HEAT TRANSFER LAB

DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HEAT TRANSFER LAB

LAB MANUAL

S N M INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

MALIANKARA P O, MOOTHAKUNNAM, ERNAKULAM-683 516

Dept. of Mechanical 1 SNMIMT

HEAT TRANSFER LAB

DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HEAT TRANSFER LAB

LAB MANUAL
Prepared by: PRAMOD K. B. & KIRAN M.
Checked by:
Revision No.
Date

S N M INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

MALIANKARA P O, MOOTHAKUNNAM, ERNAKULAM-683 516

Dept. of Mechanical 2 SNMIMT

HEAT TRANSFER LAB

CONTENTS
Experiments Name Page No.

CYCLE – 1

1. Determination of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient of Composite Wall……….. 5

2. Emissivity Measurement Apparatus…………………………………………….. 7

3. Heat Transfer In Forced Convection………………………………………….... 10

4. Free Or Natural Convection………………………………………………..…… 13

5. Heat Exchanger – Parallel Flow………………………………………..………. 16

CYCLE – 2

6. Heat Exchanger- Counter Flow……………………………….…………….…. 20

7. Heat Transfer Through Lagged Pipe…………………………….……………… 23

8. Performance Test On Refrigerating Unit……………………….……………… 25

9. Air Conditioning Test Rig…………………………………….……………….. 27

Dept. of Mechanical 3 SNMIMT

HEAT TRANSFER LAB

CYCLE - 1

Dept. of Mechanical 4 SNMIMT

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Experiment No: 1
DETERMINATION OF OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT OF COMPOSITE WALL
AIM
To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of a composite wall

THEORY
Let
K 1 A1 (T 1−T 2) K 2 A2 (T 2−T 3) K 3 A 3(T 3−T 4 )
Q= L1 = L2 = L3

Where

K1 = conductivity of mild steel, L1-Thickness of mild steel

K2 = conductivity of wood, L2-Thickness of wood
K3 = conductivity of Bakelite L3-Thickness of bakelite
2
πd
A=
4

Where d = 300 mm

Q L1 Q L2 Q L3
K 1= = =
A1 (T 1−T 2) A 2 (T 2 −T 3 ) A3 (T 3−T 4 )

Overall heat transfer coefficient

1
U0= 1/ A (
L 1 L2 L3
+ + )
K1 K2 K3

SPECIFICATION;-
1) Mild steel 20 mm thick of 300 mm diameter =2 nos
2) Wood 20 mm thick of 300 mm diameter = 3 nos
3) Bakelite 19 mm thick of 300 mm diameter =2 nos
4) Heater = 500 watts
5) Thermocouples = 7 nos(iron- constantan)

APPARATUS

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HEAT TRANSFER LAB

The apparatus consists of three circular slabs of different materials of same thickness,
clamped in the centre using screw rod. A central heater is sandwiched between two sheets
.three types of slabs are provided on both the sides of heater, which forms a composite
structure. A small hand press frame is provided to ensure perfect contact between the slabs. A
dimmerstat is provided for varying the input to the heater and measurements of input is
carried out by a Wattmeter.

Thermocouples are embedded between interfaces of the slabs to read the temperature
at the surface. The experiment can be conducted at various values of heater input and
calculation can be made accordingly.

PROCEDURE
1) First ensure that plates are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the heater plates
2) Operate the hand press properly to ensure perfect contact between the plates
3) Close the box by the cover sheet to achieve steady environmental conditions
4) Start the supply of heater by varying the dimmerstat ,adjust the input at the desired
values
5) Take readings of all the thermocouples after steady state conditions are achieved
6) Note down readings in observation table.
7) Repeat the procedure for different heat inputs

PRECAUTIONS
1) Keep dimmerstat to zero before start
2) Increase input heat supply slowly
3) Keep the assembly insulated
4) Remove air gap between plates by moving hand press gently
5) Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently

OBSERVATIONS
SL Wattmeter T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 U0
O O O
NO Readings ( C) ( C) ( C) (OC) O
( C) O
( C) O
( C) W/m2 K
(WATT)
1
2
3
4
5

RESULT
The overall heat transfer coefficient is ……………

Dept. of Mechanical 6 SNMIMT

HEAT TRANSFER LAB

INFERENCE-

Experiment No: 2
EMISSIVITY MEASUREMENT APPARATUS
AIM
To determine emissivity of test surface

THEORY
All substances emit radiation at all temperatures.Thermal radiation is an
electromagnetic wave and doesn’t require any material medium for propogation. All bodies
can emit radiation and have capacity to absorb all ,or part of radiation coming from the
surroundings towards it.

