Microwave Lab Manual
Microwave Lab Manual
Microwave Lab Manual
MICROWAVE
&
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION LAB
(IV B.Tech I Semester)
V. SRIRAM
Retd. Scientist(DRDO),
B.TECH, M.TECH
1 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
MICROWAVE
&
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION LAB
(IV B.Tech I Semester)
Marks Awarded :
2 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
3 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
Klystron Power
supply SKPS-610
Multi
meter
CRO
THEORY: The reflex klystron is a single cavity variable frequency microwave generator of low
power and low efficiency. This is most widely used in applications where variable frequency is
desired as
1. In radar receivers
2. Local oscillator in μw receivers
3. Signal source in micro wave generator of variable frequency
4. Portable micro wave links.
5. Pump oscillator in parametric amplifier
Voltage Characteristics: Oscillations can be obtained only for specific combinations of anode
and repeller voltages that gives farable transit time.
4 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
Power Output Characteristics: The mode curves and frequency characteristics. The frequency
of resonance of the cavity decides the frequency of oscillation. A variation in repeller voltages
slightly changes the frequency.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
5. Switch “ON” the klystron power Supply, VSWR meter, CRO and cooling fan.
6. Switch “ON” the beam voltage. Switch and rotate the beam voltage knob clockwise up to
300V in meter.
7. Keep the AM – MOD amplitude knob and AM – FREQ knob at the mid position.
8. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in VSWR meter or square wave on
CRO.
9. Rotate the AM – MOD amplitude knob to get the maximum output in VSWR meter or
CRO.
10. Maximize the deflection with frequency knob to get the maximum output in VSWR meter
or CRO.
11. If necessary, change the range switch of VSWR meter 30dB to 50dB if the deflection in
VSWR meter is out of scale or less than normal scale respectively. Further the output can be
also reduced by variable attenuator for setting the output for any particular position.
6 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Beam Voltage :…………V (Constant)
Beam Current :………….mA
EXPECTED GRAPH:
RESULT:
7 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Gunn Matched
power termination
supply XL -400
xll
8 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
THEORY: Gunn diode oscillator normally consist of a resonant cavity, an arrangement for
coupling diode to the cavity a circuit for biasing the diode and a mechanism to couple the RF
power from cavity to external circuit load. A co-axial cavity or a rectangular wave guide cavity
is commonly used.
The circuit using co-axial cavity has the Gunn diode at one end at one end of cavity along
with the central conductor of the co-axial line. The O/P is taken using a inductively or
capacitively coupled probe. The length of the cavity determines the frequency of oscillation.
The location of the coupling loop or probe within the resonator determines the load impedance
presented to the Gunn diode. Heat sink conducts away the heat due to power dissipation of the
device.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Voltage-Current Characteristics:
1. Set the components and equipments as shown in Figure.
2. Initially set the variable attenuator for minimum attenuation.
3. Keep the control knobs of Gunn power supply as below
Meter switch – “OFF”
Gunn bias knob – Fully anti clock wise
PIN bias knob – Fully anti clock wise
PIN mode frequency – any position
4. Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator for required frequency of operation.
5. Switch “ON” the Gunn power supply.
6. Measure the Gunn diode current to corresponding to the various Gunn bias voltage through
the digital panel meter and meter switch. Do not exceed the bias voltage above 10 volts.
7. Plot the voltage and current readings on the graph.
8. Measure the threshold voltage which corresponding to max current.
Note: Do not keep Gunn bias knob position at threshold position for more than 10-15 sec.
readings should be obtained as fast as possible. Otherwise due to excessive heating Gunn diode
may burn
9 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
EXPECTED GRAPH:
Threshold voltage
I
(mA)
Volts (V)
OBSERVATION TABLE:
RESULT:
10 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
3. ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
11 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
THEORY:
The attenuator is a two port bidirectional device which attenuates some power when
inserted into a transmission line.
Attenuation A (dB) = 10 log (P1/P2)
Where P1 = Power detected by the load without the attenuator in the line
P2 = Power detected by the load with the attenuator in the line.
PROCEDURE:
12 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
VSWR meter or on CRO. Let it be P3 then the attenuation value of variable attenuator for
particular position of micrometer reading of will be P1-P3 db.
7. In case the variable attenuator change the micro meter reading and record the VSWR meter
or CRO reading. Find out attenuation value for different position of micrometer reading and
plot a graph.
