu flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrkq ,efí¡ mdrøDIH" ldrHCIu yd iM,odhS f,i
m;alsÍï yd Wiaiúï ,nd§fï l%ufjhaohla ieliSfï j.lSu rdcH úiska Ndr.kS¡ rcfha fiajlhska
p¾hdO¾u ud,djka úiska md,kh úh hq;= w;r tajd W,a,x>kh l<úg o~qjï ,ndÈh hq;= fjhs¡
ÿIKhg tfrysj igka lsÍu rdcH yd iudch w;r iyfhda.fhka hq;=j isÿl< hq;= jkakla jk neúka
rdcH mßmd,klhska ck;djg ish lghq;= jd¾;d lsÍu iy isú,a iudcfha ueÈy;aùu flfrys
UNCAC jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrhs¡ rdcH wxYh fj; ilia lrkq ,nk m%;smdokhka mqoa.,sl wxYh
51
fj;o wod, l<hq;= jk w;r mqoa.,sl wYh úiskao mdrøDIHNdjh ms,sn| ld¾h msámdàka iy p¾hd
Í;Ska wod, lr.ekSu wfmaCId lrkq ,nhs¡

wmrdOkSlrKh
UNCAC ys III jk mßÉfþofhka rdcH yd mqoa.,sl wxYhkays ilS%h yd wlS%h w,a,ia.eksu jeks ¥Is;
p¾hdjka kshdukh lsÍu isÿlrhs¡ ish¨u rdch md¾Yajhka rdcH ks,Odßhd ms,sn| ixl,amh
md¾,sfïka;= uka;S%jrhd olajd jHdma; lsÍug ne£ isà¡ UNCAC g wkqj ¥IKh ms,sn| jerÈ
cd;Hka;r rdcH ksfhdað;hkago wod, fjhs¡ ffk;sl ;eke;a;kaf.a j.lSï y÷kajdÈuo úfYaIfhka
jeo.;a fõ¡ ¥Is; yeisÍï ms,sn| idCIs jvd;a ir< lsÍugo m%;smdokhka úiska fhdackd lrkq ,nhs¡ th
jeo.;a jkafka ¥Is; yeisÍu wêlrKhla bÈrfha Tmamq lsÍu b;d wiSre jk neúks¡ kS;sh n,dul
lsÍfï l,dmfha§ cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r wdh;k yd isú,a iudch w;r jvd fyd| iyfhda.S;djla
mej;sh hq;= nj iïuq;sh lshd isáhs¡ kS;sh ls%hd;au;l lsÍu ienúkau M,odhS f,i isÿlsÍu i|yd
idCIslrejka" úkaÈ;hka iy úfYaI{ idCIslrejka wdrCId lsÍu i|yd jQ m%;smdokhkao mj;S¡

cd;Hka;r iyfhda.S;djh
IV jk mßÉfPAoh jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrkafka wfkHdakH ffk;sl iyfhda.h iy Wo¾mkh
flfrysh¡ ffk;sl iydh b,a,disàu fyda jrolrejka ish rgg f.k tau iïnkaOfhka rgj,a
oaõmd¾Yaúl .súiqïj,g t<eöu fyda UNCAC fj; Rcqju fhduqúu l<hq;=h¡ jvd ,sys,a wdldrhla
jk zoaú;aj wmrdOdfrdamkhZ uÕska rdcHhka w;r wka;¾cd;sl iyfhda.S;djh ir<fldg we;¡
ffk;sl iydh b,a,disàu fyda wmrdOlrejka f.kajd .ekSu i|yd pQÈ; ls%hdj rgj,a foflysu
tlu wdldrfhka jrola f,i ms,sf.k ;sîu fï wkqj wjYH fkdfõ¡

fulS ikao¾Nh ;=, ks;r w;sYhskau ixlSrAK ls%hdj,shla njg m;ajk ffk;sl iydh ,nd.ekSu yd
wmrdOlrejka f.kajd .ekSu iïnkaOfhka úia;rd;aul m%;smdokhka UNCAC ys wka;¾.; fjhs¡

mqyqKq yd ixj¾Ok mshjrhka uÕska Yla;su;a lrkq ,nk wka;¾cd;sl iyfhda.S;djh ;=,ska rdcH
md¾Yajhkag wfkHakH jYfhka YlH;d f.dvkexùu i|yd wdOdr lr.kakd f,i UNCAC fhdackd
lr isáhs¡

j;alï kej; ,nd.ekSu

iïuq;sh ;=, wjOdkh fhduq lrk ;j;a jeo.;a ldrKdjla jkafka j;alï kej; ,nd.ekSuhs ^V
mßÉfþoh&¡ jxpkslhka yd ¥Is; m%N+ka úiska wh:d f,i ,ndf.k úfoaY .sK qïj, ;eïm;a lr we;s
rdcH wruqo,a yd foaYSh iïm;a kej; ,nd.ekSu b;d jeo.;a ldrKhls¡ ish¿ rcH md¾Yajhkag tlS
j;alï Rcqju kej; ,nd.ekSu i|yd hdka;%Khka ieliSug Èßu;a lrkq ,efí¡ fuys§o ;=kajk
md¾Yajhka iuÕ ffk;sl iyfhd.S;d .súiqu fkdue;s rgj,g UNCAC ys m%;smdokhka u; Rcqju
msysgd lghq;= l< yel¡
;dCIKsl iydh
iïuq;sh ls%hdjg kxùfï§ ÈhqKq fjñka mj;akd iy wka;¾ld,Sk rdcHhkag ;dCIKsl iyfhda.S;djh
w;HdjYH fjhs¡ ta iïnkaOfhka wod, jkakdjQ m%;smdokhka VI jk mßÉfPAofha úia;r lrkq ,nhs¡
ffk;sl wjYH;djka ls%hdjg kexùu i|yd iy je,elaùfï mshjrhka i|yd wjYH jkakdjQ
m%;smdokhka fukau úu¾IK lghq;= isÿlsÍu yd j;alï kej; ,nd.ekSu iïnkaOfhka jk ffk;sl
iydhkao thg we;=,;ah¡ ;dCIKsl iyfhda.S;d uq,msÍï i|yd fhdod.kq ,eîu msKsi jk wruqo,la
ia:dms; lsÍugo thska fhdackd lrkq ,nhs¡

¥IKhg tfrys tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïuq;sh

m%cd;dka;s%l jákdlï yd wdh;khka flfrys iEu wdldrhlu ¥IKhka n,mdk wdldrh flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lrñka ks¾udKh lrkq ,enQ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IKhg tfrys iïuq;sh úiska rdcH
fukau mqoa.,sl wxYfhao ÿIKhg tfrysj lghq;= lsÍu i|yd wkq.ukh l<hq;= ixCIsma; mshjrhka
ms,sn|j rdcHhka fj; ks¾foaYhka bÈßm;a lrkq ,nhs¡ foaYSh jHjia:dms; mshjrhka fukau
cd;Hka;r iyfhda.;djho thg wh;a fõ¡
foaYmd,k wia:djr;ajhg iy ;sridr ixj¾Okh yd iudkd;au;djhg wys;lr f,i n,mE yels
j;alï yd rdcH iïm;a wh:d f,i mßyrkh flfrys iïuq;sfha úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduqfõ¡ kS;s

52
úfrdaë f,i mqoa.,sl Okh bmhSu fya;=fldgf.k m%cd;dka;s%l wdh;k" c;sl wdrAÓlhka yd kS;sfha
md,khg we;súh yels n,mEï wju lsÍu i|yd rdcHhka úiska wkq.ukh l<hq;= mshjrhkao th
olajd isáhs¡
» jk mßÉfPAoh fmdÿ m%;smdokhka
iïuq;sh ¥IKh mdrcd;sl ixisoaêhla f,iska olsk w;r th uq,skqmqgd ±óu i|yd mq¿,a" nyqúO
m%fõYhla wkq.ukh lrñka ish¨u uÜgïj,§ th yd igka lsÍu rdcHhg wjYH YlH;djka
Yla;su;a lsÍu wruqKq lr.kS¡ 1 jk j.ka;sfhka iïuq;sfha wruqK meyeÈ,s flfrhs¡
^w& jvd;a ldrHCIu yd M,odhS f,i ÿIKhg tfrysj igka lsÍu m%j¾Okh lsÍu iy ta i|yd
.kq ,nk mshjrhka Yla;su;a lsÍu

^wd& j;alï kej; ,nd.ekSuo we;=¿j ÿIKh je,elaùU yd thg tfrysj igka lsÍu i|yd
c;Hka;r iyfhda.h iy ;dCIKsl iydh m%j¾Okh lsÍu" myiqlï ie,iSu yd iydhùu

^we& rdcH lghq;= yd rdcH foam, iïnkaO Fhka lghq;= lsÍfï§ wjxlNdjh" j.ùu iy ksis
l<uKdlrKh m%j¾Okh lsÍu

»» jk mßÉfPAoh ksjdrl mshjrhka

ksjdrl ÿIK úfrdaë m%;sm;a;s iy mßphka ^5 j.ka;sh& kS;sfha md,kh" rcfha lghq;=" rdcH foam,
ksis l<uKdlrKh" wjxlNdjh" mdrøDIHNdjh iy j.ùu hk uQ,O¾uhkag wkql+,j iudcfha ienE
iyNd.S;ajhla iys;j ¥IK úfrdaë m%;sm;a;s ks¾udKh lsÍu yd ls%hdjg kexùu i|yd lghq;= l<hq;=
nj fuhska lshefõ¡ ;jo fuu m%;sm;a;s j¾Okh lsÍu yd ls%hdjg kexùu i|yd fuu mshjrhka yd
tajdfha M,odhS;djh rdcHhka úiska ksrka;rfhka wëCIKh lsÍu yd we.hSï isÿlsÍu l<hq;= fjhs¡
6 jk j.ka;sh hgf;a ÿIK úfrdaë m%;sm;a;s ls%hdjg kexúu iy ÿIK úfrdaë kS;s iy tajdfha msysg
,nd.kakd wdldrh ms,sn|j ±kqj;a lsÍu i|yd jk wdh;ksl foayhka ks¾udKh lsÍu l<hq;= nj
olajd isáhs¡ tlS wdh;ksl foayhkag iajlSh ld¾hka ldrHCIuj yd ndOdjlska f;drj lrf.k hdu
i|yd tajd iajdëk yd m%udKj;a iïm;a iys; tajd úh hq;=h¡

rdcH wxYh ^7 jk j.ka;sh& isú,a fiajfha n|jd.ekSï" l=,S moku u; fiajh ,nd.ekSï" fiajfha
r|jd ;nd.ekSï" Wiaiaùï" idOdrK jegqma jeäùï yd úY%du hEï ldrHCIu;djh" úksúoNdjh"
oCI;djka" hqla;sh iy l=i,;djhka hk uQ,O¾uhka u; msysgd isÿlsÍug rdcHhka tlÕ fjhs¡ rdcH
fiajh ;=, ¥IK úfrdaë kS;s yd ¥IKh je,elaùu ms,sn|j mqyqKq yd ±kaj;a lsÍfï jevigyka
ls%hd;aul lrkq ,efí¡
7^2& j.ka;sh rcfha ;k;=re i|yd m;alr.ekSu i|yd whÿïlrejka iïnkaOfhka rdcHhka úiska
wkq.ukh l<hq;= Wmudkhka ks¾foaY lr isáhs¡ ;jo rcfha ;k;=re i|yd ;rÕ lrk wfmaCIlhska
yd foaYmd,k mCI i|yd ,efnk wruqo,aj, úksúoNdjh iïnkaOfhka jHjia:dms; mshjr wkq.ukh
l<hq;= njo th ks¾foaY lrhs¡
rcfha fiaj lhska i|yd jk p¾hd Í;s ix.%yh ^8 j.ka;sh& rcfha ls%hdldrlï ksjerÈj" wjxlj iy
ksis ls%hdldÍ;ajhlska hq;=j bgq lsÍu i|yd jk m%ñ;Ska iy;sl lrkqjia ish ffk;sl yd wdh;ksl
rduq ;=, l%ufõohka ilia lsÍug rdcH md¾jhka ne£ isá;s¡ 4 jk fþofhka olajd isákafka wod,
p¾hd Í;s ix.%yhka wh:d f,i fhdod.ekSu iy ÿIK ls%hdjka ms,sn|j jd¾;d l<yels l%uhla
ia:dms; lsÍu ms,sn|jh¡ mdrøDIHNdjh /l.ekSu i|yd rcfha fiajlhka ish wfkl=;a wdodhï ud¾."
wdfhdackhka yd j;alï ms,sn|j m%ldYkhla l<hq;= njg jk l%ufõohlao rdcHhka úiska ilia
l<hq;= fjhs¡ foaYSh kS;sfha uQ,O¾uhka" úkh fyda p¾hd Í;s fyda m%ñ;Ska lvlrk rcfha fiajlhkag
tfrysj .kq ,nk mshjrhka ilia lsÍu rdcH md¾Yajhka úiska fuu j.ka;shg wkql+,j isÿl<hq;=
fjhs¡
rdcH l%uiïmdokh yd rdcH uQ,H l<uKdlrKh ^9 j.ka;sh& rdcH l%uiïmdokh iy rdcH uQ,H
l<uKdlrKh i|yd mdrøDIH" ;rÕldÍ iy úIhdkqnoaO Wmudkhka yd ls%hdoduhka ia:dms; lsÍu
rdcHhka tlÕ fjhs¡ l%uiïmdok ls%hdj,sh yd iïnkaê; rdcH f;dr;=re iy rdcH uq,H fnodyeÍu
ms,sn|j f;dr;=reo wkdjrkh lsÍu fuu mdrøDIHNdjh ms,sn| uQ,O¾uhkag wka;¾.; fõ¡
wNHka;ßl md,khka i|yd jk M,odhS mshjrhka ia:dms; flfrkq we;s w;r mdrøDIH
.skqïlrKhla yd ú.Kkhla i|yd jk l%ufõohla ielfikq we;¡ hï hï rcfha l%uiïmdokhkays
m%;s,dNhka ms,sn| m%ldYhg m;alsÍu iy mqyqKq wjYH;djhka jeks l%uiïmdokh ms,sn| mqoa.,slj
j.lSu ±Íug isÿjkakdjQ mshjrhka kshdukh lsÍu i|ydo iqÿiq mshjr .; hq;=h¡

rdcH jd¾;dlrKh ^10 j.ka;sh& rdcH mßmd,kh ;=, mdrøDIHNdjh j¾Okh lsÍug rdcHhka mshjr
.kq we;¡ ish rdcH mßmd,k lghq;=j,§ ixúOdkh" ls%hdldÍ;ajh iy ;SrK .ekSfï ls%hdj,sh ms,sn|
f;dr;=re fukau ck;djg n,mdk ffk;sl ls%hdud¾.hka ms,sn| f;dr;=reo m%isoaêhg m;al<hq;= fõ¡
wod, wêldÍka fj; uyck;djg m%fõYùug we;s ld¾h mámdàka ir< lsÍugo rdcHhka mshjr
.;hq;= fjhs¡ rdcH fiajfha ¥IK wjodkï ms,sn|j ld,dj¾;l jd¾;djka m%ldYhg m;alsÍuo l<
hq;=fõ¡
53
wêlrKh yd kvq mejÍfï fiajdjka ^11 j.ka;sh& wÈlrKfha wjxlNdjh iy;sl lrñka ¥IKhg
we;s bvm%ia:djka je,elaùu i|yd rdcH úiska mshjr .; hq;=h¡ wêlrK ks,OdÍka i|yd jk p¾hd
O¾u moaO;shlao fuhg we;=,;a úhyel¡

mqoa.,sl wxYh ^12 j.ka;sh& mqoa.,sl wxYfha ¥IKh je,elaùu i|yd jHjia:dms; yd wfkl=;a
mshjrhka .ekSug rdcHhka tlÕ fõ¡ ldrHCIu" ium%udK m%;smdokhka fukau tlS mshjrhka
wkq.ukh lsÍug wiy;aùu i|yd jk isú,a" mßmd,k fyda wmrdO o~qjïo thg we;=,;a úhyel¡

iudcfha iyNd.S;ajh ^13 j.ka;sh& isú,a iudch" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk" m%cd mdol ixúOdk hkdÈh
ÿIK úfrdaë mshjrhka j¾Okh lsÍu" we.hSu iy ta ms,sn| ±kqj;a lsÍu i|yd iïnkaO lr.ekSug
mshjr .efkkq we;¡ uyck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍfï jevigyka fukau ÿIKh iy tys úúO iajrEmhka yd
tys wys;lr n,mEu ms,sn|j meie,a yd úYaj úµd, úIhud,djkag we;=,;a lsÍuo tjeks
iyfhda.S;djhkag wh;a fõ¡
ÿIKhg tfrysj igka lrk wdh;khka ms,sn| rdcH md¾Yajhka úiska ck;dj ±kqj;a l<hq;= jk
w;r ;ukag wjevla isÿfõh hk lsisÿ ìhlska f;drj ksßKdñlj tlS wdh;k iïnkaO lr.kafka
flfiao hkak ms,sn|jo ck;dj ±kqj;a l<hq;=h¡

uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh je,elaùug mshjr .ekSu ^14 j.ka;sh& uqo,a úY=aêlrKh y÷kd.ekSu yd th
je,elaùu msKsi nexl= yd nexl= fkdjk uQ,H wdh;k fj; foaYSh kshduk l%ufõohka rch úiska
y÷kajd Èh hq;=h¡ kshduk hdka;%Khka uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh y÷kd.ekSu iy th je,elaùu i|yd jk
wod, l,dmSh wdh;khka iuÕ iïnkaO l<hq;= fjhs¡

