,Exam strategy: Part 2_~ __ ~ __ ~

Recognising irony, exaggeration and figurative language

Sometimes the writer does not want to be taken literally. He/She may use:
» irony - say one thing, but mean quite the opposite.
'You failed your driving test again? That was clever!'
» exaggeration - deliberately exaggerate a situation in order to amuse the reader or
to put a point across more clearly.
Henry's sense of direction is so bad that he gets lost between his bedroom and the
bathroom!
» figurative language - draw a picture in the reader's mind to make a description more
vivid.

a Read through the text below.

Nothing is so uplifting to the soul as a compulsory game of rugby played on a frozen and unyielding
school sports field on a chill winter afternoon in England. Filled with the ineffable joy of youth, you
change in an antediluvian shack that labours under the name of a sports pavilion.You c1imb,oh so
eagerly, out of your snug, wind-proofed outer vestments into a pair of pathetically lightweight
shorts, mentally running through a range of colourful adjectives to describe the uplifting
experience. You advance towards the sports master, a bear of a man who is of course sensibly
accoutred against the cold in so many layers of clothing that he has assumed the rotundity of the
clinically obese. Under his stern gaze, you and your fellow unfortunates skip happily out to where,
now shrouded in mist, the playing field awaits you, together with the steady drizzle of freezing rain.

m Now answer the following questions.

1 Do you think the writer really enjoys playing rugby on a freezing day in winter?
2 Is the writer implying that lightweight shorts are sufficient protection against
the freezing cold?
3 Are the boys actually happy to be playing in the mist and drizzle?
;_._------
.' , There were abou~irty ~o-;;--- - --- -------,
, them were amazingl dull an masters at Repton and most of I

! uninterested in bay; But C~r~otaIlYcolourless and completely

an eccentric old bachelor,
I was neither dull nor colourless ~s, k
Now match each of the texts you have read with I ungainly man with draa in . or ers was a charmer, a vast
one of the descriptions below. I clothes. He wore creasele~sfT blo~dhound cheeks and filthy

I..
jacket with patChes all over ~nnedtr~usersand a brown tweed
1 The writer wants to amuse. He/She lapels. He was meant to teach ~n Its of dned food on the
exaggerates to make the situation more taught us nothing at all and th t s mathematiCs,but in truth he
His lessons consisted of an : was the way he meant it to be.
humorous but is basically describing a real Inventedby him so that the SUbndless series of distractions all
situation. have to be discussed H Jectof mathematiCswould never
classroom and sit dow~ at~· W~UI~ come lumbering into the
2 The writer wants to amuse. He/She clearly I
would wait expectantly won~s . es ahndglare at the class. We
, , ,erlng w at was coming next.
means the opposite of what is written on Let s have a look at the cr .
the page. he would say, fishing a crumo~:word puzzle In today's Times,' ,
pocket. 'That'll be a lot m p d newspaper out of his jacket
figures.' are fun that fiddling around with
I
What kind of publication do you think each of ,
the extracts might come from;> ~ from 'Boy' by Roald Dahl
 Unit -6
o Before you read the text below look at the statements and say whether they reflect what you know
or believe to be true about Britain.

1 Oxford University contributes to Britain's prestige and success.

2 Britain is an important industrial power.
3 Oxford University makes an essential contribution to British
life and society.
4 Britain's leaders have had the best traditional education available.

ow read the text below. What is the writers opinion of the views expressed in the statements in F
above. Underline the phrases in the text which help you to answer the question.

C/ here are certain things that you have to be British or at least older than me, or
G possibly both, to appreciate: really milky tea, allotments', the belief that household
wiring is an interesting topic of conversation, thinking that going to choose
wallpaper with your mate constitutes a reasonably good day out ... There may be one or
two others that don't occur to me at the moment.

I'm not saying that these things are bad or boring or misguided, merely that their full
value and appeal yet eludes me. Into this category, I would also tentatively insert Oxford.
I have the greatest respect for the university and its eight hundred years of tireless
intellectual toil, but I must confess that I'm not entirely clear what it's for, now that Britain
no longer needs colonial administrators who can quip in Latin. I mean to say, you see all
these dons and scholars striding past, absorbed in deep discussions about post-Kantian
aesthetics and you think: Most impressive, but perhaps a tad indulgent in a country with
three million unemployed and whose last great invention was cat's-eyes2? Only the night
before there had been an item on News at Ten in which Trevor McDonald had joyfully
announced that the Samsung Corporation was building a new factory in Tyneside. Now call
me an unreconstructed philistine, but it seems to me - and I offer this observation in a spirit
of friendship - that when a nation's industrial prowess has plunged so low that it is reliant
on Korean firms for its future economic security, then perhaps it is time to re-address one's
educational priorities and maybe give a little thought to what's going to put some food on
the table in about 2010.

The writer suggests that academics at 2 The writer implies that

Oxford University A many Oxford graduates will be
.\ hould have a more practical outlook. unemployed .
B are old-fashioned. B Oxford has not come up with any good
C hould work in industry. inventions.

D are not as intellectual as they were. C the University does not contribute
substantially to the !1ation's economy.
D education is not an answer to the
nation's problems.

;J/ots of lalld 011 the outskirts of the city which can be rented by city-dwelle1's to grow vegetables, flowers,
- Oteri consumption.
:'U:t objects fixed in the middle of the road, that shine when Ut by car Ughts, to guide traffic in the dark.
E_xam practice: Part 2. ----_
You are going to read four extracts which are all connected with education and learning. For questions 1-8
choose the answer <A, B, C or D) which fits best.

about Latin. There is only hard, honest toil. The

Latin result when you have studied

life you approach
straightforward
Latin, is that in later
an issue in an honest, stupid,
fashion, which is the right way, in
the long run, for approaching any issue. You don't
look for loopholes. Honest stupidity is the only thing
The study of Latin builds that brings you lasting satisfaction - even if it is
character. If you have Latin on Iy for the reason that you are too stupid to know
throughout your school any better.
years, and you have enough Penology and education being, for obvious
of it, you will never in later reasons, closely interrelated sciences, it is as well to
Iife become decadent - no consider, for a moment, the advisability of
matter how weak-willed you introducing the study of Latin as a prison task for
are naturally. our convicts along with the more orthodox activities
That is where, when it of packing oakum, sewing mail bags and breaking
comes to character- stones. 'The stone-pile was nothing/ I can imagine a
building, Latin is so superior reformed recidivist saying, 'and I could always do
to Mathematics. solitary. But that fourth-year Latin class left me a
Mathematics teaches you broken man. I am only 52 - and look at me. '0
to be slick, the use of tempora,o mores'.'
- ingenuity, to look for quick No, Latin is not a dead language. There is a great
ways - like usin-g logarithm tables, instead of future for. it.
multiplying out. But there is no nonsense like that

1 The writer implies that

A those who study Mathematics are not
as able as Latin scholars. Question 2: Does the writer mean you to take his
B those who study Latin are not always comments about Latin literally or is he being ironic?
very bright.
C Latin scholars are more honest than
other students.
D Latin scholars are not as steadfast as
mathematicians.

2 In linking penology with education, the

writer is
A taking a scientific stance.
B making a serious comment.
C stating a well-known fact.
D using irony.
 Unit 6

P,ar{y memorIes
spied, she pried, she crouched, she crept, she
pounced - she was a terror.
Each morning was war without declaration;
no one knew who would catch it next. We
stood to attention, half-crippled in our desks,
till Miss B walked in, whacked the walls with a
ruler, and fixed us with her squinting eye.
'Good a-morning, children!' 'Good morning,
Teacher!' The greeting was like a rattling of
swords. Then she would scowl at the floor and
begin to growl, 'AI' Farther ... '; at which we
said the Lord's Prayer, praised all good things,
and thanked God for the health of our King.
_ ly first days in the Big Room were spent in
But scarcely had we bellowed the last Amen
regret for the young teacher I'd left in the than Crabby coiled, uncoiled, and sprang, and
Infants, for her braided breasts and knocked some poor boy sideways.
unbuttoning hands and her voice ,of sleepy So we did not much approve of Crabby -
1m-e. Quite clearly the Big Room boasted no though she was responsible for our excellent
uch comforts; Miss B, the Head Teacher, to reflexes. Apart from this, her teaching was not
,\-hom I was now delivered, being about as . memorable. She appears in my recollection as
physically soothing as a rake. merely a militant figure, a hunched-up little
She was a bunched and punitive little body creature all spring-coils and slaps - not a
and the school had christened her Crabby; she monster by any means, but a natural
had a sour yellow look, lank hair coiled in manifestation of what we expected of school.
earphones, and the skin and voice of a turkey.
We were all afraid of the gobbling Miss B; she

3 It seems that the children at this school

A had low expectations of school.
B were in fear of all their teachers. Question 3: When the writer describes
the schoolchildren as 'half-crippled', is
C were physically deformed_
he speaking literally or figuratively?
D were being prepared for war.

4 The students' excellent reflexes were

A a result of Crabby's good teaching.
B an unintended result of Crabby's behaviour.
C nothing to do with Crabby.
D learned in physical education classes.
 E Chewing gum, until now considered the ultimate junk food and the national dish of the gormless, turns
out to have a positive effect on cognitive performance. In the first intellectual victory for supporters of
~ progressive education in many years, it seems that the teacher telling the child at the back of the class
CJ) to 'spit it out' has got it all wrong. The Human Cognitive Neuro-Science Unit at the University of
Northumbria has tested the thinking and memory of those who chew gum The results show that gum-
CJ) chewers perform for better in cognitive tests than those who did not partake

.-c This new information makes many things clear that were previously shrouded in mystery. It was said
of Gerald Ford I that he could not walk and chew gum at the same time. That he proved so bad at
walking and was constantly falling over was seen as a sign that he was not up to the job. Now it is
~
apparent that faced with the choice between walking and masticating he picked wisely. Even though
(I)
..c he fell down the steps of many aircraft, his performance
enhanced.
when he reached the ground was greatly

u Certain mysteries of literature and language are cleared up, too. Shakespeare has Brutus tell
Cassius to 'chew on this' when he wants him to think about something. Chew on what2 Now all is
clear. Difficult problems which require cogitation are confusingly called 'sticky'. Be confused no
longer.

The beneficial effects of gum may come as a surprise to some, but chewers themselves, being
intellectually superior to everyone else, of course, have been aware of gum's advantages for years.

Sadly, some politicians want to tax gum to pay for the price of scraping discarded pieces from the
street It can confidently be predicted that such small-mindedness among non-chewers will leave the
mouths of gum consumers everywhere gaping open.

5 The writer states that chewing gum

A improves a person's physical well-being.
B dates back to the days of Shakespeare.
C may help you to think more clearly.
D helps you to solve language problems.

6 If politicians raise a tax on gum, gum-chewers

will probably
A be unable to continue with their habit.
B be completely astonished.
C become small-minded.
D have to look for discarded packets of gum
in the streets.
 Unit 6

W
ith the summer came Peter to tutor me, a tall, handsome young man,
fresh from Oxford, with decided ideas on education which I found
rather trying to begin with. But gradually the atmosphere of the island
worked its way insidiously under his skin, and he relaxed and became quite
human. At first the lessons were painful to an extreme: interminable wrestling
with fractions and percentages, geological strata and warm currents, nouns,
verbs, and adverbs. But, as the sunshine worked its magic on Peter, the fractions
and percentages no longer seemed to him an overwhelmingly important part of
life and they were gradually pushed more and more into the background; he
discovered that the intricacies of geological strata and the effects of warm
currents could be explained much more easily while swimming along the coast,
while the simplest way of teaching me English was to allow me to write
something each day which he would correct. Diffidently, I suggested I wrote a
book, and Peter, somewhat startled, but not being able to think of any reason
hy I should not write a book, agreed. While I was at work on my masterpiece,
breathing heavily, tongue protruding, Peter and Margo' would take a stroll in the
sunken garden to look at the flowers. To my surprise, they had both suddenly
become very botanically-minded. Occasionally, in the early days, Peter suffered
rom sudden spasms of conscience, my epic would be relegated to a drawer,
and we would pore over mathematical problems. But as the summer days grew
longer, and Margo's interest in gardening became more sustained, these
irritating periods became less frequent.
from 'My Family and Other Animals' by Gerald Durrell

7 In the beginning, the writer found Peter's attitude

towards education
A refreshing,
B stimulating.
C challenging.
D irritating.

8 It seems that Peter

.~ was employed to tutor more than one pupil.
B was distracted by a romantic interest.
C \\'as irritated by Margo at first.
D specialised in botany.
Vocabulary deveIQpment ~~ __
Similar words
Fill in the blanks in the sentences below using the words given in the correct form.

1 expel/suspend
a The headmaster Paula, so she had to give up any ideas of further
education and get herself a job.
b She's been for three weeks for being rude to a teacher.
2 degree/diploma
a I don't want to go to university but I'm going to take evening classes and get
a in catering.
b If I get a good , I'd like to stay on at university and do a
postgraduate course.
3 revise/cram
a The college is the students hard for the summer examinations.
b I can't come out as I have to evelything about the Second World War.
4 competition/trial
a It came down to a of strength between the two men.
b If you want to enter the , you must comply with the rules.
S themes/subjects
a The main .
and Biology.
b At least three run through the novel.

Similar but different

Choose the correct alternative from each of the pairs in italics below.