8. Now change the operating frequency and all steps should be repeated for finding frequency
sensitivity of fixed and variable attenuator.
Note:1. For measuring frequency sensitivity of variable attenuator the position of micrometer
reading of the variable attenuator should be same for all frequencies of operation.
EXPECTED GRAPH:
OBSERVATION TABLE:
P1 P2 Attenuation = P1-P2
Micrometer reading
(dB) (dB) (dB)
RESULT:
13 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
AIM: To determine the frequency and wavelength in a rectangular wave guide working in TE10
mode.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Klystron tube
2. Klystron power supply 5kps – 610
3. Klystron mount XM-251
4. Isolator XI-621
5. Frequency meter XF-710
6. Variable attenuator XA-520
7. Slotted section XS-651
8. Tunable probe XP-655
9. VSWR meter SW-115
10. Wave guide stand XU-535
11. Movable Short XT-481
12. Matched termination XL-400
14 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
THEORY:
The cut-off frequency relationship shows that the physical size of the wave guide will determine
the propagation of the particular modes of specific orders determined by values of m and n. The
minimum cut-off frequency is obtained for a rectangular wave guide having dimension a>b, for
values of m=1, n=0, i.e. TE10 mode is the dominant mode since for TMmn modes, n#0 or n#0 the
lowest-order mode possible is TE10, called the dominant mode in a rectangular wave guide for
a>b.
For dominant TE10 mode rectangular wave guide λo, λg and λc are related as below.
1/λo² = 1/λg² + 1/λc²
Where λo is free space wave length
λg is guide wave length
λc is cut off wave length
For TE10 mode λc – 2a where ‘a’ is broad dimension of wave guide.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure.
2. Set up variable attenuator at minimum attenuation position.
3. Keep the control knobs of klystron power supply as below:
Beam voltage – OFF
Mod-switch – AM
Beam voltage knob – Fully anti clock wise
Repeller voltage – Fully clock wise
AM – Amplitude knob – Around fully clock wise
AM – Frequency knob – Around mid position
4. Switch ‘ON’ the klystron power supply, CRO and cooling fan switch.
5. Switch ’ON’ the beam voltage switch and set beam voltage at 300V with help of beam
voltage knob.
6. Adjust the repeller voltage to get the maximum amplitude in CRO
7. Maximize the amplitude with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power supply.
8. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for maximum Amplitude.
9. Tune the repeller voltage knob for maximum Amplitude.
10. Tune the frequency meter knob to get a ‘dip’ on the CRO and note down the frequency from
frequency meter.
11. Replace the termination with movable short, and detune the frequency meter.
15 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
12. Move the probe along with slotted line. The amplitude in CRO will vary .Note and record
the probe position , Let it be d1.
13. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again, Let it be d2.
14. Calculate the guide wave length as twice the distance between two successive minimum
position obtained as above.
15. Measure the wave guide inner board dimension ‘a’ which will be around 22.86mm for
x-band.
16. Calculate the frequency by following equation.
c 1 1
f = = 2 + 2
λ λ g λc
Where C = 3x108 meter/sec. i.e. velocity of light.
17. Verify with frequency obtained by frequency modes
18. Above experiment can be verified at different frequencies.
fo = C/λo => C => 3x108 m/s (i.e., velocity of light)
1/λo² = 1/λg² + 1/λc²
λ g λc
λ0 =
λ g + λc
2 2
λg = 2x ∆d
For TE10 mode => λc = 2a
a wave guide inner broad dimension
a = 2.286cm” (given in manual)
λc = 4.6cm
16 MW& OC LAB
Beam voltage(v)
RESULT:
Repeller voltage(v)
d1
(cm)
d2
(cm)
d3
(cm)
d4
17
(cm)
(cm)
∆d1=
d2-d1
(cm)
∆d2=
d3-d2
d4 - d 3 ∆d3=
∆d=(∆d1+∆d2+∆d3)/3
λg=2 x ∆d
MW& OC LAB
λo (cm)
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
fo (HZ)
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
5. CHARACTERISTICS OF LED
AIM:
