Distance Measuring Equipment

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DISTANCE

MEASURING
EQUIPMENT
TIE-IN AND REVISION
• COMPARISON OF PRIMARY RADAR
AND SECONDARY RADAR.
– POWER REQUIREMENT.
– RANGE FROM A PARTICULAR
REPORTING POINT.
REVISION
ADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY RADAR
OVER PRIMARY RADAR
• POWER REQUIRED IS LESSER AS THE
SIGNALS ARE ONLY DOING A ONE WAY
JOURNEY.
• BECAUSE OF DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES,
ANY TRANSMITTER WILL NOT PICK UP ITS
•OWN GROUND REFLECTION.


ADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY
RADAR OVER PRIMARY RADAR

•INTERFERENCE THROUGH WEATHER IS


REDUCED.

•SYSTEM IS INDEPENDENT OF RADAR


CROSS SECTION i.e. REFLECTING AREA ,
SHAPE, MATERIAL.
ADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY RADAR
OVER PRIMARY RADAR
PRINCIPLE OF DME
• CONCEPT- PROVIDES SLANT
RANGE TO THE BEACON ON
GROUND.

DISTANCE= (SPEED X TIME)/2


PRINCIPLE OF DME
• PRINCIPLE - SECONDARY RADAR
PRINCIPLE.
- RANGE BY PULSE
TECHNIQUE.
• AIRCRAFT INTERROGATION IS BY
PULSE PAIRS.
PRINCIPLE OF DME
• GROUND TRANSPONDER – REPLIES
AFTER A FIXED DELAY ON A
DIFFERENT FREQUENCY.
• REPLY RECEIVED BY AN
INTERROGATOR RECEIVER.
• R=(T-50)/12.359
– R= RANGE IN NM.
DME SYSTEM
Transponder Interrogator
RX TX

DELAY
50 μs RANGE CCT O/P

TX RX
FREQUENCY AND CHANNEL
ALLOCATION
• NEED FOR FREQUENCY AND
CHANNEL SPACING.
– TRANSPONDER RESPONSE WILL BE
SWAMPED BY GROUND REFLECTION
OF THE ORIGINAL TX.
– SELF TRIGGERING.
( AVOIDED BY USING DIFFERENT
FREQUENCY.)
FREQUENCY AND
CHANNEL ALLOCATION
• OPERATES IN THE UHF BAND
• FREQUENCY RANGE : 962- 1213 MHZ
• 2 TYPES OF BEACONS
– ‘X’ TYPE
– ‘Y’ TYPE
• EACH IS DIVIDED INTO 2 BANDS
– HIGH- CHANNEL NO. 1-63
– LOW- CHANNEL NO.64-126
FREQUENCY AND CHANNEL
ALLOCATION
‘X’ BEACONS
• LOW:
– AC TX 1025 – 1087 MHZ.
– GROUND REPLIES ON 962 – 1024 MHZ (-63
MHZ DIFFERENCE).
– CHANNELS ALLOCATED 1X TO 63X.
• HIGH:
– AC TX 1088 – 1150 MHZ.
– GROUND REPLIES ON 1151 – 1213 MHZ ( + 63
MHZ DIFFERENCE).
– CHANNELS ALLOCATED 64X TO 126 X
FREQUENCY AND CHANNEL
ALLOCATION
‘Y’ BEACONS
• LOW:
– AC TX 1025 – 1087 MHZ.
– GROUND REPLIES ON 1088– 1150 MHZ (+63
MHZ DIFFERENCE).
– CHANNELS ALLOCATED 1Y TO 63Y.
• HIGH:
– AC TX 1088 – 1150 MHZ.
– GROUND REPLIES ON 1024 – 1150 MHZ ( - 63
MHZ DIFFERENCE).
– CHANNELS ALLOCATED 64Y TO 126 Y.
FREQUENCY AND CHANNEL
ALLOCATION

• 63 CHANNELS IN BOTH LOW AND HIGH;


TOTAL NUMBER OF CHANNELS = 126.
• TWO TYPES ‘X’ AND ‘Y’ .
• TOTAL REPLY CHANNELS = 252.
FREQUENCY AND
CHANNEL ALLOCATION
FREQUENCY AND CHANNEL
ALLOCATION
• TIME INTERVAL BETWEEN PULSES.

– ‘X’ TYPE: INTERRROGATOR 12µS.


TRANSPONDER 12µS.