1 The machine began to emit/eject a strange noise.

2 Tom was discharged/expelled from the army with full honours after being wounded in
battle.
3 Mrs Smith has always tried to imbue/impart her students with a love of literature.
4 The new headmaster tries to instil/insert a sense of pride into all his pupils.
S Lara has so far rebuffed/Tefuted all our helpful suggestions.
6 The visiting athlete gave a speech in which he-extoTted/extolled the merits of sport.
7 Stop trying to evade/evoke the issue, and answer the question you've been asked.
8 The Parent Teacher Association has decided to assert/adopt a tough stance on bullying.
 Unit 6
Adjective and noun collocations
Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct word from the box. You will find some
of these expressions and phrases in the texts you read earlier.

1 The prisoner was given a sentence of six years . labour.

2 The teacher gave his pupils a(n) grounding in Mathematics.
3 Since his wife left him, our Science teacher has been a(n) man.
4 That Paul Clark is a(n) liar; you can't believe a word he says!
S A good education will bring you satisfaction.
6 It is important that a child learns self-discipline during its years.

Expressionsto describe people

Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct word from the box.

armchair fair-weather live nosey

smart 50ft stuffed wet

Ourneighbour is such a(n) parker! If you even step out of the house he demands
to know where you're going.
2 Don't be such a(n) shirt. There's no need to be so formal. Just let yourself go.
3 Anita is a real aleck; I don't mind that she always jumps in with the right answer
but must she do it in such an I1nnoying way?
4 The girl next door is quite a(n) wire. She's always giving parties or going off to
the disco.
S My boyfriend spends all day Saturday watching football on TV and shouting at the referee.
He's what you'd call a(n) critic.
6 Mum is quite strict about pocket money but Dad is'a(n) touch.
7 Maria is only a(n) friend; if you're in trouble, she's nowhere to be found.
SOh, stop being such a(n) blanket and come and join in the games.

Expressionswith run
Replace the phrases in italics below with the correct expression from the box in the right form.

one's blood runs cold run away with the idea/notion run counter to
run riot run somebody to ground/earth

I couldn't find Mr Smith anywhere but I finally succeeded in finding him in the staff room.
2 Don't think that it is true that because the exams are over you can get away with relaxing!
3 \;\1hat I am doing now is the opposite to everything I have been taught.
4 I was terrified when I thought that one of the children was missing.
S When the teacher came back into the classroom, he was horrified to find the children were
behaving in an uncontrolled way.
Words connected with light and water
List the words under the correct heading.

drip glow sparkle trickle

gleam gush spill twinkle
glint pour sprinkle wink

Light ' . Water

Similar but different

Choose the correct alternative frorn each of the pairs in italics below.

1 That school claims to give its pupils a thorough/sound grounding in the classics.
2 I'm going to study medicine, hoping/assuming I pass all my exams of course.
3 I believe the money wasted on teaching Latin should be used/put to better use.
4 An inspection of the school is long outstanding/overdue.
5 There aren't enough volunteers for the summer fair. Would you mind helping out/joining
up?
6 Please resist/refrain from running in the corridor; it is a danger to yourself and others.
7 I objected when my friends said we should play truant but they shouted/called me down.
S His place at university is reliant on/dependent on his getting top grades in his final exams
9 Mrs Brown has promised to let us out early this afternoon. It's an inc'itement/'incentive
to make us work harder.
10 There is very good provision/assistance for the disabled in the new school buildings.
 Unit 6
Prepositions
Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct preposition from the box. You will
need to use some of the prepositions more than once. Many of these usages have appeared
in the texts you have read in this unit.

The boy froze in horror as the teacher advanced him,

brandishing a large stick.
2 A classical education is no longer considered by most people to be superior
...........................any other kind.
3 Mentally, she ran a range of adjectives to describe the sight in
front of her.
4 These days, many students are turning their backs traditional
subjects such as Latin in favour of more trendy options.
S The teacher sat down and glared the class.
6 Students of foreign languages shouldn't become too reliant .
dictionaries.
7 Hard work usually pays off the long run.
8 The invention of the computer has had a major impact .
learning.
9 I offered my classmate a gift the spirit of friendship.
10 Intelligence will not guarantee you a place at university any
means; you have to study hard too.

Phrasal verbs with fall

Study the list of phrasal verbs with fall on page 161 and fill in the blanks in the sentences below
with the correct phrasal verb in the right form.

1 When I was a child, I was always arid grazing my knees.

2 The tutor who came to help me with my studies my older
sister.
3 We used to be best friends at school but we one day and
we haven't spoken since.
4 I had to spend a month in hospital last year so I really with
my school work.
S We were going to spend our holidays in the Caribbean but our plans
...........................when my husband became ill.
6 fm quite happy to whatever you decide.
7 The starving children the bread as if they hadn't eaten for
weeks.
8 I received an e-mail assuring me that I would become a millionaire if I posted
£10 to the sender. I certainly wasn't deceived by that trick though!
9 A.s soon as she started speaking, everyone laughing.
10 The book was very badly made - it just in my hands.
 r-'" -

All in a day's worl< ~~

-- -j

Exam strateg}{: ~art 3 --.

How to recognise reference words and other text links

To avoid repeating the same words or phrases too often, writers often use:
)io> synonyms - different words or phrases which actually mean the same thing.
)io> reference words - it, this, them, etc.
)io> paraphrases - different language to describe the same idea.
By matching these words or phrases with the original parts of the text they refer to, you will
often be able to see where a missing paragraph should be located in a text.

rJ Read through the text below.

There are several key technologies which will, without doubt, affect the nature of work
in the twenty-first century, one of which is virtual reality. Appealing to several of your
senses at once, this marvel of science presents images that respond instantaneously to
your movements. It allows people to behave as if they were somewhere completely
different; this could be a place which existed hundreds of years ago, or a completely
fictional one. At present, you need to wear bizarre-looking goggles to receive the
images. However, as computers become smarter these will be replaced by more
lightweight ones, which will be able to superimpose synthesised images onto the real
world.

Complex tasks are already being performed using multimedia applications, some of
them in hazardous environments such as space, or inside nuclear reactors. Pilots now
train in virtual reality cockpits; these merge three-dimensional graphics with the view
out of the window and contain sound systems that provide prompts to tell them about
their surroundings. In the not-so-distant future, surgeons will be conducting delicate
operations on patients, the latter possibly being thousands of miles away, while
architects will stroll through buildings and environments still in the first stage of
design.

As software evolves, complex systems may be simplified into models which are no
longer beyond human comprehension. New ranks of specialists will clearly be needed to
enable both expert and amateur alike to access and utilise such applications. Clearly,
the job opportunities thus created for those trained in this sphere will be immense.

m Now look at the words and phrases in italics and say what they refer to.

II Before you read the text on page 57 make sure you know the meaning of the words in the box.
 Unit 7
Read quiSkly through the whole of the base text and all of the missing paragraphs before you
attempt to fit the paragraphs in the gaps. Then use the clues to help you complete the exercise.

Job applicants still send hard copy CVs, but most Not much escapes the critical eye of an
are sent bye-mail. The bare bones of a solid CV experienced line manager. So, it is a good idea
nevertheless remain unchanged and to take a moment to ask yourself why you would
presentation is as relevant as ever to reaching want to employ you if you were an employer. In
the interview. On paper or on screen, a smart fact, if the job really means that much to you,
curriculum vitae should live up to its meaning there is no harm in asking a recruitment
and trace 'the course of your life' - with special consultant to offer a critique of your Cv. Or, be
emphasis on the working part of it. brave and put it to the test by giving a copy to a
couple of colleagues or acquaintances - one
who barely knows you and one who knows you
Q]--------- well.
'Make your covering letter succinct: says Sue
Champion, a recruitment consultant for Office
Team. 'Some CVs read like War and Peace. If ~--------
you waffle, the recipient will not want to read Then, put it away for a day before a final read
on.' No one knows better than a line manager to ensure that your strengths still leap off the
what makes or breaks a Cv. page and that there are no spelling mistakes.

~I -- A Compare their reactions: the fewer

questions they need to ask, the better
'CVs are more interesting to employers if they
the Cv.
highlight the key achievements in your career:
says Ms Champion. 'Include examples of how
you have saved or made money for your B But its literal translation is not a licence
company, or have implemented new ideas.' If to write a rambling warts-and-all self-
you show that you can save company resources, portrait.
an astute line manager is going to think twice
before binning your Cv. Because of the relative C Or, if they do, it's impossible to open.
ease and speed of e-mails, extra care needs to Ordinarily it is a simple mistake, but
be taken to avoid embarrassing mistakes. 'Some some line managers would not see it
people refer in their covering letter to an . that way.
attachment and then forget to include it: says
Ms Champion. D This is a breed that regularly sifts
through hundreds of applications, and
0~ _ yours needs to stand out. Describe your
A CV for the twenty-first century should be a attainments - perhaps not every
plain, easy-to-read sales document, says Brownie point that you have earned, but
Mr Warmsley, another recruitment consultant, more than just job titles and dates of
adding: 'A good CV should be like a miniskirt: employment.
long enough to cover the essentials but short
enough to maintain interest.' But beware, many
human resources departments are strict about
checking qualifications and experience.

Cine 1: The paragraph which follows Question 1 includes the word waff7e. Which of
the missing paragraphs contains a synonym for this word?
CIlle 2: Do you think a recruitment consultant writes CVs for people or looks at job
applications?
Clue 3: Which of the paragraphs A-D contains a synonym for the word achievement
mentioned in Paragraph 3?
Clue 4: Would someone forget to include an attachment to an e-mail by accident or on purpose? (Paragraph 3)
Clue 5: Find a pronoun in one of the missing paragraphs that could refer to an attachment. (Paragraph 3)
Clue 6: Find a pronoun in one of the missing pamgmphs that could refer to a couple of colleagues
or acquaintances. (Pamgraph 4)
ExaJlJ practLce: Part 3:- -- _
You are going to read an extract from a literary biography. Seven paragraphs have been removed
from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (1-7>. There is one
extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

Then in early spring, with the flats half-finished, Potemkin1• He spoke briefly, with savage almost
something happened which threw us all together; contemptuous dignity, and the other gobblers round the
something ordinary in'itself but for me on occasion which ground fell silent.
hod much of the punitive, rasping air of the Thirties. It
began one morning with the discovery that some non~ 0'--- _
union men hod been smuggled onto the iob by the The manager hod been listening at the door of his office,
manager - provocation enough to lower for a moment,
smirking, and playing with his trilby When he heard our
at least, the sacred barriers between the trades. decision he went pink with rage and began to bounce
Someone sounded the alarm by beating on on iron
up and down like a baby 'Outside!' he screamed
triangle, and everyone immediately stopped work. 'Everyone out this instantl Outside - or I'll have you
arrested for trespassing!' We filed through the gates and
~I ---- sot down on the Heath, five hundred men in the rain, and
We massed in the open outside the manager's office, watched as the gates were locked behind us, and a little
our tempers suddenly transformed - over five hundred later, the police arrived The half~finished buildings stood
men huddled in the row cold wind, waiting for our ronks wet and empty, with a look of sudden death.
to throw up a leader

0'-- _ ~~---------
The strike lasted two weeks - a fortnight of back~street
The loaded phrases touched off little bush-fires of anger agitation during which I tasted the first sweet whiff of
which flickered across the crowd, then died Finally the revolution Without work or status, we lived on
manager sent a message ordering us to return to work. underground existence, cut off from the rule of low,
meeting in cafes and basements, drawing up
0, _ manifestos, planning demonstrations, pointing placards
Just then a toll stoop~backed labourer pushed his way to and posters.
the front and climbed up on to a pile of timber, and as
soon as he turned to address us we knew that he'd do, 0 _
and that the vacuum was filled. I began to see visions of the day when the workers
would triumph, and we would be running with flogs
~'----------- through the streets, the bosses in flight, the temples of
His face, in fact, was almost the perfect prototype of the privilege falling, other workers waiting to ioin us, to
worker-hero of early Soviet posters - proud, passionate, inherit a scrubbed new world of open-necked shirts,
merciless and fanatic, yet deeply scarred by hardship. bare arms flexed in common labour.
He was still in his twenties but already hod a history, Then, suddenly, the strike was over, closed by a
he'd been jailed after a naval mutiny, and now as he grudging agreement, and we were back at work again;
towered above us, his voice mangled and eloquent, his bock at dodging the foreman and gambling in corners,
finger stabbing the cold spring air, he stood enlarged on unchanged except for two weeks' hunger.
a screen that seemed giant~sized, a figure straight out of
from As I Walked Oul One Midsummer Morning' by Lourie Lee
 Unit 7
A An hour <lgo we'd been in there, swarming E In this hazy ghetto of ideological struggle
all over them, now a row of black-caped it was easy to lose our dimensions and the
cops stood between us. Such a narrow gap immediate aims of the strike became so
between consent and dispute. We were blurred that we felt ready to take on the
outlaws now all right. When we approached world.
the police, expecting a bit of traditional
banter, they seemed just as livid as the F Cement mixers coughed and came to a
manager. halt; the men swarmed off the rooftops and
scrambled down the scaffolding as though
B Consequently we hardened ourselves into abandoning a stricken battleship.
a compact little group, even more exclusive
and cagey than theirs. The use of solidarity G This man was later to become one of the
was the only skill we had, and I think we legends of the Thirties, part of its myth of
would have slain for each other. class struggle and protest - a lean powerful
figure with dangling arms, big fists, and a
C He'd discuss nothing. We could take it or square bitter face.
leave it.
H At first we were lost; sporadic meetings
D With a few iron words he raised the level broke out, voices shouted against each other.
of our grievance to the heights of cosmic 'Brothers! - Comrades! - We got to stand
revolution. We had been vague and solid on this - Chuck 'em out - Put our
wavering; now we had no doubts. We voted demands to the bosses.'
for immediate strike.