1. To study the relation ship between the LED forward current and the LED optical power output.
2. To determine the linearity of the device at 660nm and 850nm.
3. To determine conversion efficiency of the two LED’s
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Analog Fiber optic trainers (Tx and Rx)
2. Fiber optic links of 1m and 5m length.
3. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
4. Digital multi-meter.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
18 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
THEORY:
LED’s and laser diodes the commonly used sources in optical communication systems,
whether the system transmits digital or analog signals. In the case of analog transmission, direct
intensity modulation of the optical source is possible, provided the optical output from the source
can be varied linearly as a function of the modulating electrical signal amplitude. LEDs have a
linear optical output with relation to the forward current over a certain region of operation. It may
be mentioned that in many low-cost and small band-width applications LEDs at 660nm and
850nm are popular. While direct intensity modulation is simple to realize, higher performance is
achieved by FM modulation is simple to realize, higher performance is achieved by FM
modulating the base band signal prior to intensity modulation.
FO pin has a 66% higher sensitivity at 850nm as compared to 660nm for the same input
optical power .This corresponds to a sensitivity higher by 2.2 dB. Note that to calibrate the
power meter at 850nm,deduct 2.2dB from the measured reading. In computing losses in cables
and fibers this gets eliminated while solving the equations.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1.Connect circuit as shown in diagram. Connect one end of cable 1 (1m) to the FO LED 1
(660nm) port and other end to the FO pin port(power supply).
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Adjust the potentiometer P0, So that the power meter reads -15.0 dBm.
4. Connect the digital Multi-meter at V01 terminal provided at F0 LED 1 and measure voltage V01
If1 = V01/R1 in mA
Where If1 = 660nm LED forward current.
R1=Internal Resistance (100 Ohms)
5. Adjust the Potentiometer PO to the extreme anti-clock wise position to reduce If1 to 0.
6. Slowly turn the potentiometer P0 clockwise to increase If1. The power meter should read -30.0
dB approximately. From here vary the pot P0 in suitable steps and note the V01 and note the
power meter readings, P0 record up to the extreme clockwise position and note down the values
in table.
7. Switch OFF the power supply.
8. Repeat the complete experiment for FO LED2 and tabulate the readings in table .for V02& P0.
If2 = V02/R2 in mA.
(Apply the condition of 2.2dB discussed in Experiment for the 850nm LED)
Where If2=850nm LED forward current.
R2=Internal resistance (100 Ohms).
19 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
OBSERVATION TABLE:
For 660nm:
S.NO VO1 If1= V01/100 P0
(mV) (mA) (dBm)
For 850nm:
S.NO VO2 If2=V02/100 P0
(mV) (mA) (dBm)
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose connections.
2. Avoid Parallax errors.
RESULT:
20 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Laser based Fiber Optic Trainer kit.
2. Patch cords
3. voltmeter
4. Ammeter
5. power supply
6. Glass Fiber cable.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
The semiconductor junction laser is also called an injection laser because its pumping
method is electron-hole injection in a p-n junction. The semiconductor that has been extensively
used for junction is the Gallium Arsenide. The features of semiconductor lasers are i) Extreme
mono chromaticity, ii) High directionality. Three basic transition process related to operation of
21 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
lasers are: 1. Absorption, 2. Spontaneous emission, 3. Stimulated emission. The starting material
is an n-type Ga AS doped with silicon in the range of 2-4x10 18 cm-3. A p-type is grown on the
wafer by the liquid-phase epitaxial process. The wafer is lapped to a thickness of 75 μm and
surfaces are metallized. The wafer is then cleaved into slivers. The next step is to evaporate a
reflective coating onto one of the cleared facts of the silver so that the laser can emit from only
one facet.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Forward current Vs forward voltage:
1. Confirm that the power switch is in OFF position and then connect it to the kit.
2. Make the jumper settings and connection as shown in the block diagram.
3. Insert the jumper connection in jumper JP1, JP2, JP3 at position shown in the diagram.
4. Connect the Ammeter and voltmeter as shown in the block diagram.
5. Keep the potentiometer P 5 anti- clock wise rotation is used to control intensity of
Laser diode.
6. Connect external signal generator to ANALOG IN post of Analog buffer and apply
sine wave frequency of 1MHz and 1V p-p.
7. Then connect ANALOG OUT post to ANALOG IN post Transmitter.
8. Then switch ON the power supply.
9. To get the V-I characteristics of laser diode rotate P5 slowly and measure forward
current and corresponding voltage respectively. Take number of reading and plot
graph. When a forward voltage is applied to the laser current starts to pass at a certain
threshold voltage. This is called threshold voltage.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose connections.
