Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Hamdard Institute of Information

Technology
Hamdard University

Basic Electrical Engineering

Lab Manual
Fall 2010
Student's Name :_______________________________

Final Grade / Marks : ___________________________

Signature :
______________________________________
Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

LAB EXPERIMENT # 1
OBJECTIVE
• To study about Electrical variables and electrical symbols
• To study about Digital Multi meter
• To study about Resistor Color Coding

APPARATUS

• Digital Multi meter

• Power supply Probes
• Power supply unit

Theory

Some of Electrical / Electronic Symbols

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Some of Electrical / Electronic Variables

Digital Multimeter

A multimeter , also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an electronic measuring instrument that
combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter may include features such as
the ability to measure voltage, current and resistance. Multimeters may use analog or digital circuits -
analog multimeters and digital multimeters (often abbreviated DMM or DVOM.)
Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Connection of DMM

Using Multimeter as Ampere meter

Using Multimeter as Volt meter

Using Multimeter as OHM meter

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Color Codes
Resistor, capacitor and inductor

It is sometimes not obvious whether a color coded component is a resistor, capacitor, or inductor, and
this may be deduced by knowledge of its circuit function, physical shape or by measurement.

Color Code Chart

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Resistor values are always coded in ohms ( symbol Ω), capacitors in picofarads (pF), and inductors in
micro henries (µH).
• band A is first significant figure of component value
• band B is the second significant figure
• band C is the decimal multiplier
• band D if present, indicates tolerance of value in percent (no color means 20%)
For example, a resistor with bands of yellow, violet, red, and gold will have first digit 4 (yellow in table
below), second digit 7 (violet), followed by 2 (red) zeros: 4,700 ohms. Gold signifies that the tolerance
is ±5%, so the real resistance could lie anywhere between 4,465 and 4,935 ohms.

Procedure
Step-1:
Hold one of the given resistors in such a way that closest bands come in left side.
Step-2:
Read ad record the value of resistor in column ‘A’ of table-1 by observing colors from left side
to right side.
Note: The colors of first bands I & II indicate significant figures in ohms, while the color of
third band indicates the multiplying factor.
Step-3:
Read and record the tolerance value in column ‘B’ of table-1 by observing the fourth band.
Note: The color of fourth band indicates the percentage tolerance. Incase if band four is not
there (that is no color) the tolerance is assumed to be + 20 %.
Step-4:
Measure the resistance value with the help of Digital Multi Meter (DMM), and record the value
in column ‘C’ of table-1.
Step-5:
Calculate and record the difference of calculated and measured resistance values in column ‘D’
of tale-1.
Step-6:
Take another resistor and repeat the procedure from step-1 to step-5.

Precautions
• Observe the colors of the bands carefully.
• Read the values of color code attentively.
Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Table – 1

Calculated Resistance Difference of

S.No Measured Resistance
Resistance Tolerance % Resistance
1
2
3
4
5

Conclusionary Questions:
Q1:____________________________________________________________________________
Ans:

___________________________________________________________________________________

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Q2: ____________________________________________________________________________

Ans:

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

Remarks :

Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________

End Of Lab # 1
Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

LAB EXPERIMENT # 2
OBJECTIVE
• To verify the Characteristics of OHMS LAW

APPARATUS

• Digital Multi meter

• Bread Board
• Power supply Probes
• 1kΩ, 12kΩ and 27kΩ resistors

Theory
Ohm’s law states that Voltage is directly proportional to Current if the resistance and temperature is
kept constant. Also, current is inversely proportional to resistance which means if the resistance is
decreased, the current increases. Mathematically, V = I × R or I = V / R.

Voltage Divider Circuit

Procedure
1. Connect the circuit as shown in above figure with R2 = 12kΩ.
2. Apply the set of voltages as specified in table on next page.
3. Note the change in current and record observed values in table corresponding to
each value of voltage.
4. Plot the graph between Voltage and Current graph sheet 1.
5. Repeat the entire experiment with resistor R2 = 27kΩ, observe readings in table and
plot the graph between Voltage and Current on graph sheet 2.
Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Table – 1

Voltages Current with 12kΩ Current with 27kΩ

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16

Conclusionary Questions:
After Plotting graphs :
Q1:____________________________________________________________________________
Ans:

___________________________________________________________________________________

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Q2: ____________________________________________________________________________

Ans:

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

Remarks :

Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________

End Of Lab # 2
Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Graph Sheet 1 for 12k resistor

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Graph Sheet 2 for 27k resistor

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

LAB EXPERIMENT # 3
OBJECTIVE
• To observe the change in RT (Total Resistance) ,as resistance placed in Series and Parallel
configuration

APPARATUS

• Digital Multi meter

• Bread Board
• Required resistances as mentioned in Schematics
• Plain Paper

Theory
As resistances are placed in series combination, RT = R1 + R2 + Rn . In other words total resistance is
sum of all resistances connected.
and
As Resistances are placed in Parallel Combination, 1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/Rn . In other words
total resistance is reciprocal of all the resistances connected.