As you read the text for the first time, underline any pronouns and other reference words. Read
the missing paragraphs and underline the reference words here too. These will help you to fit the
correct paragraphs into the gaps.

Question 3: The text before Question 3 is about the manager. Two of the paragraphs A-D
contain a pronoun which refers to a man. Only one of them refers to the manager.
~ocabulary deMelopmeot ~ _
Jobs and equipment
a Find the odd one out in each of the groups of words below.

1 splints sling easel stretcher tweezers drip

2 test-tube flask chisel pipette Bunsen burner specimen dish
3 roller tripod sandpaper varnish paint stripper putty
4 spanner plane chisel saw drill
5 stapler hole-puncher scalpel drawing pin highlighter paperclip

b Now match each of the word groups with a picture of the person you would expect to
use them as part of their job.

D D D D D
Aspects of employment
Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct word from the box. You will not
need to use all the words.

backlog fire f1exitime freelance merger overload overtime

pension petty cash redundancy package retirement
self-employed shift work the dole trade union workforce workload

1 He received quite a nice when thc company downsized its workforce.

2 I wasn't surprised when To got the sack. She was caught pilfering from the

3 Tony is a(n) editor, which means he can accept or turn down work as he
likes.
4 He took on a huge when the firm expanded and hasn't had a weekend
off for ages.
5 The government have introduced measures to get youngsters off and back
to work.
6 There has been a(n) between Centro lux and Apex which makes the new
company the largest in Europe.
7 Many people work long and hard to build up a decent for their old age.
S The firm instituted health guidelines for the whole .
9 The staff put in many hours of to catch up on the of work
that had built up during the dispute.
10 Dave is joining a(n) so that he can get some backing if he ever has a
grievance against the company.
 Unit 7
Common work-related expressions
Replace the phrases in italics below with a suitable idiom or expression from the box in the right form.
You willnot need to use all the phrases.

a appoint somebody to a h pass somebody over for 0 enter into negotiations

post!situation/position promotion p drive the (hard) bargain
b take somebody on give/hand in one's notice q corner the market (in sth)
c take up a new post i give somebody the sack r be within/outside one's
d turn somebody down for k get the push/one's field
a job marching orders s be in the red/in the black
e show somebody the ropes make a (takeover) bid t pull rank

I: get a foot on the ladder

be a dogsbody
m tender for a contract
n a breach of contract

1 As it's your first day at work I will give you an idea of the basics.
2 We were making a loss but due to an increase in sales we have money in the bank.
3 After a six-week strike, the workers have started talks to solve the dispute with the
management.
4 Bob is in a junior post but once he is in a position from which he can pTOgress
upwards he will reach the top.
S I cannot comment on that issue as it is not connected with my area of work.
6 John is going to start a new job in September.
7 Simon hates his job because he has to do all the jobs nobody else wants to do.
8 Gemma expected to be promoted to manager but she was ignored and not given the
position.
9 The suppliers failed to deliver the parts on time and were accused of not doing what
they had promised to do.
10 When I disagreed with the supervisor she used her authority unfairly to make me do
as she wanted.

Phrasal verbs with break

The text on page 59 states that sporadic meetings broke our Study the list of phrasal verbs with break
on page 161 and fillin the blanks in the sentences below with the correct phrasal verb
in the right form.

The company negotiations when they heard that their prospective

customers were in financial difficulties.
2 We're going to for the Christmas holidays in a few weeks.
3 The directors decided to their partnership because of irreconcilable
differences.
4 He proposed to his boss but was taken aback when she laughing.
S The thieves the offices during the Christmas holiday.
6 I'm sorry to your conversation but I think it's time to go.
7 Fighting as the strikers were leaving the premises.
8 As soon as the railwaymen found out that the talks had , they came
out on strike.
9 The strikers the police cordon and occupied the building.
10 He tried to comfort her but she from him and ran out of the room.
11 This photocopier is useless; it's always .
12 The immate of his cell by squeezing through a high window.
Similar but different
Choose the correct alternative from each of the pairs in italics below.

1 . My desk is cluttered/burdened with rubbish.

2 The company faces several problems, only/not the least of which is a lack of money.
3 There has been a lot of speculation/contemplation about the choice of a new director.
4 He's been working extremely hard so would find a holiday profitable/beneficial.
5 The factory was besieged with workers who had a hindrance/grievance against the
management.
6 Tom's new job does not really provide him with enough range/scope for his talents.
7 Should/Were the company to go bankrupt, the government would take it over.
8 A good salesman is always aware of the latest market trends/drifts.

Collocations with adjectives

Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct word from the box to complete to
collocations in bold.

dead-end flying golden rough skeleton

snap star sure-fire vested vicious

1 The more we discuss the problem, the further we get from an answer; it's a(n) .
circle.
2 Our designers have finally come up with a(n) solution to the problems we'vc
been having.
3 Due to the latest outbreak of flu we have been reduced to a(n) staff.
4 At a(n) guess, I would say that half the staff will be made redundant.
5 I'm not going to take a(n) decision; I need some time to think this out.
6 The managing director is probably going to make a(n) visit to our factory to
check that work is on schedule.
7 On his retirement he received a(n) handshake of £10,000.
8 Mr Smith is our performer this week; he has achieved sales figures way ahead
of anyone else on the team.
9 Sally was a wonderful actress; what a pity she ended up in a(n) job like this!
10 Don't expect John to give you an unbiased opinion; he has a(n) interest in
keeping the firm going.
 Unit 7
Similar but different
Choose the correct alternative from each of the pairs in italicsbelow. Many of the words and phrases
have appeared in the texts you have read in this unit.

Your CV should cover the bare bones/skin of what you have done - try not to give
too many irrelevant details.
2 Keep to the point when you write your job application and do not wobble/waffle.
3 Pilots do a great deal of their training in virtuous/virtual reality cockpits.
4 There is no harm/hurt in asking a professional to check over your CV before you
send it.
S Your job application needs to stand up/out from the others.
6 The man managed to defraud/smuggle a large quantity of cigarettes through customs.
7 When the director started to speak, everybody lay/fell silent.
8 While they were working on the oil rig, the men were completely cut off/out from
their families.
9 The men came off! out on strike because one of their colleagues was sacked.
10 The boss refused to increase our salary and said we could take it or leave/let it.

m Prepositions
Fillin the blanks in the sentences below with the correct preposition from the box to complete
the phrases in bold. You will need to use some of the prepositions more than once.

1 I'd like a job the field of advertising.

2 A CV should look good paper.
3 Trouble broke at the factory when a worker was fined for being late.
4 You should put a lot of emphasis your work experience.
S There is no harm asking someone to check your CV for you.
6 Many human resources departments are strict checking whether you really
have the qualifications you claim to have.
7 If you waffle too much, the recipient of your letter will not want to read .
8 If you write your CV well, your strengths should leap the page.
9 Recruitment consultants have to sift hundreds of job applications.
10 The intruders were arrested trespassing.
Exam st ategy: Part 4._-----------.

How to read between the lines

Sometimes an author implies meaning, rather than stating it
explicitly. As readers, we need to look beyond the words
printed on the page and use our intelligence to infer meaning.

rJ Read through the text below.

The boys at school laughed about him, whistling in the bicycle sheds as he was said to f'
whistle over the bodies of his victims. 'The Whistler will get you,' they called after her.
He could be anywhere. He always stalked by night. He could be here. She had an impulse It
to throw herself down and press her body into the soft, rich-smelling earth, to cover her
ears and lie there rigid until the dawn. But she managed to control her panic. She had to
get to the crossroads and catch the bus. She forced herself to step out of the shadows
and begin again her almost silent walk.
She wanted to break into a run but managed to resist. The creature, man or beast,
crouching in the undergrowth was already sniffing her fear, waiting until her panic broke.
Then she would hear the crash of the breaking bushes, his pounding feet, feel his panting
breath hot on her neck. She must keep walking, swiftly but silently, holding her bag
tightly against her side, hardly breathing, eyes fixed ahead. And as she walked she
prayed: 'Please God, let me get safely home and I'll never lie again. I'll always leave in
time. Help me to get to the crossroads safely. Make the bus come quickly. Oh God,
please help me.'
And then, miraculously, her prayer was answered. Suddenly, about thirty yards ahead
of her, there was a woman. She didn't question how, so mysteriously, this slim, slow-
walking figure had materialised. It was sufficient that she was there. As she drew nearer
with quickening step she could see the swathe of long, blonde hair under a tight-fitting
beret, and what looked like a belted trenchcoat.

Read the sentences below and decide if they are accurate. If so, say what evidence there is in
the text to support this view.

1 The girl is suggestible.

2 She is walking through a built-up area in a city.
3 Someone is definitely hiding in,the bushes.
4 Her parents lmow all about what she has been doing tonight.
5 She is out later than usual.
6 The 'figure' ahead of her may not be as innocent and comforting as she thinks.
 Unit 8
m Read through the text below about one man's childhood fear. What was he afraid of?

Those twenty yards of crunching gravel where the lights of the house were momentarily
screened were a weekly horror. Once through the gate to the drive he would walk fast,
but not too fast since the power that ruled the night could smell out fear as dogs smell
out terror. His mother, he knew, would never have expected him to walk those yards
alone had she known that he suffered such atavistic panic, but she hadn't known and
he would have died before telling her. And his father? His father would have expected
him to be brave, would have told him that God was God of the darkness as He was of
the light. There were after all a dozen appropriate texts he could have quoted. 'Darkness
and light are both alike to Thee,' but they were not alike to a sensitive ten-year-old boy.
It was on those lonely walks that he had first had intimations of an essentially adult truth,
that it is those who most love us who cause us the most pain.
from 'Devices and Desires' by P D. James

Now answer the following questions which Use your answers to the questions in D to
require you to infer meaning from the text. choose the correct option below.

1 Are the boy's parents aware of his fear'? It appears that the narrator's father
2 Do they force him to undergo the was
experience which terrifies him'? A cruel.
3 What does the boy think his father's B fanatical.
reaction to his fear would be'? C insensitive.
4 Who is the narrator referring to when he D incapable of emotion.
surmises that 'it is those who most love us
who cause us the most pain'?'

o Read through the text below and answer the questions which follow.

Mary Maloney was waiting for her husband to bewildered eyes.

come home from work. Now and again she would 'Listen,' he said, 'I've got something to tell you.'
glance up at the clock, but without anxiety, merely 'What is it, darling7 What's the matter7'
to please herself with the thought that each minute He had become absolutely motionless.
gone by made it nearer the time when he would 'This is going to be a bit of a shock to you, I'm
come. There was a slow smiling air about her, and afraid,' he said. 'But I've thought about it a good
about everything she did. deal and I've decided the only thing to do is tell you
When the clock said ten minutes to five, she right away. I hope you won't blame me too much.'
began to listen and a few minutes later, punctually And he told her. It didn't take long, four or five
as always, she heard the tyres on the gravel outside. minutes at most, and she sat very still through it all,
She laid aside her sewing, stood up, and went watching him with a kind of dazed horror as he
forward to kiss him as he came in. Then she walked went further and further away from her with each
over and made the drinks, a strongish one for him, word.
a weak one for herself. 'So there it is,' he added. 'And I know it's kind of
'Sit down,' he said. 'Just for a minute, sit down.' a bad time to be telling you, but there simply wasn't
It wasn't till then that she began to get any other way. Of course I'll give you money and
frightened. see you're looked after. But there needn't really be
'Go on,' he said. 'Sit down'. any fuss. I hope not anyway. It wouldn't be very
She lowered herself back slowly into the chair, good for my job.'
watching him all the time with those large, from 'Tales of the Unexpected' by Roald Dahl

\\That news do you think Mary's husband 2 Mary's husband appears to be

gave her'? A sensitive.
A He is going to prison. B cold.
B They are going to have to move. C concerned.
C He has been fired. D responsible.
D He is leaving her. Clue: What is he most worried about?
Clue: Which of the options would cause him
to go :further and furtheT away fTom heT'?
 Exam practice: Part 4.~~~ _
You are going to read an extract from a newspaper article on the origins of the
detective story. For questions 1-7, choose the answer <A, B, C or 0) which you think
fits best according to the text.