2. Avoid Parallax errors.
22 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
EXPECTED GRAPH:
I (mA)
V (v)
OBSERVATION TABLE:
CALCULATIONS:
Power in mW: Power in µ W:
P ( mW )
P(dbm)=10 log P(dbm)= -30+10 log P( µ W)
1mW
Example: P = -20dBm [P(dBm)+30]/10
P ( mW )
-20=10 log P( µ W) =10
1mW
P ( mW )
10-2 =
1mW
P(mW) = 0.01mW
RESULT:
23 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Laser Diode Design Module MTSFOL TX Unit 1.no.
2. Laser Diode Design Module MTSFOL RX Unit 1.no
3. Two meter PMMA Plastic Fiber Patch cord (cable 1).
4. Two meter GI/MM Glass Fiber Patch cord. (Cable 2).
5. In-Line SMA Adaptor.
6. Numerical Aperture measurement jig.
7. Mandrel.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
Numerical aperture refers to the maximum angle at which the light incident on the fiber
end is totally internally reflected and is transmitted properly along the fiber. The cone formed by
the rotation of this angle along the axis of the fiber is the cone of acceptance of the fiber. The
light ray should strike the fiber end within its cone of acceptance else it is refracted out of the
fiber.
24 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
PROCEDURE:
1.) Connect one end of the PMMA FO cable to Po of MTSFOL TX Unit and the other end to
the NA Jig, as shown.
2.) Plug the AC mains. Light should appear at the end of the fiber on the NA Jig . Turn the
Set Po knob clockwise to set to maximum Po. The light intensity should increase.
3.) Hold the white scale –screen, provided in the kit vertically at a distance of 15mm (L)
from the emitting fiber end and view the red spot ion the screen. A dark room will
facilitate good contrast. Position the screen-cum-scale to measure the diameter (W) of the
spot. Choose the largest diameter.
Compute NA from the formula NA =sin Өmax =W / (4L2 +W2)1/2. Tabulate the reading
and repeat the experiment for 10mm, 20mm & 25mm distance.
4.) In case the fiber is under filled, the intensity within the spot may not be evenly
distributed. To ensure even distribution of light in the fiber, first
Remove twists on the fiber and then wind 5turns of the fiber on to the mandrel as shown.
Use an adhesive tape to hold the windings in position. Now view the spot. The intensity
will be more evenly distributed within the core.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
L W Ө
S.NO NA
(mm) (mm) (degrees)
RESULT:
25 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
AIM: To study the function of multi-hole directional coupler by measuring the following
parameters.
1. The Coupling factor, Insertion Loss and Directivity of the Directional coupler
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Microwave Source (Klystron or Gunn-Diode)
2. Isolator, Frequency Meter
3. Variable Attenuator
4. Slotted Line
5. Tunable Probe
6. Detector Mount Matched Termination
7. MHD Coupler
8. Waveguide Stand
9. Cables and Accessories
10. CRO.
26 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
THEORY:
A directional coupler is a device with which it is possible to measure the incident and
reflected wave separately. It consist of two transmission lines the main arm and auxiliary arm,
electromagnetically coupled to each other Refer to the Fig.1. The power entering, in the main-
arm gets divided between port 2 and 3, and almost no power comes out in port (4) Power
entering at port 2 is divided between port 1 and 4.
The coupling factor is defined as
Coupling (db) = 10 log10 [P1/P3] where port 2 is terminated, Isolation (dB) = 10 log 10 [P2/P3]
where P1 is matched.
With built-in termination and power entering at Port 1, the directivity of the coupler is a
measure of separation between incident wave and the reflected wave. Directivity is measured
indirectly as follows:
Hence Directivity D (db) = I-C = 10 log10 [P2/P1]
Main line VSWR is SWR measured, looking into the main-line input terminal when the
matched loads are placed at all other ports.
Auxiliary live VSWR is SWR measured in the auxiliary line looking into the output terminal
when the matched loads are placed on other terminals.
Main line insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in the transmission line by insertion of
coupler, it is defined as:
Insertion Loss (dB) = 10 log10 [P1/P2]
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the equipments as shown in the Figure.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular operation of frequency .