An idealized black surface is one which absorbs all incident radiation with reflectivity
and transmittivity equal to zero.T he radiant energy per unit time per unit area from the
surface of the body is called as the emissive power and is denoted by ‘C’.the emissivity of the
surface is the ratio of the emissive power of the surface to the emissive power of the black
surface at the same temperature.

εs
ε=
εb

Absorpitivity of a black body is one and by Kirchoff’s law of emissivity of the black
body becomes unity.Emissivity being a property of the surface depends on the nature of the
surface and temperature It is obvious from the Stefan boltzman law that the value of
emissive power of the surface require knowledge about the values of its emissivity and
therefore much experimental research in radiation has been oncentrated on measuring the
value of emissivity as function of surface temperature.the present experimental set up is
designed and fabricated to measure the property of emissivity of the test plate surface at
various temperatures.

SPECIFICATIONS
Diameter of test plate = 150 mm

Diameter of black plate = 150 mm

Enclosure size = 550 mm × 300 mm × 300 mm

APPARATUS

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The experimental set up consists of two circular copper plates, identical in size and is
provided with heating coils sandwitched.the plates are mounted on brackets (asbestos cement
sheet) and are kept in an enclosure ,so as to provide undisturbed natural convection
surroundings.the heat input to the heater is varied by separate dimmerstats and is measured
by using an wattmeter. The temperature of plates are measured by three thermocouples
placed at ends of the plate.another thermocouple is provided in the enclosure to read the
ambient temperature of enclosure.

Plate one is blackened by a thick layer of lamp black to form the idealized black
surface wheras plate two is the test plate whose emissivity is to be measured .the heater
inputs to the two plates are dissipated from the plates by conduction,convention and
radiation.the experimental set up is set up is designed in such a way that under steady state
conditions the heat dissipated by conduction and convention is same for both the plates when
the surface temperature are same for both the plates and the difference in the heater input
readings is because of the difference in the heater input readings is because of the difference
in the radiation characteristics due to this different emissivities.the schematic arrangement of
the set up is as shown in the figure.

PROCEDURE
1) Gradually increase the input to the heater to black plate and test plate and adjust it to test
values.

2) Check the temperature of the two plates with small time interval and adjust the input of
test plate only, by the dimmerstat so that the two plates will be maintained at the same
temperature.

3) Wait until steady state conditions approach and record the temperatures of both plates (T 1 ,
T2, T3 , T4 ,T5 , T6 and T7)

4) Repeat same procedure for various surface temperature in increasing order and tabulate
the result

PRECAUTIONS
1) Use stabilized A.C single phase supply.
2) Always keep the dimmerstat at zero position before start.
3) Gradually increase heater inputs.
4) Ensure that black plate is completely covered with lamp black uniformly.
5) Do not increase power beyond 100w

OBSERVATION
Dimmerstat Ambient
Test plate Black plate
readings temperature
W1 W2 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
o o o o o o T7(oC)
(watts) (watts) ( C) ( C) ( C) ( C) ( C) ( C)

Dept. of Mechanical 8 SNMIMT

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CALCULATIONS

1) Emissive power of test plate εg =σΔT4

σ = 5.67 × 10 -8 w/m2ok

ΔT - average surface temperature

T 1 +T 2+T 3
ΔT = 3
+ 273 – (T7+273)

εg =________

2) Emissive power of Black plate εb =σΔT4

T 4 + T 5 +T 6
ΔT = 3
+ 273 – (T7+273)

εb= _______
εg
3) Emissivity =
εb

RESULT
Emissivity of non black test plate (E) is = ______

INFERENCE

Dept. of Mechanical 9 SNMIMT

HEAT TRANSFER LAB

Experiment No: 3
HEAT TRANSFER IN FORCED CONVECTION
AIM
To determine the forced convection heat transfer coefficient for flow through the
given horizontal tube or cylinder ,and compare the theoritical and actual values.