The origins of the detective story

At first sight the classic detective 50 rational nature of his principal Hercule Poirot,
story might seem to be a form that character, Holmes gradually gets 100 reckons to solve
is continuing the Enlightenment's' taken over by the gothic, referring all his cases by
attempts to grapple with the dark to cases such as that of 'the giant use of the 'the
secrets of the human heart and, rat of Sumatra for which the world little grey cells'.
somehow, reassure us that is not yet prepared'. And one of the
sweetness and light. can win the In order to emphasise his hero's things that
day. But the history of the crime scientific credentials, Conan Christie fans will tell you is that
story is powered by something as Doyle said that he was based on she 'plays fair' with the reader.
10 mysterious as the tales themselves. his old professor of surgery, Even in a story where the narrator
The form really begins in the 60 Joseph Bell. One of Bell's party turns out to be the murderer, she
1840s with the publication of a tricks was to astonish patients in 110 does carefully adjust the timescale
short story called The MUTdeTs 'in front of his students by deducing to demonstrate that X would have
the Rue MOTgue by Edgar Allan their professions from the state of had time to do the bloody deed
Poe, the horrific tale of the their clothes or telling them lie and, in order to seem absolutely
murders of two women in a 'vile knew they had walked across a above board, leaves an obliging
alley' somewhere in Paris. The certain golf course in order to get trail of asterisks to put us on our
crime is solved by a character to the hospital: 'Only on these guard.
called Chevalier Dupin who, at links, my dear man, is found the But when you come to look
20 first sight, might appear to be the reddish gravel that still adheres to closely at Christie's work it
first of those nineteenth century 70 your shoes'. becomes clear that we are not
thinking machines of whom But one should always be 120 really supposed to read these texts
Sherlock Holmes is the most cautious of authors' attempts to while attempting to understand
famous example. Close inspection acknowledge or deny the 'real' them. As Raymond Chandler
of the mechanics of the tale, originals of fictitious characters. remarked of the solution to her
however, reveals that Dupin is If we look closely at Holmes's famous story in which all of the
closer to being a wizard of the old- methods, we discover that the suspects did the murder in
fashioned type. Poe tells us at the great detective is closer to the collaboration: 'The plot is so
beginning of the story that mystical and intuitive than ingenious only a half-wit would
30 draughts is superior to chess anything else. One of his favourite guess it'.
(more intuitive) and most of 80 ploys is to withhold facts from the We read detective stories
Dupin's 'deductions' - including a reader as well as the other 130 because we wish to imagine a
bi?:arre sequence where he characters and, when providing world in which a strong,
professes to be able to read his explanations, to make them as independent figure - more and
companion's mind - are about as pleasingly barmy as anything in more, these days, a policeman or
far from logical thought as you Poe. The Speckled Band - one of woman - can reassure us that
can get. Holmes's most famous cases - is justice has not altogether been
The detective story comes out of based on a series of absurdities, extinguished from the planet.
the nineteenth century's loss of not least of which is the idea that And, as we move farther and
40 faith in religious truth and its snakes can slide down bell ropes. farther from the notion of society,
heart lies in improbable 90 This anti-rational strand of the and mutual SUppOlt and concern
explanations. Arthur Conan genre might seem at odds with its 140 for others come a long way behind
Doyle, whose Holmes is one of next great development - The our personal survival, our need for
the most famous fictional the world of the great detective -
English Golden Age Murder,
characters in the world, however fantastic it may be - is
whose greatest exponent is Agatha
acknowledges his debt to Poe in greater and greater.
Christie. Christie is a writer whose
his first published Holmes tale, A charm, for most people, is that her
Study in ScaTiet. But though Doyle plots are fuelled by ingenuity, not from all article by N. Williams ill
begins by emphasising the violence. Her great detective, 'Tile SlIlIday Times Review·

., The EnUghtenment was a per'iod in the eighteenth century in Europe, when certain thinfoers taught that science and the use of reason
would improve the human condition.
 Unit 8
The writers of the first detective stories 5 The writer suggests that if you study
A were trying to understand the Christie's work carefully, you find that she
secrets of the human heart. A unfairly prevents her readers from
B wanted to show that goodness always trying to guess who the murderer is.
triumphs over evil. B does not expect her readers to try to
C were not motivated by the same forces understand the details of her stories.
as other thinkers in the Enlightenment. C makes it easy for readers to guess the
D wanted to introduce readers to scientific ending.
methods of deduction. D plays clever games with the reader.

2 According to the writer 6 Chandler suggests that in one of Christie's

books, the plot is
A Dupin and Sherlock Holmes solved
crimes in almost identical ways. A so complicated that only a genius could
guess it.
B Poe intended Dupin to be a nineteenth
century thinking machine. B so clever that only a genius could work
it out.
C Dupin's deductions are intuitive and
logical. C so unconvincing that not even a fool
could believe it.
D Dupin uses superhuman powers rather
than logical thinking. D so brilliant that nobody but a fool
would fathom it.

3 The text claims that 7 According to the writer, detective stories

A Conan Doyle based Holmes on his old A reflect modern society.
professor. B reaffirm the role of the police.
B to give him authenticity, Conan Doyle C satisfy our desire for security.
said Holmes was a student of Bell's. D prove that justice can be done.
C Conan Doyle wanted readers to believe
that Holmes was well-versed in science.
D Conan Doyle intended Holmes to be
mystical and intuitive.

4 Conan Doyle's claims about the origins of

his hero are
A convincing.
B doubtful.
C logical.
D false.

Question 4: How does the writer say people should treat

authors' attempts to acknowledge the origins of fictitious
characters?
Question 6: What is the meaning of 'ingenious' and
'half-wif in line 126?
Vocabu lar~ deveJ opl11eJJt_~_.......--~__ ~
Types of crime
Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct word from the box. You will not
need to use all the words.

arson assault bigamy blackmail bribery burglary conspiracy

drug-trafficking embezzlement forgery fraud gambling
handling stolen goods housebreaking joyriding kidnapping libel
manslaughter mugging petty theft pick-pocketing
poaching racism shoplifting stalking treason trespass

1 The Minister sued the newpaper for after it printed a story linking him to a
well-known mafia boss.
2 The man was accused of after it was found that the paintings he was offering
for sale were copies of the original.
3 The young boys were found guilty of after they were caught thieving from a
newsagent's.
4 The man, who set fire to a number of factories, was not suspected of until
police received a tip-off.
S The charge of murder was reduced to when it was proved that the killing
had been accidental.
6 Police arrested the contract killers and they were charged with to murder.
7 Anyone who goes onto that land without permission may be arrested for .
S The woman was charged with after she offered to pay the policeman a sum
of money to overlook the offence.

If] Legal terms

Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with a suitable phrase from the box in the right form.
You will not need to use all the phrases.

a arrest somebody for something g be convicted of something

b ban somebody from doing something h fine somebody for something
c be involved in (a crime) impose a sentence on somebody
d be suspected of something j reach/return a verdict
e be tried for something k sentence somebody to (prison)
f charge somebody with something I sue somebody for something

1 The thief twenty years imprisonment by a very reactionary judge.

2 The jury of 'guilty' after many hours of deliberation.
3 He was two hundred pounds causing a breach of the peace.
4 The police were getting out of the car to the man trespassing
on private land when he pulled out a gun.
S The fact that the man had blood on his shoes showed that he the crime.
6 The magistrate the man driving for one year.
7 The TV presenter threatened to her employers breach of
promise after they refused to renew her contract.
S The police arrested the man and took him to the police station where he was formally
...........................conspiracy to murder.
 Unit 8
Adjective arid noun collocations
Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct adjective from the box to complete
the common collocations in bold. The meaning of the collocation is provided in brackets.

besetting foul funny ill-gotten marked

near put-up rough sharp spot

1 Sean's sin is greed. (particularly bad feature)

2 The detective threw himself flat on the ground and the bullet missed him. But it
was a(n) miss. (a dangerous situation that he just managed to avoid)
3 Since the robber grassed to the police he has been a(n) man. (in
danger because his enemies want to harm him)
4 The woman's body was found at the foot of the cliffs but the police have no
reason to suspect play. (death by murder)
5 Customs officers found the drugs during a(n) check. (a quick
examination to check that everything is correct)
6 The robbers were arrested just as they were sharing out their gains.
(money acquired dishonestly)
7 Chris may be something of a(n) diamond but he's certainly not a
criminal. (an uncultured person with a kind heart)
8 It seems that the burglary was actually a(n) job and that the owner
was in on the crime all the time. (an attempt to trick the police by secretly arranging
for something to happen)
9 The company was guilty of practice but of course they could not be
prosecuted. (behaviour that is dishonest but not illegal)
10 When the accountant checked the books he found that there was some
...........................
business going on. (illegal or dishonest activity)

Similar but different

Choose the correct alternative from each of the pairs in italics below.

1 The police eliminated/discarded the suspect from their enquiries.

2 In the early days of detection, the police had no resort/recourse to fingerprint
identification.
3 The murderer dispersed/disposed of the body by burying it in his back garden.
4 That young man is on the slippery lane/slope to becoming a criminal. He'll end
up in prison if he doesn't change his ways.
5 He's a refugee/fugitive from justice; police forces all over the world are searching
for him.
6 I haven't got the least/slightest clue what the detective was getting at.
7 The murderer was reprieved/liberated when the grounds on which he had been
convicted were found to be unsafe.
8 Police are trying to combat the crime tide/wave which has hit the country.
9 There was an outcry from human rights organisations when the man was
punished/sentenced to death.
10 The police are mounting/maintaining an inquiry into how the accident
occurred.
11 A man was seen hovering/loitering near the scene of the crime.
12 The man is accused/alleged to have committed the crime while under the
influence of drugs.
Vocab u Lar~de\le op meJJt_~~...........--,~ _
Types of crime
Fillin the blanks in the sentences below with the correct word from the box. You will not
need to use all the words.

arson assault bigamy blackmail bribery burglary conspiracy

drug-trafficking embezzlement forgery fraud gambling
handling stolen goods housebreaking joyriding kidnapping libel
manslaughter mugging petty theft pick-pocketing
poaching racism shoplifting stalking treason trespass

1 The Minister sued the newpaper for after it printed a story linking him to a
well-known mafia boss.
2 The man was accused of after it was found that the paintings he was offering
for sale were copies of the original.
3 The young boys were found guilty of after they were caught thieving from a
newsagent's.
4 The man, who set fire to a number of factories, was not suspected of until
police received a tip-off.
S The charge of murder was reduced to when it was proved that the killing
had been accidental.
6 Police arrested the contract killers and they were charged with to murder.
7 Anyone who goes onto that land without permission may be arrested for .
8 The woman was charged with ; after she offered to pay the policeman a sum
of money to overlook the offence.

Legal terms
Fillin the blanks in the sentences below with a suitable phrase from the box in the right form.
You will not need to use all the phrases.

a arrest somebody for something g be convicted of something

b ban somebody from doing something h fine somebody for something
c be involved in (a crime) impose a sentence on somebody
d be suspected of something j reach/return a verdict
e be tried for something k sentence somebody to (prison)
f charge somebody with something I sue somebody for something

1 The thief twenty years imprisonment by a very reactionary judge.

2 The jury of 'guilty' after many hours of deliberation.
3 He was two hundred pounds causing a breach of the peace.
4 The police were getting out of the car to the man trespassing
on private land when he pulled out a gun.
S The fact that the man had blood on his shoes showed that he the crime.
6 The magistrate the man driving for one year.
7 The TV presenter threatened to her employers breach of
promise after they refused to renew her contract.
8 The police arrested the man and took him to the police station where he was formally
...........................conspiracy to murder.
 Unit 8
Adjective arid noun collocations
Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct adjective from the box to complete
the common collocations in bold. The meaning of the collocation is provided in brackets.

besetting foul funny ill-gotten marked

near put-up rough sharp spot

Sean's sin is greed. (particularly bad feature)

2 The detective threw himself flat on the ground and the bullet missed him. But it
was a(n) miss. (a dangerous situation that he just managed to avoid)
3 Since the robber grassed to the police he has been a(n) man. (in
danger because his enemies want to harm him)
4 The woman's body was found at the foot of the cliffs but the police have no
reason to suspect play. (death by murder)
5 Customs officers found the drugs during a(n) check. (a quick
examination to check that everything is correct)
6 The robbers were arrested just as they were sharing out their gains.
(money acquired dishonestly)
7 Chris may be something of a(n) diamond but he's certainly not a
criminal. (an uncultured person with a kind heart)
8 It seems that the burglary was actually a(n) job and that the owner
was in on the crime all the time. (an attempt to trick the police by secretly arranging
for something to happen)
9 The company was guilty of practice but of course they could not be
prosecuted. (behaviour that is dishonest but not illegal)
10 When the accountant checked the books he found that there was some
...........................business going on. (illegal or dishonest activity)

Similar but different

Choose the correct alternative from each of the pairs in italics below.

1 The police eliminated/discarded the suspect from their enquiries.

2 In the early days of detection, the police had no resort/recourse to fingerprint
identification.
3 The murderer dispersed/disposed of the body by burying it in his back garden.
4 That young man is on the slippery lane/slope to becoming a criminal. He'll end
up in prison if he doesn't change his ways.
5 He's a refugee/fugitive from justice; police forces all over the world are searching
for him.
6 I haven't got the least/slightest clue what the detective was getting at.
7 The murderer was reprieved/liberated when the grounds on which he had been
convicted were found to be unsafe.
8 Police are trying to combat the crime tide/wave which has hit the country.
9 There was an outcry from human rights organisations when the man was
punished/sentenced to death.
10 The police are mounting/maintaining an inquiry into how the accident
occurred.
11 A man was seen hovering/loitering near the scene of the crime.
12 The man is accused/alleged to have committed the crime while under the
influence of drugs.
Prepositions
Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct preposition from the box to complete the
phrases in bold.

above at behind by for from

in off on out of under up

1 Since the thefts, the receptionist has been a cloud of suspicion.

2 The police are no nearer solving the case, the look of it, than they
were three months ago.
3 The police sergeant was warned that his work was not to scratch.
4 The murderer is now bars and no longer a danger to the public.
S The police didn't question our teachers as they consider them to be .
suspicion.
6 The joyriders stole the car and went for a drive just kicks.
7 The prisoner escaped this morning and is still .. large.
8 The girl's parents were tenterhooks until they heard she was safe.
9 As there has been no progress in the case the police are going to start looking at
the evidence again scratch.
10 I'm relieved to hear that my brother is now completely the clear
and has been eliminated from the list of suspects.
11 When her parents divorced, Sarah went completely the rails.
12 The victim is in intensive care so he's not the woods yet.