3. Remove the multi hole directional coupler and connect the detector mount to the slotted
section.
4. Set maximum amplitude in CRO with the help of variable attenuator, Let it be X.
5. Insert the directional coupler between the slotted line and detector mount. Keeping port 1 to
slotted line, detector mount to the auxiliary port 3 and matched termination to port 2 without
changing the position of variable attenuator.
6. Note down the amplitude using CRO, Let it be Y.
7. Calculate the Coupling factor X-Y in dB.
8. Now carefully disconnect the detector mount from the auxiliary port 3 and matched
termination from port 2 , without disturbing the setup.
27 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
9. Connect the matched termination to the auxiliary port 3 and detector mount to port 2 and
measure the amplitude on CRO, Let it be Z.
10. Compute Insertion Loss= X – Z in dB.
11. Repeat the steps from 1 to 4.
12. Connect the directional coupler in the reverse direction i.e., port 2 to slotted section, matched
termination to port 1 and detector mount to port 3, without disturbing the position of the
variable attenuator.
13. Measure and note down the amplitude using CRO, Let it be Y0.
14. Compute the Directivity as Y-Y0 in dB.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose connections.
2. Avoid Parallax errors.
RESULT:
28 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
AIM: To Study the operation of Magic Tee and calculate Coupling Co-efficient and Isolation.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Microwave source : Klystron tube (2k25)
2. Isolator (XI-621)
3. Frequency meter (XF-710)
4. Variable Attenuator (XA-520)
5. Slotted line (SX-651)
6. Tunable probe (XP-655)
7. Detector Mount (XD-451)
8. Matched Termination (XL-400)
9. Magic Tee (XE-345/350)
10. Klystron Power Supply + Klystron Mount
11. Wave guide stands and accessories
29 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
30 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
OBSERVATIONS:
Ports Power
(W)
Calculations:
Coupling Co-efficient:
Vi
α = 10 log Vj
Therefore C = 10 – α /20
RESULT:
31 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
AIM: To study the Isolator and circulators and measure the Insertion Loss and Isolation of
Circulator.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Microwave Source (Klystron or Gunn-Diode)
2. Isolator, Frequency Meter
3. Variable Attenuator
4. Slotted Line
5. Tunable Probe
6. Detector Mount Matched Termination
7. Circulator
8. Waveguide Stand
9. Cables and Accessories
10. VSWR Meter.
CIRCULATOR:
Circulator is defined as device with ports arranged such that energy entering a port is coupled to
an adjacent port but not coupled to the other ports. This is depicted in figure circulator can have
any number of ports.
32 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
ISOLATOR:
An Isolator is a two-port device that transfers energy from input to output with little attenuation
and from output to input with very high attenuation.
The isolator, shown in Fig. can be derived from a three-port circulator by simply placing a
matched load (reflection less termination) on one port.
The important circulator and isolator parameters are:
A. Insertion Loss
Insertion Loss is the ratio of power detected at the output port to the power supplied by source to
the input port, measured with other orts terminated in the matched Load. It is expressed in dB.
B. Isolation
Isolation is the ratio of power applied to the output to that measured at the input. This ratio is
expressed in db. The isolation of a circulator is measured with the third port terminated in a
matched load.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Measurement of insertion
1. Remove the isolator or circulator from slotted line and connect the detector mount to the
slotted section. The output of the detector mount should be connected with CRO.
2. Energize the microwave source for maximum output for a particular frequency of operation.
Tune the detector mount for maximum output in the CRO.
3. Set any reference level of output in CRO with the help of variable attenuator, Let it be V1.
4. Carefully remove the detector mount from slotted line without disturbing the position of the
set up. Insert the isolator/circulator between slotted line and detector mount. Keep input port
to slotted line and detector its output port. A matched termination should be placed at third
port in case of Circulator.
5. Record the output in CRO, Let it be V2.
33 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose connections.
2. Avoid Parallax errors.
RESULT:
34 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
THEORY: Any mismatched load leads to reflected waves resulting in standing waves along the
length of the line. The ratio of maximum to minimum voltage gives the VSWR. Hence
minimum value of S is unity. If S<10 then VSWR is called low VSWR. If S>10 then VSWR is
called high VSWR. The VSWR values more than 10 are very easily measured with this setup. It
35 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
can be read off directly on the VSWR meter calibrated. The measurement involves simply
adjusting the attenuator to give an adequate reading on the meter which is a D.C. mill volt meter.