THEORY
Convection is the process of energy transfer by the combined action of heat
conduction, energy storage and mixing motion. When the mixing motion is induced by some
external agency such as pump or a blower the process is called forced convection. the
intensity of mixing motion is generally high in forced convection and consequently the heat
transfer coefficients are higher than free convection.

The heat transfer coefficient h can be obtained from Newton-Rockmens law of

convection as
Q= h A ΔT
By using the method of dimensional analysis on the experimental setup, results
obtained in heat transfer can be correlated by equation of forces
Nu = Φ (Re 4 (Pr))
Where Φ and 4d are functions of Reynolds number and Prandtl number respectively.
SPECIFICATIONS
Outer pipe diameter (do) = 32 mm
Inner pipe diameter (di) = 28 mm
Length of test section (L) = 400 mm
Orifice diameter (d) = 25 mm
Coefficient of discharge (Cd) = 0.62
Dimmerstat 0-2 ampere, 230V AC
Blower
Temperature indicator
Wattmeter
Heater
APPARATUS
The apparatus consists of a blower unit fitted with a test pipe .The test section is
surrounded by a nichrome band heater. Four thermocouples are embedded in test section and
two thermocouples in air stream at the entrance and exit of the test section to measure air
inlet and outlet temperatures. Test pipe is connected to the delivery side of the blower along
with the orifice to measure flow of air through the pipe. Input to heater is given through

Dept. of Mechanical 10 SNMIMT

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dimmerstat and measured by wattmeter. Air flow is measured with help of an orifice meter
and manometer fitted on board.

PRECAUTIONS
1) Keep dimmerstat to zero before start
2) Increase voltage slowly
3) Keep the assembly insulated
4) Use proper range of wattmeter
5) Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently
6) Ensure there is no block in flow path of blower
7) Maximum heater input -100W

PROCEDURE
1. Switch on the supply and select the range
2. Switch on the blower unit and adjust the air flow rate using gate valve of blower to a
desired level difference in the manometer.
3. Wait until steady conditions are attained
4. Note the wattmeter readings and thermocouples readings
5. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient using newtons formula
6. Repeat the experiment for different heat input values.

Nu= c (Re)m (Pr)n

Prandtl number, Pr = M CP
K
Heat transfer coefficient, hth= Nu K
hc
OBSERVATIONS
Dimmerstat
Sl Manometer H *10^-3 ha
reading Surface temperature(oC)
No reading(m) (m) (w/m2k)
(watts)
(h1) (h2) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
1
2

CALCULATIONS

Specific heat of air from chart (Cp) at Ta = ______

Ta = T1 +T6
2
Density of air at Ta in C from chart (þ)
o
= ________

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Density of water (þw) = ________

Coefficient of discharge (Cd) = ________

Acceleration due to gravity (g) = ________

Air discharge Q = CdA × square root (2gwþw)

Þ
Velocity of air at outlet V= Q/A = ______

Mass flow rate of air Ma = þa ×Q = ______

Heat carried away by air, Qa = Ma Cp (T6-T1)

Mean temperature Ts = T2 +T3 + T4 + T5

4
The value of surface heat transfer coefficient neglecting end losses using equation

h= Q____
A (Ts-Ta)
Heat transfer area = πDL =

Thermal conductivity at Ta from chart =

Actual nusslet number = h × Di

K
Kinematic viscosity (ν) =

Reynolds number (Re) = VD

ν
Prandtl number =
0.8
Theoretical Nusselt number = 0.023 ×Re ×Pr 0.4

RESULT
Theoretical nusselet number =
Actual nusselet number =
Heat transfer coefficient =

INFERENCE

Dept. of Mechanical 12 SNMIMT

HEAT TRANSFER LAB

Experiment No: 4
FREE OR NATURAL CONVECTION
AIM
To determine the natural convection heat transfer coefficient for vertical tube exposed
to atmospheric air.

