2009.1.

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Make&Python

Make&PythonTutorial
AhRamKim ReinitzLab

Make&Python

WhatsMake?
Makeisacommandgenerator.Usingadescriptionfile(defaultname=makefile orMakefile),itcreatesasequenceofcommandsforexecutionbythe UNIX/LINUXshell.

WhyMake?
Evenrelativelysmallprojectstypicallyinvolveanumberoffilesthatdependupon eachotherinvariousways.e.g.Cprogramming:Ifyoumodifyoneormore sourcefiles,youmustrelinktheprogramafterrecompilingsomebutnot necessarilyallofthesources.Itisthisprocessthatmakegreatlysimplifies. Yourecordonceandforalltherelationshipsamongasetoffilesandthenlet makeautomaticallyperformallupdatingtaskveryeasily.

e.g.maketransc

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Background:Asimplecompilation

Imagefromhttp://www.eng.hawaii.edu/Tutor/Make

1.Compilerstage:.cfileisconvertedintoalowerlevellanguagecalledAssembly language;making.sfiles. 2.Assemblerstage:.sfileisthenconvertedintoobjectcode(.o)whichare fragmentsofcodewhichthecomputerunderstandsdirectly. 3.Linkerstage:Linkingthe.ofiletocodelibrarieswhichcontaincertain"builtin" functions,suchasprintf.Thisstageproducesanexecutableprogram,herea.out

Command:cc/gcc/iccfile.c

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Background:Compilingwithseveralfiles

Thethreedifferenttasksrequiredtoproducetheexecutableprogram: cccgreen.c cccblue.c ccgreen.oblue.o

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Background:Dependencies
e.g.main.odependson data.h main.c io.h 4differenttasksrequired cccmain.c cccdata.c cccio.c ccoproject1data.omain.oio.o Ifyouusemake,thensimply

makeproject1

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Background:Dependencies
e.g.main.odependson data.h main.c io.h Ifmain.cisedited,youshould cccmain.c ccoproject1data.omain.oio.o

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Background:Dependencies
e.g.main.odependson data.h main.c io.h Ifmain.cisedited,youshould cccmain.c ccoproject1data.omain.oio.o Ifyouusemake,then makeproject1

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HowtowriteMakefile(ormakefile)?
target:sourcefile(s) command(mustbeprecededbyatab) project1:data.omain.oio.o ccoproject1data.omain.oio.o data.o:data.cdata.h cccdata.c main.o:data.hio.hmain.c cccmain.c io.o:io.hio.c cccio.c Tip:Touseotherfilesuchasxfile, e.g.makefxfileproject1

Determining dependencies

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Features
Macro(byyourself) OBJECTS=data.omain.oio.o project1:$(OBJECTS) ccoproject1$(OBJECTS) sameas $@:fullnameofthecurrenttarget project1:data.omain.oio.o ccoproject1data.omain.oio.o Tip:Macroonthecommandline e.g.makeCC=gccproject1 $<:sourcefileofthecurrent dependency

Builtinmacro CC:containscurrentCcompiler CFLAGS:additionaloptionstobuiltin Crule

$?:alistofprerequisitesnewerthan currenttarget

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Predefinedrules
SuffixRule: Inordertocreateaxxx.ofile,use$(CC)$(CFLAGS)conthecorrespondingxxx.c file. e.g.data.o:data.h sameas data.o:data.cdata.h $(CC)$(CFLAGS)cdata.c

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Fullvs.Simplifieddescription
POBJ=data.omain.oio.o project1:$(POBJ) cco$@$(POBJ) data.o:data.h main.o:data.hio.h io.o:io.h

project1:data.omain.oio.o ccoproject1data.omain.oio.o data.o:data.cdata.h cccdata.c main.o:data.hio.hmain.c cccmain.c io.o:io.hio.c cccio.c POBJ=data.omain.oio.o project1:$(POBJ) cco$@$(POBJ) project1:data.hio.h

POBJ=data.omain.oio.o project1:$(POBJ) cco$@$(POBJ) data.omain.oio.o:data.hio.h

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Realexample:Makefilefortransc

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WhatsPython?(wasbornin1989Christmas)

Pythonisainterpretedprogramminglanguage.Ithasvariousbuiltindatastructures anditisobjectoriented.Python'selegantsyntaxanddynamictyping,togetherwith itsinterpretednature,makeitagoodlanguageforscriptingandrapidapplication developmentinmanyareasonmostplatforms.