The probe on the slotted wave guide is moved t get maximum reading on the meter. The
attenuation is now adjusted to get full scale reading. Next the probe on the slotted line is
adjusted to get minimum, reading on the meter. The ratio of first reading to the second gives the
VSWR. The meter itself can be calibrated in terms of VSWR. Double minimum method is used
to measure VSWR greater than 10. In this method, the probe is inserted to a depth where the
minimum can be read without difficulty. The probe is then moved to a point where the power is
twice the minimum.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up equipment as shown in figure.
2. Keep variable attenuator in minimum attenuation position.
3. Keep control knobs of VSWR meter as below
Range dB = 40db / 50db
Input switch = low impedance
Meter switch = Normal
Gain (coarse fine) = Mid position approximately
4. Keep control knobs of klystron power supply as below.
Beam Voltage = OFF
Mod-Switch = AM
Beam Voltage Knob = fully anti clock wise
Reflection voltage knob = fully clock wise
AM-Amplitude knob = around fully clock wise
AM frequency and amplitude knob = mid position
5. Switch ‘ON’ the klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan.
6. Switch ‘ON” the beam voltage switch position and set (down) beam voltage at 300V.
7. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in VSWR meter.
8. Tune the O/P by turning the reflector voltage, amplitude and frequency of AM modulation.
9. Tune plunges of klystron mount and probe for maximum deflection in VSWR meter.
10. If required, change the range db-switch variable attenuator position and (given) gain control
knob to get deflection in the scale of VSWR meter.
11. As your move probe along the slotted line, the deflection will change.
36 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
1. Move the probe along the slotted line to get maximum deflection in VSWR meter.
2. Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until the meter indicates 1.0
on normal VSWR scale.
3. Keep all the control knob as it is move the probe to next minimum position. Read the VSWR
on scale.
4. Repeat the above step for change of S-S tuner probe depth and record the corresponding
SWR.
5. If the VSWR is between 3.2 and 10, change the range 0dB switch to next higher position and
read the VSWR on second VSWR scale of 3 to 10.
1. Set the depth of S-S tuner slightly more for maximum VSWR.
2. Move the probe along with slotted line until a minimum is indicated.
3. Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator to obtain
n a reading of 3db in the normal dB scale (0 to 10db) of VSWR meter.
4. Move the probe to the left on slotted line until full scale deflection is obtained on 0-10 db
scale. Note and record the probe position on slotted line. Let it be d1.
5. Repeat the step 3 and then move the probe right along the slotted line until full scale
deflection is obtained on 0-10db normal db scale. Let it be d2.
6. Replace S-S tuner and termination by movable short.
7. Measure distance between 2 successive minima positions of probe. Twice this distance is
guide wave length λg.
8. Compute SWR from following equation
λg
SWR = ---------------
π (d1 - d2)
37 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
OBSERVATION TABLE:
LOW VSWR
VSWR = _______
HIGH VSWR
Beam
x1 x2 x1 x2 Avg (x1-x2) = x λg=2x
Voltage
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
(v)
λg = 6cm
d1 d2 d1-d2
VSWR = λg / π (d1-d2)
(cm) (cm) (cm)
RESULT: .
38 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
39 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
THEORY:
The impedance at any point on a transmission line can be written in the form R+jx.
For comparison SWR can be calculated as
1+ R
S = where reflection coefficient ‘R’
1− R
Given as
Z − Z0
R=
Z + Z0
PROCEDURE:
1. Calculate a set of Vmin values for short or movable short as load.
2. Calculate a set of Vmin values for S-S Tuner + Matched termination as a load.
Note: Move more steps on S-S Tuner
40 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
OBSERVATION TABLE:
x1 x2 x1 x2 x1 x2
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
x = ______
λg = _____
d1= , d2 =
d = d1 ~ d2 =
Z = d/λg =
RESULT;.
41 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
42 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Measurement of Bending Loss:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram.
2. Connect one end of cable 1 (1meter) to the FO LED1 (660nm) and the other end to the
FO PIN.
3. Switch ON the power supply.
4. Set the potentiometer P0 to set the power meter to a suitable value, say-15.0dBm. Note
down this as PO1.