THEORY
In contrast to forced convection, natural convection phenomenon is due to the
temperature difference between the surfaces and the fluid, and is not created by any external
agency.The present experiment setup is designed and fabricated to study the natural
convection phenomenon from a vertical cylinder in terms of variation of the local heat
transfer coefficient and its comparison with the value obtained by using an approximate
correction.

Q
The value of surface heat transfer coefficient h=
A (T ¿ ¿ s−T a) ¿

Q = rate of heating in watts

Ts = average surface temperature

Theoretical value of heat transfer coefficient can be obtained with the correlation equations
below

hL = 0.56 (Gr.Pr)0.25 for 104 <Gr Pr<108

K

hL = 0.13 (Gr.Pr)1/3 for 104 <Gr Pr<108

K

SPECIFICATION:-
1) Diameter of tube (d) = 38 mm
2) Length of tube (L) = 500mm
3) Duct size = 250 mm × 250 mm × 900 mm
4) Number of thermocouples = 6 nos.

APPARATUS
The apparatus consists of brass tube fitted in a rectangular duct in a vertical
position.The duct is open at the top and bottom and forms an enclosure and serves the

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purpose of undisturbed surroundings.An electric heating element is kept in vertical tube

which in turn heats the tube surface.the heat is lost from the tube to the surroundings air by
natural convection.the temperature of the vertical tube is measured by seven thermocouples
.the heat input to the heater is measured by a wattmeter and is varied by a dimmerstat.the tube
surface is polished to minimize radiation losses.

PRECAUTIONS
1) Keep dimmerstat to zero before start
2) Increase voltage slowly
3) Keep the assembly insulated
4) Use proper range of wattmeter
5) Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently

PROCEDURE
1) Switch on supply and adjust the dimmerstat to obtain the required heat input.
2) Wait until steady state conditions are attained
3) Note down the readings of thermocouples
4) Note down ambient temperature
5) The experiment is repeated for different heat input values.

OBSERVATIONS

Wattmeter Ambient
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 ha
Sl no Readings O O O O O O O temperature
( C) ( C) ( C) ( C) ( C) ( C) ( C) w/m2K
(watt) (OC)

1
2
3
4
5

CALCULATIONS

1) The value of surface heat transfer coefficient neglecting end losses using equation
Q
h=
A (T ¿ ¿ s−T a) ¿
Q = rate of heating in watts
Ts = average surface temperature

T 1 +T 2+T 3 +T 4 +T 5 +T 6 +T 7
Ts = 7
K

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A = Πdl
D = diameter of cylinder in m.
L = Length of the tube in m.

ha= _______

2) Compare the experimentally obtained value with the predictions of the correlation
equations below

hL = 0.56 (Gr.Pr)0.25 for 104 <Gr Pr<108

K
hL = 0.13 (Gr.Pr)1/3 for 104 <Gr Pr<108
K

Tf = Ts + Ta =______
2
β = 1 = ______
Tf
Grashof number (Gr) = gβL3ΔT
ν2
Prandtl number (Pr) = µCp
K
Gr Pr = ________

hL = 0.56 (Gr.Pr)0.25
K

hth =

RESULT
Heat transfer coefficient by natural convection is =

INFERENCE

Dept. of Mechanical 15 SNMIMT

HEAT TRANSFER LAB

Experiment No: 5
HEAT EXCHANGER
AIM
To determine the log mean temperature difference and overall heat transfer coefficient of heat
exchanger

THEORY
Heat exchanger is a device in which heat is transfefered from one fluid to another, the
temperature of fluid change in the direction of flow causing the flow of heat, the hot fluid is hot water
and cold fluid is cold water.