– ‘Y’ TYPE: INTERRROGATOR 36µS.


TRANSPONDER 30µS.
FREQUENCY AND
CHANNEL ALLOCATION
• GROUND INTERROGATOR DELAY:

• ‘X’ TYPE REPLY DELAY: 50µS.

• ‘Y’ TYPE REPLY DELAY: 74µS.


FREQUENCY AND CHANNEL
ALLOCATION
• CHANNEL SPACING: 1 MHZ.
• TYPE OF EMISSION: P0N
– P= UNMODULATED SEQUENCE OF
PULSES.
– 0= NO MODULATING SIGNAL.
– N= NO INFORMATION IS
TRANSMITTED.
FREQUENCY AND
CHANNEL ALLOCATION
• IDENT SIGNALS:

– CODED TONE MODULATED AT 1350


KHZ.
– TRANSMITTED EVERY 7 ½ SEC
GROUND EQUIPMENT
• SINGLE POLE ANTENNA
• CUT TO IDEAL LENGTH OF 1090
MHZ.
• WHEN COLOCATED PLACED ON
TOP OF VOR ANTENNA.
GROUND EQUIPMENT
GROUND EQUIPMENT
• SINGLE POLE ANTENNA
• CUT TO IDEAL LENGTH OF 1090 MHZ.
• WHEN COLOCATED PLACED ON TOP OF
VOR ANTENNA.
• VOR PAIRING
– ‘X’ CHANNEL ARE PAIRED WITH 100 KHZ
FREQ.
– ‘Y’ CHANNEL ARE PAIRED WITH 50 KHZ FREQ.
AIRBORNE EQUIPMENT

• RANDOM /’JITTERED’ PRF


– NEED: PROBLEM OF IDENTIFYING THE
CORRECT REPLY WHEN THE BEACON IS
BEING INTERROGATED BY MORE THAN ONE
AC.
TECHNIQUE OF IDENTIFICATION OF OWN REPLIES
ALL TX AT SAME PRF = 25, PULSE RECURRENCE PERIOD = 40,000 µ SECS
TRANSMISSION PATTERN OF ONE AIRCRAFT

40,000 µ SECS 40,000 µ SECS

REPLY PATTERN OF GROUND BEACON TO EACH AIRCRAFT

40,000 µ SECS 40,000 µ SECS

LET US ASSUME THERE ARE A NUMBER OF AIRCRAFT


THE AIRBORNE RX RECEIVES ALL TRANSMISSIONS BY THE GRD BEACON

IDENTIFICATION OF ONE’S OWN REPLIES DIFFICULT


AIRBORNE EQUIPMENT

• RANDOM /’JITTERED’ PRF


– SOLUTION ACHIEVED BY
DELIBERATE RANDOM VARIATION
BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE PAIRS OF
PULSES.
RANDOM PRF TECHNIQUE
TX BY ANY AIRCRAFT WITH PRF = 25, BUT WITH PRP CLOSE TO 40,000 µ SECS

39000 41,000 39,500 40,900 40,000 40,100

REPLY PATTERN OF GROUND BEACON TO THE AIRCRAFT

39000 41,000 39,500 40,900 40,000 40,100

LET US ASSUME THERE ARE A NUMBER OF AIRCRAFT


THE AIRBORNE RX RECEIVES ALL TRANSMISSIONS BY THE GRD BEACON

37000 39,000 41,000 39,500

OWN REPLIES EASILY IDENTIFIED


LOCK FOLLOW
TECHNIQUE
• CATERS FOR RELATIVE MOTION
BETWEEN BEACON AND THA AC.
• TIME GATE ( TYPICALLY 20µS
WIDE)TRACKS THE RECEIVED
PULSES.
INTERROGATION PATTERN
TRANSPONDER RESPONSES
LOCK FOLLOW TECHNIQUE
CO-CHANNEL
INTERFERENCE
• SIGNALS ON THE SAME
FREQUENCY INTERELEAVE BUT
NOT ADD.
SUMMARIZE PHASE I
QUESTION
• WHAT WILL BE THE INDICATED
RANGE ON THE DME ONCE
CHECKING OVERHEAD THE
BEACON AT 30,000FT?