5. Wind one turn of the fiber cable on the mandrel or on the circular type material and note
down the new reading of the power meter as PO2.
6. Switch OFF the power supply.
7. Now the loss due to bending and strain on the plastic fiber is PO2-PO1 dB. Typically the
loss due to the strain and bending the fibre is 0.3 to 0.8dB.
8. Repeat the experiment for the LED of 850nm wave length.
9. Now compare the bending loss in the Optical Fiber at 660nm& 850nm.
Measurement of Propagation Loss:
1. Repeat the above steps 1 to 3.
2. Now connect the one end of the Fiber optic cable of length 5m to the FO LED1 and other
end to the FO PIN.
3. Note down the power meter reading PO2.
4. Connect the SMA adapter to the two cables of 1m and 5m length in series.
5. Note down the power meter reading PO3.
6. Note down all the above calculated readings in the table for 660nm LED.
7. Switch OFF the power Supply.
8. Loss in cable 1=PO3 - PO2 - Lila
Loss in cable 2=PO3 - PO1 - Lila
9. Loss in 4 m fiber cable= (Loss in cable 2) - ( Loss in cable1)
Where Lila= Loss in in-line adapter
10. Assuming a loss of 1.0dB in the in-line adapter (Lila=1.0dB), we obtain the Loss in each
cable. The difference in the losses in the two cables will be equal to the loss in 4m of fiber
(assuming that the losses at connector junctions are the same for both the cables).
10. Repeat the entire experiment with LED2 at 850nm and tabulate in table.
43 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
OBSERVATION TABLE:
For 660nm
LOSS IN LOSS IN Loss per
PO1 PO2 PO3 Loss in
S.NO CABLE 1 CABLE 2 Meter(dB)
(dBm) (dBm) (dBm) 4m fiber
(dB) (dB) At 850nm
For 850nm
LOSS IN LOSS IN Loss per
PO1 PO2 PO3 Loss in
S.NO CABLE 1 CABLE 2 Meter(dB)
(dBm) (dBm) (dBm) 4m fiber
(dB) (dB) At 850nm
RESULT.
44 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
AIM: The main aim of the experiment is to study the following ac characteristics of an intensity
modulation laser and optics systems.
1. Vin(ac) Vs Vout for fixed carrier Po and signal frequency ,Fo
2. Vin max Vs Po for known distortion free Vout at fixed Fo.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
1. Laser Diode Design Module MTSFOL TX Unit 1.no.
2. Laser Diode Design Module MTSFOL RX Unit 1.no
3. Two meter PMMA Plastic Fiber Patch cord (cable 1).
4. Two meter GI/MM Glass Fiber Patch cord. (Cable 2).
5. In-Line SMA Adaptor.
6. Numerical Aperture measurement jig.
7. Mandrel.
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect one end of the PMMA FO cable (cable 1) to the laser port on the TX Unit the
other end is first connected to FO pin (on Rx Unit) to set the carrier power level of the
laser. Then it is removed and given to FO PT (Rx Unit) to study the response of the IM
system.
45 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
TABULAR FORM:
• Vout Vs Vin
Frequency =2khz; Carrier level Po = -13.0dBm initial gain = min/unity.
Sl.no Vin(mVp-p) Vout (mVp-p) Gain=Vo/Vin
TABULAR FORM:
46 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
• Vin max Vs Po
RESULT:.
47 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
AIM: The objective of this experiment is to study a Fiber optic digital link. In this experiment
you will study the relation between the input signals & Received signals.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. DL-01 Transmitter & receiver.
2. power supply
3. 20MHz Dual Channel Oscilloscope
4. 1MHz Function Generator
5. 1 meter Fiber Cable
Experimental Set up:
THEORY:
Optical fibres may be produced with good stable transmission characteristics in long
lengths at a minimum cost and with maximum reproducibility. A range of optical fibres types
with regard to size, refractive indices and index profiles, operating wave lengths, materials, etc.,
be available in order to fulfill many different system applications.
The fibres may be converted into practical cables which can be handled in a similar
manner to conventional electrical transmission cables without problems associated with the
degradation of their characteristics or damage. The fibres and fibre cables may be terminated and
connected together without excessive practical difficulties and in ways which limit the effect of
this process on the fibre transmission characteristics to keep them within acceptable operating
48 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
levels. It is important that these jointing techniques may be applied with ease in the field
locations where cable connection takes place.