Temperature effectiveness includes the performance of heat exchanger with respect to

temperature alone.it is defined as the ratio of temperature difference that one fluid undergoes
maximum temperature difference prevailing across the heat exchanger

It is denoted by p1

T co −T ci
P 1=
T hi −T ho

Q
Effectiveness of heat exchanger, E = Qmax

SPECIFICATION
Inside diameter of the outer tube = 35 mm

Length of the pipe = 1500 mm

Inside diameter of inner pipe = 12.5 mm

APPARATUS
The apparatus consists of two concentric horizontal tubes.Hot water flows in the inner tube
and cold water flows around the inner tube in the annular space.Electric Geyser is used to heat the
water.Flow of water is measured by stop watch and jar provided.Thermocouples are provided and
insulations are provided to minimize heat loss.

THEORY
a) Parallel flow :-
Heat loss by hot water, Qh = mhCph(Thi-Tho)
Heat gained by cold water, Qc =mc Cpc(Tco-Tci)

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ΔT max −Δ T min
LMTD=
log( Δ T max / Δ T min )

ΔT max = Thi-Tci

ΔT min = Tho-Tco
Q h +Q w
Q=
2

Area of pipe, A= ПDL

Where-D=diameter of inner tube

L= length of the equipment

Overall Heat transfer coefficient, U = (Q/A) (LMTD)

Effectiveness of heat exchanger, E= Q/Qmax

mh c p (T hi −T ho )
Q=
¿¿

PROCEDURE:-
1) Open the valve to start the flow of cold water in the outer pipe. Select the type of flow ,either
parallel or counter by adjusting the valve.
2) Put on the switch of electric geyser for hot water circulation
3) Put on the selector switch of the temperature indicator to the required temperature
4) Wait until steadt y state conditions is reached
5) Note down the temperature readings of water flow
6) Measure the flow rate of hot water and cold water

OBSERVATIONS
hot water(oC) cold water(oC)
Sl. (Mh) (Mc) U
LMTD E
No kg/s. kg/s. w/m2k
Thi Tho Tci Tco
1
2
3

CALCULATIONS

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Heat lost by hot water -Qh

Mh = ______ Kg/sec.

Qh=MhCph (Thi-Tho)

Heat gained by cold water-Qc

Mc = ………… Kg/sec

Qc = McCpc(Tco-Tci)
ΔT max −Δ T min
LMTD=
log( Δ T max / Δ T min )

ΔT max = Thi-Tci = _________

ΔT min = Tho-Tco =__________

Area of pipe with diameter 12.5 mm = ПdL =

Heat Transferred in The Equipment, Q =_Qh+Qc

2
Overall heat transfer coefficient in paralell flow- Up

Up = _Q___
A*(LMTD)

Effectiveness, E= _Q_
Qmax
Qmax = (mCp) min × ΔT max

RESULT
Determined LMTD of the heat exchanger in paralell flow
Calculated the actual value of Overall heat Transfer Coefficient
Determined the Effectiveness of the equipment in paralell flow
INFERENCE

Dept. of Mechanical 18 SNMIMT

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CYCLE - 2

Experiment No: 6

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HEAT EXCHANGER- COUNTER FLOW

AIM
To determine the log mean temperature difference and overall heat transfer coefficient
of heat exchanger

THEORY
Heat exchanger is a device in which heat is transfefered from one fluid to another, the
temperature of fluid change in the direction of flow causing the flow of heat, the hot fluid is
hot water and cold fluid is cold water.

Temperature effectiveness includes the performance of heat exchanger with respect

to temperature alone. It is defined as the ratio of temperature difference that one fluid
undergoes maximum temperature difference prevailing across the heat exchanger

It is denoted by p1

T co −T ci
P 1=
T hi −T ho

Q
Effectiveness of heat exchanger, E = Qmax

SPECIFICATION
Inside diameter of the outer tube = 35 mm

Length of the pipe = 1500 mm

Inside diameter of inner pipe = 12.5 mm

APPARATUS
The apparatus consists of two concentric horizontal tubes.Hot water flows in the inner
tube and cold water flows around the inner tube in the annular space.Electric Geyser is used
to heat the water. Flow of water is measured by stop watch and jar provided.Thermocouples
are provided and insulations are provided to minimize heat loss.