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Howdiditworkforme?

TSV/TXPLOTandsoon..

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Keyfeatures
1.Simpleandreadablesyntax 2.Interpretedlanguage 3.Platformindependent(Linux,Unix,Windows,MacOS,Dos,Amiga) 4.Designedforrapiddevelopment 5.Supportsbothprocedureorientedandobjectorientedprogramming 6.Extensible:e.g.UseofCmodulesinpythonscriptforfastrun 7.Embeddable:pythonscriptinC/C++programs 8.Extensivelibraries:forDB,CGI,ftp,XML,GUIandsoon 9.Automaticmemorymanagementbyreferencecounting 10.SupportsCstylebitwiseshifting&masking:<<,>>,&,|,^,~

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Basicgrammar

1. No semi-colon 2. No declaration, No data type definition 3. Grouping of statements by indentation, NOT by curly braces { } 4. # for single line comments, for multiline comments 5. \ for explicit line joining 6. Variable only refers to the object and does not represent the object itself! 7. Five data types: - Numbers - Strings - Lists - Tuples e.g. 123, 12345L, 1.43, 5+4j e.g. ham, egg, milk e.g. [ham,egg,3] e.g (ham,egg,3) e.g. {ham:4,egg:5}

- Dictionaries

8. import libraries and your own modules using import

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Referencesinpython
a 1 2 3

Assignment manipulates references x = y does not make a copy of y x = y makes x reference the object y references Example: >>> a = [1, 2, 3] >>> b = a >>> a.append(4) >>> print b [1, 2, 3, 4] >>> c = b[:]

a 1 b a 1 b c 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3

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Numbers

1. int object (4 byte == long type in C) 2. long object (unlimited) 3. float object (8 byte == double type in C) 4. complex object (real = 8 byte, imaj = 8 byte) e.g >>a = 12345678L >>b = 4+5j >> b.real 4.0 >> b.imag 5.0

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Strings
Result "helloworld" "hellohellohello" "h" "o" "ell" 5 1 1 1 # concatenation # repetition # indexing # (from end) # slicing # size # comparison # search # type

Operation "hello"+"world" "hello" * 3 "hello"[0] "hello"[-1] "hello"[1:4] len("hello") "hello" < "jello" "e" in "hello" "1235".isdigit()

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Lists

Mutable and flexible arrays (Tuples are exactly same as Lists but immutable) a = [99, "bottles of beer", ["on", "the", "wall"]] Same operators as for strings a+b, a*3, a[0], a[-1], a[1:], len(a) Operation a[0] a[1:2] = ["bottles", "of", "beer"] del a[-1] a = range(5) a.append(5) a.pop() a.insert(0, 42) a.pop(0) a.reverse() a.sort() Result 98 [98, "bottles", "of", "beer", ["on", "the", "wall"]] [98, "bottles", "of", "beer"] [0,1,2,3,4] [0,1,2,3,4,5] [0,1,2,3,4] and returns 5 [42,0,1,2,3,4] [0,1,2,3,4] and returns 42 [4,3,2,1,0] [0,1,2,3,4]

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Dictionaries

Hash tables, "associative arrays" dic = {key1:value1,key2:value2,...} d = {"duck": "eend", "water": "water"} Operation d["duck"] d["back"] del d["water"] d["back"] = "rug" d["duck"] = "duik" Result "eend" # raises KeyError exception {"duck": "eend"} {"duck": "eend", "back": "rug"} {"duck": "duik", "back": "rug"} # delete # insert # overwrite

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Cvs.Python

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Cvs.Python

e.g.test(10,3)returnsreferenceto[0,3,6,9] 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9