Additonal ppt by surya

Dr Neil Sequeira

Transactional Analysis
 Aims:
 Understand the main aspects of
the theory
 Identify situations where TA can
be usefully employed
 Understand more about your
typical behaviours
 Recognize how TA can be used to
aid personal development
What is Transactional Analysis?
TA is a theory about how and why
people behave the way they do

Major areas of TA
 Ego states

 Transactions

 Strokes and games

 Life positions
 TA can help you
 Respond to a person and situation
more appropriately
 Build rapport
 Understand someone else’s needs
 Deal more effectively with difficult
people
 Be assertive
 Understand how you behave and why
 Ego States
 An EGO state is a consistent
pattern of feeling and experience,
related to a corresponding pattern
of behavior
E.Berne states that each person
has 3 Ego States
 The Parent

 The Adult

 The Child
 The Parent State
 The Parent State is a collection of
attitudes, thoughts and
behaviors which we have
accumulated
 The Parent
 The Critical  Nurturing Parent
Parent Protects and
Gives us directions encourages,
and controls and provides care and
limits our behavior love
“should, ought, “there, there
must, never sweetie; Try again.
It’s all right”
Recognizing the Parent State
A person in a NP stated is likely
 Use words such as well-done, good,

gentle, caring, don't worry

 Use a loving, caring, comforting or

concerned tone of voice

 Use open, encouraging gestures, smiling,

leaning forward, nodding of head

 Have a caring, understanding attitude
Recognizing the Parent State
A person in CP state may:
 Use words , such as bad, should, ought,

must, always, ridiculous, unacceptable

 Use a patronizing, critical or disapproving

tone of voice
 Use aggressive gestures

 Come across as judgmental, authoritarian

 Be intimidating or controlling
 The Adult State
 The Adult State are behaviors
oriented to current reality and
objective gathering information.
 Recognizing the Adult State
A person in as Adult Sated is likely to
 Speak in an even voice

 Have an erect posture and use open

gestures
 Be alert and thoughtful about a problem
they are facing
 Clarify the situation by careful questioning

 Hypothesize and process information

 Use words like correct, how, what, why,

practical, quality
 The Child State
 Free child  Adapted child
Impulsive and Submissive and
carefree, conforming
communicating behaviors,
through feeling Looking for approval
and reassurance
behaviors
 Recognizing the Child State
A person in a free child state
 Use words as wow, great, ouch, want

 Talk loudly, energetically, free of

constraint
 Use spontaneous gestures and

expressions
 Be curious, fun-loving, changeable
 Recognizing the Child State
 A person in adapted child may
 Use words such as can’t, try, hope,
please, perhaps, wish
 Sound sulky whinny, placating
 Come across as innocent, helpless,
sad, scared
 Act in a defiant, ashamed or
compliant way
People generally exhibit all three Ego
states.
All three Ego states are necessary to
healthy personality

People can change the frequency of which

They use one ego state by concentrating
Or developing another
 The Child State
 Free child  Adapted child
Impulsive and Submissive and
carefree, conforming
communicating behaviors,
through feeling Looking for approval
and reassurance
behaviors
 BASIC HUMAN EGO STATES
(PERSONALITY STATES)

THREE BASIC
FURTHER BREAKDOWN OF
EGO STATES EGO STATES
LECTURING, CRITICIZING, MANY
P CRITICAL PARENT “OUGHTS”, “SHOULD” &”DON’TS”
(PARENT) NURTURING PARENT
CONSOLING, “TAKING CARE” OF
OTHERS, SYMPATHY

A ADULT
OBJECTIVE, RATIONAL, ORIENTED
TOWARD PROBLEM SOLVING, DE-
(ADULT) EMPHASIZE EMOTION

MODIFIED BEHAVIOUR TO CONFORM

C ADAPTED CHILD
TO ADULT EXPECTATIONS,
MANUPULATIVE, SUMBISSIVE
(CHILD)
NATURAL CHILD PLAYFUL, IMPULSIVE, NATULRALLY
CURIOUS &CREATIVE, FUN LOVING,
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REBELLIOUS
 Transactions between Ego
States
When we are communicating with
another person (verbally or
nonverbally) we are carrying out a
transaction with them.
We are both sending messages and
receiving them
 Types of Transaction
 Complementary transactions
 Crossed transactions
 Ulterior transactions
 Complementary transactions
 Transactions are complementary if
the message sent receives the
expected response from the other
person’s ego state
Examples
 Parent-parent

 Parent-child

 Adult-adult

 Child-child

 Child-parent
 Crossed transactions
 A crossed transaction occurs
when the message sent by one
person’s ego state reacted to by
an incompatible unexpected ego
state on the part of the other
person
 Ulterior transactions
Ulterior transactions always
involve at least two ego states on
the part of one person.
Ulterior transactions have a
hidden agenda
 TYPICAL WAYS OF EXPRESSING EGO
STATES ON THE JOB
“CAN’T YOU TURN IN A REPORT ON TIME JUST ONCE?”