»»» mßÉfþoh wmrdOkSlrKh iy kS;sh n,d;aul lsÍu

rcfha fiajlhskaf.a w,a,ia .ekSï ^15 j.ka;sh& my; wmrdO jerÈ y÷kajd§u i|yd rdcH md¾Yajhka
úiska jHjia:dms; yd wfkl=;a mshjrhka .;hq;=h¡

w& ish ks, lghq;=j,ska je,lSu i|yd rcfha fiajlhl=g wksis n,mEula isÿlÍug Rcqj fyda
jl%j lsisjla §u fyda §ug tlÕùu

wd& by; hula ms,s.ekSu fyda tjekalg fm<Uùu

úfoaYSh rdcH ks,OdÍka iy cd;Hka;r rdcH ixúOdkhkays ks,OdÍkag w,a,ia§u ^16 j.ka;sh&
úfoaYSh ks,Odßhl=g ljr wdldrhl fyda whq;= m%;s,dNhla ,nd.ekSu i|yd fyda lsishï jHdmdrhlg
whq;= m%;s,dNhla w;alr.ekSu i|yd úfoia rdcH ks,Odßhl=g ish ks, ld¾hhla fkdlr isàug
lsishï mdßf;daIslhla msßkeóu fyda ,nd§u wmrdOkSh jrola ixhqla; lrk njg jk jHjia:dms;
m%;smdokhka rdcHhka úiska iïu; l< hq;=h¡ 16^2& j.ka;sh úiska tjeks m%odkhla i|yd fm<Uùu
fyda tjekala ,nd.ekSuo ;ykï lrhs¡

rcfha fiajlhl= úiska uqo,a jxpd lsÍu" whq;= w;alr.ekSu iy foam< fjk;a whl=g mejÍu ^17
j.ka;sh& ish ;k;=r fya;=fldgf.k rcfha fiajlhl= fj; r|jd ;efnk rdcH foam<" rcfha fyda
mqoa.,sl wruqo,a tu ;eke;a;d úiska jxpd lsÍu" whq;= w;alr.ekSu iy foam< fjk;a whl=g mejÍu
foaYSh kS;sh wkqj wmrdO jrola jk njg rdcH úiska kS;s iïmdokh l<hq;=h¡

fj<\ug n,mEï lsÍu ^18 j.ka;sh& ljrl=g fyda whq;= m%;s,dNhla w;ajk wdldrfhka lghq;= lrk
f,ig ish ks,h fhdod.ksñka rcfha ks,Odßhl= úiska ,nmEï lsÍu wmrdO jrola njg m;aflfrk
jHjia:dms; m%;sixialrKhka rch úiska we;sl< hq;=h¡ rcfha fiajlhl= úiska tlS ld¾hhla i|yd
lsishï mdßf;aIslhla ms,s.ekSu fyda ta i|yd fm<Uùï lsÍuo wmrdO jrola fjhs¡

ks, lghq;= whq;= ls%hdjkag fhdod.ekSu ^19 j.ka;sh& rcfha ks,OdÍkaf.a ks, lghq;= ;ukaf .a"
fjk;a ;eke;a;l=f.a fyda fjk;a lsishï wdia;s:Hhl m%;s,dNh i|yd fhdod.ekSu wmrdO jrola
njg m;alrñka kS;s iïmdokh l<hq;=h¡

whq;= Okj;aùu ^20 j.ka;sh& ish kS;Hdkql+, wdodhï ud¾.hkaf.ka ,nd.;af;ahehs idOdrK f,i
meyeÈ,s l< fkdyels Okhla rcfha fiajlhl= i;=ùu fyj;a whq;= Okj;aùu wmrdO jrola njg
m;alrk kS;s iïmdokh l< hq;=h¡

54
mqoa.,sl wxYfha w,a,i ^21 j.ka;sh& whq;= m%;s,dN ,nd§u i|yd mqoa.,sl wxYfha w,a,ia ,nd.ekSu
wmrdO jrola njg m;alrk kS;s yd fjk;a mshjr .; hq;=h¡ tjekakla Ndr.ekSu yd thg fm<Uùï
lsÍuo wmrdO jrola njg m;al< hq;=h¡

mqoa.,sl wxYfha uqo,a jxpd lsÍu ^22 j.ka;sh& ish ;k;=r fyda;=fldgf.k ;uka fj; r|jd we;s
mqoa.,sl wxYfha ljr fyda foam,la" mqoa.,sl wruqo,la" iqrCIs;hla fyda fjk;a ljr fyda fohla pxpd
lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu wmrdO jrola njg m;alrñka kS;s iïmdokh l<hq;=h¡ tjeks ;;ajhka we;sùu
je,elaùu i|yd kS;s iïmdokh lsÍuo rdcHfha j.lSuls¡

Wmhk uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh wmrdOhls ^23 j.ka;sh&

rdcH md¾Yajhka úiska my; ls%hdjka wmrdO njg m;al< hq;=h¡

^w& ^¸& wmrdOhlska bmehQ uqo,a ta nj ±k ±ku tys kS;súfrdaë iïNjh ieÕùu msKsi fyda
jroldÍ ls%hdjlska ,nd.;a Okh tlS ls%hdj fya;=fldgf.k m%;sM, úhyels ffk;sl
m%;súmdlhkaf.ka ieÕùu i|yd fjk;a iajrEmhlg fyda foam< njg m;alsÍu

^¸¸& wmrdOhl m%;sM,hla f,i w;alr.;a lsishï foam,lg wod,j tys iajNdjh" uQ,dY%h"
msysàu" mejÍu" ixp,kh" ysñldr;ajh fyda tlS foam, ms,sn| wh;sjdislï ieÕùu

^wd& ish kS;s l%ufha uQ,sl uQ,O¾uhkag wod, jkakdjQ my; ls%hdjka(

(i) lsishï foam,la wmrdOhlska Wmhd.;a nj ±k ±ku tjeks foam,la w;alr.ekSu"

ika;lfha ;nd.ekSu fyda Ndú;d lsÍu

(ii) fuu j.ka;sfha m%;smdokhka wkqj ia:dms; lrkq ,en we;s ljr fyda jrola isÿ lsÍug
iyNd.sùu" l=uka;%Kh lsÍu" ;e;a lsÍu fyda isÿlsÍug Wmldr lsÍu" wkqn,§u"
myiqlï ie,iSu fyda tjekakla ieÕùu

2 jk fþoh hgf;a fuu j.ka;sh n,d;aul lsÍu i|yd ;uka úiska ks¾udKhfldg we;s kS;s fyda
mj;sk kS;sj, we;s l< ixfYdaOkhkays msgm;la fyda ta ms,sn| úia;rhla rdcH md¾Yajhka úiska
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyf,alïjrhd fj; bÈßm;a l<hq;=h¡

ieÕùu ^24 j.ka;sh& iïuq;sfha olajkq ,en we;s ljr fyda ls%hdjla ieÕùu fyda tys olajd we;s
ls%hdjkays m%;sM,hla f,i ,enqKq lsishï foam,la iÕjd ;eîu wmrdO jrola njg m;alrk kS;s
iaïmdokh lsrug rdcH md¾Yajhka ne£ isáhs¡

hqla;shg ndOd lsÍu ^25 j.ka;sh& iïuq;sh hgf;a jrola jk ls%hdjla iïnkaOfhka jHdc idCIs§u
fyda idCIs bÈßm;a lsÍu je,elaùu i|yd fN!;sl n,h fhoùu" ;¾ck fyda ìhm;a lrùu fyda ta
i|yd whq;= m%;s,dN ,nd§u$ ,nd§ug fmdfrdkaÿùu wmrdO jrola njg m;alrk kS;s iïmdokh
l<hq;=h¡ úksiqrejreka fyda fjk;a kS;sh n,d;aul lsÍfï ks,Odßhl=g ish ld¾hhka isÿlsÍ ug
tfrysj fN!;sl n,h fhoùu" ;¾ck fyda ìhm;a lrùu wmrdO jrola njg m;alsÍuo l< hq;=h¡

j.lSu ^26 j.ka;sh& iïuq;sh úiska olajkq ,en we;s ljr fyda ls%hdjla isÿlrk ffk;sl mqoa.,hl=g
wod, j.lSu mejÍu i|yd rdcHh úiska kS;s iïmdokh l<hq;=h¡ tlS j.lSï w;r uQ,Huh o~qjï
meñkùuo we;=,;aj ffk;sl fyda ffk;sl fkdjk o~qjï wod, jrog ium%udKj mekùuo fjhs¡

iyNd.Sùu yd ;e;alsÍu ^27 j.ka;sh& iïuq;sfha olajd we;s ljr fyda jrolg iynd.sùu yd tajdg
;e;alsÍuo wmrdO jrola njg m;al< hq;=h¡ 2-3 mßÉfPAo uÕska tjeks jerÈ isÿlsÍu i|yd ;e;a lsÍu
fyda ie,iqï lsÍuo wmrdO jroj,a njg olajd we;¡

jrfoa ix>lhka f,i ±kqu" fÉ;kdj iy wruqK ^28 j.ka;sh& iïuq;shg wkqj wod, úIhuQ,sl
mßisoaêjdpl ;;ajhka u; wkqudk lrñka jrfoa ix>lhka f,i ±kqu" fÉ;kdj iy wruqK ia:dms;
l<hq;= fjhs¡
jHjia:dms; iSudlï ^29 j.ka;sh& iïuq;sh hgf;a jk jerÈ iïnkaOfhka foaYSh kS;sh hgf;a kvq
mejÍfï§ idfmaCIj úYd, jHjia:dms; iSudjka /ila rdcH úiska wod, lr.kq ,eìh yel¡ pQÈ;
wêlrKh uÕyer isák wjia:djkays§ fuh È> lsÍu fyda w;aysgqùu l<hq;= fjhs¡

55
kvq mejÍu" ;Skaÿj ,nd§u iy o~qjï ^30 j.ka;sh& l< jrfoa nrm;, lug .e,fmk o~qjï
,ndfok njg rdcHhka iy;sl úhq;=h¡ wod, jrog kvq mejÍu iïnkaOfhka rdcH md¾Yajhkaf.a
foaYSh kS;sfha mj;sk wNsu;dkqidÍ ffk;sl n,hka Wmßu wdldrhlska ls%hd;aul l<hq;=h¡
ks¾foaISNdjfha mQ¾j ks.ukh ;sìh§u fÉokdjkag ,laj we;s ks,Odßhdf.a jev ;ykï lsÍu fyda
wod, OQrfhka bj;a lsÍu isÿlrkq ,eìh yel¡

;ykï lsÍu" w;am;a lr.ekSu iy rdcika;l lsÍu ^31 j.ka;sh& wmrdOfhka Wmhd we;s Okh
rdcika;l lsÍug mshjr .;hq;= fjhs¡ jrog fhdod.kq ,enQ foam< fyda WmlrKhkao rdcika; l
lsÍug rdcHhka iuyrúg lghq;= lrkq ,eìh yel¡ ;ykug.;a" w;am;afldg.;a fyda rdcika;l
lrk ,o j;alï mrmd,kh i|yd ksis kshduk mshjrhka y÷kajdÈh hq;=h¡

idCIslrejka" úfYAI{hska iy úkaÈ;hkag wdrCIdj ie,iSu ^32 j.ka;sh& iïuq;sh hgf;a jrola jk
ls%hdjla iïnkaOfhka jk úu¾Ikhkays§ fyda kvq lghq;=j,§ idCIs§fuka je,elaúu msKSi
idCIslrejka yd úkaÈ;hka fj; t,a, úhyels tlgtl lsÍï fya ;e;s .ekaùïj,ska Tjqka wdrCId
lsÍu i|yd mshjr .;hq;=h¡ wod, ;eke;a;ka fjk;a ia:dkhl mÈxÑ lrùu" Tjqkaf.a wkkH;djh
fy,sorõ fkdlsÍu iy idCIslrejkag wdrCIs; l%ufõohka uÕska idCIs §ug wjia:dj ie,iSu ^Wod(
ùäfhda uÕska& hkd§ ls%hdud¾.hka fuys§ wkq.ukh l<yel¡

jd¾;dlrk ;eke;a;kag wdrCIdj ie,iSu ^33 j.ka;sh& iïuq;sh uÕska ia:dms; fldgwe;s jroj,a
iïnkaOfhka wod, wêldÍka fj; hym;a fÉ;kdfjka yd idOdrK fya;= iys;j jd¾;d lrk
;eke;a;kag tfrysj t,a,úh yels whq;= ie,lSï j,ska Tjqka wdrCId lsÍu i|yd jk m%;smdokhka
foaYSh kS;s moaO;sh ;=,g we;=,;a l<hq;=h¡

ÿIK ls%hdjkaf.a m%;sM, ^34 j.ka;sh& .súiqï ksIam%NdlsÍu fyda Y+kH lsÍug fya;=jk ffk;sl
ls%hdoduhka i|yd mokula f,i ¥IKh rdcHh úiska ie,lsh hq;=h¡

ydks i|yd jkaÈ ,nd§u ^35 j.ka;sh& ¥IK ls%hdjka fya;=fldgf.k isÿj we;s ydks iy mdvq i|yd
jkaÈ ,nd.ekSug kS;suh mshjr .ekSfï yelshdj ydkshg m;a ;eke;a;kag yd wdia;s:Hhkag ,nd§ug
lghq;= l<hq;=h¡

úfYAISlrKhjQ wêldÍka ^36 j.ka;sh& ÿIKhg tfrysj igka lsÍu i|yd úfYAI jQ wdh;k jHqyhla
ks¾udKh l<hq;=h¡ wh:d n,mEïj,ska f;drj iajdëkj lghq;= lsÍfï yelshdj fuu wêldßhg
,ndÈh hq;=h¡

kS;sh n,d;aul lsÍfï wêldÍka iuÕ iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu ^37 j.ka;sh& ¥IK ls%hdjkag
iyNd.SjQ whg ta ms,sn|j úu¾Ilhka fj; f;dr;=re ,nd§ug Wkakaÿ lrjk mshjr .;hq;=h¡ kvq
mejÍfuka uqla;shla ,ndÈu wdÈh tlS mshjrhka f,i ±laúh yel¡

cd;sl wêldÍka w;r iyfhda.h ^38 j.ka;sh& iïuq;sh hgf;a jerÈ jk ls%hdjka isÿl< ;eke;a;kag
tfrysj kvq lghq;= isÿlsÍfï§ wod, rcfha wdh;k" ks,OdÍka yd wêldÍka iyfhda.fhka lghq;=
l<hq;=h¡

cd;sl wêldÍka yd mqoa.,sl wxYh w;r iyfhda.h ^39 j.ka;sh& kvq lghq;=$ úu¾IK lghq;=
isÿlsÍu iïnkaOfhka j.lSu orl cd;sl wêldÍka iy mqoa.,sl wxYh" úfYAIfhka uQ,H wdh;k
w;r iyfhda.hla we;slsÍug lghq;= l<hq;=h¡

nexl=j, ryiHNdjh ^40 j.ka;sh& nexl=j, ryiHNdjh ms,sn| kS;s fya;=fldgf.k we;sjk ndOdjka
ch.ekSU i|yd wod, kS;s l%uhka ;=, iqÿiq hdka;%Khka we;sl< hq;=h¡

wmrdO jd¾;d ^41 j.ka;sh& fjk;a rgl iïuq;sh hgf;a jrola jk jerÈ isÿfldg jrolrejka jQ wh
ms,sn|j ±k.ekSu i|yd jHjia:dms; mshjrhka ilia l<hq;=h¡

wêlrK n,h ^42 j.ka;sh& lsishï rdcH md¾Yajhla ish rdcH ;=," ish uqyqÿ iSudfõ .uka lrk
hd;%djla ;=, fyda .=jka iSudfõ .uka lrk .=jka hdkhla ;=, isÿlrk ,o jerÈ iïnkaOfhka
wêlrK n,hg ysñlï lshhs¡ tfukau lsishï rgla ;=, fjfik trg mqrjeishl=g fyda rdcHhla
fkdue;s whl=g tfrysj isÿlrk ,o jrolg tfrysjo wêlrK n,h tu rg i;=fjhs¡ tfukau
lsishï jrola ish rfgka msg;§ isÿl<o th ;u rgg tfrysj isÿlrk ,oaola kï ta iïnkaOfhkao
wêlrK n,h ;uka i;= njg rgla lshd isáh yel¡

56
¸¼ mßÉfPAoh cd;Hka;r iyfhda.S;djh

cd;Hka;r iyfhda.S;djh ^43 j.ka;sh& iïuq;sfha 44 iy 50 j.ka;Skag wkqj wmrdO jerÈ

iïnkaOfhka rdcH md¾Yajhka iyfhda.fhka lghq;= l<hq;= fjhs¡ ish foaYSh kS;s l%uhg wkql+,jk
;dla ÿrg rdcH md¾Yajhka wfkl=;a úurAIKhka i|ydo iydh ,ndÈh hq;= fjhs¡