Parallel Combination Series Combination

Parallel and Series Connection

Procedure

• Draw the schematic in respective area as provided in the lab

• Using Table - 1 place the values on the mentioned cells.
• Calculate the RT via formula and place it in its dedicated cell.
• Measure the RT and place it in its dedicated cell.
• Calculate the tolerance and Place it in last cell.
• Repeat the above procedure for both Parallel and Test Schematic.
Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Schematic of a Series circuit

Schematic of Parallel Circuit

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Schematic of Test Circuit

Table – 1
Values of RT Tolerance
Combination
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 Calculated Measured Color Range Obtained
Series
Parallel
Test Circuit

Remarks :

Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________

End Of Lab # 3
Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

LAB EXPERIMENT # 4
OBJECTIVE
• To verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law- (KVL).

APPARATUS

• Digital Multi meter

• Bread Board
• Required resistances as mentioned for Groups.
• DC Power Supply Probes

Theory
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law states that Algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path is zero,or
we can say that sum of all voltage drops equal to to the source voltages.
For KVL equation is VS – V 1 – V 2 – V 3 – V n = 0
or can be expressed by VS = V1 + V2 + V3 + Vn
To verify this law and to have multiple voltage drops we will use a series circuit.

Schematic for – KVL

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Procedure
• Arrange your circuit on Bread board and Set Power supply at 10 volts.
• Using Ohm's law find out the voltages drops across each resistor and place in calculated section
of Table – 1, and verify through Equation.
• Use Rough work area for Calculations, a dedicated page next to this page.
• Consider V4 as VS
• Now using DMM find out voltages across each resistance and place it in measured Section of
Table – 1, and verify through Equation.
• Calculate the percentage of any possible instrumentation Error.
• Repeat the above steps by adjusting Power Supply at 14 volts and Using Table – 2.

Table – 1

VS = V4 = R1 R2 R3 Placing in Equation Percentage of any Error

10 volts a–b b–c c–d VS – V1 – V2 – V3 = 0
Calculated -------------
Measured
Use Rough work area for any Calculations

Table – 2

VS = V4 = R1 R2 R3 Placing in Equation Percentage of any Error

14 volts a–b b–c c–d VS – V1 – V2 – V3 = 0
Calculated -------------
Measured
Use Rough work area for any Calculations

Explain Error in tis Experiment:

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Rough Work Area

Comments of Instructor if any :__________________________________________________

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Conclusionary Questions:

Q1:____________________________________________________________________________
Ans:

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

Q2: ____________________________________________________________________________

Ans:

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

Remarks :

Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________

End Of Lab # 4
Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

LAB EXPERIMENT # 5
OBJECTIVE
• To verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law- (KCL).

APPARATUS

• Digital Multi meter

• Bread Board
• Required resistances as mentioned for Groups.
• DC Power Supply Probes

Theory
Kirchhoff’s Current Law states that The sum of current(s) in to a junction is equal to the sum of
current(s) out of that junction, or we can say that Algebraic sum of all the current(s)entering and
leaving a junction is equal to zero.
For KCL equation is IIN = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 + IRn
or can be expressed by IT – IR1 + IR2 + IR3 + IRn = 0
To verify this law and to have multiple values of current we will use a parallel circuit.

Schematic for – KCL

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Resistances Combination - A Combination - B

R1
R2
R3
Assigned values for Resistances

Procedure
• Calculate the Current of both combinations.
• Set Power supply at 12 Volts.
• Adjust meter probes and sector for Current measuring.
• Adjust circuity on Bread board according to Combination A.
• Measure the current through each resistance and place it in its Table - 1.
• Calculate the Error percentage if any.
• Repeat the same for combination B.

Table – 1

Combination IR1 IR2 IR3 Placing in Equation Percentage of any Error

A 2-7 3-6 4-5 IR1 + IR2 + IR3 = IT
Calculated -------------
Measured
Use Rough work area for any Calculations

Table – 2

Combination IR1 IR2 IR3 Placing in Equation Percentage of any Error

B 2-7 3-6 4-5 IR1 + IR2 + IR3 = IT
Calculated -------------
Measured
Use Rough work area for any Calculations

Explain Error in tis Experiment:

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Rough Work Area

Comments of Instructor if any :__________________________________________________

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Conclusionary Questions:

Q1:____________________________________________________________________________
Ans:

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

Q2: ____________________________________________________________________________

Ans:

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

Remarks :

Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________

End Of Lab # 5
Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

LAB EXPERIMENT # 6
OBJECTIVE
• To find out Current through R2 , using Super Position Theorem.

APPARATUS

• Digital Multi meter x 1.