CRITICAL “YOU SHOULD CLEAN UP YOUR DESK ONCE IN A WHILE!”

PARENT “I’M SURPRISED AT YOU… THIS PRODUCT SHOULD HAVE BEEN

COMPLETED A MONTH AGO.”

NURTURING “I’M ONLY TRYING TO HELP YOU”

PARENT “LET ME CLEAN UP THAT DESK FOR YOU, MR. SMITH”

“YOU’VE DONE A SWELL JOB, TOM.”

“WHAT ARE THE ALTERNATIVES?”

ADULT “CAN’T WE REACH SOME SORT OF COMPROMISE?”
“WHAT CONSEQUENCES WILL THIS ACTION HAVE?”

“ANYTHING YOU SAY, SIR!”

ADAPTED “SORRY, I’LL TRY TO IMPROVE.”
CHILD “WHY DO YOU ALWAYS PICK ON ME… THE OTHERS WERE IN ON
THIS TOO!”

“LET ME SEE HOW THIS GADGET WORKS.”

NATURAL “WONDER WHAT HAPPENS IF WE DO IT THIS WAY?”
CHILD “LET’S KNOCK OFF FOR TODAY! WHO WANTS TO WORK ON A
FRIDAY AFTERNOON ANYWAY?”
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 P P P P P P

A A A A A A

C C C C C C
COMPLEMENTARY CROSSED ULTERIOR

P P P P P P

A A A A A A

C C C C C C
EXPECTED RESPONSE, PRODUCE CONFLICT, STOP VERBAL COMMUNICATION
NO CONFLICT COMMUNICATION, HURT FEELINGS 24
NON-VERBAL HIDDEN MEANING
 EXAMPLES OF COMPLEMENTARY
TRANSACTIONS ON THE JOB

(1) SECRETARY: “LET ME (1) MANAGER: “WHAT (1) FIRST MANAGER:

STRAIGHTEN OUT COULD WE DO TO “GEE, I WISH I WERE
THAT DESK FOR MEET THE DEADLINE OUT ON THE GOLF
YOU,” ON THIS PROJECT?” COURSE RIGHT NOW.”

(2) MANAGER: “YOU (2) EMPLOYEE: “WE (2) SECOND MANAGER:

SURE KNOW HOW TO COULD TAKE A “LET’S TAKE OFF.
TAKE CARE OF ME, ” COUPLE OF PEOPLE WHO COULD WORK
OFF THE OTHER ON A SUNSHINY DAY
PROJECT FOR A LIKE THIS ANYWAY?’
WHILE AND PUT
THEM ON THIS ONE.”

P P P P P P
(1)
(1)

A A A A A A
(2) (2) (1)

C C C C C C
(2)

NURTURING PARENT ADULT TO ADULT NATURAL CHILD TO

TO ADAPTED CHILD TRANSACTION NATURAL CHILD 25
 EXAMPLES OF CROSSED TRANSACTIONS
ON THE JOB
(1) MANAGER: “ DO (1) MANAGER: COME (1) SUPERVISOR: “HOW
YOU KNOW OVER HERE!” CAN WE MINIMIZE
WHERE THE (DEMANDING TONE THESE MACHINE
PROFIT & LOSS OF VOICE) BREAKDOWNS?”
STATEMENT IS?”
(2) EMPLOYEE: “WHY (2) OPERATOR: “WHO
(2) SECRETARY: DON’T YOU COME CARES? IT ISN’T OUR
“WHERE DO YOU OVER HERE? IT’S MONEY!’
THINK IT IS? ON JUST AS FAR!”
YOUR DESK, OF
COURSE!.”

P P P P P
(1) P (1)
(1)
A A A A A
(2)
A
(2) (2)
C C C C
C C
ADULT-TO-ADULT PARENT-TO-CHILD CROSSED BY ADULT-TO-ADULT CROSSES
CROSSED BY CRITICAL PARENT OR REBELLIOUS UP BY DISCOUNTED CHILD TO
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CRITICAL PARENT- CHILD RESPONSE PARENT RESPONSE
TO-CHILD RESPONSE
 EXAMPLES OF ULTERIOR TRANSACTIONS

(1) EMPLOYEE: “SORRY, I WON’T HAVE THE (1) SALESMAN: “THIS MACHINE HAS
DRAWING READY FOR TOMORROW’S GOT EVERYTHING YOU’D EVER
DEADLINE.” (ULTERIOR MESSAGE: “KICK WANT FROM A TYPEWRITER – BUT
ME, I’M A BAD BOY.”) IT MAY BE TOO EXPENSIVE FOR
YOU.” (HIDDEN MESSAGE: “LET’S
(2) MANAGER: “IT’S O.K. I’VE BEEN THINKING SEE IF I CAN HOOK THE PLAYFUL,
OF ASSIGNING THE JOB TO SOMEONE ELSE IMPULSIVE CHILD IN YOU.”)
ANYWAY.” (HIDDEN MEANING: “YES, YOU
ARE A BAD BOY. HERE’S YOUR KICK.” (2) CUSTOMER: “IT MIGHT BE WORTH
IT IN THE LONG RUN. I’LL TAKE IT.”
(HIDDEN MEANING: “WHO DOES HE
THINK I AM?”)