THEORY
Counter flow:-
Heat loss by hot water, Qh = mhCph(Thi-Tho)

Heat gained by cold water, Qc =mc Cpc(Tco-Tci)

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ΔT max −Δ T min
LMTD=
log( Δ T max / Δ T min )

ΔT max = Thi-Tco

ΔT min = Tho-Tci
Q h +Q w
Q=
2

Area of pipe, A= ПDL

Where-D=diameter of inner tube

L= length of the equipment

Overall Heat transfer coefficient, U = (Q/A) (LMTD)

Effectiveness of heat exchanger, E= Q/Qmax

mh c p (T hi −T ho )
Q=
¿¿

PROCEDURE:-
1) Open the valve to start the flow of cold water in the outer pipe. Select the type of
flow, either parallel or counter by adjusting the valve.
2) Put on the switch of electric geyser for hot water circulation.
3) Put on the selector switch of the temperature indicator to the required temperature.
4) Wait until steadt y state conditions is reached.
5) Note down the temperature readings of water flow.
6) Measure the flow rate of hot water and cold water.

OBSERVATIONS

Sl. (Mh) (Mc) hot water(oC) cold water(oC) U

Thi Tho Tci Tco LMTD E
No kg/s. kg/s. w/m2k
1
2

CALCULATIONS
Heat lost by hot water -Qh

Mh = ______ Kg/sec.

Qh=MhCph (Thi-Tho)

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Heat gained by cold water-Qc

Mc = ………… Kg/sec

Qc = McCpc(Tco-Tci)
ΔT max −Δ T min
LMTD=
log( Δ T max / Δ T min )

ΔT max = Thi-Tco =

ΔT min = Tho-Tci =

Area of pipe with diameter 12.5 mm = ПdL =

Heat Transferred in the Equipment, Q =_Qh+Qc

2
Overall heat transfer coefficient in counter flow

Up = Q___
A*(LMTD)

Effectiveness, E= _Q_
Qmax
Qmax = (mCp) min × ΔT max

RESULT
LMTD and effectiveness of the heat exchanger in counter flow is calculated.

LMTD of heat exchanger in counter flow = ……………………………

Effectiveness of the equipment in counter flow = ………………………….

INFERENCE

Experiment No: 7

Dept. of Mechanical 22 SNMIMT

HEAT TRANSFER LAB

HEAT TRASFER THROUGH LAGGED PIPE

AIM
To determine the thermal conductivity of the insulating material in the lagged pipe
and plot the variation of temperature with radius.

THEORY
Fourier’s equation for one dimensional steady state heat condution is

dT
Q ∝ A dx

dT
= - k A dx

Q=heat transfer rate∈watts

A=area∈m2

dT
dx
= temperature gradient in °C / m

k = thermal conductivity of material in w/ m°C

SPECIFICATION
Length of pipe, l = 900 mm

Radius of pipe, R1 = 41 mm

R2 = 75 mm

R3 = 125 mm

PRECAUTIONS

1) Always keep the dimmerstat at zero position before starting.

2) Gradually increase heater inputs.
3) Do not increase power beyond 100w
4) Allow steay state conditions to be attained before taking readings.

PROCEDURE:-

1. Before switching on the mains see that the dimmerstat is in zero position.
2. Switch on the apparatus and turn the dimmerstat to desired value.
3. Allow the apparatus to attain steady state condition.

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4. With the help of selector switch take the temperature readings.

5. Change the heater input and repeat the experiment.
6. Tabulate the readings and calculate the thermal conductivity.
7. Plot the graph of temperature verses radius.
OBSERVATIONS

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 K1 K2
Sl Q
(°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (w/mk) (w/mk)
no. (Watts)
1
2

CALCULATIONS

2 π k 1 L ( T 1−T 2 ) 2 π k 2 L ( T 2−T 3 )
Q= =
R2 R3
ln ( )
R1
ln ( )
R2

T 1 +T 2 T 3 +T 4 T +T
where T1 = , T2 = , T3 = 5 6
2 2 2

RESULT

Average thermal conductivity of insulating material k1 = …………………w/mC

Average thermal conductivity of insulating material k2 = …………………w/mC

INFERENCE

Experiment No: 8

Dept. of Mechanical 24 SNMIMT

HEAT TRANSFER LAB

PERFORMANCE TEST ON REFRIGERATING UNIT

AIM
To determine the coefficient of performance of refrigerating unit.