Phrasal verbs with get

Study the list of phrasal verbs with get on page 161 and fill in the blanks in the sentences below with
the correct phrasal verb.

1 The police had no keys to open the door, but they the problem by
using a piece of wire to pick the lock.
2 The woman was definitely guilty, but she had a good barrister who managed to
...........................her with a warning.
3 Tom's mother knew he was no good when he started telling lies and
coming home in the early hours of the morning.
4 Anna should have been working overtime tonight but she it by
pretending to be ill.
S Although they well as children, they began to grow apart as they
became older.
6 It didn't take long for the detective to the truth of the matter.
7 Detective Snow eyed the mountain of files on his desk, sighed, and .
work.
8 Surely they didn't think they could a crime like murder with the police
on their tracks?
 Unit 8
Similar but different
Choose the correct alternative from each of the pairs in italics below.

1 At first the police thought the man's death was an accident but now they suspect
dirty/foul play.
2 The police caught up with the kidnappers and freed the hostage but it was a
near! close shave.
3 The detective's suggestion was just a shot/throw in the dark, but luckily, it was
right.
4 What the burglar told the policeman was a packet/pack of lies.
5 Losing my wallet that day was a present/blessing in disguise because when I went
to the police station to report it I met my future husband!
6 After the robbery, the thief tried to keep a low/slight profile.
7 At a round/rough guess, I would say that the criminals escaped with about
£10,000.
8 Alice's parents were worried about her but she arrived home safe and sound/whole.
9 By and wide/large, most people are law-abiding citizens.
10 A prisoner escaped from a top security jail and he's now on the run/go.

Expressions connected with crime

III Choose the best answer a or b to complete the expressions in bold.

1 When he was caught stealing, he lost his job, his girlfriend and his freedom.
It just goes to show that, crime doesn't .
a serve b pay
2 I don't trust those two. They've been as as thieves recently.
a thick b close
3 That teacher isn't strict enough - she lets the kids get with
murder.
a away b off
4 Sonya is a very spoilt little girl. If she can't get her way, she screams
...........................
murder.
a red b blue
5 At the airport, I had to pay £4 for a cup of coffee. It was daylight !
a robbery b theft
6 Don't expect anyone to stand back for you when the rush for concert tickets starts.
It's the of the jungle out there.
a rule b law
7 You can't down the law here, you know. What do you think this
is - the army'?
a put b lay
8 The police did nothing to stop the spate of burglaries so the townspeople decided
to take the law into their own and set a trap to catch the
thieves.
a hearts b hands
9 There are various ways you can avoid paying taxes while still adhering to the
......................of the law
a letter b code
10 Mr Jones has a drink problem but on the morning of the wedding he was as
sober as a . .. .
a judge b lawyer
Exa m p ract ice 1 -----.......--."...--..",...,
Part 1
For questions 1-18 read the three texts below and decide which answer <A, B, C or 0) best fits each gap,

A troubled teenager
Davina McCall is now a(n) (1) accomplished television presenter but, by her own
admission, she was 'a troubled teenager'. In fact, at one time she was completely out of
control. When she was three years old, her parents split up. She saw her father most
weekends but her mother moved back to her (2) France and Davina only saw her very
occasionally. She was brought up by her grandparents, for which she was teased (3) at
school, together with the fact that she had no money. When she was thirteen, she went to
live with her father and his second wife, and that was when her troubles began. She (4) .
attention and stopping eating was her attempt to get it. Things went flam bad to (5) .
It was her eleven-year-old half-sister who made her realise what a mess she had become. She
realised that she wasn't just hi;lrming herself - she was letting everyone else down too. She
would tell her sister she would pick her up from school and then not (6) She says she
is now deeply ashamed of the way she treated her family.
from an article by L. Middlehurst in 'Reader's Digest'

1 A largely B highly C greatly D utterly

2 A home B mother C ethnic D native
3 A mercilessly B totally C gracelessly D shamefully
4 A yearned B hankered C longed D craved
5 A worst B bad C terrible D worse
6 A turn up B show round C pick up D come forward
 Mrs 13/?<b!j
Two and a half hours later, Mrs Bixby stepped off the There was an enormous cot (10) on the
train at Pennsylvania station and walked quickly to the counter eating fishheads out of a white saucer. The
exit. She was wearing her old red coat again now animal looked up at Mrs Bixby with bright yellow
and carrying the cardboard box in her arms. She eyes, then looked away again and went on eating.
(7) for a taxi. Mrs Bixby stood by the counter, as far away from the
'Driver: she said, 'would you know of a pawnbroker cat as possible, waiting for someone to come, staring
that's still open around here?' at the watches, the shoe buckles, the enamel
The man behind the wheel raised his (8) and brooches, the old binoculars, the broken spectacles,
looked back at her, amused the false teeth
'Plenty along Sixth Avenue: he answered. Why did they always pawn their teeth, she
'Stop at the first one you see then, will you please?' wondered.
She got in and was driven away. Soon the taxi 'Yes?' the proprietor said, (11) from a dark
(9) up outside a shop that had three brass balls place in the back of the shop.
hanging over the entrance. 'Oh, good evening: Mrs Bixby said. She began to
'Wait for me, please: Mrs Bixby said to the driver, untie the string around the box. The man went up to the
and she got out of the taxi and entered the shop. cat and started (12) it along the top of its back,
and the cat went on eating the fishheads.
from Toles of the Unexpected' by Roald Dahl

7 A signalled B signed C waved D nodded

8 A wrinkles B lids C brows D frown
9 A stopped B pulled C drove D halted
10 A creeping B stalking C kneeling D crouching
11 A discharging B exiting C emerging D trailing
12 A wiping B sweeping C brushing D stroking

hen an eleven-year-old boy was (13) out to sea by a freak wave, his father,
Nick, fifty-two, dived in after him. But the sea was very rough and both man and boy
~ were washed into a cave where they were (14) by the rising tide. Luckily, the
local coastguard had been alerted and a lifeboat was soon (15) for the scene,
together with a rescue helicopter The plan was to get the two casualties on (16) the
lifeboat and then to (17) them up to the helicopter. But it all went terribly wrong. As
the helicopter hovered near the face of the cliff, the lifeboat did its best to reverse in, but
waves twisted the (18) from side to side and the crew were finally washed overboard.
They ended up trapped in the cave as well.

13 A brushed B swept C pulled D ebbed

14 A surrounded B kept C isolated D trapped
15 A going B making C setting D advancing
16 A deck B board C route D sail
17 A winch B wind Croll D entwine
18 rl vehicle B fleet C vessel D shuttle
You are going to read four extracts which are all connected with the arts, For questions 19-26 choose the
answer <A, B, C or 0) which fits best.

What exactly is music?

Musicians don't have a good reputation as worn brass pedals. And when she played -
role models. Philanderers, alcoholics, always a tango - she seemed transp01ted to
addicts, tax evaders. And I'm not just talking 23 another world, her feet rocking between loud
about rock music; classical musicians are 24 and soft pedals, her arms pumping to the odd
just as bad. As for jazz musicians - forget rhythms, her eyes intent upon the sheet
about it. music. It was the only time I wasn't the
But when you watch a musician play, centre of my mother's world, so I knew some
when he enters that private musical world, important ritual was being enacted. I began
you often see an innocent and curious child, 29 to spend hours hammering away at the piano
full of wonder at what can only be described in the delusion that if I persisted long
as a mystery, both joyous and sad. A sacred enough, my noise would become music. (I
mystery, even. What could possibly keep us still labour under this delusion.) My mother
13 playing scales and arpeggios hour after however, cursed me with the ear of a
hour, day after day, year after year? Is it musician but the hands of a plumber. It
some vague promise of glory, money or fame wasn't until an uncle gave me an old Spanish
- or is it something deeper? guitar with five rusty strings that my
I've never had any other ambition than to enormous fingers found a musical home, and
be a musician. My earliest memory is I found what was to be my 'best friend.
musical; I remember sitting at my mother's
feet as she played the piano, an upright with

19 Which of these phrases is used negatively?

A playing scales (line 13)
B her feet rocking (line 23)
C her arms pumping (line 24)
D hammering away at the piano (line 29)

20 Who or what made the writer feel safe?

A His mother.
B His uncle.
C His guitar.
D His music.
 ::> ,he face of it, your overage truculent, non- Sloyer,with a few daemons thrown in. Pillsugared,
'288ng pubescent is not going to fall for the parent triumphant,teen sold
:::8'enrol 'ine Now look here, I've got a book you
~;~- wont to toke a look at that's about destiny, Pullman's fantasy is dense, stirring and richly
~ :::'81ity,science and that sort of thing It'slong and intelligent Enteringhisworld is on alternately lulling
~2'8physicol and there are some pretty and thrilling experience, as hypnotic as being told
::::;"'olicated passages, its heroine is a girl and it's a story while having your hair brushed, as
8::iually not one book at all, but three unsettlingas watching strange shapes in a fire II is
a khon laid before the reader with a quiet
=::;rtunately,the books under discussion make up authority that luresyou furtherand furtherfrom your
:::~o Pullman's c:iward-winning Dark Materials own world Radical, just,heretical, impassioned, it
-, ::;:;]yand selling them is merely 0 question of will appeal to the immutable teenage daemon
~:::. -:-ellyour teen tnot they are about growing up, that everyone carries with them into aduli life
:::ss of innocence and revolt Explain that they
2' oose the evils of parent-kind and that their
~e'oines a dead ringer for BuHy the Vampire

21 It seems that Pullman's books are aimed at

A the very young.
B teenagers.
C parents.
D people of all ages.

22 When describing the impact of Pullman's

books, the writer is
A cautious.
B negative.
C critical.
D enthusiastic.
 A walk through the
Scottish National Gallery
The Scottish National Gallery doesn't look much from the outside, but inside it
was very grand in an imperial. nineteenth-century sort of way, with red baize
walls, outsized pictures in extravagant frames, scattered statues of naked
nymphs and furniture trimmed in gilt. The pictures were not only outstanding,
but they had labels telling you their historical background and what the people
in them were doing, which I think is to be highly commended and in fact should
be made mandatory everywhere.
I read these instructive notes gratefully, pleased to know, for instance, that
the reason Rembrandt looked so glum in his self-portrait was that he had just
been declared insolvent but in one of the halls I noticed that there was a man,
accompanied by a boy of about thirteen, who didn't need the labels at all.
They were from what I suspect the Queen Mother would have called the
lower orders. Everything about them murmured poorness and material want -
poor diet poor income, poor dentistry, poor prospects, even poor laundering -
but the man was describing the pictures with a fondness and familiarity that
were truly heartwarming 'Now this is a later Goya, you see: he was saying in
a quiet voice. Just look at how controlled those brush strokes are - a complete
change in style from his earlier work D'ye remember how I told you that Goya
didn't paint a single great picture till he was nearly fifty? Well, this is a great
picture' He wasn't showing oft you understand; he was sharing.

23 It seems that the writer found the way the paintings had been labelled
A patronising.
B amusing.
e helpful.
D unnecessary.

24 What most impressed the writer about the visitor to the gallery was
A how poor he was.
B how humble he was.
e how much he knew.
D how good a teacher he was.
 The antique dealer
Mr Cyril Boggis was a dealer in antique furniture, with his own shop and showroom in the King's
Road, Chelsea. His premises were not large, and generally he didn't do a great deal of business, but
because he always bought cheap, very very cheap, and sold very very dear; he managed to make quite
a tidy little income every year. He was a talented salesman and when buying or selling a piece he
could slide smoothly into whichever mood suited the client best. He could become grave and
charming for the aged, obsequious for the rich, sober for the godly, masterful for the weak,
mischievous for the widow, arch and saucy for the spinster. He was well aware of his gift, using it
shamelessly on every possible occasion; and often, at the end of an unusually good performance, it
was as much as he could do to prevent himself from turning aside and taking a bow or two as the
thundering applause of the audience went rolling through the theatre.
In spite of this rather clownish quality of his, Mr Boggis was not a fool. In fact, it was said of him
by some that he probably knew as much about French, English and Italian furniture as anyone else
in London. He also had surprisingly good taste, and he was quick to reject an ungraceful design,
however genuine the article might be. His real love, naturally, was of the work of the great
eighteenth-century English designers but even with these he occasionally drew the line.

2S It appears that Mr Boggis is

A a hopeless businessman.
B an eccentric character.
C a professional actor.
D a master of his trade.

26 Mr Boggis
A was the most expert furniture dealer in London.
B made good judgements about antique furniture.
C refused to buy furniture from ungraceful customers.
D refused to buy anything but the work of his favourite
designers.
Part 3
You are going to read an extract from a travel book. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the
extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (27-33). There is one extra
paragraph which you do not need to use.