P P P P
(1)

(1) (1)
A A A (2) A
(2) (1)
(2)

C C C C
(2)

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 Strokes
Stroking is an act of recognition
for another.
Everyone has to have strokes
(affection, recognition and praise).
Strokes may be
 positive, negative and mixed

 Conditional and unconditional

 STROKING
THE TYPES OF STROKES YOU SEEK DEPEND ON YOUR OKAYNESS

POSITIVE NEGATIVE CONDITIONAL

STROKES STROKES STROKES

PRAISE PUT-DOWNS STROKES WITH ULTERIOR

MOTIVES
COMPLEMENTS CRITICISM

RECOGNITION DEGRADING STROKES GIVEN FOR

WHAT YOU DO,
AFFECTION RIDICULE RATHER THAN FOR
WHAT YOU ARE:
REWARDS SCOLDING

SYMPATHY PUNISHMENT (1) PERFORMANCE

ORIENTED STROKES
CONSOLATION DISCOUNTING
(2) ACCOMODATION &
SELF-SATISFACTION CONFORMITY
FROM JOB WELL ORIENTED STROKES
DONE
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 Giving and receiving strokes
 Don’t be insincere
 Accept strokes positively from other people
 Make a conscious effort to give strokes to
other people
 Try to recognize other people’s reaction to
strokes and the frequency/kind they
appear to appreciate
 Ask for strokes when you feel you need
them
 Give yourself strokes when you feel you
deserve/need them
 Games
Games are a set of transactions
that have surface logic but
hidden meaning and attempt to
draw in an unsuspecting
participant.
An outcome of games is always a win-
lose propositions
 Life Positions
are attitudes which people adopt
and act out concerning their
self-worth and the value
of others
 Life Positions
 I’m OK, you’re OK
 I’m not OK, you’re OK
 I’m OK, you’re not OK
 I’m not OK, you’re not OK
 BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL (LIFE) POSITIONS:
YOUR SELF IMAGE

1. I’M OK; YOU’RE OK 3. I’M NOT OK; YOU’RE OK

• THE “WINNER”, HEALTH, • CHILD-TO-ADULT EGO STATE

OPTIMISTIC, USUALLY ADULT- ACTIVATED. FEELINGS OF
TO-ADULT EGO STATE. IDEAL INFERIORITY; HERO WORSHIP;
LIFE POSITION ON & OFF THE LOOKING FOR PARENT
JOB. SUBSTITUTES. SEEKS
DOMINANCE FROM OTHERS.
2. I’M OK; YOU’RE NOT OK
4. I’M NOT OK; YOU’RE NOT OK
• USUALLY CRITICAL PARENT EGO
STATE ACTIVATED. MAY EVOLVE • POOR MENTAL HEALTH; LACKS
FROM HURT OR DISCOUNTED TRUST IN SELF & OTHERS.
CHILD GIVING HIMSELF STROKES. FEELINGS OF HOPELESSNESS
FEELS DISTRUST, ANGER, OFTEN EXTREME DEPRESSION.
SUPERIORITY.

OUR OKAYNESS DETERMINES THE ROLES, GAMES,

EGO STATES WE CHOOSE!
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 I’m OK, you’re OK

Cooperate, share
You believe in yourself and others,
are trusting and tend to get on
with life
 I’m not OK, you’re OK
 Submit to, concede
 You have a low opinion of your own
value and poor self esteem; lack self
confidence and expect things to go
wrong A negative outlook tends to
lead to a self fulfilling prophesy and
you often lose out in situations
 I’m OK, you’re not OK
 Compete, aggression
 You will tend to be competitive.
You may not cope well with
failure, look down at others,
blame other people and see them
as cause of your failure
 I’m not OK, you’re not OK

 Avoid
 Life may seem to be futile and that
nothing can be done to improve
things. A life of rejecting and feeling
rejected
 Driver Styles or Commands
 These are script messages which
we have received from our
parents when we were very
young and which help to form
our life script and OK positions
 Drivers induce us to act in a
particular way
 The 5 Drivers are
 Be Prefect – if a job’s worth doing, it’s worth
doing well
 Please (others) –be nice to everyone, guess
what they want you to do and then do it
 Try hard – try at something rather than
focus energy on its completion
 Be strong – I can cope, leave it to me
 Hurry up

Every time we act out a dominant driver we are

responding in the adapted child ego state to an
internal voice which is in parent mode.
 Changing Life Script
The main aim of TA is to get an individual in
a position of ‘autonomy’
 Becoming aware of your life stance

 Adopting a more positive view of

yourself and other

 Recognizing that you can alter the

way you behave

 Recognizing that you and you alone

control your life and destiny