Blood functions to transport nutrients, respiratory gases, and waste products throughout the body while also distributing body heat. It is composed of plasma and formed elements. Plasma is a non-living liquid that carries nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products. Formed elements include red blood cells, which carry oxygen, white blood cells, which help fight infection, and platelets, which aid in clotting. The document discusses the components, characteristics, and functions of blood in detail.
Blood functions to transport nutrients, respiratory gases, and waste products throughout the body while also distributing body heat. It is composed of plasma and formed elements. Plasma is a non-living liquid that carries nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products. Formed elements include red blood cells, which carry oxygen, white blood cells, which help fight infection, and platelets, which aid in clotting. The document discusses the components, characteristics, and functions of blood in detail.
Blood functions to transport nutrients, respiratory gases, and waste products throughout the body while also distributing body heat. It is composed of plasma and formed elements. Plasma is a non-living liquid that carries nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products. Formed elements include red blood cells, which carry oxygen, white blood cells, which help fight infection, and platelets, which aid in clotting. The document discusses the components, characteristics, and functions of blood in detail.
Blood functions to transport nutrients, respiratory gases, and waste products throughout the body while also distributing body heat. It is composed of plasma and formed elements. Plasma is a non-living liquid that carries nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products. Formed elements include red blood cells, which carry oxygen, white blood cells, which help fight infection, and platelets, which aid in clotting. The document discusses the components, characteristics, and functions of blood in detail.
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Blood
Functions of Blood Transporting nutrients respiratory gases waste products
Distributing body heat
Components of Blood A type of connective tissue Formed elements Living blood cells
Plasma Nonliving fluid matrix
Plasma Liquid part of blood 55% of blood volume 90% water 100+ substances dissolved in plasma Nutrients Metal ions (salts) Respiratory gases Hormones Plasma proteins Waste products of cell metabolism
Physical Characteristics of Blood
Sticky, opaque fluid Metallic taste Color - scarlet (oxygen-rich) - dull red (oxygen poor) Density - 5 times denser than water pH 7.35 - 7.45 Temperature 37oC Volume 5 - 6 liters
Formed Elements of the Blood
45% of blood volume Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs) Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs) Thrombocytes or platelets
Erythrocytes Function - carry oxygen to all body cells Structure Biconcave disk shape Lacks nucleus (anucleate) Contains hemoglobin 12 - 18 grams per 100 milliliters of blood
4.5 - 5.5 million cells per cubic millimeter Lifespan 100 - 120 days
Anemia A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of blood Causes Lower than normal number of RBCs Abnormal/deficient hemoglobin content of RBCs
Examples Sickle-cell anemia Polycythemia
Leukocytes Function - crucial in bodys defense against disease 4000 - 11,000 WBCs per cubic millimeter Classification Granulocytes Agranulocytes
Neutrophil Cytoplasm stains pale pink and contains fine granules Nucleus stains deep purple with 3-5 lobes Function phagocytic; increases during acute infections
Neutrophil electronmicrograph - 10,000X
granules nucleus (N)
Eosinophil Cytoplasm has coarse redorange granules Nucleus stains blue-red; figure-8 or bilobed shaped Function kills parasitic worms
Eosinophil electronmicrograph - 10,000X
granules
Basophil Cytoplasm has few large bluepurple granules Nucleus U or S shaped; stains dark blue Function histamine discharged during inflammation
Lymphocyte Cytoplasm stains pale blue; thin rim around nucleus Nucleus spherical; stains dark purple Function part of immune system
Lymphocyte electronmicrograph - 10,000X
nucleus cytoplasm
Monocyte electronmicrograph - 10,000X
nucleus cytoplasm
Monocyte Cytoplasm abundant; stains grayblue Nucleus U or kidney shaped Function phagocytic; increases during chronic infection
Changes in Numbers of WBCs
Leukocytosis - increase in number of WBCs Normal - when body invaded by bacteria, viruses, or other foreign substances Abnormal - infectious mononucleosis, leukemia
Leukopenia- decrease in number of WBCs
Caused by certain drugs
Platelets Function - aid in blood clotting Fragments of cells - megakaryocytes 250,000 - 500,000 per cubic millimeter of blood
Hematopoiesis - Blood Cell Formation
Occurs in red bone marrow All blood cells arise from common stem cell hemocytoblast RBCs eliminated in spleen, liver RBC rate of production controlled by the hormone erythropoietin - released by kidneys
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Hemostasis Stoppage of blood flow Phases Vascular spasms Platelet plug formation Coagulation or blood clotting Fibrinogen > fibrin
Disorders of Hemostasis Undesirable clotting Thrombus Clot develops in unbroken blood vessel Eg coronary thrombosis
Embolus Clot breaks away from vessel wall and float in bloodstream Eg cerebral embolus
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Disorders of Hemostasis Bleeding Disorders Thrombocytopenia Insufficient number of circulating platelets
Hemophilia Hereditary Lacks clotting factors
Blood Groups Classified by proteins - antigens on RBC membrane ABO Group Type O - most common Type AB - least common
Rh Group Rh+ - most common
U.S. Blood-type Distribution
O+ 38% of population A+ 34% B+ 9% O- 7% A- 6% AB+ 3% B- 2% AB- 1%