I took a train to Leeds and then another to Manchester - a

~L..- _
long, slow but not unpleasant ride through steep-sided
dales that looked uncannily like the one I lived in except
When the bill came, I noticed an extra charge beside a
that these were thickly strewn with old mills and huddled,
notation marked 'S.C 'What's that!' I said to the waitress,
soot-blackened villages. The old mills seemed to come in
who had, I should like to note, been uncommonly surly
three types: 1. Derelict with broken windows and TO LET throughout.
signs 2. Gone - just a grassless open space. 3. Something 'Suhvice chawge.'
non-manufacturing, like a depot for a courier service or a
B&Q centre or similar.
@!JL-- _
~L-- _ She gave a heavy sigh, as if she had been here before. 'You
got complaint! You want see manager?' The offer was
The streets were shiny with rain, and busy with traffic and
made in a tone that suggested that if I were to see the
hurrying pedestrians, which gave Manchester an attractive
manager it would be with some of his boys in a back alley.
big-city feel. For some totally insane reason, I had booked
a room in an expensive hotel, the Piccadilly.
~L-- _

~L- _ I couldn't say where I went exactly because Manchester's

streets always seem curiously indistinguishable to me. I
I played with the TV, confiscated the stationery and spare never felt as if I were getting nearer to or farther from
tablet of soap, and put a pair of trousers in the trouser anything in particular but just wandering around in a kind
press - at these prices I was determined to extract full value of urban limbo. Eventually I ended up beside the great dark
from the experience - even though I knew that the bulk of the Arndale Centre.
trousers would come out with permanent pleats in the
oddest places. (Is it me or are these things totally
~L-- _
counterproductive ?)
But at night it is just twenty-five acres of deadness, a
~L- _ massive impediment to anyone trying to walk through the
heart of the city.
British cities used to abound in these places, but they are
deucedly hard to find now. I walked for some distance but
the only places I could find were either the kind of national
chains with big plastic menus and dismal food or hotel
dining rooms where you had to pay £17.95 for three
courses of pompous description and overcooked
disappointment.
A Eventually I ended up in Chinatown, which E That done, I went out for a walk and to find a
announces itself to the world with a big place to eat. There seems to be a kind of inverse
colourful arch and then almost immediately ratio where dinner establishments and I are
loses heart. There were a scattering of restaurants concerned - namely that the more of them there
among big office buildings, but I can't say I felt are, the harder it is for me to find one that looks
as if I had wandered into a little corner of the even remotely adequate to my modest needs.
Orient. The bigger, better-looking restaurants What I really wanted was a little Italian place on
were packed, so I ended up going to some a sidestreet - the kind with checked tablecloths
upstairs place, where the decor was tatty, the and Chianti bottles with candles and a nice
food barely OK and the service totally 1950s feel about them.
indifferent.
F I looked at her in surprise. 'Then why, pray, is
B If I haven't got a very clear image of the city, it's there also a space here for a tip?' She gave a
not entirely my fault. Manchester doesn't appear bored, nothing-to-do-with-me shrug. 'That's
to have a very fixed image of itself. terrible,' I said. 'You're just tricking people into
tipping twice.'

C What a monumental mistake that was. I suppose

it must be nice, in a place as rainy as Manchester, G My room was on the eleventh floor, but it
to be able to shop undercover and if you are seemed like about the eighty-fifth, such were the
going to have these things at all, much better to views. If my wife had had a flare and an
have them in the city than outside it. inclination to get up on the roof, I could just
about have seen her. Manchester seemed
enormous - a boundless sprawl of dim yellow
D I decided not to press the matter, and instead
lights and streets filled with slow-moving traffic.
returned to the streets and had a long,
purposeless walk through Manchester's dank
and strangely ill-lit streets - I can't remember a H I must have passed a hundred of these old
darker city. factories but not until we were well into the
outskirts of Manchester did I see a single one
that appeared to be engaged in the manufacture
of anything. I had left home late, so it was four
o'clock and getting on for dark by the time I
emerged from Piccadilly Station.
You are going to read an extract from a travel book. For questions 34-40, choose the answer
(A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

For hours I stumbled in ignorance across the

The ruined city wasteland. I had expected to meet a few other
The taxi-driver had scrutinous eyes in a harsh face. For travellers, but there was none - I had seen no
twenty miles we travelled towards Merv through a Westerner since entering Turkmenistan. Once, in the
thin dawn light and a flotsam of houses and factories. lee of buried ramparts, I came upon a herd of auburn-
Two centuries ago the oasis had been laid waste by coated camels grazing on nothing: prehistoric-looking
the emir of Buhhara who destroyed its irrigation beasts with undernourished humps. And once a pair
systems and resettled its inhabitants. It seemed never of fishing eagles rose in silence from a reed-choked
to have recovered. After the Russian conquest, it canal.
became a place of exile for disgraced army officers, This hint of biblical nemesis, and the hugeness of
and its native inhabitants gained a reputation for the city's dereliction, started to take on a cruel
perfidy. glamour. No ruined city I had ever seen - not Balkh nor
'If you meet a viper and a Mervi,' said the other Nineveh nor Ctesiphon - had delivered quite such a
Turcomans, 'kill the Mervi first and the viper shock of desolation as this. It measured fifteen miles
afterwards. ' from end to end. Even in April the sun flailed down
The driver kept patting his hair and moustache in (and the temperature can reach 56°C, the hottest in
the cracked mirror. He conformed disturbingly to the the old Soviet Union). A line of battlements rose and
Mervi cliche, and nothing softened the narrow distrust glimmered across the wilderness for mile after broken
in his face. What was I doing here, he demanded? mile. Here and there, out of their wind-smoothed
Why did I want to see this old place? 'In England, the walls, a ghostly tower erupted; but more often they
cities are all beautiful.' broke into separated chunks and seemed only to
'No ... ' emphasise, by their vast and futile compass, the void
'In England the roads are all good.' We were inside them. Once or twice a fortified hill stood up
crashing over potholes. 'How is the food situation in naked and sudden, as if a great levelling tempest had
England? Do you have camels and deserts?' burst across the oasis and inexplicably missed it.
'No.' Everything seemed of equal age, or none. But in fact
'So it's mountains.' He looked at me with the sharp, Merv was many cities. It may have been founded by
frustrated violence of his incomprehension. He spoke the dynasty of Alexander the Great, but in 250 BC it
Russian only in a rasped assembly of fragmented passed to Pathia, and here the ten thousand Roman
words. 'Will you exchange your watch for mine? ... legionaries captured in the defeat of C rassus were
How much does a car like this cost in England?' It was brought exhausted into slavery. An apocryphal story
a clapped-out Lada, in which a jungle of wires poured sites The Thousand and One Nights in Merv, and in the
beneath the dashboard. Every few minutes he stopped late eighth century Muqanna, the Veiled Prophet of
to take on or drop off other passengers. They looked Khorasan, kindled schism here against the occupying
as poor and hard as he. I asked about a nearby Arabs.
mosque, but nobody knew where it was. There was a In the heart of its lush oasis, where the Silk Road
mosque in the centre of town somewhere, they said, between China and the Mediterranean gathered and
but no, they didn't know its name. They scarcely disgorged its luxuries and ideas, it became, after
spoke Russian. Baghdad, the second city of the Islamic world. Home
Soon afterwards the driver stopped on the edge of to Hindu traders and Persian artisans, it swelled to a
a wilderness ruffled into heaps and ridges, and said mighty cosmopolis of races and interests, with rich
with mystified contempt: 'This is it.' libraries and a celebrated observatory, and was the
I got out and started to walk. The land looked seat of a Christian bishopric as early as the fifth
violently unnatural, almost featureless. For a long time century.
only the curious quality of the earth - a terrible, In 1221 the Mongols of Genghiz Khan overswept
powdery deadness - betrayed that I was treading the whole country. The terror they inspired quakes in
through the entrails of a city. It might have been sieved the description of Moslem writers still. The barbarians
through the bodies of insects, so fine was it: the two- were as many as grasshoppers, they wrote: squat,
thousand-year detritus of pulverised brick, cloth, foul-smelling men whose skin was as tough as shoe
bone. It spirted beneath every footstep with a tiny, leather and pitted with lice. Their arrows turned the
breathy explosion. Everywhere it was heaped into sky to a sea of reeds and their horses' neighing shut
obscure'shapes which might once have been walls, the ears of heaven.
pathways, rooms, or nothing. They were bearded with
grey goosefoot and camel-thorn, and seamed with a
rubbled earth which had disintegrated beyond
meaning, but was not virgin.
34 The driver 38 The writer suggests that the earth was powdery
A resembled the stereotype of a Mervi. because
B hated the inhabitants of Merv. A it was made up of the dead bodies of insects
and animals.
C behaved suspiciously.
B it had never been cultivated.
D looked like a criminal.
C it had been trodden down over centuries.
35 It seems that the driver D it contained the remains of generations of
A is pleased with the writer's interest in his people and their habitations.
country.
39 As he walks over the site, the writer is struck
B is confused about the writer's reasons for
by a sense of
visiting his country.
A horror.
C wishes he could travel to England.
B emptiness.
D prefers his own country to the writer's.
C fear.
36 It would appear from the text that the driver D curiosity.
A was unable to understand most of what the
writer said. 40 The Mongols
B had difficulty making himself understood. A caused earthquakes.
C was not speaking his native language. B regarded the Moslems as barbarians.
D was unwilling to communicate with the writer. C feared the Moslems.
D arrived in hordes.
37 vVhat did the writer come to visit'?
A Several legendary cities.
B The remains of a castle.
C The site of an ancient city.
D A wildlife reserve for birds.
Exam strategy: Part l ~~

Recording and learning vocabulary

Part 1 of the Reading paper often tests your knowledge of common collocations. Adjectives and
verbs often collocate with certain nouns, and adverbs with certain adjectives. It is a good idea to
record common collocations rather than individual words in your vocabulary book. Always write
an example sentence to remind yourself of the context in which it is used.
)0>- plead guilty/not guilty = state whether you are guilty or not in a court of law.
His barrister advised him to plead guilty.

a Choose the best answer A, B, C or 0 to complete the expressions in bold.

There is a ...........................
possibility that the company will go bankrupt.
A distinct B plain e positive D sharp

2 It is standard for shops to refuse refunds unless the customer produces

a receipt.
A routine B custom e practice D process

3 Have you got any change for the car park?

A free B coin e loose D little

4 Investing in the project was a calculated but it paid off in the end.
A risk B venture e chance D opportunity

5 It was with regret that the board refused further funding for the project.
A sombre B heavy e high D deep

6 The motorist escaped injury.

A great B bad e serious
7 When we got to the bottom of the tunnel, it was dark.
A intense B jet e pitch D coal

8 I'm afraid the truth is that George is not clever enough to get into university.
A pure B plain e clear D right

m Choose the best answer A, B, C or 0 to complete the expressions in bold.

1 I can't stand people who a grudge against someone for years.

A load B support e bring D bear

2 His research has the way for further discoveries in the future.
A granted B planted e laid D paved

3 The idea of becoming a biochemist ...........................

no appeal for me.
A holds B contains e makes D provides
 Unit 9
4 When the crisis occurred, the director quickly charge of the situation.
A had B brought C took D held

5 Tom says he's innocent and is determined to ... .. his name.

A clear B clean C wipe D liberate

6 We went out for a meal to our friendship.

A stick B draw C cement D tie

7 The results of the inquiry may lend to the scientists' worries.

A gravity B depth C volume D weight

8 I don't give any to his theory that the Earth is a living organism.
A credulity B currency C credibility D credence

B Read the text below and using the tips to help you, decide which answer best fits each gap.

Intelligent life in spacet

Applied science will continue for a long time to where, when and how, precisely, Homo sapiens
come. Scientists will keep developing versatile evolved - are details. These details may be
new materials; faster and more sophisticated interesting, but they are not (4) to be
computers; genetic (I) techniques that surprising unless they show that scientists' basic
make us healthier, stronger, longer-lived; perhaps assumptions about evolution are wrong. We
even fusion reactors that provide cheap energy may learn, say, that our sudden surge in
with few environmental side effects. The intelligence was catalysed by the intervention of
question is, will these advances in applied alien beings, as in the movie '200/'. That would
science bring (2) any surprises, any be a very big surprise. In fact, any proof that life
revolutionary shifts in our basic knowledge? exists or even once existed beyond our little
Learning that we humans were created, not planet would (5) a huge surprise. Science,
de novo by God, but gradually, by the process of and all human thought, would be reborn.
natural (3) , was a big surprise. Most other from The End of Science' by j. Horgan
aspects of human evolution - those concerning

1 A tinger-printing B engineering C manipulating D coding

Clue: Which noun can collocate with 'genetic' and Telates to the study of biology?

2 A about Bout C back D down

Clue: Which phrasal veTb with 'bTing' means 'cause to happen'?

3 A choice B survival C selection D refining

Clue: Which noun collocates with 'natural' when you aTe slleaking about evolution?

4 A probable B likely C possible D sure

Clue: Which wOTd is followed by the preposition 'to' and fits the meaning of this
sentence?