PROCEDURE:
1. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH 756V(660nm) .Do not remove the cap from
the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap. Now tight the
cap by screwing it back.
2. Connect the power supply cables with proper polarity to kit. While connecting this,
ensure that the power supply is OFF. Now switch ON the power supply.
3. Feed the TTL signal of about 1KHz square wave, to IN post of buffer section.
4. Connect the other end of Fiber to detector SFH 551v very carefully as per the
instructions in step.1
5. Observe the received signal on CRO as O/P post.
6. To measure the digital bandwidth of the link, vary the frequency of the input from
100Hz on wards and observe the effect on received signal.
EXPECTED GRAPH:
RESULT
49 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
Fig.Characteristics of LED
50 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
Fig.Losses in Cable
51 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
QUESTION BANK
EXP:
1. State Faraday’s rotation law.
2. State the properties of S matrix.
3. What are the reasons that low frequency parameters cannot be Measured in microwaves?
4. State the two parameters that describe a directional coupler? Define them.
5. State TEE junction theorems.
6. What is S matrix and write the S matrix of N port network?
7. What is meant by hybrid coupler?
8. Compare z parameters and ABCD parameters with S-parameters.
9. What are hybrid rings?
10.List the parameters that determine the performance of a directional coupler.
11. Explain the action of a rat-race junction.
12.Why are waveguide bends and twists constructed so that the direction of propagated energy
is
gradually changed?
EXP:
52 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
12. What is strapping in magnetron? How is the same effect obtained without strapping?
EXP:
EXP:
EXP:
1. Among Microwaves and light waves which have high bit rate distance product?Why?
2. Mention the three advantages of optical fiber as waveguide over conventional
metallic waveguide?
3. What is meant by mode and index profile?
4. Mention the advantages of Graded Index fiber.
5. Write the expression for the refractive index in Graded index fiber.
6. Define Numerical Aperture of step index fiber.
7. Give the expression of the effective number of modes that are guided by a curved
multimode fiber of radius ‘ a’.
8. State Snells Law.
9. Define Critical angle?
10. Define TIR?
11. What is the need of Cladding?
53 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
EXP:
1. An optical signal has lost 55% of its power after traversing 3.5 km of fiber. What is
the loss in dB/km of this fiber?
2. Define mode-field diameter.
3. What are the causes of absorption?
4. Define normalized propagation constant.
5. List the basic attenuation mechanisms in an optical fiber.
6. What is meant be mode coupling ? What causes it ?
7. Mention the two causes of intramodal dispersion.
8. Define fiber loss.
9. What do you mean be polarization mode dispersion?
10. Commonly available single mode fibers have beat lengths in the range 10cm <Lp
<2m. What range of refractive index differences does this correspond to?
11. Find the coupling loss for two fibers having core refractive index profiles _E =2.0 and _R =1.5
12. Define Raleigh Scattering loss.
13. Define Mie Scattering loss.
14. When the mean optical power launched into an 8 km length of fiber is 120 μw.
Determine the overall signal attenuation or loss in decibels.
15. How are micro bending losses reduced?
16. Distinguish intrinsic and extrinsic absorption.
17. Distinguish dispersion shifted and dispersion flattened fibers.
EXP:
54 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
1. Define radiance.
2. What is meant by “ population inversion”?
3. what is meant by heterojunction?
4. What is meant by indirect band gap semiconductor material?
5. Draw the three key transition processes involved in laser action.
6. Give examples for direct and indirect semiconductor materials.
7. Define internal quantum efficiency of an LED.
8. Name few splicing methods in fiber optics.
9. Compare LED and LASER.
10. What so you mean by heterojunction ? Mention its advantages.
a. List the different types of mechanical misalignments that can occur between
two joined fibers.
b. Calculate the ratio of stimulated emission rata to the spontaneous emission
rate for a lamp operating at a temperature of 1000 K. Assume average
operating wavelength is 0.5μm.
11. Define lambertian pattern .
12. Define FWHM.
13. Define Modal or speckle noise.
14. Define “ Kinks”.
15. Define Mode partition noise.
16. Define Lensing Schemes.
17. Define Splicing ? What are types of Splicing.?
18. What are the Characteristics of Light Source .
EXP:
55 MW& OC LAB
Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)
EXP:
56 MW& OC LAB