• ANS: 5 NM
PHASE II
MODES OF OPERATION
• SEARCH MODE
• ACQUISITION MODE
• TRACK MODE
• MEMORY MODE
MODES OF OPERATION
• SEARCH MODE:15000 PULSES FIRED
AT 150 PPS,THEN 60 PPS TILL LOCK
IS ACHIEVED.
• TRACK MODE: LOW PRF OF 25-30
PPS IS MAINTAINED AND A
CONTINOUS RANGE IS INDICATED.
MODES OF OPERATION
• ACQUISITION MODE: FINITE
PERIOD OF TRANSITION FROM
SEARCH TO TRACK MODE. THE
EQUIPMENT IS NEITHER
SEARCHING NOR TRACKING
DURING THIS PERIOD.
MODES OF OPERATION
-- MEMORY MODE: IF THE REPLY DETECTED
IS BELOW A PRESET VALUE; OR IN CASE OF
TEMPORARY LOSS OF CONTACT,EITHER DUE
TO POWER LOSS OR DUE TO MANOEUVRES ,
-- MEMORY CIRCUIT FOR 4-12 S
– STATIC MEMORY: READ OUT MAINTAINED
STEADY.
– VELOCITY MEMORY: MAINTAINS LAST KNOWN
RATE.
FEATURES OF DME
• AUTO STANDBY:
– REQUIREMENT IS AT THE AC, WHEN OUT
OF RANGE ,NO SIGNALS WILLL BE
RECEIVED.
– CONCEPT:
• SIGNAL ACTIVATED SEARCH.
• INHIBITS INTERROGATION UNTIL AC IS
WITHIN RANGE OF THE BEACON AND
SIGNALS ARE RECEIVED.
AUTO STANDBY MODE

AUTO STBY MODE ON

DME OUT OF RANGE,


WASTED EFFORT
DME TRIGGERED

DME GRD BCN


ARRIVAL OF FIRST AIRCRAFT WITHIN DME
RANGE
AUTO STBY MODE ON

DME NOT TRIGGERED

DME GRD BCN


FEATURES OF DME
• SQUITTER PULSES
– REQUIREMENT IS AT THE GROUND
BEACON,DUE INHIBITION OF AC
INTERROGATIONS UNTIL IT DETECTS
SIGNALS FROM THE BEACON.
– PULSE PAIRS AT THE GROUND ARE TX EVEN
WITHOUT INTERROGATION.
– RATE OF TX IS MINIMUM 700 PPS TO A
MAXIMUM OF 2700 PPS.
SQUITTER PULSES IN ACTION

AUTO STBY MODE ON

DME TRIGGERED

DME GRD BCN


FEATURES OF DME
• BEACON SATURATION
– AVERAGE INTERROGATION RATE IS 27
PPS.NUMBER OF SQUITTER PULSES ARE 2700
(MAX).
– EACH AC USING 27 PULSES; THUS 2700/27 =
100 AC ACCOMODATED.
– AS INTERROGATIONS ARE RECEIVED,THE
SENSITIVITY OF THE RX IS DECREASED SO
AS TO REPLY TO 100 STRONGEST SIGNALS.
FEATURES OF DME
BEACON SATURATION
SUMMARIZE PHASE II
QUESTION
• What is the requirement of squitter
pulses?
AUTO STANDBY MODE

AUTO STBY MODE ON

DME OUT OF RANGE,


WASTED EFFORT
DME TRIGGERED

DME GRD BCN


ARRIVAL OF FIRST AIRCRAFT WITHIN DME
RANGE
AUTO STBY MODE ON

DME NOT TRIGGERED

DME GRD BCN


SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
• ADVANTAGES OF DME AS SECONDARY RADAR
– PWR REQUIREMENT - LESSER
– LONGER RANGES
– NO CLUTTER OR UNWANTED ECHOES FROM CLOUDS,
HIGH GROUND AND BUILDINGS.
– IDENTIFICATION OF SIGNALS AUTOMATICALLY DONE
WITH LITTLE / NO EFFORT FROM THE AIRCREW
– INFORMATION INSTANTANEOUS & UNAMBIGUOUS.
– NO A/C MANOEUVRES REQUIRED FOR IDENTIFICATION.
– INFORMATION NOT DEPENDENT ON RCS.
SUMMARY AND
CONCLUSION
• PRINCIPLE AND VARIOUS MODES
OF DME.
HOME ASSIGNMENT
• EXPLAIN RANDOM PRF AND LOCK
FOLLOW TECHNIQUE IN DME?
• WHY IS THERE A DIFFERENCE IN
THE INTERROGATOR AND
GROUND REPLY FREQUENCY?

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