5 A comprise B compose C compile D constitute

Clue: Which veTb can collocate with 'suTprise' and means 'would be consideTed' a
sUTpTise?
Exam practice: Part l ~~~~ __
~~~

Optimism and pessimism

Do you look on the bright side of life or do you from work. He not only feels bad about losing his
always expect things to turn out for the job but also starts to worry that his marriage is in
(1) ? You may be surprised to learn that you (4) trouble too. The optimist doesn't let one
can change from being a pessimist to an optimist problem ruin his whole life. Instead, he
with very little effort. Optimism and pessimism concentrates on the good things he has. This
are habits we learn as children horn our parents. means that instead of feeling helpless, you can
If your father's reaction to some small (2) . (5) action. Imagine you are recently divorced.
was to blame himself, then you will probably do A hi end arranges a party, to which she's also
the same. Typically, the pessimist believes bad invited an (6) man. The pessimist in you
events stem from permanent conditions, while the moans, 'He won't be interested in me'. Now ask
optimist attributes failure to temporary causes. yourself what the optimist would do. Go for it!
The pessimist allows a disappointment in one area
of his life to pervade the rest. Say he's (3) off

1 A well B best C bad D worse

2 A disadvantage B setback C drawback D restriction
3 A laid B put C thrown D fired
4 A high B large C deep D great
5 A do B make C start D take
6 A eligible B arranged C available D engaged

House-hunting --1

'Well,' Mother said with determination, 'there's (7) Beeler seated himself on the stairs and (11) his face
for it. We'll have to move. We must get out of the town. with his handkerchief.
We must find a house in the country at once.' 'Madame Durrell,' he said at lasr, 'I have shown you
The next morning we starred on our house-hunt, every villa I know, yet you do not want any. Madame,
accompanied by Mr Beeler, the hotel guide. He was a fat what is it you require? What is the matter with these
little man with cringing eyes and sweat-polished jowls. villas?'
He was quite sprightly when we (8) off, but then Mother regarded him with astonishment.
he did not know what was in (9) for him. No one 'Didn't you notice?' she asked. 'None of them had a
who has not been house-hunting with my mother can bathroom.'
possibly imagine it. We drove around the island in a Mr Beeler stared at Mother with bulging eyes.
cloud of dust while Mr Beeler showed us villa after villa 'But Madame,' he (12) in genuine anguish,
in a bewildering selection of sizes, colours and situations, 'what for you want a bathroom? Have you not got the
and Mother (10) her head once again. Brokenly Mr sea?'
We returned in silence to the hotel.

. .

7 A anything B nothing C none D something

8 A went B got C set D came
9 A readiness B wait C stock D store
10 A tipped B nodded C shook D waved
11 A mopped B swept C brushed Drubbed
12 A giggled B wailed C growled D bellowed
 Unit 9
with your own boss. Leadership qualities

Leadership include enthusiasm, integrity, humility and

confidence. Fairnessis an essential quality
and you must be seen to treat all the
qualities membersof the team in the same way If you
are too quick to point the finger or to
Do you think you've got what it takes to (16) some people's mistakesunder the
make a leader? It is becoming more and carpet, the restof the staff will not (17) .....
more common for office workers to lead up to you If you are a good leader, you
project teams at work. As leader of the should be big enough to (18) to your
team, it will be your job to (13) that own mistakestoo. You should be prepared
members of the team are happy and to ask for feedback on your own
productive. By (14) on a leadership performance, as well as giving your team
role you can acquire greater job (15) feedback on theirs.
and create a better working partnership

13 A engage B ensure C certify D assure

14 A taking B putting C getting D standing
15 A confidence B adequacy C satisfaction D fulfilment
16 A put B tuck Chide D sweep
17 A match B look C measure D give
18 A answer B admit C give Down

Question 4 tests your knowledge of an adjective + noun collocation.

Question 10 tests your knowledge of a verb + noun collocation.
~Qcabular~development_~~~ ~
Processes
Match the words on the left with the group of verbs on the right. Use each group on the
right once only.

1 cells can a corrode or disco lour metal

2 soil can b escape, condense, explode
3 light can c expand and contract
4 liquid can d flow, evaporate, solidify
S metals can e gleam, dazzle, flicker
6 rust can f implode, sparkle, die .
7 some gases can 9 multiply, divide, separate
8 stars can h subside, be eroded

Adjective and noun collocations

Match an adjective from box A with a noun from box B to make common collocations.
Then fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct collocation.

acid blind closed impassioned necessary

bitter burning graphic knotty prime

alley suspect evil plea question

book detail pill problem test

1 I'm afraid that science is really a(n) to me. I know nothing about it.
2 Some people claim there is no alternative to using animals for experiments and
that it is a(n) .
3 Accepting that the research had to be abandoned was a(n) for the
scientists to swallow.
4 Finding a way to make a plane fly on less fuel has proved to be a(n) for
manufacturers, but they think they have the solution now.
S Doctors have made a(n) for more funds so that they can continue
their research.
6 Scientists researching the cause of the disease have isolated a(n) in
the form of a previously unknown bacteria.
7 We decided that we were heading down a(n) in our research and
that we should start again from scratch.
8 Granny described her operation in such that I felt sick!
9 Terry has revised for the exam but the will come when he has to
prove what he knows under pressure of time.
10 ,]he company will sponsor us but the is, will the government allow
us to go ahead?
 Unit 9
Similar but different
Choose the correct alternative from each of the pairs in italics below.

People who live in close vicinity/proximity to the nuclear plant are worried about its
effects on their health.
2 They may find a cure for the disease but the research is still in its childhood/
infancy.
3 In his excitement, the young researcher shrugged/threw caution to the winds and
published his findings without checking them.
4 John is a cut/point above the others at the laboratory when it comes to good
manners.
5 The Professor is there to overlook/oversee the progress of the research.
6 It is unfortunate that some scientists are totally impenetrable/impervious to criticism
and never listen to the general public.
7 I object on conscience/principle to any form of genetic engineering.
8 Having solved the first problem, the scientists set out/set about finding a way round
the next one.
9 My brother is an amateur mechanic and loves dabbling/tinkering with old engines.
10 Some of the researchers have now connected/allied themselves with those protesting
about experiments on primates.

Verb and noun collocations

Match the verbs on the left with the words on the right to make common collocations.

1 crack a a breakthrough
2 carry out b a missing item
3 achieve c a mistake
4 draw up d a conclusion
5 locate e a problem
6 pave f a new theory
7 postulate 9 a table of results
8 reach h about the universe
9 rectify research
10 speculate the way
II Study the list of phrasalputverbs with put on page 161 and fillin the blanks in the sentences
Phrasal verbs with

below with the correct phrasal verb in the right form.

1 The disappearance of this species of butterfly was the widespread use of

pesticides.
2 Our science teacher was wonderful - he could complex ideas in a
way that even we children could understand.
3 They have more funds but there is a lot of competition and the money
may not be forthcoming.
4 The two scientists are old rivals put they agreed to their differences for the
sake of the project.
S I guess we'll have to being surrounded by animals now that Thomas has started
his veterinary course.
6 The failure of the rocket launch has progress by many months.
7 The other scientists it John fair and square - either he works as
one of a team or he's off the project.
8 I don't know why he continues to work with those technicians - they're always .
him .
9 The committee a proposal which pleased both the government and the
scientists working on the project.
10 His colleagues had him a hopeless case but he proved to be
the most brilliant of all the physicists.

put
II Replace the phrases in italicsbelow
Idioms and expressions with
with a suitable idiom or expression from the box in
the right form. You will not need to use all the phrases.

a put somebody in the picture 9 put somebody off the scent

b put in an appearance h put a spoke in somebody's wheel
c put down roots put the record straight
d put somebody on a pedestal j put paid to something
e put somebody in the shade k put somebody through the mill
f put out feelers I put somebody through his/her paces

1 He wanted to study science but his father's bankruptcy totally ended his plans.
2 I must correct that mistaken information - it was David, not me, who made the
discovery.
3 Officials aTe tt'ying to find out what people think concerning the proposal to site a
toxic waste dump near the village.
4 The team leader tested the new recruit's capabilities to see if he was up to the job.
S Jon didn't want to sit through the award ceremony but felt obliged to attend if only for
a short time.
6 I didn't think Peter would settle in this country, but he's so absorbed in his research
that he'll never leave now.
7 Anna got brilliant results - she showed herse(f far superior to the other students.
8 The investigating officer was misled by the Chief of Police himself, who turned out to be
the guilty party.
9 The manager thought I had lied about my research data and he put me through
an unpleasant experience until he was convinced of my innocence.
10 I wish someone would tell me the details of the situation. I haven't a clue what's going on!
 Unit 9
Prepositions
Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct preposition from the box to complete
the phrases in bold. You will need to use some of the prepositions more than once. Many of
these phrases have appeared in the texts you have read in this unit.

1 We should always try to look the bright side of life.

2 You shouldn't blame yourself everything that goes wrong in your life.
3 Do you believe that bad events stem permanent conditions or do you
attribute failure temporary causes?
4 Try to concentrate the good things rather than the bad.
5 Are you interested scientific research?
6 A pessimist always fears that things will turn out. . the worse.
7 You are making an assumption ... ......his guilt when you have absolutely no
proof at all.
S Apparently, he's deep trouble at work.

m Expressions and idioms

Choose the correct alternative from each of the pairs in italics below.

1 She was a tendency to bmsh/sweep her mistakes under the carpet.

2 I don't want to aim/point the finger at anyone in particular - I think we are all
partly to blame.
3 It's unkind to dig/poke fun at someone just because they're different from you.
4 You should deal with your problems before they get completely out of mnge/hand.
5 The girls have been feeling on top of the world/eaTth since they graduated.
6 My grandparents live in America so I only see them once in a gTeen/blue moon.
7 I've been feeling a bit down in the dumps/pits lately so my friends are going to throw
a party to try and cheer me up.
S My sister is over the staTs/moon about her new job - she thinks it's absolutely
wonderful!
Exam strategy: Part 2~ __

How to increase your speed when reading and answering questions

This is a skill you will need to start practising long before you take the
exam. With practice, you can greatly improve your reading speed and
the time you need to answer multiple choice questions.
» Start by noting the time it takes you to read exam-level texts.
» As the exam approaches, set yourself a definite time limit for
your first reading of a text.
» Make a note of how long it takes you to find the answer to each
multiple choice question.
If you practise regularly, you will notice a steady improvement in the
time it takes you to read and answer questions.

Read quickly though the text below in which the writer describes a childhood meeting.
Choose the most suitable title from the three below and note the time it takes you to do this.

When he saw us, the Rose-beetle Man stopped, boys, took one of the lengths of cotton from
gave a very exaggerated start, doffed his which a beetle hung, and whirled it rapidly
ridiculous hat, and swept us a low bow. Roger round his head. Immediately the insect came to
was so overcome by this unlooked-for attention life and started on its planet-like circling of his
that he let out a volley of surprised barks. TIle hat, and he beamed at me. Pointing up at the sky,
man smiled at us, put on his hat again, raised his he stretched his arms out and gave a deep nasal
hands, and waggled his long, bony fingers at me. buzzing, while he banked and swooped across
Amused and rather startled by this apparition, I the road. Aeroplane, any fool could see that.
politely bade him good day. He gave another Then he pointed to the beetles, held out his hand
courtly bow. I asked him if he had been to some to denote children, and whirled his stock of
fiesta. He nodded his head vigorously, raised his beetles round his head so that they all started to
pipe to his lips and played a lilting little tune on buzz peevishly.
it, pranced a few steps in the dust of the road, Exhausted by his explanation, he sat down by
and then stopped and jerked his thumb over his the edge of the road, played a short tune on his
shoulder, pointing back the way he had come. flute, breaking off to sing in his curious nasal
He smiled, patted his pockets, and rubbed his voice. They were not articulate words he used,
forefinger and thumb together in the Greek way but a series of strange gruntings and tenor
of expressing money. I suddenly realised that he squeaks, that appeared to be formed at the back
must be dumb. So, standing in the middle of the of his throat and expelled through his nose. He
road, I carried on a conversation with him and produced them, however, with such verve and
he replied with a varied and very clever such wonderful facial expressions that you were
pantomime. I asked what the rose-beetles were convinced the curious sounds really meant
for, and why he had them tied with pieces of something.
Lcotton. He held his hand out to denote small
m Now answer the questions below.

1 How did the Rose-beetle man communicate 2 The beetles the man was carrying
with the writer? A were plastic toys.
A By using gestures. B were lifeless insects.
B By singing. C were miniature aeroplanes.
C By using a combination of gestures D were intended for children.
and sounds.
D By talking and playing his flute.

Planning your time effectively

Before you enter the examination room on the day of the exam make sure that you are
completely familiar with the time allowed for each paper. Planning your time effectively will
be an important factor in your success.

Think about the length of time which you have for the Reading paper and note down in the table
below how much time you think you should allow for each part. Don't forget that you will have to
transfer you answers to the answer sheet when you have completed the tasks.

Part 1 Three short texts ..........................minutes

Part 2 Four longer texts ..........................minutes
Part 3 Gapped text ..........................minutes
Part 4 Long text ..........................minutes
Transferring your answers to the answer sheet ..........................minutes

In Part 2 of the Reading paper, use effective reading strategies to save time.
>- If a question is about the writer's tone or about the gist of the extract,
skim the text quickly to understand general ideas.
>- If a question focuses on a more detailed aspect of the extract, scan the
text to identify the part which contains the specific information you need.
Don't waste time by carefully reading the whole of the text again.

m Now look at the questions in B again.

1 Which one is more general and requires you to skim the whole text quickly?
2 Which one is more specific and requires you to scan the text for detailed
information?
10

Exam practice: Part 2 ~ __