Wo¾mkh ^44 j.ka;sh& iïuq;sh hgf;a jrola jk ls%hdjka isÿl< ;eke;a;ka Wo¾mKh lsÍug
wjYH mshjrhka ielish hq;=h¡ fuh ±kgu;a mj;akd Wo¾mk m%{ ma;s u; mokïj isÿlrkq ,eìh
yel¡ tjeks m%{ ma;shlg wod, rdcH we;=,;aj fkdue;af;akï wod, wmrdO iïnkaOfhka Wo¾mkh
i|yd jk b,a,Sïj,§ Tjqwka úiska m%{ma;sh mdol lr.kq we;¡

o~qjï kshu lrkq ,enQ ;eke;a;ka udre lsÍu ^45 j.ka;sh& iïuq;sh hgf;a jrolrejka jQ
;eke;aa;ka udre lsÍu iïnkaOfhka rdcHhka oaú md¾Yaúl yd nyq md¾Yaúl .súiqïj,g t<eôh yel¡

wfkHdakH ffk;sl iydh ^46 j.ka;sh& iïuq;sh hg;g .efkk jroj,a iïnkaOfhka jk úu¾IK"
kvq lghq;= iy wêlrK ls%hdud¾.hka i|yd ish Wmßu ffk;sl iydh ,nd§ug rdcH md¾Yajfhda
tlÕj isá;s¡

wmrdO kvq lghq;= i|yd udre lsÍu ^47 j.ka;sh& jvd;a idOdrK f,i hqla;sh bIaGúu iy;sl
lrkqjia fjk;a kvq úNd.h i|yd fjk;a rglg f.k hkq ,eìh yel¡

kS;sh n,d;aul lsÍfï iyfhad.S;djh ^48 j.ka;sh& M,odhS f,i kS;sh n,d;aul lsÍu i|yd wod,
ffk;sl yd mßmd,kuh l%ufõohka w;r iyfhda.hla mj;ajd.ekSu rdcHhka úiska l<hq;=h¡ ksi s
n,h iys; wêldÍka w;r iyfhda.h yd iakaksfõokh" iyfhda.fhka ls%hdlrñka úurAIK lghq;=
isÿlsÍu" iellrejka isá k ia:dk yd Tjqkaf.a p,khka y÷kd.ekSu yd wh:d f,i bmehQ foam<
mj;sk ia:dkhka fy,sorõ lr.ekSu i|yd wêldÍka iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu fuhg wh;a fjhs¡
iïm;a" úfYAIhska yd ±kqu iïnkaëlrKh i|yd mshjr .ekSuo iyfhda.S;djhg we;=,;a fjhs¡
iyfhda.S;djh iïnkaOfhka oaúmd¾Yaúl fyda nyqmd¾Yaúl .súiqïj,g t<eöu flfryso rdcHhkaf.a
wjOdkh fhduqúh yel¡

taldnoaO úu¾IKhka ^49 j.ka;sh& taldnoaO úu¾IK isÿlrk wdhkhka ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd
rdcHhka oaúmd¾Yaúl fyda nyqmd¾Yaúl .súiqïj,g t<eôhyel¡ tjeks .súiqï fkdue;s úfgl
iyfhda.S úu¾IKhka ms,sn| tlÕ;djhkag t<efUkqfha tla tla isoaêh mokï lr.ksñks¡

úfYAI úu¾IK Ys,aml%u ^50 j.ka;sh& m%cd;dka;s%l kS;s l%uhkays uQ,O¾uhka úiska wjir fok
m%udKhg wod, wdh;khkag bf,lafg%dksl fyda fjk;a wdldrfha ksÍCIKhka iy úu¾IKhkaf.ka
,efnk idCIsj, ms,s.;yels nj mÍCId lsÍu i|yd jk ryis.; fufyhqï jeks Ys,aml%uhka
rdcHhka úiska Ndú;d lrkq ,eìh yel¡ fuu Ys,aml%uhka fhdod.ekSu iïnkaOfhkao rdcHhka w;r
oaúmd¾Yaúl fyda nyqmd¾Yaúl .súiqï mej;sh yel¡

¼ mßfÉfPAoh j;alï kej; ,nd.ekSu

fmdÿ m%;smdok ^51 j.ka;sh& fuu mßÑfþofha uQ,sl uQ,O¾uh jk j;alï kej; ,nd.ekSu rdcH
md¾Yajhka úiska tlsfkld w;r mq¿,a iyfhda.hlska lghq;= lrñka isÿl< hq;a;ls¡

wmrdOhla È.gu lrf.khdu y÷kd.ekSu iy th je,elaùu ^52 j.ka;sh& b;d úYd, .sKqï
mj;ajdf.k hk .KqfoKqlrejka yd wruqo,a ysñlrejka y÷kd.kakd f,ig uQ,H wdh;k fj;
rchka úiska ±kqï Èhhq;=h ¡ uQ,H wdh;khkao by, rcfha ks,hka ork ;eke;a;kaf.a .sKqï
iïnkaOfhka krka;r ishqï mÍCIdj miqúh hq;=h¡ fuu ishqï mÍCIdjka ieliys; .Kqfokq
y÷kd.ekSug iu;a wdldrfha tajd úhhq;=h¡ ishqï mÍCIdjg ,lal< hq;= .sKqï j¾." mqoa.,shka yd
.Kqfokq iïnkaOfhka nexl= yd nexl= fkdjk uQ,H wdh;khka fj; pl%f,aLhka ksl=;a lsÍu uÕska
rch Wmfoia fokq ,nhs¡ lsishï ;eke;a;l=f.a .sKqï ishqïj mÍCId l<hq;= kï tjeks whf.a kïo
rch úiska ±kqï fokq we;¡ Tjqkaf.a .Kqfokq iïnkaOfhka jk jd¾;djka nexl= úiska idOdrK
ld<hla mqrejg úkdY fkdfldg wdrCIs;j ;nd.; hq;=h¡ rcfha fiajlhskaf.a j;alï yd nerlï
wkdjrk m%ldYhkao rch úiska ksis l,g ,nd.; hq;af ;a fuu ishqï ksÍCIKhka ;=,ska tajdfha
wi;H f;dr;=re wvx.=f fõo hkak mÍCId lr ne,sh yels jk neúks¡ ;uka úiska w;aikafldg we;s
57
úfoaYSh nexl= .sKqïj, f;dr;=reo ksYaÑ;j bÈßm;a lrk f,ig rcfha ks,OdÍka fj;ska b,a,d
isákq ,eìh yel¡

foam< Rcqju kej; ,nd.ekSu i|yd jk mshjrhka ^53 j.ka;sh& iïuq;sh hgf;a jrola jk ls%hdjla
uÕska w;alr.;a foam, ysñldr;ajh ,nd.ekSu i|yd isú,a kvq mejÍug wfkl=;a rdcHhkag
wjir§ug lghq;= l<hq;=h¡ fuu mshjrhka hgf;a wêlrKhka fj;ska w,dN i|yd jkaÈ ,nd.;
yel¡

rdcika;l lsÍu i|yd jk iyfhda.S;djh uÕska foam, kej; ,nd.ekSfï hdka;%Khka ^54 j.ka;sh&
fjk;a rdcH md¾Yajhl wêlrKhla fj;ska ,ndÿka rdcika;l lsÍfï ksfhda.hla ls%hd;aul lsÍ ug
wod, wêldÍkag wjirh ,ndÈh hq;=h¡ m%udKj;a idCIs fkd;sîu u; tlS iyfhda.h ±laùu
m%;slafIam lsÍfï yelshdj mj;sk nj 55 j.ka;h
s olajhs¡

úfYaI iyfhda.h ^56 j.ka;sh& rdcHhla ish úu¾IK uÕska ,nd.;a iïuq;sh hgf;a wmrdO
je,elaùug yd y÷kd.ekSug fya;= idOl jk f;dr;=re wfkl=;a rdcH md¾Yajhka fj; Tjqkaf.a
b,a,Sulska f;drju ,ndfokq ,eìh yel¡

j;alï kej; ,ndÈu yd neyer lsÍu ^57 j.ka;sh& whs;sfhka neyer lrkq ,enQ foam< kej;
kS;Hdkql+, ysñlre fj; ,nd§ug wjYH mshjr .; hq;=h¡ rdcika;l lrkq ,enQ foam< fjk;a
rdcHhl b,a,Su u; n,h iys; wêldÍka úiska tu rdcH fj; ,nd§fï§ ish¿ ksis Wmpdrhka
wkq.ukh l<hq;=h¡

uQ,Huh nqoaê tallh ^58 j.ka;sh& jerÈ È.gu lrf.k hdu iy je,elaùu i|yd rdcHhka
iyfhda.fhka lghq;= l<hq;=h¡ iellghq;= .Kqfokq ms,sn| f;dr;=re ,nd§u yd ,nd.ekSuo fuu
iyfhda.S;djfha wx.hls¡

5 jk mßÉfþoh ls%hdjg kexùu i|yd rdcHhka oaúmd¾Yaúl yd nyqmd¾Yaúl .súiqïj,g t<eôh yel
^59 j.ka;sh&¡

¼» mßÉfPAoh ;dCIKsl iydh iy f;dr;=re yqjudrej

mqyqKq yd ;dCIKsl iydh ^60 j.ka;sh& ¥IK je,elaùu yd thg tfrysj igka lsÍu i|yd wod,
;eke;a;ka fj; rdcHhka úiska mqyqKq jevigyka ilia lrkq ,eìh yel¡ ¥IKh je,elaù u"
y÷kd.ekSu" úu¾IKh lsÍu" o~qjï lsÍu iy md,kh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka jeäÈhqKq lrk ,o mshjr
ls%hd;aul lsÍug fuu mqyqKq jevigyka úiska myiqlï i,ikq we;¡ tfukau ¥IK úfrdaë m%;sm;a;sh
Yla;su;a lsÍugo th fya;=jkq we;¡ rdcH yd mqoa.,sl wxYhkays ¥IKh je,elaùu i|yd jk
YlH;djhka we.hSug yd Yla;su;a lsÍug rdcHhka úiska mshjr .kq we;¡ ;dCIKsl iyfhda.S;djh"
±kqu iyfhda.S;djh ;=,ska ,nd.ekSug;a" m¾fhaIK fnodyod .ekSug;a rdcHhkaf.a wjOdkh
fhduqjkq we;¡

f;dr;=re tla/ia lsÍu" yqjudre lr.ekSu iy úYaf,aIKh ^61 j.ka;sh& ¥IKfha m%jK;djka
úYaf,aIKh lsÍu" ixLHd;aul yd wfkl=;a o;a; yd hym;a mßphka fnodyod.ekSu flfrys
rscHhkaf.a wjOdkh fhduqúh hq;=h¡ ;ukaf.a ienE m%;sm;a;Ska yd mshjrhka kshdukh lsÍu iy
tajdfha M,odhS;djh ;lafiare lsÍu flfryso rdcHhkaf.a wjOdkh fhduqúh hq;= fjhs¡

iyfhda.S;djh ;=,ska Wmßu f,i ls%hdjg kexùu ls%hdjg kexùu i|yd jk YlH;djka jeäÈhqKq
lsÍu i|yd iïnkaëlrKh yd iyfhda.S;djh flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq flfrkq we;¡

¼»» mßÉfPAoh iïuq;sfha md¾Yajlrejka jk rdcH md¾Yajhkaf.a iuq¿j

m<jk iuq¿j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyf,alïjrhd úiska /ialrkq ,efnkq we;s w;r tys§ iïu;
lr.efkk fr.=,disj,g wkql+,j ks;r ks;r /iaùï meje;afjkq we;¡ rdcHhka úiska ie,iqï"
m%.;sh ms,sn| jd¾;djka fukau ls%hdjg kxjkq ,nk kS;suh yd mßmd,kuh mshjrhka ms,sn|
f;dr;=reo rdcHhka úiska fuys§ bÈßm;a flfrkq we;¡ ^63 j.ka;sh&

f,alï ld¾hd,h ^64 j.ka;sh& rdcHhkag ish ld¾hhka isÿlrf.k hdu" 63 j.ka;sh hgf;a wjYH
jkakdjQ f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSug rdcH md¾Yajhkag iydhùu iy úúO ixúOdkhkays f,alï
58
ld¾hd,hka yd wdh;khka iuÕ iïnkaëlrKh lsÍfï lghq;a; i|yd jk falï ld¾hd,fha lghq;=
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyf,alïjrhd úiska iïmdokh flfrkq we;¡

¼»»» mßÉfPAoh wjidkd;aul m%;smdokhka

iïuq;sh úiska olajd we;s ish¿ mshjr wkq.ukh lsÍug rdcH md¾Yajhka tlÕ fjhs¡ iïuq;sh hgf;a
olajd we;s ¥IK uev,su i|yd wjYH wjia:djkays§ rdcHhka jvd ±ä kS;s iïmdokhka lrd fhduqúh
yel¡

wdrjq,a ksrjq,a lsÍu ^65 j.ka;sh& rdcH md¾Yajhka w;r jk mriamr úfrdaë;djhka idlÉPd
ud¾.fhka úi\.; hq;= fjhs¡ fíreïlrKh ;=,ska wdrjq,a ksrjq,a lr.; fkdyels wjia:djkays§
cd;Hka;r wêlrKh fj; tlS wdrjq,a bÈßm;a lrkq ,eìh yel¡

w;aika lsÍu" wmrdkqu; lsÍu" ms,s.ekSu" wkque;sh §u iy mß.%ykh lsÍu

2003 foieïn¾ 9 isg 11 olajd fulaisfldafõ fuÍvd ys§o t;eka isg 2005-12-09 Èk olajd tlai;a
ckmofha m%ODk uQ,ia:dkfhys§o fuu iïuq;shg w;aika ;eîu l<yel¡ ish idudðl;ajfhka wju
jYfhka tl rgla fyda iïuq;shg w;aika ;nd we;s l,dmSh wd¾Ól iyfhda.S;d ixúOdkhkago fuu
iïuq;shg w;aika ;eìh yel¡

ixfYdaOkhlsÍu ^69 j.ka;sh&

jir 5 lg miqj fuhg ixfYdaOk lsÍu i|yd jk fhdackdjka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyf,alïjrhd
fj; bÈßm;a lrkq ,eìh yels w;r Tyq úiska tlS fhdackdjka iïuq;sfha md¾Yajlrejka fj;
bÈßm;a lrkq we;¡ fhdackdjka iïuq;sh ms,sn|j jk iuq¿jl§ i,ld nef,kq we;¡ tlS fhdackdjka
iïu;jQ miq tajd rdcHhka úiska wmrdkqu; lsÍug újD; fjhs¡

neyerùu ^70 j.ka;sh&

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyf,alïjrhd fj; bÈrm;a lrkq ,nk ,sÅ; ±kqï§ula uÕska rdcHhkag
iïuq;sfhka bj;aúh yel¡ tlS bj;aùu n,d;aul jkafka ±kqï§u isÿlr jirla .;ùfuka wk;=rejh¡

59
 n,d;aul l<hq;= jeo.;a whs;sjdislula jk
f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï whs;sh
ye¢kaùu(
2005 jif¾ wfm%a,a udifha isg isú,a whs;sjdislï i|yd jk iïfï,kh iy ARTICLE 19 úiska
f;dr;=re i|yd m%fõYùug we;s whs;sh m%j¾Okh lsÍu wruqKq fldg.;a jir foll jHdmD;shla
jeäosshqKq lrñka isáhs¡ jHdmD;sfha tla wruqKla jk ZmdrøDIHNdjh i|yd f;dr;=reZ f,iska y÷kajkq
,nkafka fuu whs;sjdislu m%dfhda.slj h:d¾:hla lr.ekSu i|yd wdOdr fldg.; yels fuj,ï
ldKavhla iïmdokh lsÍuhs¡ fuu wruqK i|yd fuu ,smsh uÕska f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùu iy
iudÔh whs;sjdislï w;r mj;akd iïnkaO;djh fukau fuu f;dr;=re i|yd we;s whs;sjdislu
idCId;a lr.ekSu yryd iudÔh whs;sjdislï h:d¾:hla ler.ekSu i|yd fhdod.; yels
Wmdhud¾.hka bÈßm;a lr isáhs¡

1. rdcH f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYúug we;s whs;sh hkq l=ulao @

