•CAD

•CAM
•ETO
•MRP2
  MRP 2

 Erp system are used to integrate and optimize an

organisation’s internal manufacturing
,financial, distribution, and human resource functions
ERP II addresses the integration of business
processes that extend a across in an enterprise
And its trading partners.
ERP II forms the basis of Internet enabled e-
business and collaborative commerce.
The main reason why ERP II came in to existance
was the need to look at a way to give
Customers and partners access to scheduling
delivery and inventory , manufacturing invoicing and
planning information
 Computer-aided design

 Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as computer-aided

drafting and design (CADD), is the use of computer technology for
the process of design and design-documentation. Computer Aided
Drafting describes the process of drafting with a computer. CADD
software, or environments, provide the user with input-tools for the
purpose of streamlining design processes; drafting, documentation,
and manufacturing processes. CADD output is often in the form of
electronic files for print or machining operations. The development of
CADD-based software is in direct correlation with the processes it
seeks to economize; industry-based software (construction,
manufacturing, etc.) typically uses vector-based (linear) environments
whereas graphic-based software utilizes raster-based (pixelated)
environments
CADD environments often involve more than just shapes. As in the manual
drafting of technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey
information, such as materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances,
according to application-specific conventions.
CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space;
or curves, surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional (3D) objects.[1]
CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications,
including automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and
architectural design, prosthetics, and many more. CAD is also widely used to
produce computer animation for special effects in movies, advertising and
technical manuals. The modern ubiquity and power of computers means that
even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using techniques
unheard of by engineers of the 1960s. Because of its enormous economic
importance, CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational
geometry, computer graphics (both hardware and software), and discrete
differential geometry.[2]
The design of geometric models for object shapes, in particular, is often called
computer-aided geometric design (CAGD).
Originally software for Computer-Aided
Design systems was developed with
computer languages such as Fortran, but
with the advancement of object-oriented
programming methods this has radically
changed. Typical modern parametric
feature based modeler and freeform A CAD model of a mouse.
surface systems are built around a
number of key C modules with their own
APIs. A CAD system can be seen as built
up from the interaction of a graphical user
interface (GUI) with NURBS geometry
and/or boundary representation (B-rep)
data via a geometric modeling kernel. A
geometry constraint engine may also be
employed to manage the associative
relationships between geometry, such as
wireframe geometry in a sketch or
components in an assembly.

CAD model and CNC machined part

 Uses

Computer-aided design is one of the many tools used by engineers and designers
and is used in many ways depending on the profession of the user and the type of
software in question.
CAD is one part of the whole Digital Product Development (DPD) activity within the
Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) process, and as such is used together with
other tools, which are either integrated modules or stand-alone products, such as:
Computer-aided engineering (CAE) and Finite element analysis (FEA)
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) including instructions to Computer
Numerical Control (CNC) machines
Photo realistic rendering
Document management and revision control using Product Data Management
(PDM).
CAD is also used for the accurate creation of photo simulations that are often
required in the preparation of Environmental Impact Reports, in which computer-
aided designs of intended buildings are superimposed into photographs of existing
environments to represent what that locale will be like were the proposed facilities
allowed to be built. Potential blockage of view corridors and shadow studies are
also frequently analyzed through the use of CAD.
 Computer-aided manufacturing

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of computer software to

control machine tools and related machinery in the manufacturing of workpieces.[1]
[2][3][4][5]
This is not the only definition for CAM, but it is the most common;[1] CAM
may also refer to the use of a computer to assist in all operations of a
manufacturing plant, including planning, management, transportation and storage.
[6][7]
Its primary purpose is to create a faster production process and components
and tooling with more precise dimensions and material consistency, which in
some cases, uses only the required amount of raw material (thus minimizing
waste), while simultaneously reducing energy consumption.[citation needed]
CAM is a subsequent computer-aided process after computer-aided design
(CAD) and sometimes computer-aided engineering (CAE), as the model
generated in CAD and verified in CAE can be input into CAM software, which
then controls the machine tool
Traditionally, CAM has been considered as a numerical control
(NC) programming tool, wherein two-dimensional (2-D) or three-
dimensional (3-D) models of components generated in CAD
software are used to generate G-code to drive computer
numerically controlled (CNC) machine tools. Simple designs such
as bolt circles or basic contours do not necessitate importing a
CAD file.
As with other “Computer-Aided” technologies, CAM does not
eliminate the need for skilled professionals such as manufacturing
engineers, NC programmers, or machinists. CAM, in fact,
leverages both the value of the most skilled manufacturing
professionals through advanced productivity tools, while building
the skills of new professionals through visualization, simulation
and optimization tools.
Manufacturing complexity

The manufacturing environment is increasingly complex. The need for

CAM and PLM tools by the manufacturing engineer, NC programmer or
machinist is similar to the need for computer assistance by the pilot of
modern aircraft systems. The modern machinery cannot be properly used
without this assistance.
Today's CAM systems support the full range of machine tools
including: turning, 5 axis machining and wire EDM. Today’s CAM user
can easily generate streamlined tool paths, optimized tool axis tilt for
higher feed rates and optimized Z axis depth cuts as well as driving
non-cutting operations such as the specification of probing motions
Machining process

Most machining progresses through four stages, each of which is implemented

by a variety of basic and sophisticated strategies, depending on the material and
the software available. The stages are:
Roughing
This process begins with raw stock, known as billet, and cuts it very roughly
to shape of the final model. In milling, the result often gives the appearance
of terraces, because the strategy has taken advantage of the ability to cut
the model horizontally. Common strategies are zig-zag clearing, offset
clearing, plunge roughing, rest-roughing.
Semi-finishing
This process begins with a roughed part that unevenly approximates the
model and cuts to within a fixed offset distance from the model. The semi-
finishing pass must leave a small amount of material so the tool can cut
accurately while finishing, but not so little that the tool and material deflect
instead of shearing. Common strategies are raster passes, waterline
passes, constant step-over passes, pencil milling.
Finishing
Finishing involves a slow pass across the material in
very fine steps to produce the finished part. In finishing,
the step between one pass and another is minimal.
Feed rates are low and spindle speeds are raised to
produce an accurate surface.
Contour milling
In milling applications on hardware with five or more
axes, a separate finishing process called contouring
can be performed. Instead of stepping down in fine-
grained increments to approximate a surface, the
workpiece is rotated to make the cutting surfaces of the
tool tangent to the ideal part features. This produces an
excellent surface finish with high dimensional accuracy.
: List of CAM companies
•CATIA from Dassault Systèmes
•Edgecam from Planit, formerly Pathtrace
•Mastercam from CNC Software
•Cimatron from Cimatron group
 Assemble to order(ATO)

A manufacturing environment where th final product is assembled

based on receipt of customer order. The assembly is normally
Performed using standard components, modules and sub
assemblies
That are already stocked based on forecast developed from past
usage history.
An ATO environment allows each customer order to specify a
custom combination of
Previously defined standard options
 Engineer to order
A manufacturing response to demand in which engineering
Analysis and design occur for all materials and production
activities
Designated for a specific customer order.ETO may involve
the use of a
Few common raw material, but requires constructing new
bills of
Material and riutings to complete intermediate items and the
end time required