Yoiare going to read four extracts which a:~ted with the arts and literature. For questions 1-8
choose the answer <A, B, C or 0) which fits best.

Our Mother was a buffoon, With her love of finery, her unmade beds, her
extravagant and romantic, and litters of unfinished scrapbooks, her taboos,
was never wholly taken seriously. superstitions, and prudishness, her remarkable dignity,
Yet within her she nourished a her pity for the persecuted, her awe of the gentry, and
delicacy of taste, a sensibility, a her detailed knowledge of the family trees of all the
brightness of spirit, which though Royal Houses of Europe, she was a disorganised mass
continuously bludgeoned by the of unreconciled denials, a servant girl born to silk. Yet
cruelties of her luck remained in spite of all this, she fed our oafish wits with steady,
uncrushed and unembittered to imperceptible shocks of beauty.
the end. Wherever she got it from, Nothing now that I ever see that has the edge of
God knows, or how she gold around it - the change of a season, a jewelled
managed to preserve it. But she loved this world and bird in a bush, the eyes of orchids, water in the
saw it fresh with hopes that never clouded. evening, a thistle, a picture, a poem - but my pleasure
My first image of my Mother was of a beautiful pays some brief duty to her. She tried me at times to
woman, strong, bounteous, but with a gravity of the top of my bent. But I absorbed from birth, as now I
breeding that was always visible beneath her nervous know, the whole earth through her jaunty spirit.
chatter.

1 The writer implies that his mother

A was not consistent in her behaviour.
B behaved like a servant girl.
C was too serious in her manner.
D was high-handed in her treatment of others.

2 The writer's main feeling when he remembers his mother

is one of
A bewilderment.
B admiration.
C irritation.
D amusement.

Question 2: Notice the word 'main' in the

question. What did his mother ultimately pass on to
him? How does he feel about that?
 Is ~Fin(;eWilliam related to SJ1allesp~l
Is Prince William an embryonic bard? A research team But who was the Dark Lady? So many rival theories
in Germany claim they have found evidence that he is have been advanced that some scholars have
descended from Shakespeare and may thus have abandoned the search. In fact the answer may be
inherited literary genius. staring us in the face. According to one eminent
Frustrated by a lack of first-hand evidence, academic, a portrait of the mystery woman is on show
researchers trying to piece together details of the Bard's in Hampton Court Palacein London, where it is known
life have long turned to his sonnets as the only words as The Persian Lady. She argues that the pregnant
of his that might be autobiographical. For centuries, woman depicted there is Elizabeth Vernon, a lady-in-
academics have been trying to solve the tantalising waiting to Queen Elizabeth, who, after an illicit affair
riddle of the 'Dark Lady', the mystery person to whom with Shakespeare, went on to marry his patron.
Shakespeare addressed his sonnets. Those involved in It seems that this woman, Elizabeth, third Countess of
the most recent detective hunt have come up with Southampton, bore Shakespeare a daughter, Penelope,
some evidence that the Bard's bloodline is linked to the who grew up to marry William, second Baron Spencer,
youngest generation of the royal family. and their descendant was the father of Diana, Princess
of Wales and grandfather of Prince William.
This bold claim is supported by clues hidden in
paintings of a previously unidentified noblewoman, to So far, Prince William's talents have shown
be named by a German academic team as themselves in the sports field. But who knows? His
Shakespeare's dark-haired lover. They were assisted by uncle, Earl Spencer, did after all receive world-wide
forensic experts from the German police. acclaim for his address at the funeral of his sister.

adapted from an article by N Hellen and

C Gascoigne in The Sunday Times'

3 Some academics
A know that Prince William has a genetic link
with Shakespeare.
B believe Prince William has inherited
Shakespeare's talent for writing.
C have discovered autobiographical details in
Shakespeare's sonnets.
D have found evidence that may indicates that
Prince William is descended from Shakespeare.

4 Researchers
A have now given up the hunt for the 'Dark
Lady'.
B have solved the mystery of the 'Dark Lady'.
C disagree about the identity of the 'Dark Lady'.
D have discovered that Princess Diana was
descended from the 'Dark Lady'.
 Photographic realism, and a 'likeness', are not the essence of
true portraiture unless a fleeting revelation is snatched from
the contours of a face in transition. The paint itself is also an
object in its own right. It is subject to its own motivation,
rules and dynamic which an artist can overcome, ignore or
amplify according to ability and mood.
When I confront a portrait by Rembrandt, I am first
conscious of the paint, the actual brushstrokes, and only then
into focus come the revelations - Rembrandt's raw ability to
transform pigment from brush to canvas into living flesh,
nuance, movement and a miraculous presence. If mere
likeness were the criterion of a good portrait then Rembrandt
would now be forgotten. When he painted a picture which we
know as The Night Watch, commissioned by the officers of
mbrandt painted himself throughout his life. He became the City Guard, only six of the sixteen figures of 'rank and
is own best subject. As long as he painted, he was always position' claimed, reluctantly, that their heads resembled
there for himself. Portraiture has a very special quality. Time them, and yet he was being paid 100/200 guilders per head.
spent with a sitter becomes an important element in the 'Then pay me for six,' he replied. 'I was painting men,
progress of the artist's perception: attitudes are forever soldiers, a company marching out with pride. I was not
changing according to the nature of the confrontation. What painting vain pedants of rank and position, full of themselves,
the artist first sees may well disappear as a new persona empty and stupid beneath their big hats.'
emerges from behind an initial mask of unfamiliarity.

5 What comes as a surprise to the writer when he

looks at a Rembrandt portrait?
A How alive the artist makes the picture seem.
B The artist's ability to transfer pigment
from brush to canvas.
C The deftness of the artist's brushwork.
D The presence of the artist.

6 By telling the story of the painting The Night Watch,

the writer wants to illustrate that Rembrandt
A did not approve of the City Guard.
B could not actually paint exact likenesses.
C painted portraits which go beyond surface
realities.
D was intolerant of criticism.
 A portrait
The first thing that might have struck any casual observer about Ma Lurk Hing would have
been his extreme shortness, that and the scars of childhood smallpox which had endowed
his pitted face with the colour and consistency of an amply aerated but half-cooked batter
pudding. Had the casual observer spoken Cantonese he would have discerned in Ma's
rasping voice - a voice so hoarse, so brutalised that surely the surface mutilations must point
to some deeper penetration of the disease into the throat - the twang of a man used to
another dialect. He sounded like a Swatownese; an emigrant from the poorer quarter of that
teeming dock-town.
His hands were hidden in his over-long coat sleeves but when he consulted his watch it
could be seen that the index and adjoining fingers of his right hand had been cleanly
amputated from below the line of the second joint. Some industrial accident perhaps? A
supposition to be encouraged by Ma's bow-legged longshoreman's stance and trick of
carrying his hands curled into pudgy fists, the wrists cocked, facing outwards, as if he might
be levering up a hatch by its bar in some atavistic reflex of labour. Giving the lie to this, the
flesh of Ma's palms was soft and white, had long been so.

7 According to the text, Ma

A has a violent and aggressive way of speaking.
B does not come from the country he now
inhabits.
C has not spoken the dialect he now uses from
birth.
D speaks with a voice affected by a childhood
illness.

8 What do we learn about the appearance of Ma's

hands?
A They did not really look like workmen's hands.
B They revealed the nature of his former work.
C There were fingers missing from both of them.
D They'd been injured in an industrial accident.

Remember to note down the time it takes you to

complete each reading text and questions. Practice as
much as possible with similar texts before the exam
and try to reduce the time you take to answer the
multiple choice questions.
 ~ocabulary developmet1t_~ ~
Idioms with comparisons
Comparisons with as ... as are often used to describe people. Complete the idioms below with a
word or phrase from the box.

a bat chalk and cheese a coot crystal a cucumber a daisy

a fiddle
a hatter the hills houses life a mouse
a new pin a post Punch rain a sheet sin toast a whistle

1 as deaf as ............... 8 as warm as ............... 1S as clean as . ..............

! 2 as blind as ............... 9 as white as ............... 16 as different as ...............

3 as bald as ............... 10 as right as . .............. 17 as fit as . ..............

4 as mad as ............... 11 as safe as ............... 18 as fresh as . ..............

S as quiet as ............... 12 as old as ............... 19 as clear as ...............

6 as large as ............... 13 as pleased as ............... 20 as neat as ...............

7 as miserable as ............... 14 as cool as ...............

Expressions with parts of the body

Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct word from the box to complete the phrases
in bold.

1 I feel like I'm banging my against a brick wall!

2 I wanted to look that word up but I didn't have a dictionary to .
3 My little sister is getting on my nerves! She's a real pain in the .
4 Phillip is pretty short of money. The last time I saw him he was looking
very down at .
S Laura has her to the wall now; this is her last chance to clear her
name and there's no one to back her up.
6 Don't speak to my parents about how much freedom children should have.
It's a of contention between us.
7 She hurled the most terrible abuse at him but he didn't turn a .
8 When Sally got the message, she raced out of the restaurant, leaving me
to the bilI.
9 If you lay a on my little boy, I'll report you to the headmaster.
10 You can argue until you're blue in the but I won't change my mind.
Similar but different
Choose the correct alternative from each of the pairs in italics below.

1 She really tried/put my patience to the limits.

2 Old people sometimes try to cling/hang to the past.
3 My mother is a compulsive hoarder. She collects anything that comes to hand/grasp,
regardless of its worth.
4 I visited Barbara in prison and offered to help her but she seemed completely
indifferent/careless to her fate.
S Jim found/felt it difficult to resist his daughter's beguiling smile.
6 He couldn't have had a fight; violence is quite opposed/foreign to his nature.
7 While we have no doubts about William's keenness, we do not believe he is
experienced/competent to lead the venture.
8 We'll wait until Mum is in the right set/frame of mind before we tell her our news.
9 Assuming/Considering so much money was spent on her education, Linda is rather a
disappointment.
10 Mr Hill hinted/suggested very strongly that he would withdraw Bill from the team if
his behaviour didn't improve.

Adjective and noun collocations

Match an adjective from box A with a noun from box B to make common collocations.
Then fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct collocation.

I thought I could earn enough money to take my family to America but it was just
............................ I always knew it wasn't really possible.
2 Leaving home was a bit of for Pamela. On the one hand, she is independent,
but on the other she is now permanently broke!
3 My grandmother had when she was a child. Her parents divorced and she
was sent to live in an orphanage.
4 Speaking English has become to me now, although I couldn't speak a word
when we moved to England.
S After a year-long estrangement, my uncle and aunt are holding out and
have invited us all to stay.
6 Marrying into a different culture, and having to defer to her husband in everything,
was from what Trudy had expected.
7 Sarah looks back at her childhood on a tiny island through ; she refuses to
remember the difficulties she experienced.
8 Aren't you making rather when you say that my grandmother's generation
were all prudish and puritanical?
o Phrasal verbs with look
Study the list of phrasal verbs with look on page 161 and fill in the blanks in the sentences
below with the correct phrasal verb in the right form.

1 Since the earthquake the victims have had to charitable organisations for
food and aid.
2 I must my swimming things before the trip tomorrow.
3 The police have promised to the circumstances of the accident.
4 Tim's parents have always his wife because of her humble background.
S I have what I wrote in my statement and I now wish to change it.
6 I think I'll my grandmother tonight as she hasn't been very well.
7 I can't believe that everyone just and did nothing while those men
robbed the old lady.
8 Nelson Mandela is the person I most. I think what he did in South Africa
was an example to us all.

Expressions with look

Replace the phrases in italics below with the correct expression from the box in the right form.

a look somebody up and down e look to one's laurels

b look daggers at somebody f look before you leap
c look down one's nose at 9 look the worse for wear
somebody h look on the bright side
d look a gift horse in the mouth

1 Although the job you have been offered pays well, the hours are long, so you'd better
think about possible difficulties before acting.
2 As James entered the shop, the woman examined him thoroughly.
3 When Lucy let slip to her mother that they had been to the disco, her sister looked very
angrily at her.
4 Mrs Green is a very snobbish woman and considers her husband's family unworthy of her.
S The position may not be exactly what you wanted but you shouldn't look for faults in
something that is freely offered.
6 It's a shame about the weather but cheer up. We could be hard at work instead of
relaxing here.
7 Did you have a difficult day'? You seem to be in a bad state.
8 Tim has always been top of the class in Science but the new girl is a real genius. He'll
have to work hard in order to continue his success.
 Prepositions
Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct preposition from the box to complete the
phrases in bold. You will need to use some of the prepositions more than once. Many of these
usages have appeared in the texts you have read in this unit.

1 The first thing that struck me our new neighbour was his
cheerfulness.
2 One glance her clothes would tell you how well-off Samantha is.
3 Mr Brown is not a man to trifle ; if you get on the wrong side of him,
heaven help you!
4 There is something ludicrous George; I think it must be the way he
flaps his arms when he talks.
S Tom is rather full himself. He needs taking down a peg or two.
6 The police are acting information from one of their informants.
7 Did you know that you can be very annoying times?
a The rules of the competition are subject change by the organisers.
9 He was endowed a natural talent for drawing.
10 The new exhibition will be show at the National Gallery for three
weeks.

m Expressions and idioms with the weather

Choose the correct alternative from each of the pairs in italics below.

1 News of the crash dropped/cast a cloud over this year's Grand Prix.
2 My sister is not a bit practical. She goes round all day with her head/eyes in
the clouds.
3 Don't spend all your money now - save it for a wet/rainy day.
4 Maria didn't need to make such a huge fuss about such a little thing - it was a
storm/gale in a teacup.
S The new musical got/took Broadway by storm.
6 Before you make a firm decision, you'd better see which way the wind/breeze is
blowing.
7 I just asked Samantha to file a few papers but she's making very foggy/heavy
weather of it.
a I don't think I'll play football today - I'm feeling a bit under/below the weather.
9 Peter felt quite confident at the start of the interview but when the manager
corrected his grammar it really took the wind/air out of his sails.
10 Many small firms did not weather/break the storm of the recession.