—f;dr;=re i|yd jk ksoyi uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislula jk w;r tlai;a cd;Ska úiska ms,sf.k we;s
ish¿u wdldrfha ksoyfia Wr., jkafka thhs˜ 8¡ rdcH f;dr;=re i|yd m%fõYúug we;s whs;sh f,iska
y÷kajkq ,nkaf ka iEu ;eke;a;l=gu iajdêk Ôú;hla .;lsÍu iy ksoyia ;SrK .ekSu i|yd
;ukag wjYH jk f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùug we;s whs;shhs¡

rdcH i;= f;dr;=re i|yd m%fõYùug we;s whs;sh iEu ;eke;a;l=guf;dr;=re iy woyia fiùfï"
,nd.ekSfï iy fnodyod .ekSfï whs;sho we;=,;aj woyia m%ldYkfha koyi ia:dms; lrkq ,nk
cd;Hka;r udkj ysñlï .súiqï lsysmhla uÕskau kshdukh fõ¡9 tys m%dfhda.sl Ndú;dj
wdKavqlrKfha m%cd;ka;S%h ckrc l%ufha tlsfklg fjkia uQ,O¾uhka folla jk ls%hdjka ms,sn|
m%pdrh iy rdcH mßmd,kfha mdrøDIHNdjhg wdOdrl fjhs¡10 fï ikao¾Nh ;=, iyNd.S;aj
m%cd;ka;%jdoh iy uQ,sl whs;sjdislïj,g .re lsÍfï uQ,O¾uhka iuÕ iómj ne÷kq rdcH wdh;k
iïnkaOfhka m%cd;dka;s%l md,khla isÿlsÍfï fuj,ula njg f;dr;=re m;afjhs¡

udkj ysñlï ms,sn| wka;¾ weußldkq wêlrKh f;dr;=re i|yd m5fõYùug we;s whs;sh rdcHhka
úiska iqrCIs; lsÍug ne£ isák uQ,sl whs;sjdislula f,iska ms,s.kq ,en we;¡ wêlrKh úiska
wjOdrKhfldg we;af;a fuu whs;sjdislu uÕska mqrjeishkag ±kqj ;aùug fukau ish uyck u;h
m%ldY lsÍugo yelshdj ,eìh hq;= njhs¡11

f;dr;=re fjl m%fõYúFï whs;sh yqfol,d whs;sjdislula fkdfõ¡ tl w;lska th wdKavq úiska
ksoyia woyia .,dhdu iïnkaOfhka ueÈy;aùfuka je,lsh hq;= ksoyia woyia m%ldYkfha wka;¾.;
jkakdjQ jvd mq¿,a isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ldKavhl fldgila f,iska y÷kd.kq ,eìh
yel¡12 wfkla w;g ish¨u udkj ysñlï iqrCIs;ùu i|yd wksjd¾hfhkau jeo.;a jkakls¡ miq.sh
jirj, f;dr;=re i|yd we;s whs;sh flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduqù we;s w;r cd;Hka;r yd
l,dmSh m%ldYkhkays th yqfola rdcHhka flfrys jk ksfIaOkd;aul ne£ula fjkqjg m%;scdkl
ne£ula f,iska th i,lkq ,en we;¡fï fya;=fjka iajdëk ;SRK .eksu i|yd mqrjeishkag
jeo.;ajk f;dr;=re ±k.ekSug je,elaùfuka je,lS isàu fukau tlS f;dr;=re i|yd m%fõYh
iemhSu wdKavqfõ me;af;ka jk j.lSula njg m;afldg we;¡


ksoyia m%ldYkhg we;s whs;sh fjkqfjka lghq;= lrk tlai;a rdcOdksh uQ,ia:dkh fldg.;a ixúOdkhla jk
ARTICLE 19 úiska m<lrk ,o m%ldYkhlsks
8
tlaai;a cd;Skaf .a uyd iuq¿j" ^1946& fhdackd iïu;h 59^1&" 65 jk mQ¾K ieish" foieïn¾ 14¡
9
l,dmSh uÜgfï§ fuu whs;sjdislu Yla;su;a f,i ls%hdjg kexúu ksrEmkh lsÍu i|yd jk m%ñ;Ska ia:dms; lsÍu i|yd jk
f,aLKhka yd m%ldYkhka lsysmhlau mj;S¡

10
Victor Abramovich y Christian Courtis, “El Acceso a la Información como Derecho”, en Anuario de Derecho a la Comunicación;
Año 1 1 fj¿u ^2000&" nqjfkdarai whraia" ms¡ 227"

11
Corte IDH La Colegiación Obligatoria de Periodistas Opinión Consultiva OC-5/85 Serie A, No 5 , del 13 de noviembre de 1985
para. 70.
12
fuu ±lau—wfkla wh Tyq fj; ,nd§ug leu;af;ka isák f;dr;=re Tyq úiska ,nd.ekSu wdKavqjla úiska iSud lsÍu
;ykï lrñka˜ udkj ysñlï ms,sn| hqf rdamd wêlrKh ,ndÿka ;Skaÿfjka ukdj ksrEmkh fõ¡ ,shekav¾ t iaùvkh"
1987 ud¾;= 26 Èk ;Skaÿj" wxl 116" 74 fþoh
60
m%dfhda.sl;ajh ;=, ksfIaOkd;aul whs;shla f,i rdcH f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYúug we;s whs;sh
myiqfjkau wNsfhda.hg ,lal< yelafla fuu whs;sjdislï flfrys n,mEï t,a,jk ls%hdjka wdKavq
úiska Èkm;du isÿlrkq ,nk neúks¡ udOH ysñldr;ajh ixflakaøKhùu je,elaùu" rdcH úldYk
wdh;k msysgqùu iy woyia m%ldY lsÍu ,dNodhS tlla njg m;alrk nqoaêuh foam< l%uh i|yd
iydh ±laùu fuhg WodyrKKhka lsysmhla muKls¡13

rdcH f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùug we;s whs;sh ms,sn| fï jeäÈhqKqjQ f;areï.ekSu miq.sh jirj,§
wdKavqfõ újD;a;Ndjh j¾Okhùu ;=,ska ukdj ksrEmkh fõ¡ rgj,a 40 lg jvd jeä .Kkl fï
jk úg f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï whs;sh ms,sn| kS;s ls%hd;aulj mj;S¡14 thska rgj,a 26 lau tlS kS;s
iïu; fldgf.k we;af;a n¾,ska ;dmamh ì|jeàfuka miqjh¡15 2000- 2002 ld<h ;=, rgj,a 30 l
wdKavq rdcH f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï whs;sh ms,sn| kS;s y÷kajd§u fyda tajd y÷kajd§u flfrys
i,ld ne,Su isÿfldg we;¡16

f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùu ms,sn| jvd Yla;su;a ±laula i|yd iydh§u iy Èßu;a lsÍu fjkqfjka tlS
whs;sjdislfï úOh m:h mq¨,a lsÍu i|yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk wLKavj W;aidy ord we;¡ f,dalh
mqrd woyia m%ldY lsÍfï whs;sh iqrCIs; lsÍu yd m%j¾OKh lsÍu i|yd lemjQ udkj ysñlï
ixúOdkhla jk ARTICLE 19 úiska f;dr;=re ksoyi ms,sn| ljr fyda kS;s iïmdokhla i|yd jk
wdODrlhla f,i my; uQ,O¾uhka flgqïm;afldg we;¡17

 1 jk uQ,O¾uh- Wmßu wkdjrkh( f;dr;=re ksoyi ms,sn| jHjia:d iïmdokhka Wmßu

wkdjrkh ms,sn| uQ,O¾uh úiska fufyhjkakla úh hq;=h

 2 jk uQ,O¾uh- m%ldYhg m;alsÍug we;s ne£u( rdcH wdh;k jeo.;a f;r;=re m%ldYhg
m;alsÍug ne£ isáh hq;=h

 3 jk uQ,O¾uh- újD; wdKavqlrKh m%j¾Okh lsÍu( rcfha wdh;k ls%hdldÍ f,i újD;
wdKavqlrKh m%j¾Okh l<hq;=h

 4 jk uQ,O¾uh- jH;sf¾Lhkaf.a úIh m:h iSud iys;ùu( zydksZ yd zuyck w¾:idOkhZ ms,sn|
mÍCIKhka flfrys ±äj iSudfjñka jH;sf¾Lhka meyeÈ,s yd mgq úh hq;=h

 5 jk uQ,O¾uh- m%fõYh i|yd myiqlï i,ik ls%hdoduhka( f;dr;=re iïnkaOfhka jk b,a,Sï

fõ.j;a yd idOdrK wdldrhlska i,ld ne,sh hq;= w;r ljr fyda m%;slafIam lsÍula
iïnkaOfhka iajdëkj úu¾IKh l<hq;=h

 6 jk uQ,O¾uh- msßjeh( ±Íug isÿjk wêl msßjeh ;eke;a;ka f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSug b,a,Sï
lsÍu j,ld,k wdldrfha tlla fkdúh hq;=h

 7 jk uQ,O¾uh- újD; /iaùï( rdcH wdh;khkays /iaùï uyckhdg újD; úhhq;=h

13
frdn¾Üia, we,aiafvhd¾. “Structural Pluralism and the Right to Information” in The Riht to Know, The Right to Live: Access to
Information and Socio-Economic Justice, le,kaâ, tsp¾â yd we,siska á,S, ixialdrljre. újD; m%cd;ka;S%h WmfoaYk uOHia:dkh,
2002, msg.q 36-37.

14
nksi¾ fâúâ, (2002). Freedom of Information and Access to Government Records Around the World 2
Privacy International: London/www.freedominfo.org.

15
í,ekagka fgdï (2002) “The world’s right to know” Foreign Policy July/August 50.
16
le,kaâ, ßp¾â . “The Right to Know is the Right to Live” in The Right to Know, The Right to Live: Access to Information and Socio-
Economic Justice, le,kaâ, tsp¾â yd we,siska á,S, ixialdrljre. újD; m%cd;ka;S%h WmfoaYk uOHia:dkh,2002, ms.xvi.

17
ARTICLE 19, The Public’s Right to Know: Principles on Blanton Tom (2002) “The world’s right to know” Foreign Policy
July/August 50Freedom of Information Legislation, June 1999, available at: www.article19.org/work/regions/latin-
america/FOI/english/elements/index.html. woyia yd m%ldYkfha ksoyi ms,sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a úfYaI WmfoaYljrhd úiska 2000
jif¾§ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ysñlï fldñiï ieish fj; bÈßm;a lrk ,o yd 2000 jif¾ fldñifï m%l dYkfha ksoyi ms,sn|
fhdackd iïu;hg we;=,;ajQ fjk;a lreKq w;r fuu uQ, O¾uhka wvx.= úh¡
61
 8 jk uQ,O¾uh- wkdjrkhg m%uqL;djh ,ndÈh hq;=h( Wmßu wkdjrkh uQ,O¾uh yd
fkd.e,fmk kS;s ixfYdaOkh yd w,x.= lÍu l<hq;=h

 9 jk uQ,ORauh- k,d y~jkakkag wdrCIdj iemhsh hq;=h( jroldÍ ls%hdjka ms,sn| f;dr;=re
,ndfokakka- k,d y~jkakka- wdrCId l<hq;=h

jvd;a uE; ld,Skj Ñ,Sfha f;dr;=re fj; mQ¾K jYfhka m%fõYùu i|yd jk kS;s iïmdokfha§
f;dr;=re ;ka;%h fj; m%fõYùu i|yd ;yjqre l<hq;= uQ,O¾uhka 10 la Open Society Justice
Initiative úiska y÷kajd§ we;s w;r tajd my; úia;r flfrhs¡18

1. Wmßu újD;Ndjh. rch i;= ish¨ f;dr;=re ckldjf.ka jika lr ;eìh yelafla ta i|yd
idOdrK fya;= mj;Skï muKls¡ fuu uQ,O¾uhg wh;ajk f;dr;=rej,g mrdm,k ;SrKhkag
iSud fkdfõ¡ rcfha wêldÍkaf.a iy$fyda ta fj; ,efnk f;dr;=reo thg wh;a fõ¡

2. iEu rcfha wdh;khlau f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYh ms,sn| kS;shg hg;a úhq;=h. uyck uqo,a ^nÿ&
u; hefmk fyda rdcH ls%hdldrlï bgq lrk iEU wdh;khlau f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYh ms,sn|
kS;shg hg;a úhhq;=h¡
3. f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùu iEU flfkl=f.au whs;shls. f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï whs;sh ls%hdfõ
fhoùu lsisÿ i|yd ffk;sl fya;=±laùula fyda rcfhka f;dr;=re b,a,d iàug fya;= ±laùfï
wjYH;djhla fkdue;¡ iEu b,a,Sulau th bÈßm;a lrkakdf.a iajNdjh fyda jD;a;sh ms,sn|
fkdi,lñka lsisÿ fjkiafldg ie,lSulska f;drj i,ld ne,sh hq;=fõ¡
4. f;dr;=re fj; fkdñ<fha m%fõY úhyels úh hq;=h. f;dr;=re fj; m5fõYúfï ksoyi wod,
b,a,Su lrk ;eke;a;d fj; iemhSfï§ tlS f,aLKhka msgm;a lsÍug hk úhou yer wka lsisÿ
uqo,laa wh fkdl, hq;=h¡
5. ir< yd fõ.j;a ld¾h mámdáhla mej;sh hq;=h. f;dr;=re b,a,d isàfï ld¾h msámdáh wju
ixlS¾K;djhla iys; jvd;a ldrHCIu tlla úhhq;=h¡ b,a,d isá k f;dr;re ,nd§u tjf,au fyda
kS;sfhka kshu fldg we;s ld<iSudjla we;=,; isÿúh hq;=h¡ fï ljr wjia:djl§ fyda th
jevlrk Èk 10 la fkdblauúh hq;=h¡
6. jH;sf¾Ç m%;smdok b;d meyeÈ,sj w¾: ksrEmkhfldg ;sìh hq;=h. f;dr;=re fkdimhd isáfï
fya;= kS;sfhka b;d meyeÈ,sj yd úfYaIs;j olajd we;s hqla;s iy.; mokula u; msysáh hq;=h¡
wkdjrkh lsÍu m%;slafIam flfrk iEu f;dr;=rlau tfia lsÍug fmr ydksùfï mÍCIKh yd
uyck iqNisoaê mÍCIKhg ,lal< hq;=h¡ tlS f,aLKhkayso kS;Hdkql+,j bÈßm;a l< yels iEu
f;dr;=rla i|yd muKla jk md¾Yaúl m%fõYhla ,ndÈh hq;=h¡
7. iajdëk kshduk foayhla mej;sh hq;=h. f;dr;=re wkdjrkh fkdlsÍug f.k we;s ;SrKhka tlS
f;dr;=re wkdjrkh lrk f,ig ksfhda. lsÍfï n,h we;s iajdêk n,h,;a wdh;khl
kshdukhg hg;a úhhq;=h¡
8. iydhùfï j.lSu. f;dr;=re ,nd§u iïnkaOfhka j.lSu ork ks,OdÍka f;dr;=re fj;
m%fõYúfï whs;sh mQrAK f,i ls%hdfõ fhoùu iy;sl lrkq jia ta i|yd b,a,Sï bÈßm;a lrkq
,nk wh fj; ish m%YAK ilialr .eksug iydh úhhq;=h¡ wjYH f;dr;=re fjk;a wdh;khla
i;= tlla jk úg fuu ks,OdÍka úiska tlS b,a¨ïlrejkaj wod, wh;khka fj; fhduq lrúh
hq;=h¡
9. f;dr;=re islS%h f,i m%ldYhg m;alsÍu. úêu;a f;dr;=re b,a,Sula fkdue;sj jqjo iEu rcfha
wdh;khlau ish ls%hd;ldÍ;ajhg wod, ish¨ f;dr;=re wjYH ´keu úgl§ ksl=;a l<yels jk
fia iliafldg ;sìh hq;=h¡ fuu f;dr;=re meyeÈ,sj yd ir< NdIdjlska mej;sh hq;= w;r
ksrka;rfhka hdj;ald,Sk l<hq;= fjhs¡
10. f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï whs;sh ms,sn| kS;s wfkl=;a kS;s iuÕ wkqnoaOj iyfhda.S wdldrfhka
mej;sh hq;=h. Wmßu újD;Ndjh ms,sn| uQ,O¾uhg wkq.; jkq msKsi f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYh
ms,sn| kS;s ixfYdaOkh lsÍu fyda kj kS;s y÷kaj d§u l<hq;=h¡

2. wmf.a tÈfkod Ôú;hg f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï whs;sh jeo.;a jkafka wehs @

18
Open Society Justice Initiative, Principles on the Right of Access to Information in Chile, 2004 foieïn¾,
http://www.justiceinitiative.org/db/resource2?res_id=102436, m%fõYh 2005 cQ,s 21.

