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    Routiong Fundamental and Subnet

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    PŘincê ÂĻĩ
    The document discusses subnetting and IP routing protocols. It provides an overview of routing fundamentals including routed versus routing protocols, routing tables, and routing algorithms. It also covers the mechanics of subnetting including establishing subnet masks and calculating subnetworks through ANDing.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    Routiong Fundamental and Subnet

    Uploaded by

    PŘincê ÂĻĩ
    8 views32 pages
    The document discusses subnetting and IP routing protocols. It provides an overview of routing fundamentals including routed versus routing protocols, routing tables, and routing algorithms. It also covers the mechanics of subnetting including establishing subnet masks and calculating subnetworks through ANDing.

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    The document discusses subnetting and IP routing protocols. It provides an overview of routing fundamentals including routed versus routing protocols, routing tables, and routing algorithms. It also covers the mechanics of subnetting including establishing subnet masks and calculating subnetworks through ANDing.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    8 views32 pages

    Routiong Fundamental and Subnet

    Uploaded by

    PŘincê ÂĻĩ
    The document discusses subnetting and IP routing protocols. It provides an overview of routing fundamentals including routed versus routing protocols, routing tables, and routing algorithms. It also covers the mechanics of subnetting including establishing subnet masks and calculating subnetworks through ANDing.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 32

    CCNA 1 v3.

    0 Module 10 Routing Fundamentals and Subnets

    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Purpose of This PowerPoint


    This PowerPoint primarily consists of the Target Indicators (TIs) of this module in CCNA version 3.0. It was created to give instructors a PowerPoint to take and modify as their own. This PowerPoint is:
    NOT a study guide for the module final assessment. NOT a study guide for the CCNA certification exam.

    Please report any mistakes you find in this PowerPoint by using the Academy Connection Help link.
    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    To Locate Instructional Resource Materials on Academy Connection:


    Go to the Community FTP Center to locate materials created by the instructor community

    Go to the Tools section


    Go to the Alpha Preview section Go to the Community link under Resources See the resources available on the Class home page for classes you are offering Search http://www.cisco.com

    Contact your parent academy!


    3

    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Objectives

    Routed protocol IP routing protocols The mechanics of subnetting

    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Routed Protocol

    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Routable and Routed Protocols


    A routed protocol allows the router to forward data between nodes on different networks. In order for a protocol to be routable, it must provide the ability to assign a network number and a host number to each individual device. These protocols also require a network mask in order to differentiate the two numbers.

    The reason that a network mask is used is to allow groups of sequential IP addresses to be treated as a single unit.
    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    IP as a Routed Protocol
    IP is a connectionless, unreliable, best-effort delivery protocol. As information flows down the layers of the OSI model; the data is processed at each layer. IP accepts whatever data is passed down to it from the upper layers.
    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Packet Propagation and Switching Within a Router

    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Packet Propagation and Switching Within a Router


    As a frame is received at a router interface.

    The MAC address is checked to see if the frame is directly addressed to the router interface, or a broadcast.
    The frame header and trailer are removed and the packet is passed up to Layer 3. The destination IP address is compared to the routing table to find a match.

    The packet is switched to the outgoing interface and given the proper frame header.
    The frame is then transmitted.
    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Internet Protocol (IP): Connectionless


    The Internet is a gigantic, connectionless network in which all packet deliveries are handled by IP.

    TCP adds Layer 4, connection-oriented reliability services to IP.

    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    10

    Telephone Calls: Connection-oriented

    A connection is established between the sender and the recipient before any data is transferred.
    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    11

    Anatomy of an IP Packet
    While the IP source and destination addresses are important, the other header fields have made IP very flexible. The header fields are the information that is provided to the upper layer protocols defining the data in the packet.

    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    12

    IP Routing Protocols

    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    13

    Routing Overview
    A router is a network layer device that uses one or more routing metrics to determine the optimal path.

    Routing metrics are values used in determining the advantage of one route over another.
    Routing protocols use various combinations of metrics for determining the best path for data.

    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    14

    Routing Versus Switching


    This distinction is routing and switching use different information in the process of moving data from source to destination.

    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    15

    Routing Versus Switching

    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    16

    Routed Versus Routing


    A routed protocol:
    Includes any network protocol suite that provides enough information in its network layer address to allow a router to forward it to the next device and ultimately to its destination. Defines the format and use of the fields within a packet.

    A routing protocol:
    Provides processes for sharing route information.
    Allows routers to communicate with other routers to update and maintain the routing tables.
    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    17

    Path Determination
    Path determination enables a router to compare the destination address to the available routes in its routing table, and to select the best path.

    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    18

    Routing Tables

    Routers keep track of the following:


    Protocol type Destination/next-hop associations Routing metric Outbound interfaces

    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    19

    Routing Algorithms and Metrics


    Routing protocols have one or more of the following design goals:

    Optimization
    Simplicity and low overhead Robustness and stability Flexibility Rapid convergence

    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    20

    IGP and EGP


    IGPs route data within an autonomous system. RIP, RIPv2, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS EGPs route data between autonomous systems Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    21

    Link State and Distance Vector


    Examples of distance-vector protocols:
    Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP)

    Examples of link-state protocols:


    Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
    Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS)
    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    22

    Routing Protocols
    RIP RIP v2 IGRP EIGRP

    OSPF
    IS-IS

    BGP
    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    23

    Mechanics of Subnetting

    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    24

    Classes of Network IP Addresses

    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    25

    Introduction to Subnetting
    Host bits must are reassigned (or borrowed) as network bits.
    The starting point is always the leftmost host bit.

    3 bits borrowed allows 23-2 or 6 subnets

    5 bits borrowed allows 25-2 or 30 subnets

    12 bits borrowed allows 212-2 or 4094 subnets


    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    26

    Reasons for Subnetting


    Provides addressing flexibility for the network administrator.
    Each LAN must have its own network or subnetwork address.

    Provides broadcast containment and lowlevel security on the LAN. Provides some security since access to other subnets is only available through the services of a router.
    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    27

    Establishing the Subnet Mask Address


    Determines which part of an IP address is the network field and which part is the host field. Follow these steps to determine the subnet mask:
    1. Express the subnetwork IP address in binary form.
    2. Replace the network and subnet portion of the address with all 1s. 3. Replace the host portion of the address with all 0s. 4. Convert the binary expression back to dotteddecimal notation.
    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    28

    Establishing the Subnet Mask Address


    To determine the number of bits to be used, the network designer needs to calculate how many hosts the largest subnetwork requires and the number of subnetworks needed. The slash format is a shorter way of representing the subnet mask:
    /25 represents the 25 one bits in the subnet mask 255.255.255.128

    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    29

    Establishing the Subnet Mask Address

    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    30

    Subnetting Class A and B Networks


    The available bits for assignment to the subnet field in a Class A address is 22 bits while a Class B address has 14 bits.

    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    31

    Calculating the Subnetwork With ANDing


    ANDing is a binary process by which the router calculates the subnetwork ID for an incoming packet.
    1 AND 1 = 1; 1 AND 0 = 0; 0 AND 0 = 0

    The router then uses that information to forward the packet across the correct interface.
    Packet Address Subnet Mask Subnetwork Address 192.168.10.65 255.255.255.224 192.168.10.64 11000000.10101000.00001010.010 00001 11111111.11111111.11111111.111 00000

    11000000.10101000.00001010.010 00000

    2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

    32

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