• Bread Board x 1.
• Required resistances ______ Ω x3.
• DC Power Supply Probes x 2

Theory
The superposition theorem for electrical circuits states that the response (Voltage or Current) in any
branch of a bilateral linear circuit having more than one independent source equals the algebraic sum
of the responses caused by each independent source acting alone, while all other independent sources
are replaced by their internal impedances.
To ascertain the contribution of each individual source, all of the other sources first must be "turned
off" (set to zero) by:
1. Replacing all other independent voltage sources with a short circuit (thereby eliminating
difference of potential. i.e. V=0, internal impedance of ideal voltage source is ZERO (short
circuit)).
2. Replacing all other independent current sources with an open circuit (thereby eliminating
current. i.e. I=0, internal impedance of ideal current source is infinite (open circuit).

Schematic for – Superposition Theorem

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Procedure
• Assemble the circuit on bread board with assigned resistances.
• Set and connect V1 = ___________ volts.
• Use Fixed 5 volts section for V2.
• Measure IR2 when both sources are connected and ON. And place in Table – 1.
• Now remove V2 and replace it with a jumper so it will act as short part for current.
• Now measure the IR2A ,IR1A and IR3A and place it in Table – 2.
• Repeat the above procedure with V2 and use jumper instead of V1.
• Place the values in Table – 2.
• Now using Rough work area calculate the values for Table – 3 .along all possible Diagrams.
• Compare and both calculate and measured values and find out Percentage of error.
• Answer the given Question in own words.

Table – 1
V1 V2 IR2
___________A

Table – 2
Table for Measured Values
With Source : R1 R2 R3 IR2 = IR2A + IR2B
V1 = _______ v IR1A = IR2A = IR3A =
V2 = _______v IR1B = IR2B = IR3B =
When R1 = R2 = R3 = ______________ Ω

Table – 3
Table for Calculated Values
With Source : R1 R2 R3 IR2 = IR2A + IR2B
V1 = _______ v IR1A = IR2A = IR3A =
V2 = _______v IR1B = IR2B = IR3B =
When R1 = R2 = R3 = ______________ Ω

Percentage of Error between Measured and Calculated IR2 = _______________________ %

Explain how Superposition Theorem is helpful in this Experiment?

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Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Rough Work Area

With V1 = ___________ volts

Comments of Instructor if any :__________________________________________________

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Rough Work Area

With V2 = ___________ volts

Comments of Instructor if any :__________________________________________________

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Conclusionary Questions:

Q1:____________________________________________________________________________
Ans:

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

Q2: ____________________________________________________________________________

Ans:

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

Remarks :

Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________

Assigned Project Name : _________________________________.

Completed and Checked :_________________________________. (only by Instructor)

End Of Lab # 6
Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

LAB EXPERIMENT # 7
OBJECTIVE
• Using Δ – Y conversion prove VR3C = VR3M and IR3C = IR3M.

APPARATUS

• Digital Multi meter x 1.

• Bread Board x 1.
• Required resistances ( to be assigned in lab).
• DC Power Supply Probes x 1

Theory
The basic Delta – Wye transformation is used to establish equivalence for networks with three
terminals. Where three elements terminate at a common node and none are sources, the node is
eliminated by transforming the impedances. For equivalence, the impedance between any pair of
terminals must be the same for both networks. The equations given here are valid for complex as well
as real impedances.

Delta - Wye Circuits

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Schematic for Δ – Y conversion

Table -1 - Assigned Values

V = ______ R1 = _____ R2 = _____ R3 = _____ R4 = _____ R5 = _____

Procedure

• Assemble the circuit following the schematic above on bread board with respective values.
• Adjust the required voltages and connect with circuit.
• Select voltages on DMM and measure VR3M .
• Select amperes on DMM and measure IR3M.
• Place both measured values in Table -2.
• Now draw Simplified Diagram in diagram block .
• As now Circuit is simplified calculate VR3C and IR3C and place in Table – 2.
• Use dedicated are for calculation and represent each value on Simplified Diagram.
• Any Manual work should be clean.
• Calculate error percentage if any.

Table – 2

Comparative Table
VR3M = ___________ V VR3C = ___________ V _________ %
IR3M = ___________ A IR3C = ___________ A _________ %

Explain how Δ – Y conversion is helpful in this Experiment?

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Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Diagram Block – Simplified

Explain why do we select Δ – Y conversion , instead of Y – Δ ?

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Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Calculation Area

Comments of Instructor if any :__________________________________________________

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Calculation Area

Comments of Instructor if any :__________________________________________________

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Rough Work Area

Comments of Instructor if any :__________________________________________________

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Conclusionary Questions:
Q1: Convert Wye – Delta:
• R1 = _______
• R2 = _______
• R3 = _______

Remarks :

Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________

End Of Lab # 7