62
wu¾;d fika lshd isákaf ka ksoyia udOH iy újD; wdKavqj iys; lsisÿ rgla flisÈfkl id.;hlg
uqyqKmd fkdue;s njhs¡19 f;dr;=re yd n,h w;r we;af;a w;sióm iïnkaO;djhls¡ f;dr;=rej,ska
f;drj ck;djg wdKavqj ;ukag j.jk njg m;alr.ekSu i|yd" ¥IKh msgq±lSu" ÿmam;alu wju
lsÍu iy wjidk jYfhka ienE m%cd;ka;%jdoh ;=, Ôj;aùu i|yd ;SrK .ekSfï ls%hdj,shg
w¾:dkaú;j iyNd.sùfï yelshdj wysñj hhs¡

m%cd;ka;%jdoh iy iyNd.S;ajh:
m%cd;ka;%jdofha flakaøh jkafka újD;j m%ldY lrkq ,nk uyck u;h ;=,ska wdKavqjg ,ndmEï
lrñka wdKavqlrKhg iyNd.Sùfï yelshdjhs¡ f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï yelshdjla fkdue;sj
mj;akd ;;ajhka ms,sn| idlÉPdjla fyda jeä m%;s,dNhka wkqj Pkaoh§ula" uyck m%;sm;a;sh ms,sn|
w¾:dkaú; ;SrK .ekSula fyda ±kqj;a foaYmd,k ixjdohla wfmaCId l< fkdyel¡20

j.ùu:
f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYhla fkdue;sj mqrjeishkag ish wdKavqj j. jk njg iy;sl fldg.;
fkdyel¡ jd¾Isl jd¾;d" m%;sm;a;suh yd jHjia:dms; úu¾IKhka rcfha ls%hdldß;ajh kshdukh
lsÍug wjldYh i,id fohs¡ rch ish j.ùu úoyd olajk ;rug th flfrys jk úYajdih j¾Okh
jk w;r wdKavqj iy mqrjeishka w;r hym;a iïnkaO;djhla f.dvkef.hs¡

¥IK úfrdaë yd wd¾Óluh n,mEï :

rdcH f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYhla fkdue;s úg rcfha mdrøDINdjh ySkù hk w;r túg ck;dj Ôj;a
jkafka lgl:d" l=uka;%K yd ¥IKh i|yd jk ire fmdf<djlh¡ óg iudka;rj ¥IKh úiska foaYSh
yd úfoaYSh wdfhdackhka wffO¾hu;a lrñka úfoaY wdOdr ldndiskshd lrñka buy;a wd¾Óluh
mdvqjla isÿlrkq we;¡21 ÿIKh ziudcfha iodpdrd;aul ieliqug ydks lrñka ÿmam;=ka thska jvd;a
mSvdjg m;ajkakka njg m;alrhsZ22¡ f,dal nexl=jg wkqj ¥IKh ÿmam;=kag thska ñ§ug we;s uÕ
jidoukakls¡23

ixj¾Okh:
f;dr;=re fj; m%fõY ùug we;s whs;sh iudcfha fndfyda widOdrKhg ,lajQ lKavdhïj,g ;ukag
n,mdk ixj¾Ok lghq;=j,g iyNd.sùug wjldYh ,ndfok n,.;= fuj,uls¡ m%udKj;a f;dr;=re
fkdue;sùu fuu lKavdhïj,g ish ixj¾Okfha fldgialejka ùug we;s whs;sh iSud lrñka Tjqkag
wod, jkakdjQ rdcH m%;sm;a;SKa iïnkaOfhka lsisÿ n,mEula fkdue;s msßila njg m;alrjhs¡
f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYúfï whs;sfhka f;drj rglh id¾:lj ixjrAOkh w;alr.; fkdyel¡
WodyrKhla f,i iudcfha fi!LH r|d mj;skafka msßisÿ c,h" m%;sÔjl iy ixLHd;aul o;a; u;h¡

3. rdcH f;dr;=re fj; jk m%fõYh iïnkaOfhka mj;akd fmdÿ jH;sf¾Lhka

fudkjdo @
rdcH f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYh iïnkaOfhka jk foaYSh yd cd;Hka;r kS;Ska tlS whs;shg jk
jH;sf¾Lhkao bÈßm;a lr isáhs¡ my;ska ±lafjkafka tjeks fmdÿ jH;sf¾Lhka lsysmhls¡
 wfkla whf.a whs;sjdislï yd ms,s.ekSug .re lsÍ u i|yd
 cd;sl wdrCIdj yd uyck m¾hdh wdrCId lsÍu i|yd
 uyck fi!LH yd wdpdr O¾u wdrCId lsÍu i|yd

by; olajd we;s ish¨ jH;sf¾Lhka isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ms,sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh"
udkj ysñlï ms,sn| weußldkq iïuq;sh iy udkj ysñlï yd uQ,sl ksoyi wdrCId lsÍu i|yd jk
hqfrdamd iïuq;sh úiska ms,s.kq ,en we;¡ óg wu;rj ryis.; f,i ,enqKq f;dr;=re wkdjrkh

19
fika" wu¾;d Development as Freedom, ksõfhda¾la 1999, ms. 178.
20
le,kaâ, ßp¾â iy we,sika á,S, ixialrKh., The right to Know, The Right to Live: Access to Information and Socio-Economic
Justice. Open Democracy Advice Centre, 2002. ms.xi

21
tu
22
ld¾u¾, ,d,d “Information and the Quest for Global Accountability” in The Right to Know, The Right to Live: Access to Information
and Socio-Economic Justice, le,kaâ, tsp¾â yd we,siska á,S, ixialdrljre. újD; m%cd;ka;S%h WmfoaYk uOHia:dkh, 2002. msgq 139-
140.
23
tu" ms¡31
63
lsÍu je,elaùu iy wêlrKfha wêldrh iy wmCImd;S;ajh mj;ajd.ekSuo jH;sf¾Lhka f,iska
hqfrdamd iïuq;sh úiska ms,s.kq ,nhs¡ tlai;a ckmo f;dr;=re ksoyi ms,sn| mk; wdh;ksl
wNHka;r Í;s yd mßphka" mqoa.,sl;ajhg ydks isÿùu" jdksc ryia /l.ekSu" úOdhl jrm%ido" fjk;a
kS;s uÕska fy,sorõlsÍu j,ld we;s f;dr;=re iy N+úµd;aul yd N+fN!;sl f;dr;=reo jH;sf¾L
f,iska olajd isáhs¡24

cd;Hka;r kS;sh olajd isákafka fuu jH;sf¾Lhka whs;sjdislu yd ;=,H fkdl,hq;= nj;a whs;shg
jeä ksoyila i,iñka ls%hd;aul mgq jH;sf¾Lhka f,iska wod, l<hq;= nj;ah¡25
fuu fmdÿ jH;sf¾Lhkag wu;rj rdcH f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYh h:djla lr.ekSug wNsfhda.hkao
mj;S¡ iuyr wjia:djkays§ ienúkau ;uka i;=j fkdue;s f;dr;=rla iemhSug mßmd,khg isÿúh
yel¡26 tjeks wjia:djkays§ iudf,dapkh lrkq ,enQ o;a; o< o;a; j,ska fjkiafldg ±laùu
wksjd¾h wjYH;djhls¡ iuyr wjia:djkays§ lsishï ksIaÑ; lreKla iïnkaOfhka jk o< o;a;
muKla rch i;=j ;sfnkakg mq¨jk¡ tjkas wjia:djkays§ tajd iudf,dapkh lrk f,ig b,a,d isá kq
,eìh yel¡ ldka;djkag tfrys m%pKav;ajh ms,sn| wka;¾ weußldkq iïuq;sfha olajd we;s
wjYH;djh fuhg tla WodyrKhls27¡ tfy;a fndfyda wjia:djkays§ o< o;a; ta wdldrfhkau
bÈßm;aùu jeo.;a fjhs¡ thg fya;=j fndfyda wjia:djkays§ rch úiska tu o;a; ish foaYmd,k
ls%hdldrlï jvd;a idOdrKSlrKh jk wdldrfhka tu o;a; iudf,dapkh lrkq ,eîug bv ;sîuhs¡ 28
WodyrKhlas f,i .Dyia: m%pKav;ajh iïnkaOfhka jk o< o;a; jeo.;a jkafka tu.ska tah isÿjQ
ia:dkh" isÿjQ Èkh" isÿùug n,mE ;;ajhka" thg iïnkaO whf.a kï iy ;k;=re" tajd isÿùfï
rgdj iy ta iïnkaOfhka rch úiska f.k we;s mshjr thska ±k.; yelsjk neúks¡29

4. f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï whs;sh wNHka;rfhka wdrCIdfldg ;sfío @

by;ska idlÉPd l< wdldrhg ,;ska weußldj iïnkaOfhka .;l< rdcH f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï
whs;sh m%Odk cd;Hka;r f,aLK 3 l wka;¾.;j we;¡ tkï udkj ysñlï ms,sn| weußldkq iïuq;sh
^weußldkq iïuq;sh& ^13 jk j.ka;sh&30" isú,a yd fÈYmd,k whs;sjdislï ms,sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh ^
ICCPR & ^19 jk j.ka;sh&31 iy udkj ysñlï iy ñksidf.a j.lSu ms,sn| weußldkq m%ldYkh
^weußldkq m%ldYkh& ^4 jk j.ka;sh&32 hs¡ m<jk fol thg w;aika lrk ´kEu rchla nef|k
.súiqï jk w;r ;=kajekak mq¨,aj ms,s.;a pdß;%uh kS;shls¡ fuu .súiqï wkqj msysgjkq ,en we;s
wëCIK wdh;khka fj; thg w;aikafldg we;s rdcH md¾Yajhka l,ska l,g jdr;d iemhsh hq;=
fjhs¡

 weußldkq iïuq;sh" 13 j.ka;sh- is;Sfï iy woyia m%ldYkfha ksoyi(

1. iEu flfkl=gu is;Sfï yd woyia m%ldYkfha ksoyi we;¡ fuu whs;shg lsisÿ iSudjlska f;drj
,sÅ;j" pdÑlj fyda uqÈ%;j f;dr;=re yd iEu wdldrhlu woyia l,d udOH fyda flfkl= úiska
f;dard.kq ,nk fjk;a ´kEu udOhhla Tiafia f;dr;=re fiùug" ,nd.ekSug yd fnodyeÍug
we;s ksoyio we;=,;a fõ¡

24
tlai;a ckmo f;dr;=re ksoyi ms,sn| mk;
25
hqf rdamd wêlrKh úiska olaj d we;s mßÈ ;SrK .kakd —tlsfklg mgyeks f;dard.ekSï w;ßka ;jrla f;d¾d.; hq;=o
hkak iïnkaOfhka muKla fkdj mgq f,i w¾: ksrEmkh l<hq; = jH;sf¾Lhka fndfyduhlg hg;a jkakdjQ m%ldYkfha
ksoyi uQ,O¾uho ms,s;=re fiúh hq;= fjhs˜ The Sunday Times v. The United Kingdom, 1979 wfm%a,a 26 kvq ;Skaÿj, Series A no.
30,
64 fþoh.

26
Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales. La información como herramienta para la protección de los derechos humanos, 2004. ms. 43.

27
tu
28
tu
29
tu
30
weußldkq udkj ysñ;ï iïuq;sfha 13 j.ka;sh
31
cd;Hka;r isú ,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ms,sn| m%{ma; sfha 19 hj j.ka;sh UNGA Res. 2.200 A (XXI), 1966.
32
udkj ysñlï yd ñksidf.a j.lSu ms,sn| weußldkq m%ldYkfha 4 j.ka;sh

64
2. by; mßÉfPAofha olajd we;s whs;sjdislu N=la;s ú£fï§ mQ¾j jdrKhkag hg;a fkdl, hq;= kuq;a
^w& wka whf.a whs;sjdislï yd ms,s.ekSug .re lsÍu i|yd fyda
^wd& cd;sl wdrCIdj" uyck m¾hdh" uyck fi!LH fyda iodpdrhka wdrCId lsÍu

i|yd kS;sh uÕska m%ldYs;j ia:dms;flg we;s ksoyi iïnkaOfhka jk iSudjka fuhgo wod,
fjhs¡

3. m%jD;a;sm;% uqøKhg" .=jka úÿ,s iaksfõok ;rx." f;dr;=r fnodyeÍug fhdod.kq ,nk WmlrK
fyda woyia yd u;hka ikaksfõokh yd m%pdrKhg rcfha fyda fm!oa.,sl md,khka wh:d f,i
fhdod.ekSu jeks jl% l%ufõohka uÕska woyia m%ldYkhg we;s whs;sh iSud fkdl, hq;=h

 ICCPR, 19 jk j.ka;sh:
1. lsisÿ ndOdjlska f;drj u;hla ±Íug iEu flfkl=gu whs;sh we;.

2. iEu flfkl=gu woyia m%ldYkhg whs;sh we;¡ fuhg lsisÿ iSudjlska f;drj ,sÅ;j" pdÑlj
fyda uqÈ%;j f;dr;=re yd iEu wdldrhlu woyia l,d udOH fyda flfkl= úiska f;dard.kq ,nk
fjk;a ´kEu udOhhla Tiafia f;dr;=re fiùug" ,nd.ekSug yd fnodyeÍug we;s ksoyio
we;=,;a fõ¡

3. fojk mßÉfPAofha olajd we;s whs;sjdislu N=la;s ú£fï§ úfYaIs; j.lSï lsysmhlao mejfrhs¡ ta
wkqj th iuyr iSudjkag hg;a jk w;r tlS iSudjka kS;sfhka olajd we;s my; wdldrfha
iSudjka muKla úhhq;= fõ¡
^w& wka whf.a whs;sjdislï yd ms,s.ekSug .re lsÍu i|yd fyda
^wd& cd;sl wdrCIdj" uyck m¾hdh" uyck fi!LH fyda iodpdrhka wdrCId lsÍu

 weußldkq m%ldYkh, 4 j.ka;sh:

iEu flfkl=gu f;r;=re fiùug" u;hl ±Íug fyda m<lsÍug yd ljr fyda udOHhla Tiafia woyia
m%pdrh lr yeÍug whs;sh we;¡

f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùug we;s whs;sh wdrCId lsÍu i|yd cd;Hka;r kS;sh wdldr lsysmhlskau
fhdod.; yelsfõ¡ m<uqj rdcH md¾Yajhkaf.a mqrjeishkag ish foaYSh wêlrKhka fj;ska ms,shï
b,a,d isáh yel¡ iuyr rgj, wêlrKhkag Rcqju cd;Hka;r kS;sh n,d;aul l<yelsh¡ ;j;a
iuyr rgj, cd;Hka;r kS;sh foaYSh kS;sh ;=,g we;=,;afldg we;s w;r tajd jl% wdldrfhka foaYSh
kS;sh yryd ls%hd;aukl lrkq ,eìh yel¡ fojkqj cd;Hka;r kS;sh yd wkq.; jk mßoafoka kS;s"
m%;sm;a;s yd mßphka fjkia lsÍug mqrjeishka yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk fj;ska t,a,jk mSvkh
±laúh yel¡ ;=kajkqj ;eke;a;kag wod, cd;Hka;r wdh;khka fj;ska Rcqju m%;sl¾u b,a,d isáh
yel¡33

by; lreKqj,g wu;rj cd;Hka;r kS;sh iudÔh" wd¾Òl yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï h:djla njg
m;alr .ekSu iïnkaOfhka tys we;s ne¢hdj fya;=fldgf.k rdcH f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï whs;sh
th úiska ,ndfokq ,nhs¡ weußldkq iïuq;sh ^42 j.ka;sh&34" ieka ie,ajfoda¾ fm%dfgdaflda,h ^19 jk
j.ka;sh&35 iy isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ms,sn| c;Hka;r iïuq;sh ^16 jk j.ka;sh&36 úiska
wd¾Ól" iudÔh yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislïys m%.;sh iudf,dapkh lsÍu iy iudcfha úúOdldr
wxYhkays uyck iyNd.S;ajh jeälsÍu ms,sn|j l,ska l,g rch úiska ksl=;a lrkq ,nk f;dr;=re

33
fld,sj ¾, iekav%d. The Right to Know: Human rights and access to reproductive health information ARTICLE 19 fjkqfjka
ixialrKh lrk ,§ , jdrKhg tfrys cd;Hka;r uOhia:dkh, 1995, ms 4
34
weußldkq udkj ysñlï iïuq;sfha 42 j.ka; sh.
35
ieka ie,ajfoda¾ fm%dfgdaflda,h. O.A.S. .súiqï ud,d wxl. 69 (1988), 1999 fkdjeïn¾ 16 Èk isg n,d;aul flfßks.
36
wd¾Òl iudÔh yd ixialD;sl whs;sj dislï ms,sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh, 1976 ckjdß 3 isg n,d;aul, G.A. Res.2.200 A
(XXI), UN Doc. A/6316 (1966), 993 UNTS 3, kej; uqøKh 6 ILM 360 (1967).

65
fj; m%fõYùfï whs;sh ,nd§ we;¡ udkj ysñlï i|yd jk wka;¾ weußldkq fldñiu úiska
;yjqrefldg we;af;a zrcfha ls%hdldrlï ms,sn| f;dr;=re m%pdrh lsÍu iudcfha iEu fldgilgu
,nd.; yelsjk mßÈ mdrøDIH tllaZ37 úhhq;= njhs¡ óg wu;rj ,laiïn¾.a uQ,O¾uhkays 76 jk
uQ,O¾ufhka olajd isákafka ICESCR fj; bÈrm;a lrkq ,nk wksjd¾h jd¾;djka uyck ixjdoh
iy iyNd.S;ajh i|yd iEu jir 5 lg jrlau m<l, hq;= njhs¡38

5. wd¾Ól" iudÔh yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï hkq fudkjdo @

wd¾Ól" iudÔh yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï (ESCR) ilS%h whs;sjdislï f,iska y÷kajkq ,efí¡ thg
fya;=j tajd ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd rcfha md¾Yajfhka lsishï ilS%h odhl;ajhla wjYH ùuhs¡ ESCR
iïnkaOfhka jk uQ,slu cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh jkafka wd¾Ól iudÔh yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï
ms,sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;shhs¡ jevlsÍfï whs;sh" iudc wdrCIKh i|yd we;s whs;sh" m%udKj;a wdydr
i|yd we;s whs;sh" ksis ksjdi i|yd we;s whs;sh" fi!LHhg we;s whs;sh" kSfrda.S mßirhlg we;s
whs;sh" wOHdmkhg we;s whs;sh fuu whs;sjdislïj,ska iuyrls¡

ESCR n,d;aul lsÍu iy Bg iudka;rj cd;Hka;rj fukau foaYShjo tajdfha idOdrK;ajh m%YaK
lsÍu isÿj we;¡ ESCR iy isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï (fu;ekaisg CPR f,iska y÷kajkq ,efí)
w;r wka;¾ iïnkaO;djhla mej;sho uq,a whs;sjdislï ienE whs;sjdislï f,iska ms,s.kq ,nkafkao
hkak ms,sn| ielixldjka mj;S¡ iuyr Ydia;%{hska fukau rchka úiskao ;¾l lrkafka ESCR
udkj ysñlï fkdjk njhs¡ ;j;a iuyreka lshd isákafka tajd udkj ysñlï jk kuq;a úksYaph
úIhl fkdjk njhs¡ ESCR iy CPR w;r fjkialï tlS ;¾lhka ms,sn| jdoújdo i|yd fya;=ù we;s
w;r CPR úiska ksIalS%h whs;sjdislï olajk neúka tajdhska ksIalS%h ne¢ula we;sflfrk nj;a" ESCR
ilS%h whs;sjdislï jk nj;a tuÕska rdcH md¾Yajhka fj; ilS%h j.lSula we;s flfrk nj;a olajkq
,en we;¡ rdcHhka fj; ilS%h ne¢ï we;slrùfuka fmkS hkafka úhoula jeh fkdjk wlS%h ne£ï
fuka fkdj ilS%h whs;sjdislï h:djla lsÍu i|yd wdKavqfõ m%;smdokhka jeh lsÍug isÿjk njhs¡