THEORY
The vapour compression refrigerating system has four major components namely
evaporator, compressor, condenser and a expansion valve, the working fluid known as
refrigerant undergoes thermodynamic cycle while transferring heat from low temperature
reservoir to hot temperature reservoir with the help of external work.

Wet vapour refrigerant enters the compressor (point 1) and is compressed

isentropically to saturated vapour (point 2). This is then passed through condenser where it is
condensed to saturated liquid (point 3) at constant pressure by giving out latent heat to the
surroundings. This liquid refrigerant is throttled through a expansion device (point 4). After
expansion it is passed through evaporator where it absorbs the latent heat of vaporization and
produces cooling or refrigerating effect.

Performance of refrigerating unit is expressed in terms of coefficient of performance

(C. O. P.).

HEAT ABSORBED∈THE EVAPORATOR

C. O. P. = WORK DONE BY COMPRESSOR

SPECIFICATION

Refrigerant – R 134 a
Chiller capacity – 10 litres
PROCEDURE:-
1. Fill evaporator container with pure water.
2. Switch on the main and wait for sometime so that red light on stabilizer glows.
3. Note initial energy meter reading and initial temperature of water.
4. Switch on the compressor of refrigerating system.
5. Run machine for 30 – 40 minutes.
6. Finally note down the temperature of water and also energy meter reading.
7. Change the water and repeat the experiment.
OBSERVATIONS
Duration of test, T = ………………….
Initial energy meter reading, E1 = …………………
Initial temperature of water in chiller, t1 = ………………..
Final energy meter reading, E2 = …………………

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Final temperature of water in chiller, t2 = ………………..

Temperature at inlet of compressor, T1 = …………………
Temperature at outlet of compressor, T2 = …………………
Temperature at outlet of condenser, T3 = …………………
Temperature at outlet of expansion valve, T4 = ………………
Suction pressure, P1 = ………………bar
Delivery pressure, P2 = ………………bar
CALCULATIONS
Heat extracted, HE = mcp ΔT

ΔT = t1 – t2

Work done by compressor, WC = (E2 – E1) x 3600

HE
Actual C. O. P. =
WC

h1−h 4
Theoretical C. O. P. =
h2−h1

where, h1 = specific enthalpy corresponding to P1 T1

h2 = specific enthalpy corresponding to P2 T2

h3 = specific enthalpy corresponding to P3 T3

h4 = specific enthalpy corresponding to P4 T4

h1, h2, h3, and h4 are found out from p – h diagram of R – 134 a.

RESULT
Coefficient of performance of refrigerating system is calculated.

Actual C. O. P. = ……………………….

Theoretical C. O. P. = ………………….

INFERENCE

Dept. of Mechanical 26 SNMIMT

HEAT TRANSFER LAB

Experiment No: 9
AIR CONDITIONING TEST RIG
AIM
To determine the properties of moist air at inlet and outlet of duct in the air
conditioning test rig and determine the Coefficient of Performance.

THEORY
Air conditioning is that branch of engineering science which deals with the study of
conditioning of air i. e., supplying and maintaining desirable internal atmospheric conditions
(like temperature, humidity, purity and distribution) for human comfort.

Psychrometric chart is used for finding out the properties of air in the field of air
conditioning to eliminate lot of calculations. Psychrometric chart is graphical representation
of the various thermodynamic properties of moist air.

In Psychrometric chart, dry bulb temperature (DBT) is taken as abscissa and specific
humidity as ordinate. The saturation curve represents 100% relative humidity at various DBT.
It also represents the wet bulb temperature (WBT) and dew point temperature.

COOLING EFFECT
Coefficient of Performance =
WORK DONE

SPECIFICATION

Area of duct = 12cm 12cm

Refrigerant used = R-22

APPARATUS

The compressed refrigerant from the compressor is sent to an air cooled condenser
and then the condensate is passed through an expansion valve or a capillary tube for
throttling. Due to throttling, temperature of refrigerant falls and the cold refrigerant passes
through a heat exchanger to absorb heat from the air to be chilled or conditioned. The heat
exchanger is known as evaporator. The warm refrigerant is then returned to compressor.

A thermostat is provided to cutoff compressor when the air temperature reaches the
required value. Wet bulb and Dry bulb thermometers are provided to measure the temperature
of ambient air and the conditioned air. An energy meter is provided to measure the energy
input to compressor and fan. A voltmeter and ammeter is provided to monitor the power
supply conditions.

Dept. of Mechanical 27 SNMIMT

HEAT TRANSFER LAB

PROCEDURE
1. Switch on the air conditioning test rig.
2. Make sure the water level in the Wet bulb thermometer.
3. After steady state condition reaches, note down T1, T2, T3, &T4 and P1, & P2 and
rotameter readings
4. Also note down the WBT and DBT of air at inlet and outlet.
5. Using inlet DBT and WBT determine the properties of moist air at inlet of duct from
psychrometric chart.
6. Using outlet DBT and WBT determine the properties of moist air at outlet of duct
from psychrometric chart.
7. Measure the air velocity at exit of duct using anemometer.

OBSERVATIONS

Temperature at inlet of compressor, T1 = …………………

Temperature at outlet of compressor, T2 = …………………

Temperature at outlet of condenser, T3 = …………………

Temperature at outlet of expansion valve, T4 = ………………

Suction pressure, P1 = ………………bar

Delivery pressure, P2 = ………………bar

Time for ‘n’ revolution of energy meter disc, t = ……..

Velocity of air, v =

Inlet

WBT = ………………C

DBT = ………………C

Outlet

WBT = ………………C

DBT = ………………C

CALCULATIONS
Q
Coefficient of Performance, C.O.P. =
Wc
Cooling effect, Q = mcpΔT = m (h2 – h1)

Dept. of Mechanical 28 SNMIMT

HEAT TRANSFER LAB

h2 = specific enthalpy at exit kJ/ Kg

h1 = specific enthalpy at inlet kJ/ Kg

m=ρAv
ρ = density of air, Kg/ m3
A = Cross sectional area at exit, m2
v = velocity at exit, m/ s
n ×3600
Work done, WC =
t×N
N = energy meter constant

Q
Actual Coefficient of Performance of the unit = = ……………….
Wc

Properties of moist air at inlet and outlet of duct in the air conditioning test rig is determined
using psychrometric chart.

At inlet

Relative humidity = ……………….. Kg/ Kg of air

Dew point temperature = …………. C

Dept. of Mechanical 29 SNMIMT

HEAT TRANSFER LAB

Enthalpy = …………….kJ/ Kg

Humidity ratio = …………..

Partial pressure of vapour = ……………..bar

Saturation pressure corresponding to DBT = …………….bar

Saturation pressure corresponding to WBT = …………….bar

Volume of dry air = ………………….

At outlet

Relative humidity = ……………….. Kg/ Kg of air

Dew point temperature = ………….C

Enthalpy = ……………. kJ/ Kg

Humidity ratio = …………..

Partial pressure of vapour = …………….. bar

Saturation pressure corresponding to DBT = ……………. bar

Saturation pressure corresponding to WBT = ……………. bar

Volume of dry air = ………………….

The theoreitical (cycle) C.O.P. is detremined using the formula

h1−h 4
C. O. P. =
h2−h1

where, h1 = specific enthalpy of R-22 at P1 T1

h2 = specific enthalpy of R-22 at P2 T2

h3 = specific enthalpy of R-22 at P3 T3

h4 = specific enthalpy of R-22 at P4 T4

h1, h2, h3, and h4 are found out from p – h diagram of R – 22.

RESULT
Actual C.O.P. of the unit =
Cycle C.O.P. of the unit =
INFERENCE

Dept. of Mechanical 30 SNMIMT