ESCR m%;sm;a;suh ;SrKhka wod, lr.kakla jk neúka úfYAI{Ndjhla fyda foaYmd,ksl j.ùula
fkdue;s úksiqrejreka tajd iïnkaOfhka lghq;= fkdl, hq;= njo mejiS we;¡ thska lshefjkaf ka
úYd, iïm;a fhoùula wjYH jkakdjQ rdcH i;= ilS%h ne£ï iïnkaOfhka wêlrKh ;SrK fkd.;
hq;= njhs¡ úksiqrejreka kvqjla úNd. lsÍfï§ rdcH m%;sm;a;sh ie,ls,a,g .kakd nj;a úYd,
jYfhka iïm;a fhoúh hq;= ldrKdjka ±kgu;a Tjqkaf.a úIh m:hg we;=,;aj we;s nj;a fuu
woyig m%;sl¾lhla f,iska bÈßm;aj we;¡ ;jo wêlrKhka CPR iïnkaOfhka ;SrKhla ,nd§fï§
Tjqka foaYmd,ksl ldrKdjkao ie,ls,a,g .kq ,nk w;r bka tydg mj;akd mQrAK jYfhka
ffk;sluh iajrEmhla .kakd ldrKdjka m%YaKd¾Ólhla fkdjkafka kï ESCR iïnkaOfhka
muKla Tjqkaf.a N+ñldj m%YaK lrkafka ukao hk ;¾lho fuys§ bÈßm;aj we;¡

fuu ikao¾Nh ;=, ESCR n,d;aul lsÍu .eg¿ iy.;j we;s w;r iudc m%sm;a;s ia:dms; lsÍu iy ta
i|yd iïm;a fjkalsÍu hk ldrKdjka folu i|yd úksiqrejreka iqÿiq ;eke;a;ka fkdjk njg
fhdackdù we;¡39 È> ld,hla ;siafia fuu ixjdoh úiska ESCR ys j,x.=Ndjh flfrys ydks iqÿfldg
we;s w;r jvd;a uE;ld,Sk ;¾lhka úiska fmkajd § we;af;a ESCR n,d;aul l<yels nj;a ta wkqj
hqla;s iy.; l,yels nj;ah¡

wd¾Ól" iudÔh yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï ms,sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a lñgqj úiska ;yjqrefldg
we;af;a ESCR ys fndfyduhla whs;sjdislï wêlrKuh n,d;aul lsÍu i|yd hg;ajk njhs¡ ESCR
iïnkaOfhka jk rdcHhkays ne£ï ICESCR ys 2¡1 j.ka;sfha fldaKfhka ;lafiare lrkq ,nhs¡ tu

37
CIDH, Informe No. 20/99, Cas 11.317, Rodolfo Robles Espinoza e Hijos (Perú), en CIDH INFORME ANNUAL 1998.

38
wd¾Òl iudÔh yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï ms,sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd jk ,skan¾.a uQ,O¾uhka
The, UN ESCOR, udkj ysñlï fldñiu, 43 jk ieisjdrh., kHdh m;%fha 8 jk lreK 8 UN Doc.
E/CN. 4/1987/17, weñKqu (1987).
39
iS. f*an¾, Social Rights Under The Constitution: Government and Decent Life (Tlaia*¾â-ksõfhda¾la"
Tlaia*¾â úYaj úµd,hSh uqøKd,h, 2000) ms. 150.

66
j.ka;sfhka ±lafjkafka ziEu rdcH md¾Yajhlau ;ukag ysñ Wmßu iïm;a fhdod.ksñka iïuq;sh
úiska ms,s.kq ,en we;s whs;sjdislï h:djla lr.ekSu i|yd lghq;= l< hq;=Z njhs¡40 ta wkqj CIKslj
;yjqre lsÍu i|yd rch úiska mshjr .;hq;= isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï fuka fkdj ESCR
l%ul%ufhka w;alr.; yelalls¡ ±ka±ka fuu whs;sjdislï rchka úiska CIKsl mshjrhka .ekSu"
ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd Yla;su;a t<eUqï wkq.ykh lsÍu iy ld<h;a iuÕ lsishï wdldrhl
id¾:l;ajhla w;alr .ekSu i|yd mshjr .ekSu f,iska w¾: ksrEmkh lrkq ,nhs¡41

6. f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYh i|yd we;s whs;sh wdrCId lsÍu i|yd rdcHhka úiska
m%dfhda.slj l=ula isÿl< hq;=o @
by;ska idlÉPd lrkq ,enQ wdldrhg ck;djf.as whs;sjdislï flfrys n,mdk .eg¿ iïnkaOfhka
újD; m%isoaO ixjdohla i|yd M,odhS f,i iïnkaoùu i|yd f;dr;re fj; m%fõYùfï whws;sh
wjYH fkdfõ¡ kuq;a th fjk;a whs;sjdislï ls%hdfõ fhoùu i|yd jeo.;a fõ¡ ;jo úúO wdKavql5U
jHjia:duh whs;sjdislï" ksoyi yd f;dr;=re b;d meyeÈ,s ne£ï /ila rchla flfrys we;s lrkq
,nhs¡

ICCPR ys 19 jk j.ka;shg wkqj f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï whs;shg z.relsÍu yd .reflfrk njg
iy;slùuZ rchkaf.a j.lSuls¡ wlS%h ne£ula f,i rch jHjia:d iïmdokh" m%;sm;a;s" wêlrK ;SrK
fyda ish ks,OdÍkaf.a yd ksfhdað;hkaf.a ls%hdjka ;=,ska tlS whs;sjdislïj,g ydks fkdjk njg
j.n,d.; hq;=h¡42 ilS%h ne£ula f,i rch úiska wfkla wh úiska tlS whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh
lrkq ,eîu je,elaùu i|yd mshjr .ekSu fyda kS;s iïmdokh" m%;sm;a;s fyda wêlrK ;SrK uÕska
th ;Dma; lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu isÿl< hq;=h¡43 fï wkqj mqoa.,sl lKavdhï fyda ;eke;a;ka úiska
kS;súfrdaë fkdjk f;dr;=re ikaksfõokhg ueÈy;aùu je,elaùu i|yd mshjr .ekSu rcfha
j.lSuls¡ tfukau rchka uyck iqNisoaêhg wod, jkakdjQ f;dr;=re iïmdokh lsÍfï j.lSuo
;Dma; l<hq;= fjhs¡ uyck fi!LH ms,sn|j my; f;dr;=re fy,sorõ lsÍu fuhg tla WodyrKhls" "
(1) lsishï ;eke;a;l=f.a fi!LH fyda mqoa.,sl Ôú;h iïnkaOfhka jk f;dr;=re rch i;=j mj;sk
úg¡ fuu ne£u b;d CIKslj ls%hdjg kexúh hq;a;ls¡

(2) lsishï mqoa., ldKavhlf.a fi!LH fyda ish mqoa.,sl Ôú;h /l.ekSu i|yd lsishï
f;dr;=rla wjYH jk úg yd rch i;=j tlS f;dr;=re mj;sk úg fyda rchg tlS f;dr;=re tl;=
lr.; yels ;;ajhla mj;sk úg¡ fuu ne£u úiska .;hq;= mshjr iïnkaOfhka lsishï wNsu;hla
rch i;=j mj;sk kuq;a uQ,sl jYfhka iuyr mshjr rch úiska CIKslj .; hq;= fjhs¡ ld<h;a
iuÕ bÈßhg .;hq;= mshjro jeä fjhs¡44

ck;dj ish uQ,sl whs;sjdislï N=ls;aú¢k njg ;yjqre lr.ekSu i|yd ilS%h mshjr wkq.ukh lsÍu
rcfha j.lSuls¡ b,a,Sula l<úg f;dr;=re iïmdokh lsÍu mukla fkdj b,a,Sulska f;drjo
foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï wdrCId lsÍu yd ls%hdfõ fhoùï i|yd wdOdrl jkakdjQ f;dr;=re m%ldYhg
m;alsÍu rcfha j.lSula fjhs¡ fndfydaúg fuh jeo.;ajkafka idCIr;djh by, w.hla .kakd iy
whs;sjdislï ms,sn| wvq ±kqj;aNdjhla we;s rgj,h¡45

40
by; 29 ys bmsàu 29.2.1 ,smsh.
41
mS we,aiagka iy Ô laúka, “The Nature and Scope of States Parties’ Obligations in the International Covenant on
Economic Social and Cultural Rights”, 9 Human Rights Quarterly (1987), 164-87; wd¾. frdnÜiaka, “Measuring State
Compliance with the Obligation to Devote the ‘Maximum Available Resources’ to Realizing Economic,Social and Cultural
Rights”, 16 Human Rights Quarterly (1994), 693-714.

42
ta tã, “Realization of Social and Economic Rights and the Minimum Threshold Approach”, Human Rights Law Journal
(1989), ms. 35
43
by; 35.
44
fld,sj¾, iekav%d. The Right to Know: Human rights and access to reproductive health information. Edited for Article
19, International Centre Against Censorship, 1995, (ms. 46) (1946 fieïn¾ 16 Èk 2 jk fhdackd iïu;h. 59(I), “Yearbook
of the United Nations 1946-1947 (ksõfhda¾la: 1948), 33.
45
c.ajka; a, irdia. “The Right to Information as a Leverage Right” in The Right to Know, The Right to Live:Access to
Information and Socio-Economic Justice, le,kaâ , ßp¾â iy we,sika á,S, ixialrKh. újD; m5cd;dka;s%l WmfoaYk
uOHia:dkh, 2002, ms.7.

67
iekav%d fld,sj¾g wkqj fuu whs;shi iïnkaê; rcfha ne¢ï lsysmhlau mj;S¡ fuu j.lSï
cd;Hka;r pdß;%uh kS;sfha fldgilaj meje;s w;r .súiqï kS;sh biau;=ùu;a iuÕ tlS .súiqïj,g
w;aika l< rgj,a ;=, fuu ne¢ïj,g jvd jeä n,hla ysñúh¡46

 ^fi!LH iïnkaO& f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh ;ykï lsÍ u fyda fjk;a ljr fyda wdldrhlska thg
ueÈy;aùfuka je,lSu ;
 f;dr;=re ,nd§fï§ fjkiafldg ie,lSula isÿfkdlsÍu;
 rcfha iydh we;sj mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk mdie,a yd uOH jeks rdcH wdh;khkays úreoaO woyia
±laùug we;s wjldYh iy;sl;
 rcfha wruqo,a fhdodf.k isÿlrkq ,nk jevigykaj,§ f;dr;=re m%ldY fkdfldg mj;ajd
fkd.kakd njg iy;slùu;
 mqoa.,sl lKavdhï fyda ;;eke;a;ka f;dr;=re ikaksfõokhg ueÈy;aùu je,elaùug mshjr
.ekSu;
 iudÔh whs;sjdislï m%jrAOkh lsÍu i|yd w;HdjYH m%udKj;a f;dr;=re ,nd§u" wOHdmkh yd
WmfoaYkh hkdÈh iïmdokh lsÍug úëu;a mshjr .ekSu47

7. rdcH f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï whs;sh wd¾Òl" iudÔh yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï

m%j¾Okh lsÍu iy wdrCId lsÍug fhdod.kq ,nkafka flfiao @
f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï whs;sh t;ekska fkdkejf;hs¡ th fjk;a whs;sjdislï h:djla lr.ekSu
i|yd jk fuj,ula f,iskao ls%hdlrhs¡ WodyrKhla f,i wOHdmkhg we;s m%fõYh mßydkshg
,lalsÍug fya;=jk m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh lsÍug rch iQodkï jkakfao hkak mqrjeishkag ±k.ekSu
i|yd tlS m%;sm;a;s iïnkaOfhka jk f;dr;=re i|yd m%fõYùfï yelshdj ;sîu w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ¡
lsishï frda.S ;;ajhla je,elaùu i|yd jevms,sfj,la rch úiska ilia lrkq ,nkafka kï tlS
m%;sm;a;Ska ls%hdjg kexfjkafka flfia±hs hkak mqrjeishka ±k isàu jeo.;a fõ¡ fjk;a wdldrhlska
lshkafka kï wmf.a uq,sl whs;sjdislï wdrCId lsÍu i|yd isÿlrkq ,nk foaYmd,ksl lemùï
kshdukh lsÍu i|yd wmg f;dr;=re wjYH fjhs¡48
f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï whs;sh iy iudÔh whs;sjdislï w;r iïnkaO;djh fmdÿfõ udkj ysñlï
h:djla njg m;alr.ekSu i|yd rchg Wmldrhlao fjhs¡ rdcHhka ish ðú;h flfrys n,mEula we;s
lrjk f;dr;=re flfrys m%fõYùug ck;dj fj; yelshdj ,ndÈh hq;=h¡ th Tjqkaf.a fiiq
whs;sjdislï ls%hdfõ fhoùu flfryso n,mdhs¡ iudÔh whs;sjdislïj, meje;au yd iqrCIs;Ndjh
ms,sn|j ±k.ekSug f;dr;=re fnfyúkau jeo.;a fõ¡ fuu whs;sjdislï iïnkaOfhka rch úiska
ls%hdjg kxjkq ,en we;s rdcH m%;sm;a;s iy mshjrhka ms,sn|j ck;dj ±kqj;aj isáh hq;=h¡ ta tajd
md,kh lsÍu yd jrAOkh lsÍug ish odhl;ajh ,nd§u i|ydh¡ tfukau tlS m%;sm;a;Skaf.a
wka;¾.;h ms,sn| Tjqka ±k isáh hq;= w;r túg ta iïnkaOfhka whjeh ;=,§ i,ld n,d we;s
wkaou yd thjefha§ uqo,a fjkafldg we;s wkaou ms,sn|j úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï yelshdj Tjqkg ,efí¡
óg m%;smCIj tlS f;dr;=re iïmdokh lsÍug fyda iuyr f;dr;=re i|yd m%fõYùug wjia:dj
,nd§ug rch wiu;a jqjfyd;a th rdcH úiska bgqlsÍug ne¢ isák ne¢ï lvlsÍula fjhs¡

wd¾Ól" iudÔh yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï ms,sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a lñgqj (CESCR) fi!LHhg we;s
whs;sjdislu iïnkaOfhka m%ldYfldg we;af;a ta ms,sn|j jk f;dr;re fj; m%fõYùfï whs;sh
mej;sh hq;= njhs¡ fi!LH .eg¿ iïnkaOfhka jk f;dr;=re fihdhdu" ,nd.ekSu iy tajd m%p,s;
lsÍu fuhg wh;a fjhs¡49 tfukau ;uka úiska ICESCR ys olajd we;s ne£ï bgq lsÍu iïnkaOfhka
.kq ,en we;s mshjrhka ms,sn|j olajñka jd¾;djka bÈßm;a lsÍfï j.lSuo rdcHhka i;= fõ¡ ish
fmdÿ m%ldYk wxl 3 § lñgqj úiska fmkajd fokq ,enQfha rdcHhka úiska m%Odk;u ESCR ys ne¢ï
wju jYfhka ;Dma;su;a úhyels wju uÜgulska bgq lsÍu i|yd rdcHhka úiska mshjr .;hq;= njh¡
iïm;a wjuùu fya;=fldgf.k tlS wju ;;ajhka lrd <Õdùug lsishï rdcHhla wfmdfydi;a

46
fld,sj¾, iekav%d. The Right to Know: Human rights and access to reproductive health information. Edited for
ARTICLE 19, International Centre Against Censorship, 1995.
47
tu 38
48
ind frdn¾fgda, “Derechos Sociales, Políticas Públicas y Acceso a la Información” , Serie de Seminarios Salud y Política
Publica, Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad ( CEDES), Seminario VII; 2004.
49
fmdÿ m%ldYk wxl 14 UN E/C.12/2000/4. 3 iy 11 fþo.

68
jqjfyd;a ;uka ta i|yd W;aidyhka ord we;s nj;a tlS ish¨ W;aidyhka tlS whs;sjdislï h:djla
njg m;alsÍu i|yd jQ tajd jk njg;a tlS rdcH úiska fmkajd Èhhq;= fjhs¡50 fmdÿ m%ldYk wxl 1 ys
3 jk fþofha ±lafjkaf ka rdcHhka zwod, whs;sjdislï iïnkaOfhka jk ienE ;;ajh ksrka;rfhka
ksÍCIKh lrñka ish N+ñh ;=, úúO whs;sjdislï l=uK uÜgulska N+la;s ú¢u isÿjkq ,nkafkao
hkak ms,sn| wjfndaOfhka isáh hq;=Z njhs¡ fuu wruqK idCId;a lr.ekSu yqfola cd;al uÜgfï
;laf iare fyda ixLHdf,aLKhka ieliSu ;=,ska isÿl< yelalla fkdfõ¡ b;d krl uÜgfï isák
l,dmhka yd m%foaYhka ms,sn|j úuis,su;a fjñka tys§ wdka;slj isák yd f.dÿre njg m;aj we;s
lKavdhï ms,sn|j ie,ls,su;a fjñka ta i|yd ms,shï fh§u fuys§ isÿl< hq;= fjhs¡51 4 jk fþofhka
±lafjkafka jd¾;dlrK ls%hdodufha tla mshjrla jkafka zuQ,sl m%;sm;a;s iïmdokhka ls%hdjg kxjkq
,en we;so hkak úoyd ±laùuZ jk njhs¡52 tkï rdcHhka ESCR ys whs;sjdislï m%.;sYS,S wdldrhlska
h:djla njg m;alr.ksñka isáh§ mjd mj;sk ish¨u f;dr;=re bÈßm;a l<hq;= njhs¡

iria c.ajka;a ish The Right to Know, The Right to Live lD;sfha rdcH f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï
whs;sh wfkl=;a whs;Ska iuÕ we;s iïnkaOh idrdxY.;fldg olajhs¡53

 th wfkl=;a whs;sjdislïj, wksjd¾h wx.hls ^Wod¡ woyia m%ldYkfha ksoyi" mßmd,k

idOdrK;ajh iy idOdrK kvq úNd.hlg we;s whs;sh&;
 th whs;sjdislï n,d;aul lsÍu yd wdrCId lsÍu isÿlrhs ^Wod¡ msßisÿ mßirhla&;
 th whs;sjdislï ls%hd;aul lsÍug Wmldr lrhs ^Wod¡ iudkd;au;djh i|yd we;s whs;sh& ; iy
 wLKav ksÍCIKhg ,;alsÍu ;=,ska lsishï ls%hdldrlula fya;=f ldgf.k ;jÿrg;a whs;sjdislï
lvùu j,ld,hs.

óg wu;rj wfkl=;a whs;sjdislï ls%hdfõ fhoùfï§ myiqlï ie,iSula f,i iy tajdfha

id¾:l;ajh M,odhS f,i wëCIKh lsÍu i|yd cd;Hka;r kS;sh hgf;a ilS%h j.lSula mj;S¡54

7.1. ±kqj;aNdjh
flfkl=f.a wd¾Òl" iudÔh yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï ms,sn|j jk rdcH f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï
whs;sh fuu whs;sjdislï yd ne£ mj;skjd muKla fkdj tajd tlS ths;sjdislu fiiq whs;sjdislï
h:djla njg m;alr.ekSu i|yd jk mQ¾j fldkafoaishlao fjhs¡ ;ukaf.a fi!LH" ksjdi yd
jevlsÍug we;s whs;Skaf.a úIh m:h iy wka;¾.;h ms,sn| f;dr;=re fkdue;sj ;ukaf.a
whs;sjdislïj,g .re lrkq ,en ;sfío hkak ms,sn|j mqrjeishkag ±k.ekSfï uÕla fkdue;¡
cd;Hka;r kS;sh fuu iunkaO;djh ms,s.kS¡ Wodyrkhla f,i f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkfha jHjia:dj
fi!LH m%jd¾Okh lsÍu" ta ms,sn| f;dr;=re yd wOHdmkh ms,sn| m%;sm;a;s rdcHfha ne£ula f,iska
olajhs¡55 ;j;a WodyrKhla jkafka nDkakaÜ,kaâ jd¾;djhs56¡ hym;a mßirhla i|yd we;s whs;sfha
fldgila f,i ;ukaf.a mßirh yd iajdNdúl iïm;a ms,sn| f;dr;=re fj; ;eke;a;kag m%fõYùfï
whs;sh rchka úiska ms,s.; hq;= njg thska y÷kd.kS¡57
50
fmdÿ m%ldYk wxl 3 UN Doc E/1991/23, 10 fþoh.
51
fmdÿ m%ldYk wxl 1 UN E/1989/22, 2 fþoh.
52
fmdÿ m%ldYk wxl 1 UN E/1989/22, 4 fþoh.
53
c.ajka;,a id¾ia. “The Right to Information as a Leverage Right” in The Right to Know, The Right to Live:Access to Information and
Socio-Economic Justice,ms 13.
54
tu.

55
f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkfha jHjia:dj, uQ,sl f,aLK, ks, f,aLK wxl 240 (fjdIskagka, 1991). 1946 ksõfhda¾la ys
meje;s wka;¾cd;sl fi!LH iuq¿fõ§ WHO jHjia:dj iïu; fldg.eksks , rdcHhka 61 l ksf hdað;fhda tys§ thg
w;aika ;enQy,ms.283.
56
1983 § tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd iuq¿fõ§ mßirh yd ixj¾Okh ms,sn| f,dal fldñiula ks¾udKh lrkq ,eìks
(WCED), fkda¾úðhdkq w.ue;s f.%da yd¾f,ï nDDkaâÜ,kaâ tys iNdm;s;ajh ±Íh. 1987 wf.daia;= udifha§ th ish jd¾;dj
bÈßm;a lrk ,§ ms.288.
57
Wmqgd .ekSu f,dhsâ áïn¾f,al,a “Freedom of Information on the Environment,” Index on Censorship (London: Writers
and Scholars International) 18, fkd 6 iy 7 (1983): 7.

69
wOHdmkhg we;s whs;sh jeks iuyr whs;sjdislï ^WodyrKhla f,i ldka;djka yd mdie,a hk
jhfia <uqka w;r isÿlrkq ,nk m%cd mdol wOHdmkh iy ±kqj;alsÍfï ls%hdldrlï& i|yd wLKav
m%pdrhla wjYH fjhs¡

idOdrK kvq úNd.hla i|yd" fi!LHiïmkak mßirhlg iy mqoa., wdrCIdjg we;s whs;sh hk
whs;Ska yd f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYúfï whs;sh iy wfkl=;a whs;sjdislï w;r we;s iïnkaO;djh
ms,sn| WodyrK 3 la my;ska ±lafõ¡

 idOdrK kvq úNd.hlg we;s whs;sh. Ind,,d t g%dkaiajd,a yd kS;sm;s kvq ;Skaÿfõ§ ol=K q
wms%ldKq jHJia:d wêlrKh lshd isáfha idOdrK kvq úNd.hlg we;s whs;sh f;dr;=re fj;
m%fõYùfï whs;sh iy zj.ùu yd mdrøDIHNdjh hk mq¿,a ffk;sl ixialD;sl ikao¾Nhla
;=,Z lshúh hq;= njhs¡ rdcH f,aLhka iy rdcH ika;l fjk;a f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYúfï
whs;sh idODrK kvq úNd.hla i|yd we;s whs;sfha fldgila jk njhs¡
 hym;a mßirhla" mqoa.,sl;ajh yd mjq,a Ôú;hla i|yd we;s whs;sh. .=fõrd iy ;j;a wh t
b;d,sh58 kvqfõ§ udkj ysñlï ms,sn| hqfrdamd wêlrKh lshd isáfha ridhksl lïy,la
wi, Ôj;ajk ck;djg ;uka Ôj;ajk mßirfha wka;rdhka ms,sn|j f;dr;=re iïmdokh
fkdlsÍu ECHR ys 8 jk j.ka;sh W,a,x.kh lsÍula jk njhs¡ 8 jk j.ka;sfhka
mqoa.,sl;ajhg yd mjq,a Ôú;hg we;s whs;sh iqrCIs; lrkq ,nhs¡ uelaðkaf,a iy B.ka t
tlai;a rdcOdksh kvqfõ§ tu wêlrKhu lshd isáfha 8 jk j.ka;sfha mjq,a Ôú;hg we;s
whs;sh h:djla ùug kï kHIaÀl m¾fhaIK i|yd rcfha iïnkaO;djh ms,sn|j jk
f;dr;=re ,nd§u i|yd m%fõYúhyels yd M,odhS ld¾h mámdáhla rch i;=ùuo wjYH jk
njhs¡
 mqoa., wdrCIdjg we;s whs;sh. lekvd wêlrKh lshd isáfha mqoa., wdrCIdjg we;s whs;sh
hgf;a uyck wdrCIdjg we;s ;¾ckhka ms,sn|j f;dr;=re iïmdokh lsÍug fmd,Sish ne£
isák njhs¡59

7.2. wëCIKh
ish¿u ESC whs;sjdislï wëCIKh i|yd rdcH f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï whs;sh ;SrKd;aul f,i
jeo.;afõ¡ ICESCR hgf;a iEu jir 5 lgu jrla jd¾;d lsÍu jvd;a M,odhS jkafka rdcH md¾Yajhka
ish id¾:l;ajhka yd w;ajer§ï fukau ta iïnkaOfhka f.k we;s mshjrhka ms,sn|jo ms,sn|j
w¾:dkaú; f;dr;=re imhkafka kï muKls¡ cd;Hka;r ud¾f.damfoaYhka olajkafka jd¾;dlsÍfï§
o;a; muKla fkdj rdcHhka úiska ICESCR hgf;a ;uka ne£ isák ne£ï bgq lrkafkao hkafkys§
y÷kd.;yels m%jK;djhka we.hSu msKsi jk w¾:dkaú; úYaf,aIKhla isÿl<hq;= njhs¡60

m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï§o f;dr;=rej, jeo.;alu fjkia fkdfõ¡ WodyrKhla f,i wOHdmkhg we;s
whs;sh h:djla njg m;alr.ekSug iu;aj we;s m%udKh we.hsu msKsi idCIr;d uÜgï" mdie,aj,g
we;=,;aùfï wkqmd;hka" mdie,a yer hk whf.a wkqmd;hka" iuia: whjeh ms,sn|j mukla fkdj
iudc ,sx.sl;ajh" iudc mx;sh" N+f.da,Sh uOgia:dkhka ^kd.ßl" .ïno&" wd.u iy jd¾.sl;ajh
wkqj whjeh fjkalsÍï ms,sn|j jk f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYh mej;sh hq;=fõ¡61 ld,dkql%ñlj m%Odk
o¾Yllhka yd ñkqï o~q fhdod.ksñka m%jK;d úYaf,aIKhlg ,lalsÍu ;=,ska fuu idOhka uekSu
isÿl< hq;=h ¡

7.3. kvqmejÍu
ESCR iïnkaOfhka M,odhS f,i kvq mejÍu i|yd f;dr;=re w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ¡ WodyrKhla
f,i iudk wjia:djka ms,sn| b,a,Sï ;=, fjkiafldg ie,lSula Tmamq lsÍu i|yd n,j;a idCIs
fkdue;af;akï tlS fjkiafldg ie,lSu m%;slafIamùug fyda iú{a{dKslj isÿ l< ls%hdjla fkdjk
njg ;SrKh ùug bv we;¡

58
26 Eur H.R. Rep 357
59
Jane Doe v. Board of Commissioners of Police for the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto (1998), 49 O.R. (3d) 487 (G.D.).).

60
fmdÿ m%ldYk 1 Reporting by States Parties UN Doc E/1989/22.
61
Circle of Rights: Economic, Social & Cultural Rights Activism: A Training Resource. International Human Rights
Internship Program and Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development, ms, 309 (2000).

70
úfYaIfhkau ilS%h ne£ï iïnkaO kvqlghq;=j,§ m%;sm;a;sfha n,mEu fyda isÿjQ ydks iïnkaOfhka
jk ixLHd;aul o;a; tlS kvqj iïnkaOfhka ;SrKd;aul idOlhka njg m;afõ¡62 jd;fha yd c,fha
.=Kd;aulNdjh" úfudapkhka yd mqoa.,hska fj; jk tajdfha n,mEï m%udKd;aulj uekSu mdßißl
fi!LH ms,sn| kvqj,§ f;dr;=re w;sYhska jeo.;a jk neúka tlS f;dr;=re w;sYh ;SrKd;aul fõ¡

fko¾,ka;h uQ,ia:dkh fldg.;a rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhla jk ksjdi ysñlï yd tajdhska fkrmSï
ms,sn| uOHia:dkh úiska 2003 jif¾§ Litigating Economic, Social and Cultural Rights:
Achievements, Challenges and Strategies kï ESC whs;sjdislï ms,sn| kvq mejÍï ms,sn| wOHkhka
21 la wka;¾.; jd¾;djla m%ldYh m;alrkq ,eìks¡ fuu wOHkhka mqrd fy,sorõlr we;af;a
f;dr;=re i|yd m%fõYúfï whs;sh iy ESC whs;sjdislï h:djla njg m;alr.ekSu w;r mj;akd
iajdëk iïnkO;djhhs¡

 2001 jif¾ ;SrKhjQ bkaÈhdkq kvqjl§ wdydr i|yd jk whs;sh ms,sn| Wmfoia foñka
ÿmam;alfï f¾Ldfjka my, isák mjq,a m%ldYhg m;al< hq;= nj lshd isák ,§¡ túg OdkH
,nd.ekSug iqÿiqlï,;a tlS mjq,aj, tu whs;sh ;Dma;ù ;sfío kak fidhd ne,sh yelsjkq we;¡63

 ms,smSkfha úÿ,s n,h mqoa.,sllrKh lsÍug tfrys wr.,fha§ ksoyia kS;s wdOdr lKavdhfï l+lS
äfhdlafkda olajd isáfha ish ñ< .Kka by, kexùfï§ iud.ï ldg,hka f,iska lghq;= lsÍu
ms,sn|j udkj ysñlï ixúOdk i;=j m%udKj;a idCIs fkdue;s njhs¡ ;jÿreg;a weh lshd isáfha
wd¾Ól úµd{hska" .KldêldÍjreka iy wfkl=;a ;dCIKsl úYaf,aIlhska uÕska fhdod.kq ,nk
f;dr;=re ielyer ±k.ekSu l<hq;= njhs¡ WodyrKhla f,i Kh f.ùu i|yd jerÈ jÜgï
wkqmd;hla bÈßm;a l< c, iud.u ish 18 ] la f,iska olajd isák ,oafoa tys ienE wkqmd;h 5 ]
laj ;sìh§h¡64
 wd¾fckaákdfõ ffk;sl yd iudc wOHkhka ms,sn| uOHia:dkfha ^CELS) ysgmq wOHCIl úlag¾
weïfrdfudúÉ rchg tfrysj rla;md; WK i|yd tkak;a ,nd.ekSu i|yd we;s whs;sh ms,sn|
kvqfõ§ lshd isáfha tkak;a iïnkaOfhka fi!LH wud;HdxYfha M,odhS;djh yd foaYmd,ksl
m%;sm;a;s ms,sn| o;a;hka kvqjg w;sYhskau jeo.;a jk njhs¡ jix.;h uev,sug fhdod.;yels
tlu M,odhS l%ufõoh tkak; jk neúka wêlrKfha ;¾l ú;¾l lrkq fjkqjg CELS g
wjYHjQfha ±kgu;a f.k we;s foaYmd,ksl ;SrKh ffk;sl ne£ula njg m;alr,Suh¡65
 lekvdfõ§ ÿmam;a wh fjkqfjka iajdëk iudkd;au;d whs;sjdislï ms,sn|j Wmfoiaf oñka iudc
whs;sjdislï ms,sn| WmfoaYk uOHia:dkfha wOHCIl nDDia fmdag¾ ±äj lshd isáfha >k;ajh
;Srkd;aul jk njhs¡ ta wkqj iqNidOk m%;s,dNhka lmamdÿ fldg we;súg mjq, ;=,g uQ<Huh
.,d tau iy bka msg;g .,d hdu iy tys m%;sM,hla f,i ksjdi fldmuK ixLHdjla wysñfõo
hkak úoyd ±lafjk úfYaIs; idCIs bÈßm;a lsÍug ls%hdldrlï iu;aúh hq;=h¡66
 blajfodarfha c, ¥IKh iïnkaOfhka igka lsÍu i|yd wkq.ukh l< m%fõYhka 3 ka tlla
jQfha f;,a l¾udka;h iïnkaO f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùfï whs;sh iy tlS l¾udka;h wdYs%;
;SrKhka i|yd iyNd.Sùfï whs;sh hs¡67 iajdfoaYsl ckhd flfrys n,meï we;slrk jHdmD;s
ls%hd;aul lsÍfï§ mdrøDIHNdjh iy iyNd.S;ajh ms,sn|j wjOdrkh lrk 16968 jk wka;¾cd;sl
lïlre ixúOdk iïuq;sho fuys§ rdcH fkdjk ixksOdkhka úiska fhdod.kakd ,§¡69

62
The Centre on Housing Rights and Development. Litigating Economic, Social and Cultural Rights:
Achievements, Challenges and Strategies, (2003), ms.25.
63
tu" ms 36
64
by; wxl 57 ys53.
65
by; wxl 57 ys 63.
66
by; wxl 57 ys 74.
67
by; wxl 57 ys 83.
68
wka;¾cd;sl lïlre ixúOdkfha 169 jk iuq¿j, the Indigenous and Tribal People’s Convention, ,1989 iema;eïn¾ 5
Èk isg ls%hd;aulh, (1989), 28 ILM 1382
69
by; wxl 57 ys 82.

71
 khsÔßhdfõ§ fI,a iud.u úiska f;,a rCIs;hks iQrdlEug tfrys kvqfõ§ wêlrK ;Skaÿfjka
mejiqfka wkd.;fha§ iudc n,mEï we.hSï yerekqúg orejkaf.a mdßißl yd fi!LH wka;rdhka
ms,sn|j f;dr;=re rch úiska iïmdokh l<hq;= njhs¡70
 mD;=.d,fha <ud Y%ñlhka iïnkaOfhka iudÔh whs;sjdislï ms,sn| hqfrdamd fldñiu bÈßfha
úNd.jQ kvqjl§ uQ,sl ;¾lh f,iska bÈßm;ajQf ha mD;=.d,h ish <ud Y%uh fhdod.ekSug tfrys
kS;s n,d;aul lsÍu i|yd m%udKj;a lemùulska hq;=j lghq;= fkdlrk nj;a tys§ m%YaKh
jgyd.ekSug wjYH ixLHdf,aLKhkays fodAI mj;sk nj;ah¡71
 1990 § tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ESCR ms,sn| lñgqj bÈßhg muqKqjkq ,enQ fvdñksldkq ckrcfhka
msgxlsÍï iïnkaOfhka jQ kvqj,§ lñgqj fj; bÈßm;a lrkq ,enQ f;dr;=re w;sYhska M,odhl
úh¡ lñgqfõ wjidkd;aul ksÍCIKhkays ^rdcHhlg tfrysj .kq ,enQ m<uq ;Skaÿj& msgux lrkq
,enQ ;eke;a;kaf.a kï mjd we;=,;a jQ w;r rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhka úiska me,am;a m%f oaYhkay s
ls%hdjg kxjkq ,enQ f;dr;=re fidhd ne,Sfï ¥; fufyhkays§ jd¾;d jQ rdcH úiska isÿl<
W,a,x>kh lsÍï ms,sn| idCIs fukau PdhdrEmhkao bÈßm;a lrkq ,eìks¡72

8. wd¾Ól" iudÔh yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï h:djla lr.ekSu i|yd rdcH fkdjk

ixúOdkhka úiska fhdod.kq ,eìh yels Wmdhud¾.hka fudkjdo @
wdfckaákdj fyda ol=Kq wms%ldj jeks iuyr rgj,a cd;Hka;r udkj ysñlï .súiqï iajlSh
wdKqvql%u jHjia:djka ;=,g fukau iajlSh iudÔh whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh jQ úg wdKavql%u
jHjia:dms; m%;smdokhka ys msysg b,a,d isáñka ;ksj mukla fkdj lKavdhï f,iskao iykhka
b,a,d isáhyels ßÜ wd{djka jeks wêlrKuh fuj,ïo ks¾udKh lsÍuo isÿfldg we;¡ fï wkqj
rdcHhka iajlSh cd;Hka;r ne£ïj,g wkql+,j lghq;= fkdlsÍu úiska yqjdolajkq ,nkafka ;uka
fj; mejÍ we;s cd;Hka;r j.lSï W,a,x>kh lsÍu muKla fkdj ;u wdKavql%u jHjia:dj
W,a,x>kh lsÍulao fjhs¡

jEka yq*af.a m%fõYh73 wkqj rdcHhla úiska iajlSh wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka ms,sf.k we;s cd;Hka;r
ne£ï y÷kd.; yelsjkafka kï tlS ne£ï iïnkaOfhka rdcH lghq;= lrk wdldrh wmg ±l.;
yels jk w;r trg ls%hdldrlï ;=,ska ESCR iqrCIs; jkafkao tfia;a ke;skï W,a,x>kh jkafkao
hkak ±l.; yelsjkq we;¡ wk;=rej mj;akd ffk;sl hdka;%Khka Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka tajd
n,d;aul lsÍu isÿlrk f,ig wmg n,meï t,a,l< yel¡ l,ska idlÉPd l< wdldrhg ESCR
iïnkaOfhka rdcHhka fj; mejÍ we;s ne£ï y÷kd.ekSu i|yd ia:r ;=klska hq;a l%ufõohla
tlai;a cd;Ska úiska y÷kajdfokq ,en we;¡74 .relsÍug" wkq.ukh lsÍug yd ;Dma; lsÍug we;s ne£ï
fuu ;s%;ajh úiska ms,s.kq ,nhs¡ .relsÍug we;s ne£u wlS%h ne£ula jk w;r wfkla fol rdcH ;=,
;ks mqoa.,hdf.a whs;sjdislï iq/lSu i|yd rdcH úiska mshjr .ekSu isÿl<hq;= ilS%h ne£ï fjhs¡

 .re lsÍug we;s ne£u :

.re lsÍug we;s ne£u wlS%h whs;sjdislula f,iska y÷kajkq ,nk ne£ula jk w;r tfia
ie,lSug fya;=ù we;af;a rdcH úiska fkdl, hq;a;la iïnkaOfhka th wod, jk neúks¡ tã th
w¾:l:khfldg we;af;a zrdcH úiska mqoa.,hdf.a mßmQrAK;ajh fyda Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a ksoyi
W,a,x>kh lrk lsisjla lsÍfuka je,lS isàuZ i|yd jk ne£ula f,isks¡75 zrdcHhkays fuu
je,lS isàfï j.lSu isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï iuÕ ne£ we;s tfukau ESCR ys wx.hla
jkakdjQ ne£ï iuÕ lsÜgqfjka ne£ mj;S¡Z76 ;eke;a;ka úiska j¾;udkfha N=la;s ú¢kq ,nk

70
by; wxl 57 ys 120.
71
by; wxl 57 ys 140.
72
by; wxl 57 ys 160.
73
Ô fÊ tâ jEka yq*,a ‘The legal Nature of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: a Rebuttal of Some traditional Views’, mS
we,ai agka iy fla fgdïfiiaúials ^ixialrKh& , The right to Food (fko¾,ka;h,udákai a ksfcda*a m%ldYlfhda, 1982), ms. 97.

74
n,kak iS iafldÜ iy mS uela,Sk,a ‘Constitutional Ropes of Sand or Justiciable Guarantees? Social Rights in a New
South African Constitution’ (1992) (141-No1) fmkais,af õkshd úYaj úµd,hSh kS;s iÕrdj, msgq. 3-147.
75
ta. tã, ‘The New International Economic Order and the Promotion of Human Rights’ , UN Doc.
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1987/23, 1987 cQ,s 7.
76
ù. vkalajd., ‘Commentary to the Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ in (1998) (20) udkj
ysñlï ff;%udislh, msgq 705-730.
72
 ESCR j,g ndOdjla fkdlsÍuo z.relsÍuZ hkafkka woyia fjhs¡77 rdcHhka ESCR lv lrk
lsisÿ mßphla" m%;sm;a;shla fyda ffk;sl mshjrla ;=,ska iudÔh whs;sjdislïj,g ueÈy;aùfuka
je,lS isàuo fuhska woyia fjhs¡

 wdrCID lsÍfï ne£u:

;=kajk md¾Yajhla úiska isÿlrk udkj ysñlï lvlsÍï je,elaùu i|yd rdcHhka i;= ne£u
woyia flfrk fuh ilS%h ne£uls¡ mqoa.,sl ;eke;a;ka úiska hï hï whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh
lsÍu je,elaúu i|yd rdcHhg j.lSula we;¡ jEka yQ*ag wkqj wdrCId lsÍfï j.lSug ;eke;a;ka
fyda lKavdhï úiska udkj ysñlï lvlsÍu i|yd rdcH úiska mhjr .kq ,eîu wod, fõ¡ fï
ikao¾Nh ;=, zrdcHhka udkj ysñlïys iSudjkag iy tajdfha ls%hdldrlïj, úIh m:h ;=,
mj;akd ndOlhkag .rel<hq;= w;ru udkj ysñlï iqrCIs; lrkakd iy iïmdokh lrkakd
f,iska jk ls%hdldÍ N+ñldjo th úiska bgq l<hq;= fjhs¡78 fuu ne£u ;Dma; lsÍu i|yd rdcH
úiska jHjia:dms; mshjrhka iy fjk;a mshjrhka wkq.ukh l<hq;= fjhs¡
 ;Dma; lsÍfï j.lSu:
;Dma; lsÍfï j.lSu jvd;a ilS%h yd ixúê; ls%hdldÍ;ajhla rdcHfha md¾Yajfhka b,a,d isáhs¡
tãg wkqj fuu ne£u úiska rdcHhkag zmqoa.,sl m%h;akhka ;=,ska iqrCIs; lr.; fkdyels
wjYH;djhka ^wdydr" fi!LH" ksjdi" wOHdmkh wd§& ;Dma;su;a wdldrhlska bgqlr .ekSu i|yd
wjia:djkaZ Wodlr§u i|yd mshjr .ekSug ne£ula we;slrhs¡79 fï wkqj rdcHh fuu ilS%h
ueÈy;aùï ^Wod¡ <ore urK my; fy,Su" fkdñf,a m%d:ñl wOHdmkh ,nd§u fyda orejka
iQrdlkq ,eîfuka je,elaùu& isÿlsÍug wiu;aùu ESCR W,a,x>khùug fya;= úhyel¡

ICESCR ys 2^1& j.ka;sfha olajd we;s ne£ï hgf;a iïuq;sfhka y÷kd.k we;s whs;sjdislï mQ¾K
jYfhka h:djla njg m;alr.ekSu i|yd ;uka fj; mj;akd iïm;a Wmßu jYfhka fhoùug rdcH
md¾Yajhka lghq;= l<hq;=h¡80 m%.;sYS,S h:d¾:hla ìyslr .ekSu i|yd rdcHhka läkï yd M,odhS
f,i ESCR mQ¾K jYfhka w;alr.ekSu lrd .uka lsÍfï ne£u fukau ta i|yd mj;akd iïm;a
jeäÈhqKq lsÍfï ne£uo isÿl<hq;= fjhs¡81 flfiafj;;a ICESCR ys 2^1& j.ka;shg wkqj rdcH úiska
Ndr.kq ,nk ilS%h ne£ï bgqlsÍfï j.lSu ;eke;a;ka úiska rdcH úiska ksis mshjr .ekq ,en ;sfío
hkak M,odhS f,i we.hSug ,lalsÍu i|yd wêlrKuh Wmdhud¾.hka wkq.ukh lrkq ,eîu
j,ld,kq fkd,nhs¡ thg fya;=jkafka wd¾Ól" iudÔh yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï ms,sn| lñgqj
úiska fmdÿ m%;spdr wxl 3 uÕska iuyr ne£ï CIKslj bgql<hq;= nj olajd ;sîuhs¡82

tla wf;lska rdcHhka lsisÿ ndOdjlska f;drj wod, whs;sjdislï N=la;s ú£u iy;sl l<hq;=
^ICESCR ys 2¡2 j.ka;sh&jk w;r wfkla w;g fjk;a ldrKdjka fya;=fldgf.k iajNdjfhkau
iSudiys; ù we;s whs;sjdislï ^ICESCR ys 2¡1 j.ka;sh& iy;sl l<hq;= fjhs¡ fï wkqj zwod,
whs;sjdislï mQrAK jYfhka h:djla njg m;alr,Su l%ul%ufhka isÿjkakla úhyels kuq;a ta i|yd
jk mshjrhka b;d flá l<hla ;=, .;hq;= fjhsZ¡83 fmdÿ m%;spdrh úiska olajd we;s wdldrhg tjeks
mshjrhka úpdrd;aul" Yla;su;a iy iïuq;sh úiska ms,s.kq ,en we;s whs;sjdislï h:djla lsÍu olajd
ÈYdk; úh hq;=h¡84 ta wkqj iïuq;sfha wka;¾.; whs;sjdislï h:djla njg m;alr,Su i|yd jydu
mshjr .ekSu rdcH md¾Yajhkagf.a j.lSu jk w;r ta hgf;a iïuq;sfhka mejÍ we;s ne£ï bgqlsÍu

77
ish fmdÿ m%ldYk wxl 3 ys 9 jk fþofhka ka lñgqj lshd isá fha zljr fyda jqjukdfjkau isÿlrkq ,nk m%;s.dó
mshjrla iïnkaOfhka b;d ukd iqmßCIdldR;ajhlska hq;=j lghq;= lrñka mj;akd iïm;a Wmßuj fhdod.ksñka
iïuq;sfha m5;smdokhka ;=, Wmßu wdldrhlska idOdrKSlrKh l<ylsZ úhhq;= njhs. UN Doc E/1991/23.9 fþoh.
78
by; 68 ys 106.
79
ta. tã ‘Realization of Social and Economic Rights The Minimum Threshold Approach’: (1989) (43)
cd;Hkaa; r kS;sfõ§ fldñiu. ms 42.
80
1966 foieïn¾ 16 Èk iïu; lrk ,o wd¾Ól iudÔh yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï ms,sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh, 1976
ckjdß 3 Èk isg n,d;aul, G.A. Res.2.200 A (XXI), UN Doc. A/6316 (1966), 993 UNTS 3kej; uqøKh 6 ILM 360
(1967).
81
tia.f,Ñla ‘The jusiticiability of Housing Rights’, SIM úfYaI l,dmh" 18 ms. 35-76.
82
UN Doc E/1991/23 fmdÿ m%ldYk wxl 3.
83
tu. 2 fþoh.
84
tu.
73
i|yd jHjia:d iïmdok" mßmd,k" wêlrK" wd¾Ól" iudÔh yd ixialD;sluh mshjrhka wkq.ukh
l<hq;= fjhs¡85

8.1. kvq mejÍfï Wmdhud¾.hka

fï ikao¾Nh ;=, rdcH fj; mejÍ we;s ne£ï ;Dma; lsÍfï uÜgu ;lafiare lsÍu i|yd lsisÿ
m%udohlska f;drj mshjr .ekSug fyda ndOd bj;alsÍug fyda iïuq;sh úiska olajd ;sfnk
whs;sjdislula ls%hdjg kexùug wiu;aùu fyda lsishï whs;sjdislula h:djla lr.ekSu jqjukdfjkau
je,elaùu iïnkaOfhka kS;sh bÈßfha wNsfhda. l<yel¡ iuyr kvqj,§ ESCR ;Dma; lr we;s uÜgu
±k.ekSu i|yd muKla fkdj ESCR h:djla njg m;alr.ekSu i|yd rch úiska .kq ,en we;s
mshjrhka wNsfhda.ho ,lalsÍuo isÿj we;¡ ESCR ne£ï ;Dma; lsÍug rcfha mshjr meyeÈ,sju
m%udKj;a fkdjk nj fmkS hk iy ta fya;=fldgf.k iuyr ESCR W,a,x>kh jk njg;a
fmkShk úfgl ish ffk;sl ne£ï bgqlsÍu iïnkaOfhka wksjd¾h mshjr .kakd f,ig rchkag
Wmfoia fokq ,eìh yel¡

wod, kvq ch.%yKh l<o mrdchg m;ajQjo tys ffk;sl ld¾h mámdáfha iajNdjh úiska rdcH
m%;sm;a;s yd mßphka ishqï mÍCIdjg ,lalsÍug bv i,ik neúka uyck;djg m%;s,dN w;alr.;
yel¡

iSudiys; ksYaÑ; b,lalhka w;alr .ekSu fyda kvqjl m%;sM,h ms,sn|j uyck;djf.a ±kqj;aNdjh
by, kexùu iy thg iydh ,nd.ekSu i|yd foaYmd,k mSvkhla t,a,lsÍu kvq mejÍul wNs,dIh
úhyel¡ ;jo kvq mejÍu wdKavql%u jHjia:duh m%uqL;djhka kej; ;yjqre lsÍu iy wfkl=;a
wdldrhkaf.a ikaksfõokhka jid oud we;s úfgl m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh flfrys n,mEï we;slsÍu
i|yd jk W;aidyhla f,iska kvq mejÍug w;sf¾l jákdlula ysñfõ¡

iudÔh whs;sjdislï N=la;s ú£u i|yd iïnkaO jkakdjQ ksi. lKavdhula mj;akd neúka tlS
whs;sjdislï ms,sn|j kvqq mejÍï uyd mßudk whs;sjdislï lvùï lvlsÍïj,g iSud ù we;¡
foaYmd,k wdl,amhkaf.a fjkila isÿlsÍu iy iudc widOdrKhka ksjerÈ lsÍu i|yd n,mEï lsÍu
wruqKq lr.ksñka iudÔh ld¾hhka m%;slafIam lsÍug iy foaYmd,k yd iudÔh l%uhka úiska
ks¾udKh lrkq ,en we;s whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh lsÍï ms,sn|j W¿mamd ±laùug wêlrKh
fhdod.kq ,en we;¡86 wfkla w;g kvq iqúYd,, f,i uyck wjOdkhg ,lalsÍu ;=,ska by,
uÜgfï iyNd.S;ajhla we;slr.ekSugo W;aidy lsÍu isÿfõ¡

8.2. kS;suh fkdjk Wmdhud¾.hka

uyck;dj ±kaj;a lsÍfï jHdmdrhka" Wmfoia§u iy wêlrK iydhl kvq idrdxYhka bÈßm;a lsÍu
jeks kS;suh fkdjk Wmdhud¾.hka kvq mejÍïj,g jeo.;a iydhl fiajdjka fjhs¡ kvq lshkakkag
uyck iydh mj;sk nj fmkaùu ;=,ska wêlrKh ta flfrys fhduqlrùfï ud¾.hla f,i tajd
ls%hdlrhs¡ tfukau tajd wêlrK ;SrKhkag j,x.=Ndjhla ,ndfok w;r tneúka tajd ld<h;a iuÕ
n,d;aulùu;a §> ld,Skj mej;Sug;a we;s bv jeäh¡ cd;sl uÜgfï§ rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhka
kS;s" m%;sm;a;s fyda mßphkays m%;sixialrK isÿlsÍu i|yd ck;dj ±kqj;a lrñka iy tlS ne£ï
n,d;aul lrk f,ig wêlrKhkag yd mßmd,k ksfhdað;dh;khka fj; fm;aiï bÈßm;a lsÍu
cd;Hka;r ne£ïj,g wkql+, wdldrhlska lghq;= l<hq;= fjhs¡87 cd;Hka;r uÜgfï§ rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdkhka jvd;a M,odhS f,i tu ld¾hh isÿlsÍu iïnkaOfhka wkql+,j lghq;= lsÍu ksÍCIKh
lrk cd;Hka;r wdh;khkaf.ka b,a,d isáh hq;= fjhs¡88

85
wd¾Ól iudÔh yd ixialD;sl whs;sj dislï ms,sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh ls%hd;aul lsÍu ms,sn| ,skan¾.a uQ,O¾u, UN
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